Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Transnational children'

This thesis assesses how languages are managed in families with at least one transnational anglophone parent (TAP) resident in the metropolitan region of Barcelona. The languages chosen by TAPS for use with family members and especially for intergenerational transmission are the focus of the analysis, which combines quantitative and qualitative methods, macro and micro perspectives in order to account for the multiple influences that language choice is subject to at different levels. The way in which family language choices are made, justified, implemented and revised by parents as the (at least initially) primary actors of family language management (FLM) are then analysed. The first stage of the study contextualises the second by means of a sociodemographic and sociolinguistic description of 164 TAPs and their families, using quantitative data from the Family Language Questionnaire representing 614 individuals (331 parents and 283 children). The responding parents are of relatively high socio-economic status compared to other migrant groups and are fairly mobile, often for professional reasons. A considerable amount of English is used by TAPs within the family, which corresponds to its high rate of intergenerational transmission, both when measured according to children’s language ability and use. Family language use indexes, created for each type of interaction, are then used in cluster analysis procedure to identify four distinct profiles. The first two clusters are the largest: cluster one (n=47) representing Castilian-English bilingual families and cluster two (n=94) representing monolingual English families. The third cluster includes fifteen trilingual families whose parents use Castilian with each other but English and Catalan with the children, and the fourth cluster is the smallest, made up of just eight Catalan-English bilingual families. The second stage involves the qualitative analysis of interview data with 26 TAPs who represent the different family profiles and three age ranges of children (0-5, 6-11 and 12-16). Almost all parents recount conscious FLM decision-making processes and detail ambitious intended linguistic outcomes for their children, with many hoping for their children to attain native or native-like levels of English, Castilian and Catalan, as well as abilities in additional foreign languages. English is given high importance by all parents, who link it closely with ideologies of authenticity and identity whilst simultaneously underlining how advantageous it might be for their children as a global lingua franca and valuable linguistic capital. Castilian and Catalan are also considered important, although the different profiles demonstrate varying orientations towards Catalan. Differences in the way parents relate global and local language hierarchies are understood to account for this. In terms of FLM strategies, few differences are noted between profiles. Parents enact some strategies themselves, including conscious language choice and literacy support, while they enable others by managing external actors according to their assessments of their children’s overall language input and the opportunities available. External sources of English input include television and digital media, family and friends from the home country, and local networks of playdates with other English-speaking children. When evaluating FLM processes, most parents express considerable satisfaction with their children’s linguistic outcomes so far. Several admit that their initial expectations have been exceeded. Nevertheless, some parents express disappointment: most for their children’s level of English but one for Castilian and Catalan. Interestingly, most dissatisfaction is found in the discourse of TAPs from cluster one. It is hoped that the insights gained from the present thesis will help to contextualise further research on TAPs raising children plurilingually not only in Barcelona but generally; to provide more specific guidance to concerned parents; to shed light on the different language socialisation processes experienced by transnational migrants and to build theory relating to how these inform FLM decision-making processes.
Esta tesis analiza como se gestionan las lenguas en familias con un mínimo de un progenitor anglòfono transnacional (PAT) residente en el ámbito metropolitano de Barcelona. El estudio se centra en las lenguas que utilizan los PATs con sus familiares, sobretodo en las que corresponden a la transmisión lingüística intergeneracional. El estudio combina métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos, y perspectivas macro y micro para considerar las influencias múltiples sobre el uso lingüístico a distintos niveles. Como actors primarios de la gestión lingüística familiar (GLF), se analiza como los progenitores hacen, justifican, implementan y revisan los usos lingüísticos familiares. La primera fase del estudio contextualiza a la segunda mediante una descripción sociodemográfica y sociolingüística de 164 PATs y sus familias. Se utilizan datos cuantitativos de la Encuesta Lingüística Familiar (ELF) que representan 614 individuos (331 progenitores y 283 hijos). Los encuestados tienen un estatus socioeconómico relativamente alto comparado con otras poblaciones de migrantes y son bastante móviles, a menudo por motivos profesionales. Los PATs utilizan mucho el inglés dentro del ámbito familiar, hecho que corresponde con la alta tasa de transmisión intergeneracional tanto cuando se mide según la competencia lingüística como cuando se mide según el uso lingüístico de los hijos. Se generan índices de uso lingüístico familiar para cada tipo de interacción familiar, los cuales se utilizan para el procedimiento de análisis de clúster. Se identifican cuatro perfiles de familia. Los primeros dos clústers son los más grandes: clúster 1 (n=47) representa familias bilingües castellano-inglés y clúster 2 (n=94) representa families monolingües en inglés. El tercer clúster incluye 15 familias trilingües donde los progenitores utilizan castellano entre ellos, pero inglés y catalán con los hijos. El cuarto clúster es el más pequeño y contiene solamente 8 familias bilingües catalán-inglés. La segunda fase implica el análisi cualitativo de datos de entrevista con 26 PATs que representan los diferentes perfiles familiares y los tres rangos de edad de los hijos (0-5, 6-11 y 12-16). Casi todos los progenitores narran procesos de toma de decisiones FLM conscientes y detallan ambiciosos resultados lingüísticos esperados para sus hijos. Muchos esperan que sus hijos adquieran niveles de hablante nativo o cercanos en inglés, castellano y catalán además de competencias en lenguas extranjeras adicionales. Los progenitores dan mucha importancia al inglés. Lo relacionan estrechamente con ideologias de autenticidad e identidad. Al mismo tiempo subrayan las ventajas que puede dar a sus hijos como lengua franca global y capital lingüístico valioso. Se considera que el castellano y el catalán también son importantes, aunque los perfiles diferentes muestran orientaciones variables hacia el catalán. Se consideran relevantes las diferencias entre las formas en que los progenitores explican jerarquias globales y locales. Respecto a las estrategias de GLF, se perciben pocas diferencias entre perfiles. Los progenitores realizan ciertas estrategias ellos mismos, incluyendo la selección consciente de lengua y el apoyo a procesos de alfabetización de sus hijos, mientras habilitan otros mediante la gestión de actores externos según las evaluaciones del input lingüístico global de los hijos. Fuentes externas de input de inglés incluyen la televisión y los medios digitales, la familia y los amigos del país de origen, y redes locales de encuentro con otros niños anglófonos. Cuando evaluan procesos de GLF, la mayoria de los progenitores se muestran muy satisfechos con los resultados lingüísticos demostrados por sus hijos hasta el momento. Muchos admiten que sus expectativas iniciales se han superado. No obstante, algunos progenitores expresan su decepción: más por el nivel de inglés de sus hijos que por el nivel de castellano o catalán. Curiosamente, los progenitores de clúster 1 demuestran mayor insatisfacción. Se espera que los hallazgos de esta tesis contribuirán a la contextualización de más investigación sobre PATs en Barcelona sino en de manera general; a la mejora de los consejos para los progenitores y educadores que estén involucrados en este tipo de familias; a la comprensión de los diferentes procesos de socialización lingüística que viven los migrantes transnacionales; y a la construcción de teoria sobre el papel que tienen respeto a los procesos de toma de decisiones GLF en familias de este tipo.
Aquesta tesi analitza com es gestionen les llengües a famílies amb com a mínim un progenitor anglòfon transnacional (PAT) resident a l’àmbit metropolità de Barcelona. L’estudi es centra en les llengües que els PATs usen amb familiars, sobretot pel que fa a la transmissió lingüística intergeneracional. L’estudi combina mètodes quantitatius i qualitatius, i perspectives macro i micro per considerar les influències múltiples sobre l’ús linguistic a differents nivells. Com a actors primaris de la gestió lingüística familiar (GLF), s’analitza com els progenitors fan, justifican, implementen i revisen els usos lingüístics familiars. La primera fase de l’estudi contextualitza la segona mitjançant una descripció sociodemogràfica i sociolingüística de 164 PATs i les seves famílies. S’hi utilitzen dades quantitatives del qüestionari lingüística familiar (QLF) que representen 614 individus (331 progenitors i 283 fills). Els enquestats tenen un estatus socioeconòmic relativament alt comparat amb altres poblacions de migrants i són força mobils, sovint per motius professionals. Els PATs utilitzen molt d’anglès dins l’àmbit familiar, cosa que correspon amb una taxa alta de transmissió intergeneracional tant quan es mesura segons la competència lingüística com quan es mesura segons l’ús lingüístic dels fills. A l’hora de fer l’anàlisi es generen uns índexs d’ús lingüístic familiar per a cada tipus d’interacció familiar, els quals s’empren per al procediment d’anàlisi de conglomerats. S’identifiquen quatre perfils de família. Els primers dos conglomerats són els més grans: conglomerat 1 (n=47) representa famílies bilingües castellà-anglès i conglomerat 2 (n=94) representa famílies monolingües en anglès. El tercer conglomerat inclou 15 famílies trilingües en què els pares utilitzen castellà entre ells, però anglès i català amb els fills. El quart conglomerat és el més petit i conté només 8 famílies bilingües català-anglès. La segona fase implica l’anàlisi qualitativa de dades d’entrevista amb 26 PATs que representen els diferents perfils familiars i els tres rangs d’edat dels fills (0-5, 6-11 i 12-16). Gairebé tots els progenitors narren processos de presa de decisions GLF conscients i detallen ambiciosos resultats lingüístics esperats per als seus fills. Molts esperen que els seus fills aconsegueixin nivells de parlant nadiu o propers d’anglès, castellà i català a més de competències en llengües estrangeres addicionals. Els progenitors donen molta importància a l’anglès. El relacionen estretament amb ideologies d’autenticitat i identitat. A la vegada subratllen els avantatges que pot donar als seus fills com a llengua franca global i capital linguistic valuós. Es considera que el castellà i el català també són importants, encara que els perfils diferents demostren orientacions variades pel que fa al català. Es consideren rellevants les diferències entre les maneres en que els progenitors expliquen jerarquies globals i locals. Pel que fa a les estratègies de FLM, es noten poques diferències entre perfils. Els progenitors realitzen algunes estratègies ells mateixos, incloent-hi la selecció conscient de llengua i el suport als processos d’alfabetització dels seus fills, mentre n’habiliten d’altres mitjançant la gestió d’actors externs segons les avaluacions de l’input linguistic global dels fills. Fonts externes d’input d’anglès inclouen la television i els mitjans digitals, la família i els amics al país d’origen, i xarxes locals de trobada amb altres nens anglòfons. Quan avaluen processos de GLF, la majoria dels progenitors es mostren molt satisfets amb els resultats lingüístics demostrats pels seus fills fins el moment. Molts admeten que les seves expectatives inicials s’han superat. No obstant, alguns progenitors expressen la seva decepció: més pel nivell d’anglès dels seus fills que pel nivell de castellà o català. Curiosament, els progenitors del conglomerat 1 demostren més insatisfacció. S’espera que les troballes d’aquesta tesi contribuiran a la contextualització de més recerca sobre PATs no sols a Barcelona sinó arreu; a la millora dels consells per als progenitors i educadors involucrats en aquest tipus de famílies; a la comprensió dels diversos processos de socialització lingüística que viuen els migrants transnacionals; i a la construcció de teoria sobre el paper que tenen respecte als processos de presa de decisions GLF en famílies d’aquesta mena.

Summary: Qualitative interviews were conducted to grandmothers and children living in transnational families in the Philippines. The study aims to examine how they experience their life situation and how they find strategies to cope with difficulties that may appear in transnational family life. Findings: The grandmothers experience difficulties with ageing and health problems in their role as caregivers, and the children experience difficulties with new responsibilities such as household chores, taking care of younger siblings and manage school. For both respondents the financial benefits with having a family member working abroad is the most important. Applications: The results are discussed in the context of globalization, transnational families and gender.

Globalisation is increasing and influences the families that emigrate as well as those that stay behind. In South Africa the left behind aged parents of adult children who emigrated experience a sense of helplessness as they feel that they have raised children who abandoned them when they relocated to other parts of the world due to push and pull factors. They also feel that they are missing the experiences of being part of their grandchildren’s lives. Emigration of adult children disrupts the normal functioning of the family for the emigrants as well as those left behind. The reciprocal caring becomes difficult and complicated. The aim of the study was to explore and describe reciprocal transnational caring as it was experienced by aged parents in a selected retirement village in South Africa and their emigrated children. Descriptive phenomenological research was done where scheduled interviews were used with informed consent to obtain data from the 23 selected participants in a retirement village and their emigrated children abroad. Interviews were carefully recorded and transcribed where after the gathered data was used to identify the essence and supporting constituents of the phenomenon. The essence and constituents were thoroughly described and a literature study was done of existing material to integrate the findings of the phenomenon. The findings revealed the essence as “We do love and care, but we can’t touch and hug”, and the supporting constituents: “We are as involved as we can”, “We live a dual life”, “The grandchildren outgrow the grandparents”, “Technology makes it much easier”, “They have a future as ‘world citizens’” and “Financially we are independent” were identified.
Dissertation (MCur)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Nursing Science
MCur
Unrestricted

The study of the integration of the children of migrants—the so-called ‗second generation‘—is a recent trend in migration literature. Their integration is thought to be an important indicator of the degree of integration of immigrants in general into a specific society. This thesis is the first full-length comparative study of the Albanian second generation. Using a variety of field methods, it compares the ethnic identities, transnational ties and integration pathways of Albanian-origin teenagers in three European cities—London, Thessaloniki and Florence—by focusing on intergenerational transmission between the first and the second generation. Greece, Italy and the UK are, in that order, the three main European countries where Albanian migrants have settled during their short but intense migration experience of the past two decades. My study shifts the focus partly to the situation and developments in Southern Europe, where the awareness and interest in issues of the integration of the second generation are still at an initial phase. The research involved fieldwork in each of the above-named cities, where quota samples of three categories of informants were interviewed: parents, their second-generation teenage children, and teachers and other key informants within the host society. Findings show significant differences in the integration patterns of both generations, affected by sharp differences between the three contexts and the history of immigration in each context. They also point to important within- and inter-group differences, based on various socio-economic indicators. Intergenerational transmission appears as a dynamic process affected not only by context and the parents‘ socio-economic background, but also by parents‘ stage of integration. By studying a settling immigrant group and their descendants, the thesis takes a proactive approach towards the integration of ethnic minorities.

This study investigates the evacuation of 60,000 French and Belgian children to Switzerland between 1940 and 1945. This humanitarian action was initially implemented by a coalition of Swiss charities but because of its growing popularity and increasing scope, the Swiss Red Cross joined the efforts in 1942. Despite the devastation, food scarcities and logistical limitations of the Second World War, these children were successfully fed, clothed and housed in Swiss households for three-month periods before they returned home. Given the massive diplomatic and material challenges, it is surprising that such a large transnational evacuation for vulnerable, foreign children was generally effective. By evaluating both how these evacuations were conducted and why participating governments sought to support or prohibit their implementation, this thesis reveals new information that challenges the standard narratives of the wartime actions of the Allies, Nazi Germany and Switzerland. Britain and America’s role in the evacuation does not support their reputation as righteous victors, but as bickering governments strategizing to strengthen their post-war political position in Europe. Nazi Germany’s authorization of the evacuation deepens our knowledge by demonstrating how “humanitarian” operations were circuitously manipulated as a way to increase Nazi control. The noteworthy hospitality of Swiss citizens significantly diverged from the strict immigration policies imposed by their government, a finding which both challenges and reinforces the controversy surrounding Switzerland’s prohibitive, internationally-condemned refugee policies. Overall, this thesis recasts each participant in a new light by questioning the motivations of governments at war, the value of children in war, and the logistics of wartime humanitarian operations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 18, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 196-203).

The purpose of this research is to examine the lived experience of unaccompanied asylum seeking children (UASC) to identify if and how their national and transnational (human)rights and entitlements are actualised. Through an application of the concepts within the civic stratification model the thesis will seek to analyse the position of UASC with respect to the basic obligations that are owed by the state. Until their asylum claim is resolved UASC occupy indeterminate status positions and enter into transitional phases which offer only partial membership and fall short of the provision of some basic rights. It can be a number of years before they receive their status or are removed from the national space as failed asylum seekers. This research study will illustrate that whilst the national space is open to asylum applications and party to (human)rights commitments in reality the process remains tied to the national outlook. This will serve as the rationale for analysis of the lived experiences of UASC through the lens of methodological cosmopolitanism. This will present UASC as an example of what Ulrich Beck (2006) terms the cosmopolitanization of the nation-state. The analysis will use empirical material to theorise the interactions between UASC and state actors which create structuring points of transnational inequalities, the latter being triggered by conflicting actor perspectives. The temporal and spatial dimensions of the lives of UASC will be explored to conclude that transnationalised inequalities that exist inside the transnational space are rooted in the practices of the nation-state. Yet, the latter do not take responsibility for these inequalities but instead distance themselves from them. UASC will be examined as part of a transnational flight society, a group that exhibits fluidity in their existence, but which as autonomous rights holders are changing the structure of the national space from within.

The primary aim of the study was to develop knowledge about how unaccompanied asylum-seeking children manage their life circumstances and challenges after being granted a residence permit and maturing into adulthood in Sweden. A second aim was to develop knowledge about the life circumstances of these children in their respective countries of origin, the motives behind their flight to Sweden, the means by which they came to Sweden.  The thesis is a ten-year follow-up study. The first set of data is clinical in nature: 100 unaccompanied children were interviewed shortly after their arrival. Ten years later a register study was made of these now young adults. The research group was now reduced to the 68 young adults who remained in Sweden after receiving their permanent resident permits. Twenty of them were chosen for a qualitative interview by means of strategic sampling. The unaccompanied asylum-seeking children who, ten years after becoming permanent residents, remained in Sweden have become established in a favourable life situation as young adults. The process of becoming established in Sweden from the stressing conditions in the country of origin is marked by both risks and possibilities that occur in periodical sequences in the life course of the unaccompanied asylum-seeking children.  The children/youths may have come alone, but they did not remain alone. A majority were taken in hand by relatives in Sweden who were links to the family’s transnational network. The other children who had no family with which to reunite sought to establish transnational links on their own. A transnational perspective can shed light on how these young adults have created cross-national networks and this appears to have been of decisive importance for their socialisation and favourable establishment in Sweden.

This thesis is on the Turkish-speaking community, comprising Turkish-Cypriots, Turks from Turkey, and Kurds from Turkey, and ethnic community football in London, which has been conceptualised as a transnational social field. It is intended as a contribution in the debates on the growing importance of issues of diasporic communities, their identity politics, and cultural integration in a context of ‘super-diversity’. There are three major analytical themes. The first is transnational diaspora politics, which is redefined to comprise any relationship of power or interest by mobilising diasporic connections. I argue that the Turkish-speaking community uses ethnic football as a means for communal mobilisation around and representation of their ethnic identity in the public space of London, a city of unique political-economic and symbolic significance for the Cyprus Conflict which helped create the Turkish and Greek Cypriot football leagues in London. I show that the Turkish-speaking community has ever since used football to create and maintain a bridge between London and all the different locations of the community including Cyprus, Turkey, Germany, and beyond. The second major theme is collective identities and how they are (re)produced, represented, and manifested in the diaspora. I argue that the nature of the field of ethnic football as a familiar, open, and welcoming space conveniently positioned between the Turkish-speaking private sphere and the British/Londoner public space has been a major factor accounting for the effectiveness of various identity projects to be pursued within this field. Lastly, after presenting the historical link between modern competitive sports and masculinity, I claim that the one defining aspect of all the ethnic identities reproduced within the field is their masculine character. The last analytical theme is the cultural integration of immigrant communities. Without adopting a normative definition of cultural integration, I have considered the implications of involvement in ethnic community football in terms of belonging, social inclusion, marginalisation, and the psychological development and well-being of the individuals involved. The presented and analysed discussion rejects any automatic causal link between involvement in sports and integration or that involvement in mono-ethnic sporting organisations and segregation. Having reviewed a few exemplary organisations, which used football for integration purposes, and the nature of the ethnic community leagues, I have also argued in this thesis that the field of ethnic community football, again due to its specific nature, structure, and position between the private and public spaces, offers a great potential to be engaged by local and national governments in the service of integration policies.

Thesis (MA (English Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Drawing on theories of gender and subjectivity, this thesis explores the way in which constructions of modernity as well as tradition are mapped onto geographical localities and thus expressed through gender acts. The female protagonists in Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior, Sindiwe Magona’s To My Children’s Children and Forced to Grow, as well as Eva Hoffman’s Lost in Translation undergo either transnational translocation or imagined translocation where they straddle multiple cultural contexts concurrently. The role of globalism and modernity amplifies the female’s ambiguous position and therefore challenges her gender identity as she takes on additional gender characteristics. This challenge, a result of translocation, causes both the individual and collective nature of the subject to be emphasised and placed in multiple cultures concurrently. The female’s subjectivity is under much tension as the cultures she immerses herself in interlace but also clash. As a result of this, her sense of self is constantly in flux as she attempts to achieve stability and coherence. This sense of a gendered, stable and located self will, I argue, both dissipate and transmutate upon undergoing physical or imagined translocation. In addition, this thesis examines the manner in which globalism allows for the dissolving of boundaries and explores the extent to which the ambiguous position these female protagonists occupy enables them to reformulate and refashion their gender identity as well as write themselves away from the marginalised positions they inhabit. I will further explore how female subjects are compelled to take on additional feminine or masculine attributes upon translocation, seeming to become androgynous in the reformulation of their gender identity for a certain period of time. I will argue that protagonists supplement their gender in order to obtain a sense of belonging in a specific cultural context which requires this alteration of gender, and argue that this is also a means by which they liberate themselves from the marginal positions they occupy in their ethnic culture where sexism and prejudice are prevalent. However, I will demonstrate that modernity does not only provide them with liberation and autonomy, but that simultaneously it is also restrictive on the subject’s gender identity. Finally, this thesis explores whether the female protagonists are able to use their ambiguous positioning strategically in order to generate coherence of the self yet, concurrently, maintain fluidity between multiple cultural boundaries of the self.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie verhandeling gebruik geslags- en subjektiwiteitsteorieë om ondersoek in te stel na die maniere waarop konstruksies van moderniteit en tradisie uiting vind in geslagshandeling. Dieselfde teorieë word gebruik om ondersoek in te stel na die invloed van geografiese plasing op geslagshandeling. Die vroulike protagoniste in Maxine Hong Kingston se The Woman Warrior, Sindiwe Magona se To My Children’s Children en Forced to Grow, sowel as Eva Hoffman se Lost in Translation, ervaar elkeen óf transnasionale translokasie, óf verbeelde translokasie, waardeur hulle vele kulturele kontekste tegelykertyd in die dwarste beset. Die rol van globalisering en moderniteit versterk sonder twyfel die vroulike protagonis se dubbelsinnige posisie, en haar geslagsidentiteit word in twyfel getrek soos sy addisionele geslagseienskappe aanneem. Hierdie vertwyfeling – die gevolg van translokasie – veroorsaak dat beide die kollektiewe sowel as die individuele aard van die subjek benadruk word, en gelyktydig in meervoudige kulture geplaas word. Die protagonis se subjektiwiteit verkeer onder baie spanning omdat die kulture waarin sy haarself verdiep onderling vervleg is, maar tog ook bots. Derhalwe is haar beskouing van haarself voortdurend vloeibaar en veranderend terwyl sy probeer om samehorigheid en stabiliteit te bewerkstellig. Ek is van mening dat hierdie sin van 'n “geslaghebbende”, stabiele, gelokaliseerde self verdwyn en/of transmuteer wanneer dit fisiese of verbeelde translokasie ondergaan. Gevolglik ondersoek hierdie verhandeling dus ook die manier waarop globalisme die ontbinding van grense tot gevolg het, sowel as die mate waartoe die dubbelsinnigheid van die vroulike protagoniste se posisie hulle toelaat om hul geslagsidentiteit te herformuleer en te herontwerp, en hulself weg, of uit, die gemarginaliseerde posisies wat hulle beset te skryf. Ek wil ook kyk na die maniere waarop die vroulike subjek genoop is om, as gevolg van translokasie, addisionele vroulike of manlike karaktertrekke aan te neem, met dié dat dit blyk dat die protagoniste vir 'n ruk lank androgene eienskappe in hul geslagsidentiteit toon. Ek argumenteer dat die protagoniste hul geslag aanvul, nie net sodat hul aanklank binne 'n spesifieke kulturele konteks kan vind nie, maar ook as 'n manier waarop hul hulself kan bevry van die marginale posisies waarin hulle hul in 'n etniese kultuur, waar seksisme en vooroordeel gedy, bevind. Nietemin wil ek ook aantoon dat moderniteit nie bloot net bevryding en selfstandigheid aan die vroulike protagoniste bied nie, maar dat dit ook tegelykertyd beperkings op die subjek se geslagsidentiteit plaas. Die uitkoms van hierdie tesis is om te bepaal of die vroulike protagoniste in staat is tot die strategiese gebruik van hul dubbelsinnige posisionering, wat koherensie van die self sal meebring, en tog terselfdertyd vloeibaarheid tussen verskillende kulture sal behou.

This investigation explores the international perspectives of causality of human traffic, specifically, traffic into commercial sexual exploitation. Current Western approaches to combat trafficking centre around law and order, immigration issues, and victim protection programs. While these are important for a holistic effort to deter traffic, these foci overlook prevention endeavors, thereby acting as a band-aid on a bullet wound, addressing the symptoms, but not the foundation of trafficking. Western perspectives toward prevention concentrate on economic aspects of supply and demand while crediting the root cause to be poverty. Using social exclusion theory, this thesis demonstrates that the current paradigm of viewing human trafficking in purely economic terms is an oversimplification. This project proposes to widen the focus of prevention efforts those cultural and social structures which push and pull victims into trafficking. The research is a response to an international call for further initiatives to prevent human trafficking, the recent rise of human traffic in Guatemala, Central America and the lack of research which focuses on the social links with trafficking and mainstream society. Research conducted in Guatemala, included a thirteen-month ethnography and involved one-hundred and thirteen qualitative interviews conducted in nine Guatemalan cities strategically located along trafficking routes. The target research population included women sex workers and former traffic victims from Central America and included insights from non-governmental organizations workers. Twenty-three interviewees were Central American migrants which provided insight in the wider regional structures of traffic and commercial sexual exploitation. The interviews aimed at understanding the lived experiences of exploitation in order to determine whether social exclusion affects human traffic within commercial sexual exploitation. The findings revealed the underlying social and cultural structures which reinforce human trafficking. Empirical data collected provides real-time data on trafficking networks, commercial sexual exploitation and reveals the geo-political significance of Guatemala as a hot-spot for traffic. Analysis of interviews illustrates variations in the experience of human traffic and commercial sexual exploitation which challenges current western stereotypical ideas on traffic victims. Conceptually, macro-structures—political, economic, social, and violence—are presented as a back drop for the formation of wider networks of exploitation. The exploration of violence as a push factor challenges international forced repatriation policies. Micro-structures—gender roles, family, violence, and coping strategies—are examined in the ways they perpetuate social systems of trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation. Theoretically, the thesis argues against the current paradigm which narrowly focuses on economics, but calls for the incorporation of social exclusion theory to understand the multi-dimensionality of human traffic and its wider links to society in order to open up new dialogue for prevention between the West and the majority world.

La metáfora de las partes y el todo sirve para ilustrar los diferentes niveles y capas de esta investigación. El ‘todo’ del título hace referencia al cuidado y a su circulación en familias transnacionales Qingtianesas, divididas – mayormente – entre Qingtian (China) y España. Dicha circulación se da dentro y a través de las diferentes fronteras, siendo la dimensión transnacional clave. La ‘parte’ alude al lugar de los hijos/as de estas familias en dicha circulación, pero también al lugar del cuidado en las trayectorias de éstos. Además, la exploración del cuidado – como hecho social total (Durkheim, 1982) – torna una excusa para describir las dinámicas sociales más amplias que articulan el espacio transnacional entre Qingtian y España. Esta tesis está estructurada en tres partes. El marco teórico incluye una revisión crítica a la investigación sobre los cuidados, la familia transnacional y la idea de infancia; y dos capítulos complementarios a modo de contextualización: una aproximación a la familia china como institución y una introducción a la historia y características de la migración china en España. La segunda parte está centrada en el diseño de la investigación y la práctica. Los datos cualitativos han sido recolectados mediante una etnografía multi-situada llevada a cabo entre España y China, durante 6 y 13 meses respectivamente. Además, el trabajo de campo se articula como un proceso continuo, a través de la participación en plataformas virtuales como la aplicación de WeChat. La parte final incluye dos capítulos basados en los datos etnográficos. Usando el marco de la circulación del cuidado (Baldassar y Merla, 2014), el primero de ellos presenta una visión general sobre cómo el cuidado, desde una perspectiva multidimensional y multigeneracional – incluyendo hasta cuatro generaciones– circula en estas familias. Sobre esta base se asienta el segundo capítulo etnográfico, que explora las trayectorias vitales de la generación menor: desde sus primeros años hasta su condición actual de adolescentes y jóvenes adultos, combinando los testimonios en retrospectiva y tiempo presente con sus expectaciones futuras sobre el cuidado y la familia. En conjunto, esta tesis ofrece una perspectiva novedosa e integrada del estudio de las familias transnacionales y las trayectorias de los hijos/as de los inmigrantes, en la cual el cuidado es el hilo conductor. En esta investigación, clase social, género y lugar de socialización emergen como categorías clave para comprender muchos de los fenómenos analizados y su articulación en el espacio social transnacional. Además, los datos recogidos apuntan a la necesidad de superar la perspectiva adultocéntrica que domina la investigación sobre migración, dando voz y visibilidad a otros actores y de situar las prácticas y significados en contexto. Primero, la información etnográfica cuestiona los modelos hegemónicos de familia, infancia y cuidado y la supuesta disfuncionalidad de modelos alternativos. Segundo, desafía las asunciones – basadas en estereotipos en torno a la edad, concepciones etnocéntricas y la prevalencia de modelos de corte económico en los estudios sobre migración – acerca de la dirección de los flujos de cuidado en familias transnacionales. Tercero, revela un rol activo de los menores así como de la generación de los abuelos/as, desafiando el estereotipo de ambas generaciones como pasivas y dependientes, y abogando por el reconocimiento de sus valiosas contribuciones a familias y sociedades. Finalmente, cuestiona la asunción de que los descendientes de emigrantes tienden a disminuir el grado de interacción transnacional y los lazos con el país de origen de sus familias, sugiriendo que la movilidad social y la generalización y abaratamiento de los modos de transporte y comunicación promueve una mayor interacción y genera nuevas dinámicas en el espacio social transnacional.
The metaphor of the whole and its parts serves to illustrate the various levels and layers of this research. The ‘whole’ of the title refers to care and its circulation in Qingtianese transnational families, that are split mainly – but not only – between China and Spain. Such circulation takes place within each country and across borders, the transnational dimension being key. The ‘part’ refers to the place of Qingtianese transnational families’ children within this circulation; but it also alludes to the place of care within these children's life paths. Moreover, in this research, the exploration of care – as a social fact (Durkheim, 1982)– becomes a means by which to describe the broader social dynamics articulating the Qingtian-Spain transnational space. This thesis is structured in three parts. The first part includes the theoretical framework, which takes a critical approach to the research on care, transnational families and childhood, and two additional chapters which serve to contextualise the research: an overview of the Chinese family as an institution, and an exploration of the history and main features of Chinese migration to Spain. The second part offers an insight into the research design and practice. The qualitative data was collected through a multi-sited ethnography carried out between Spain and China, lasting 6 and 13 months, respectively. In fact, the fieldwork was a continuous process, connected through ongoing participation in virtual platforms, such as the WeChat app. The final part includes two chapters that are driven by the ethnographic data. Drawing on Baldassar and Merlas’ care circulation framework (2014), the first of these provides an overview of how care circulates, from a multi-dimensional and multi-generational perspective – including four-generations families – in Qingtianese transnational families. This provides the foundation for the second ethnographic chapter, which reviews the paths these families’ children have taken through their lives so far: from their early years to their current position as adolescents and young-adults, combining their retrospective and present-day accounts with their expectations about care and family in the future. Taken as a whole, this thesis takes an alternative and novel approach to integrated research on transnational families and children’s life paths, in which care is the unifying thread. In the Qingtian-Spain transnational social space, social class, gender and the place of socialisation, have shown themselves to be essential categories for understanding most of the phenomena addressed. Moreover, field data posits the need of moving beyond the adult-centred perspective that dominates migration research to give a voice and visibility to other actors, and to situate practices and meanings in context. Firstly, it has served to question hegemonic models of family, childhood and care which sanctions alternative models as dysfunctional. Secondly, it has challenged prejudiced assumptions – based on the ageist stereotypes, ethnocentric conceptions and financially-focused models prevalent in migration research – regarding the direction of flows of care in transnational families. Thirdly, it has revealed the active care role of minor children and the grandparents’ generation, challenging the stereotype of both as being passive and dependent, and calling for the recognition of their contributions to families and societies. And finally, it questions the assumption that the descendants of migrants engage in a decreasing degree of transnational interaction and ties with the family’s origin country, suggesting that families’ social mobility and the ongoing development and affordability of transportation and communication technologies promote an increasing transnational interaction and new dynamics in the social transnational space.

This study explores how English-speaking migrant parents in Sweden value transnational and linguistic cultural capital, and how they draw upon their own cultural resources in order to help their children acquire these forms of capital and inculcate a habitus. Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital, social capital and habitus are used in a qualitative study in order to investigate how parents cultural capital was valued in the new cultural context, how they acquired new, more relevant capital for themselves, and how this shaped the aims, expectations and strategies they had to help their children acquire valued forms of capital.  Despite possessing a valuable form of linguistic capital, parents sometimes felt themselves to be limited within the Swedish setting, however this was justified due to the opportunities seen to be available for their children. Parents expressed they wished their children to develop a global perspective and develop skills and knowledge that would allow them to operate in transnational settings. In a rapidly changing world, it was difficult to know which skills would be required, but due to their knowledge of multiple national contexts, they felt that they were in a good position to help their children acquire the forms of capital that had been useful for them in their own experiences of migration. The parents negotiated these multiple national settings, taking what they saw as valuable from each, thereby helping their children’s acquisition of both linguistic and transnational capital.

Both young adult literature and transnational literature occupy transitional spaces and defy simple classifications. Their commonalities naturally suit the two sets of literature for concurrent study. However, the field is underdeveloped, particularly in the United States. With a concentration on the exchanges taking place between the U.S. and Germany, this thesis addresses the need to assemble primary materials and pertinent critical commentary into a single place available to educators, scholars, and researchers to acquire background on transnational YAL themes. The thesis delineates methods used in conducting and compiling research on U.S.-German YAL exchange and highlights the translation and publication concerns associated with this process. It examines how prizes for translations are granted in each nation, identifying organizations that facilitate the process of exchange and describing transnational trends rising out of these circumstances. The concluding chapter visits concerns and complications raised during the investigation, posing questions for further study of the U.S.-German young adult literature relationship and advocating the pursuit of similar research in other world regions. The appendices provide sites for continued examination. They include lists of award-winning translations available in the U.S., novels by American authors that have been translated and published in Germany, and novels by German-language authors that have been translated and published in the U.S.

Cette thèse cherche à comprendre et expliquer l’interdépendance entre l’évolution des pratiques classificatoires des éditeurs jeunesse et la construction d’un sous-espace éditorial autonome, intégré et doté d’une forte puissance de légitimation. Ce travail vise ainsi à restituer à partir des exemples de deux pays – la France et l’Espagne – les contours de l’édition jeunesse d’un point de vue national et transnational. À travers l’étude des systèmes de classification du marché éditorial jeunesse dans deux sous-champs nationaux et deux aires linguistiques cette recherche s’inscrit au croisement d’une sociologie historique de la culture et d’une sociologie des classifications. Elle se veut à la fois comparative, croisée et transnationale. Elle s’intéresse particulièrement aux logiques et pratiques des agents du sous-champ de l’édition jeunesse – en tenant compte de leur espace des possibles tant au sein de la maison d’édition que dans le marché éditorial – qui visent l’imposition de catégories circulant dans et par-delà les États-nations. Il s’agit d’aller au cœur des systèmes de classification pour mieux comprendre le marché éditorial et culturel, mais aussi la genèse des représentations et des pratiques sociales, les acceptions du local et du global ainsi que l’interaction de stratégies symboliques et économiques orientées vers la construction sociale de la valeur du produit
In this thesis the goal is to understand and explain the mutual reliance between the evolution of the way editors classified children’s books and the creation of an autonomous and integrated editorial subfield which have a major role in the process of legitimating children literature. In this study I will work on two countries – France and Spain – to reestablish the evolution of the children’s book publishing from both a national and transnational perspectives. I will study the systems used to classify children’s books in two national subfiels and two linguistic areas. This research will offer a historical sociology of culture approach and a sociology of classification approach. This analysis will be comparative, entangled and transnational. It will focus on the logics and the strategies of the children’s book publishers to impose categories that would spread inside – and beyond – nation-states, taking into account their space of possibles as much inside the publishing house as on the publishing market. I am going to analyse the classification systems to better understand the cultural and editorial markets. I will also study the origin of the children’s book representations and social practices. I will try to understand the interaction of symbolic and economic strategies that are built on a social construction around the value of a product

D.Litt et Phil. (Social Work)
Children’s rights are fundamental to their growth and development, and child trafficking hampers the achievement of these rights. The growth of child trafficking continues to influence the responsibilities expected of social workers. Thus, it is essential that social workers are able to respond to the needs of trafficked children. Unfortunately, South Africa lacks literature on how cross-border trafficked children experience, perceive and understand identification and initial assistance processes. There is a gap in South African theoretical literature on child trafficking intervention guidelines. The result is that social work knowledge on victim assistance has not kept pace with the growing social issue in South Africa. The aim of this study is to develop psychosocial intervention guidelines for trafficked children in South Africa. The ever-growing burden of child trafficking demands that effective and efficient interventions are designed and implemented. Therefore, to fulfil the goal of the study, the overarching intervention research model used was the Rothman and Thomas (1994) Design and Development (D&D) model, which was complemented by Thomas’s (1984) Developmental model. The two models were chosen because they are directed by the practical realities in the social work field. The D&D model has six well-defined phases, although in this study, only the first four phases were applied. In the first phase, the rapid identification of child trafficking and the provision of initial assistance to child victims of trafficking were acknowledged as key issues that require social work intervention. The state of existing interventions was investigated during the state-of-art review, and a feasibility study was conducted to establish the resources required for the study. The outcome of the activities indicated that psychosocial intervention guidelines for child victims of transnational trafficking were needed. During the data-gathering phase, the researcher conducted a document study to establish what had been done to address the issues identified. An empirical study was also conducted using narrative interviews with ten trafficked children, seven social workers, and 15 key stakeholders. The data was analysed using thematic analysis and was subjected to literature control. The data further influenced the researcher’s decision to continue with the design phase. The design objectives, domains, and requirements were outlined in the design phase. This was closely followed by the conversion and intervention design processes, which included the formulation of generalisations and the development of the practice guidelines. Within the development of the guideline, additional skills were identified and recommended, and strategies were presented to support the implementation process. During the early development and pilot testing phase, it was evident that the process of development is intertwined with the realities of users, and thus designing continued into this phase. Pilot testing of the guidelines was conducted with social workers as the intended users to determine if these guidelines were viable and could be used as a practice tool. The social workers were satisfied with the guidelines. The design work, based on the social worker’s suggestions and the introduction of the Trafficking Act (2013), ensured that the goal of the study was achieved. The guidelines were developmentally valid, reasonably coherent, and reflective of the social work practice and policy implementation in South Africa. Rapid identification, timeous and appropriate referral and the immediate provision of assistance are fundamental aspects of addressing trafficked children’s needs and contribute towards the child’s recovery and healing process. In as much as it might be a challenge to provide all trafficked children with the opportunities, services and assistance required, providing high-quality social work assistance is a critical issue worth pursuing.

This thesis is a qualitative investigation of sixty-one international parents living in Tokyo in relation to their family’s cultural background and their choice of schooling for their children. The context of cosmopolitan Tokyo is discussed as the city of residence for three groups of participants: Japanese-born internationally-oriented families; Japanese intercultural families; and non-Japanese internationally-mobile families with origins in other countries. Research on so-called ‘Third Culture’ or ‘Cross Cultural Kids’ is reviewed in order to understand children’s experiences of growing up in more than one cultural context because of parental career or lifestyle decisions. In addition, the range and nature of Japanese and non-Japanese national and international schools available to international parents in Tokyo is described. The conceptual framework adopted is based on Bronfenbrenner’s human ecology model, in which the various contexts of children’s lives—family, school and community—need to be seen holistically and as interacting influences in children’s social and educational development. This approach was extended by Epstein who described the possible partnerships among these three contexts in terms of overlapping spheres of influence. Based on these two models, the research developed a new conceptual framework of fourteen cross cultural scenarios designed to take account of the experiences of transnational children who find themselves negotiating unfamiliar cultural settings, either at school or in society. Four spheres of cultural influence on the social and educational developmental ecology of transnational children in Tokyo were identified and specified as mother’s cultural background (M), father’s cultural background (F), school cultural background (S), all sited within the Japanese residential country culture (R). For this exploratory study, research data concerning the families’ cultural backgrounds and choice of schools for their only or eldest child in Tokyo were collected in two distinct stages. First, a four-page questionnaire, distributed throughout the 23 wards of Tokyo, but predominantly the high foreign population areas in and around Minato-ward during 14 November – 20 December 2007, was completed by 55 parent respondents (43 mothers and 12 fathers). Their responses were summarised in frequency tables. Second, face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 parents (10 mothers and 7 fathers), with nine parents participating in both stages. Participants were again recruited predominantly throughout the Minato-ward of central Tokyo during the period 26 June – 29 August 2008. The interviews were audio-recorded and later transcribed as narratives, used to develop family profile summaries, and discussed in relation to four key themes that emerged: international orientation; location of home; language socialisation; and school choice. An analysis of the research data, in terms of the spheres of cultural influence, revealed that ten of the fourteen cross cultural scenarios were represented. Correlating each family’s cultural background with the choice of schooling for their only or eldest child in Tokyo, revealed a definite pattern of relationships. It also demonstrated the usefulness of the cross cultural scenario framework for identifying the extent of cultural overlap in each child’s ecology. Such understanding is important for parents, schools and community services dealing with transnational children in Tokyo, as well as providing insights for those in other international education contexts.
Thesis(Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Education, 2010

碩士
樹德科技大學
幼兒保育學系
95
Abstract Stereotypes and even stigmatizations, such as developmental delay, low learning achievement, developmental language delay, stuck to children having a mother coming from Southeast Asia were usually found in the findings of the former related studies before 2003. Those researchers insidiously reminded the public that those children might become social burden in the future. However, what this researcher experienced was not related to these outcomes. The difference between the working experience and the outcomes impelled this researcher to investigate the related issues. The researcher expected to understand the learning experience and peer networking from preschool to primary school. Afterwards, the researcher attempted to understand how transnational family children encounter their hindrance in their learning procedure from preschool to primary school and what our society should afforded to help them face and solve the problems. Therefore, qualitative research method is used to realize how children change and grow. First, the researcher separated the observation time into preschooling and schooling to closely observe how the subjects change and grow. The purpose is to observe the peer networking and learning situations of the transnational family children with their peers. Furthermore, the researcher would interview the subjects, peers, teachers, and parents to supplement the lack of observation information. Finally, the researcher would compile a table to categorize the information and to analyze. The researcher discovers that the instructors easily neglect the subjects with passive and quiet learning habits; however, positive learning attitudes would influence the learning performance. Moreover, the researcher indicates the more the subjects participate in learning, the better their learning performance would become. While talking about the development of interpersonal network, the change of the sociable space and the difference of living habits make the school children easily interact with others. Besides, the researcher detects the interaction between class teacher and parents from transnational families would better children’s development. According to the results, the researcher indicates there is no difference between the general children and the transnational family children. The difference discovered is owing to comparison between different subjects; actually, they have positive growing development. The last but not the least, the main purpose of this study is to understand how these children self-regulate and adapt and to understand how the children change from the analyzing information.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
幼兒保育系碩士班
94
Not only does this thesis keep its eye on the phenomenon of the transnational marriage in Taiwan, but it also pays more attention to discuss the issues and practice of the fatherhood in the transnational families. And as we know without doubt, father plays a complicated but significant role while running his own family or rearing children. Perceiving the role-playing of a father in a patrilineal society like what we are in Taiwan, culturally he is usually required to act as an economic support and decision maker in order to maintain his household, and certainly, he takes the responsibility that his children model themselves after him socially and culturally. Therefore, by the approach of qualitative method with depth interview and interpretation, two chosen informant households on this case help to figure out ins and outs the life and experience of practicing a “father” in both transnational households composed of people from different cultures. The patrlineal fatherhood promotes to consolidate the conventional figure as practicing a “father” in daily life while polarizing the attitude of nurturing children. Fathers ought to make more additional efforts to have their households operated well, and that is, they may need external assistance by some means from the other departments of our society. Accordingly, to sum up briefly, the more full-blown social and educational system that can be established to help out, the more positive force brought to those “fathers” to survive their transnational households.

碩士
國立清華大學
科技法律研究所
104
According to laws of Taiwan, surrogacy is not allowed, and The Artificial Reproduction Act states that, only married couples can use assisted reproduction technologies (ART) in Taiwan. The only feasible way for same-sex couples and single people in Taiwan to have children is through adoption. However, the fact remains that parenting through adoption is more difficult to achieve for same-sex couples and single people than for heterosexual couples in Taiwan. Therefore, people consider the use of ART abroad. The willingness to travel for ART and the practices are known as fertility / reproductive tourism. One of the fastest-growing categories is transnational surrogacy, the act of intended parents traveling internationally to engage the paid services of foreign surrogates to carry their babies to term. People who seek parenthood have benefited from transnational surrogacy, however, it also created legal risks arising from conflict of laws and, in some cases, created potentials to leave the legal status and nationality of children in doubt. Children born to surrogates abroad might not be considered as citizens of Taiwan, and Taiwan’s complex family registry system makes it difficult to complete birth registration and registration of parentage. Moreover, intended parents who seek the transnational surrogacy have to face the potential cost arising from the unfamiliar legal systems and accountability for surrogacy agencies. Based on the study findings, the author suggests that Taiwan should establish a framework to legalize and regulate surrogacy in order to protect intended parents and children born through surrogacy. Counseling systems should also be developed, by which medical information, psychological supports and legal advices are provided. Furthermore, administrative agencies should also reach a consensus on issues of dealing with birth certificates of children born through transnational surrogacy arrangements, regarding the best interests of the child as the most important consideration when dealing with cases of transnational surrogacy.

The feminization of Mexican migration to the United States is increasing, and more mothers who migrate leave their children behind for long periods to be cared for by grandparents or relatives in Mexico. Women also form new families when they arrive in the United States, but continue to "care" for the children who stayed in Mexico. We know little about how transnational familial ties across the U.S. -Mexico border influence the educational trajectories of children who stay behind, are born here and are brought over from Mexico. This study asks how Mexican maternal migration has influenced care arrangements and education trajectories of the children in Mexico, comparing these to their siblings who were brought over to America or who were born in the United States. In this dissertation I address how U.S. bound Mexican maternal migration shapes and influences children and youth in both sides of the border. These families, or what refer to "transnational care constellations" include the following types of members: New York based undocumented mothers; the children they brought to the U.S. (also undocumented); their U.S. born offspring (U.S. citizens); children they have left behind in Mexico; and children's caregivers in Mexico. Drawing on ethnographic method I examine transnational caregiving practices among women with children in New York and Mexico. After recruiting twenty families to participate in my study I established three levels of engagement with participants. Eight transnational care constellations constituted the center of my qualitative research. I spent time with them in Mexico and in New York and tracked half of them for over three years. The second level of engagement happened with the other twelve families who I interviewed and observed in New York City, but visited less times in Mexico. Finally, participants who belonged to the third level of engagement were forty mothers in New York City, fathers, caregivers and over sixty children and youth in Mexico who were not matched. In addition I surveyed over 200 children between the ages of seven and sixteen in three schools in Puebla to assess the impacts of maternal remittance on school achievement. Specifically, I compare the educational experiences and social trajectories of three groups of children: the ones left in Mexico, the undocumented children and youth brought to the U.S., and those born in the U.S. The ethnographic core of my dissertation work tracked twenty transnational families who are split between Mexico and the U.S over a period of 18 months. I have traveled back and forth between different states in Mexico and New York in order to capture the dynamism of communities who are "here and there." The children and youth in what I refer to as "care constellation" share the same biological mother who has migrated to New York City, but their lives differ dramatically in terms of academic achievement and familial support.

It is becoming increasingly common for current-day migrants to build transnational connections transcending national borders. Amongst recent immigrants from Taiwan to Canada, an "astronaut" type of family arrangement has emerged. In the "astronaut" families, either one or both parents continue working in Taiwan to maximize the financial resources of the family, while the children reside in Canada. These children affected by transnational migration between Canada and Taiwan no longer experience a radical break from their place of origin—Taiwan. Instead, both the settlement society and their ethnic origin have continually informed the processes of these children's home-making and identity development. Based on eleven individual interviews conducted in Greater Vancouver regional district of British Columbia, Canada between June and September, 2001, this study explores the impact of transnational family arrangements on children's lives, and children's.senses of home and identity. Findings suggest that the families of the children interviewed undergo a reconfiguration of the traditional family structure, a reconfiguration based on the establishment of various transnational connections linking family in Taiwan and family in Vancouver. The new transnational family structure is operating within new forms of interdependence between family members and within changing family relationships. The transnational family arrangement has affected how the children define "home" and where they consider to be "home". The children's senses of home are influenced by the interaction between their quotidian experiences in Vancouver and their transnational connections with Taiwan. In terms of identity, the children interviewed reveal a persistence of Taiwanese identity over time and at the same time a fluctuation in the intensity of their Taiwanese identity. The main factors affecting the children's senses of identity are: cross-cultural contacts they have experienced in Vancouver, the significant flow of people and cultural items from Taiwan to Vancouver, and the primordial attachment to their place of origin. The children have learned to negotiate within "astronaut" families. They have become new kinds of "transnational" people—those who can situate themselves somewhere between being Taiwanese and being Canadian and yet, be both.

碩士
國立陽明大學
臨床暨社區護理研究所
96
In accordance with statistics made by the Ministry of Interior in 2006, the proportion of the Southeastern Asian transnational marriage occupied 34.94% that has drawn the attention of the central government due to its increased number. Owing to the conflicts brought about from the transnational marriage in the language, culture, and life customs, the children they raise will be affected specially by the emotion recognition and expression development. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the correlation between the emotion expression and social behavior and also makes comparison between two groups of children who are the native pre-school children in Taiwan and the pre-school children raised by the Southeastern Asian immigration marriage parents. In order to facilitate the implementation of this research, a convenient sample was adopted and carried out by a total of 32 native families in Taiwan and 32 Southeastern Asian transnational marriage families whose children are studying in different public and private kindergartens of the Taipei County. This paper uses the structural questionnaire as research method; the measure table includes two items: the emotional expression and social behavior. Then the relevant information collected from the aforesaid children was analyzed by means of t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. The result of this research is described as follows: 1. For the native pre-school children in Taiwan, the emotion expression is affected by his/her age, the teaching experience of the master at school; and for the pre-school children whose parents are Southeastern Asian transnational marriage couples, the emotion expression is evidently related with his/her age, seniority in brothers, the mother’s education level, and the mother’s residential time in Taiwan. 2. For the native pre-school children in Taiwan, the social behavior is affected by the gender, age, family economy, the mother’s education level; and for the pre-school children whose parents are the Southeastern Asian immigration marriage couples, the social behavior is evidently related with the gender, seniority at school, the mother’s education level, and the person who is the main keeper at home. 3. The pre-school children whose mothers come from the Southeastern Asian countries behave towards more negatively than the native children in Taiwan. 4. The total variance of social positive behavior is 39.6% for the Taiwanese native children in the age, seniority at school, and the teaching experience of the children’s master at school; and the total explicable variance of the social negative behavior is 52.8% for the Taiwanese native children in the gender and emotional expression. 5. The total variance of social behavior is 35.8% for the Southeastern Asian transnational marriage children in the gender, mother’s education level and father’s profession. The results of this research will serve as reference for the general families, related educators, and medical workers to study the strategy of helping the children express their emotion and develop their social behavior correctly.

This study investigated the developing identities of first generation Canadian female adolescent women. Using qualitative methodology, it seeks to illuminate the intersectionalities of race, gender and sexuality in its analysis. Transnational feminist frameworks are used as theoretical lenses from which to critically examine the ways in which identity development research has been portrayed in psychology, child and youth care, and related disciplines. This analysis was used as a means to complicate objective, hierarchical models of identity development as they apply (or do not apply) to the stories of first generation Canadian women. Five women between the ages of 19-26 of Chinese, Latin American, Vietnamese and Indian decent participated in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, covering family background and traditions, gender role negotiation, sexuality and identity development. Findings support transnational feminist notions of multiplicity, hybridity and fluidity in identity development. They provided context and storied analysis to issues of identity development that are often silenced in traditional psychology literature. The stories of first generation Canadian women are important contributions to identity development research. They highlight the need for situated knowledges and the need for anti-racist research frameworks in psychology, child and youth care, and social science disciplines.

碩士
中國文化大學
生活應用科學研究所
98
ABSTRACT The development of self-identity is an important stage for adolescents in junior high school. Furthermore, the development of self-esteem is an important factor for affecting the maturity and adaptation of an individual. Lack of positive development in self-esteem can lead to negative self-identity and self-diffusion. Parents of transnational marriage children have different ethnic culture background, therefore, the development of ethnic identity and self-esteem is an important issue. Consequently, the purposes of this research were to discuss the relationship and difference between ethnic identity and self-esteem for transnational marriage children of junior high school whose mother was from Southeast Asia, and to be a reference for related education authorities and personnel. The investigation of this research was conducted by “purposive sampling” method. Considering the number of transnational marriage children was not equal in each school, the research included six schools with more student number and nine schools with less student number. Then, the survey was proceeded by census and the valid sample was 527. The research instrument included background information questionnaire, ethnic identity scale, and self-esteem scale. Data were analyzed by frequency distribution, percentage, mean, standard deviation, one sample t-test, paired sample t-test, one way ANOVA, Scheffe’s method, Pearson’s product-moment correlation, multiple regression, and linear regression analysis. The results of this research were as follows. 1. The mean (2.76) of the ethnic scale was significant higher than the theoretical midpoint which indicated the ethnic identity of the transnational marriage children of junior high school in Ping-Tung County was fine. Furthermore, the ethnic identity toward father’s ethnic group(3.08) and the ethnic identity toward mother’s original nationality(2.69) were both significant higher than the theoretical midpoint which indicated the ethnic identity of the transnational marriage children of junior high school in Ping-Tung County toward father’s ethnic group and mother’s original nationality were both fine. Nevertheless, the ethnic identity toward father’s ethnic group was significant higher than the ethnic identity toward mother’s original nationality. 2. The mean (3.47) of the self-esteem scale was significant higher than the theoretical midpoint which indicated the self-esteem of the transnational marriage children of junior high school in Ping-Tung County was acceptable. 3. “Gender” showed significant difference in “ethnic identity”. Female had better ethnic identity. However, “grade”, “family socio-economic status”, “mother’s original nationality”, and “the number of the transnational marriage children in enrollment school” did not show significant difference in “ethnic identity.” 4. “The number of the transnational marriage children in enrollment school” showed significant difference in “self-esteem.” Self-esteem would be better when there were more number of transnational marriage children in the enrollment school. However, “gender”, “grade”, “family socio-economic status”, “mother’s original nationality”, and “the number of the transnational marriage children in enrollment school” did not show significant difference in “ethnic identity.” 5. “Ethnic identity” showed moderate level of positive relevance with “self-esteem.” 6. “Female” could explain 3.9% of ethnic identity. Female had better ethnic identity comparing to male. 7. “Ethnic identity” could explain 18.6% of self-esteem. The higher the ethnic identity, the better the self-esteem. 8. “Male” and “ethnic identity” could explain 20.9% variance of self-esteem. Male had higher self-esteem comparing to female. Self-esteem would be higher when the ethnic identity was better. According to the findings of this research, suggestion was made to administrative organization of government. The administrative organization could edit and develop-advertisement or publication of transnational marriage women’s original nationality, and could develop multi-cultural activities. Each region could also develop specific foreign country culture and create multi-cultural environment. Suggestions were also made to school administration and teachers. School could combine courses and teaching, design multi-cultural education and activities, and promote mother tongue culture activity after class. Teachers could improve peer relationship by classroom management. Furthermore, school could increase the number of student counselor who are in charge of transnational marriage children affair, and could even invite transnational marriage parents to act as volunteer counselor.

This thesis focuses on the ideas and experiences of transnationally adopted children regarding place and identity, and how their perspectives compare to those of their parents’. Although anthropologists have long been interested in child circulation, the growing transnational nature of adoption has sparked new interest in kinship studies. However, anthropological literature on transnational adoption largely focuses on the perspectives of adults including adoptive parents, adoption professionals, and adopted adults, while children’s opinions are rarely elicited. I interviewed ten transnationally adopted children using semi-structured interviews and drawing exercises to explore how they come to know about their migration and birth places as well as what places they find important sources of their identification. I also interviewed 14 parents of transnationally adopted children to examine how they emplace their children, physically and socially, upon adoption. Parents understand birth places to be a significant source of their children’s identities and construct ideas of this place that are meant to foster children’s ethnic and cultural connections to their birth places. However, children do not always conceptualize place or themselves in the same way as their parents. Rather than articulating abstract ethnic identities based on birth places, children draw on particular locations, people, and events that are important in their daily lives. By solely drawing attention to dichotomous dual ethnicities, or dual places of belonging, multiple other places that play an important part in children’s lives may be neglected. Through child-focused research, children can be viewed as competent social actors who are subject to their parents’ practices and desires but they also hold divergent perspectives on place and identity that shape their lives and influence those around them.

碩士
嶺東科技大學
國際企業研究所
100
Marriage has been a spiritual of procreation. Transnational marriage has been a new social phenomenon as the income has increased gradually in Taiwan. Furthermore, children’s health is strongly associated with mother’s health. Thus, the issue of children’s health is worth to concern among transnational marriage. This study is to explore the influence on children’s health among foreign spouse, native husband and characteristics of household. This study was conducted by cross-sectional data to examine children’s health among transnational marriage in Taiwan. The observation takes place mainly on 12,952 foreign brides from 2008 Survey of Foreign and Mainland Chinese Spouses’ Living Demand. In addition, this study was conducted by logistic multiple model to evaluate the influence on children’s health among foreign spouse, native husband as well as household income. The study showed that mother’s age and health have positive influence on children’s health. Father has positive influence on all aspects of factors. Besides, children’s health is worse when those who don’t live with father/mother in law and from lower household income. However, these two variables have positive on “no good but can act by oneself” but for “poor heath, need families support long-term or developmental delay”. Foreign spouse, native husband and characteristics of household are positive influence on children’s health. In other words, social economic status is relevant to children’s health. Findings will contribute to the future welfare agencies to assist in maintaining the health of their children among the transnational marriage. Keywords: multivariate logistic model, transnational marriages, children’s health.

This dissertation is based on a narrative analysis of eighteen life biographies of children of Vietnamese descent in Czech Republic. It shows that these young people lives are embedded in a "transnational social space", which spans between two geographical regions of Vietnam and Czech Republic, and which leaves them exposed to a set of social expectations, cultural values and patterns of human interaction, that are shaped by more than one political, economic and social system. It also describes how these people, through multiple connected social networks and social relationships, transform cultural practices, interpretations, experiences and identities, which deconstructs the idea of integrity between place, identity and culture. Although the primary aim of the work is to analyse how children of Vietnamese operate in transnationalized social and cultural contexts, transnational practices, such as homeland visits, kinship ties and sending remittances are also being explored. In doing so the children of Vietnamese migrants are neither perceived as "existing in vacuum" nor are their identities described as "deterritorialized". The work pays also attention to the question how their lives and identities are shaped on the backdrop of discursive fields and power relationships in particular localities. Key...

La thèse représente une première tentative de construire un narratif sur la Ligue de la jeunesse communiste du Canada (fondée en 1923) pendant la période de l'entre-deux-guerres, jusqu'ici absente des recherches existantes sur le communisme ou le socialisme canadiens. La thèse porte sur l'évolution des relations entre la Ligue de la jeunesse communiste (LJC), l'Internationale communiste (ou Komintern) et l'Internationale des jeunes communistes, où les communistes soviétiques ont joué un rôle prédominant. Cette recherche met en lumière de nombreux changements mineurs et majeurs dans la politique de la LJC, façonnés par les contextes nationaux et internationaux dans lesquels l’organisation a dû agir. La thèse soutient que malgré un enthousiasme sincère pour la ligne de l'Internationale et l'expérience soviétique, les jeunes communistes canadiens souvent avait de la difficulté d’appliquer les directives de l'Internationale au Canada. Ni le Komintern, ni le mouvement communiste au Canada n'étaient monolithiques. Au contraire, il y a eu de nombreux conflits à trois niveaux: entre le mouvement communiste international et la Ligue; entre la Ligue et le Parti communiste du Canada (PCC); et entre les groupes locaux ou linguistiques de la Ligue et son leadeurship national. La répression de la gauche par l’État dans les années 1920s et 1930s, les problèmes de financement et le nombre de membres dérisoire ont également entravé la mise en œuvre des politiques de l’Internationale. En même temps, le faible niveau de contrôle permettait un certain degré de flexibilité et d’autonomie dans les politiques de la Ligue canadienne. Suivant la position de l’International des jeunes communistes, la jeunesse communiste canadienne a mis un accent particulier sur le militantisme anti-capitaliste et anti-impérialiste, puis anti-fasciste et anti-nazi. Cependant, la Ligue semblait avoir agi de manière indépendante en ce qui concerne les revendications immédiates de la jeunesse canadienne et les politiques culturelles, en particulier pendant la Grande Dépression. La Ligue s'est engagée conjointement avec d'autres organisations de jeunesse pour promouvoir les demandes immédiates des jeunes, même lorsque Moscou n’encourageait pas une telle stratégie. Les initiatives venaient souvent des organisateurs locaux, même si les autorités canadiennes étaient convaincues que Moscou était à l'origine de chaque action de la Ligue. Dans les années 1930 en particulier, la LJC, à travers un réseau d’organisations sociales et culturelles, a eu accès à des jeunes de différentes orientations politiques - la gauche socialiste, le centre-gauche et même les «forces bourgeoises». L’impact et la portée de la LJC ont encore été renforcés par la fait que les sympathisants de l'organisation appartenaient à des milieux sociaux divers et incluaient non seulement des jeunes travailleurs et fermiers, mais aussi les étudiants du secondaire et de l'université, les artistes, les sportifs et les jeunes cols blancs, dont beaucoup appartenaient à des organisations religieuses de jeunesse. Pour ces jeunes, la LJC était le lieu qui fournissait les solutions marxistes à des questions brulantes de l’époque, telles que le chômage des jeunes et l’absence de sécurité sociale, l’injustice sociale ou encore la montée du fascisme et de l’impérialisme au Canada et à l’étranger.
The dissertation represents the first attempt to construct a narrative about the Young Communist League of Canada (founded in 1923) during the inter-war period, so far absent in existing research on Canadian communism or socialism. The thesis focuses on the evolution of the relationship between the Young Communist League (YCL) and the Communist International and Young Communist International where Soviet Communists played a predominant role. It sheds light on numerous minor and major changes of policy shaped by the national and international contexts in which these organisations had to act. The dissertation argues that despite genuine enthusiasm toward the International’s line and the Soviet experience, Young Canadian Communists often found it difficult to implement the International’s directives in Canada. Neither the International nor the communist movement in Canada was monolithic. On the contrary, there appear to have been numerous conflicts on three levels: between the International and the League; between the League and the Communist Party of Canada; and between local or linguistic groups in the League and its national leadership. The state repression of the left during the whole inter-war period, derisory level of funding and membership numbers also impeded the implementation of the International’s policies. At the same time, the International’s weaker levels of control allowed for a certain degree of flexibility and autonomy in the Canadian League’s policies. Following the position of the Young Communist International, the Canadian communist youth placed special emphasis on anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist, and later anti-fascist and anti-Nazi, militancy. However, the League appeared to have acted independently as far as immediate demands of the youth and cultural policies were concerned, especially during the Great Depression era. The League engaged in joint activism with other youth organisations, even when Moscow did not encourage such strategy. The initiatives often came from local grassroots organizers, although Canadian authorities were convinced that Moscow was behind each and every action of the League. In the 1930s in particular the YCL, through a network of social and cultural organisations, gained access to youth of different political orientations – the socialist left, centre-left and even “bourgeois forces.” The YCL’s impact and outreach were further increased by the fact that the organisation’s sympathizers, if not members, belonged to diverse social backgrounds and included not only young workers and farmers but also High School and University students, artists, sportsmen, young white collars, many of them belonging to religious youth groups. For these young people, the YCL was the place that provided Marxist solutions to burning questions of the time such as youth unemployment and absence of welfare, social injustice, growth of fascism and imperialism in Canada and abroad.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
輔導與諮商研究所
96
A Study of Group Counseling Effects of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy on Transnational Family Children’s Rational Beliefs, Self-Concept and Life Adjustment Hsiu-wen Chien Abstract The study was to explore the group counseling effects of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy（REBT） on transnational family children’s rational beliefs, self-concept and life adjustment. The pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was used in the study. Participants in the study included 24 4th~6th grade children from transnational family in Kaoshiung County. The experimental group（N=12） had 18 group counseling sessions of REBT in 9 weeks. The control group (N=12) received no treatment. All participants received the pretest and the posttest of the Children Irrational Beliefs Scale, the Children Self-Concept Scale, and Life-Adjustment Scale. One-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), with the pretest used as a covariance, was used to test the hypotheses. If the data, however, failed to satisfy the assumption of ANCOVA, Johnson-Newman method was used for significant analysis. The results of the study included: 1. The group counseling of REBT for increasing the rational beliefs showed no immediate effects in the “imposed to be approved”; “over expectancy ”; “frustration response ”;“wrong emotional response ”; “over anxiety and depression”; “avoiding a difficulty ”; “over dependence”; “Fixed-Absolutism ”;“over consideration ”; and “perfectionism ”. 2. In the “ child life beliefs ” and “over-blaming”, children in the experiment group with high pretest scores obtained statistically higher scores than children in the control group in posttest. Children in the experiment group with low pretest scores obtained statistically lower scores than children in the control group in posttest. 3. The group counseling of REBT for increasing the rational beliefs showed no follow-up effects in the “child life beliefs ”;“imposed to be approved ”; “over expectancy”;“over-blaming”;“frustration response”;“wrong emotional response”; “over anxiety and depression”; “avoiding a difficulty”; “over dependence”;“Fixed-Absolutism”; “over consideration ”; and “perfectionism ”. 4. The group counseling of REBT for increasing self-concept showed immediate effects in the “family self-concept”; “emotion self-concept”; “appearance self-concept”; and “body self-concept”. 5. In the “Children Self-Concept Scale” and “School Self-Concept Subscale”, children in the experiment group with high pretest scores obtained statistically higher scores than children in the control group in posttest. Children in the experiment group with low pretest scores obtained statistically lower scores than children in the control group in posttest. 6. The group counseling of REBT for increasing self-concept showed follow-up effects in the “family self-concept”; “emotion self-concept”; and “body self-concept”. 7.In the “Children Self-Concept Scale” ;“School Self-Concept Subscale “and “Appearance Self-Concept Subscale”, children in the experiment group with high pretest scores obtained statistically higher scores than children in the control group in follow-up test. Children in the experiment group with low pretest scores obtained statistically lower scores than children in the control group in follow-up test. 8. The group counseling of REBT for increasing the life adjustment showed no immediate and follow-up effects. Based on the results, some suggestions for schools and for future researches were provided. Keywords: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, transnational family children, rational beliefs, Self-concept and life adjustment

Power, and how it is exercised within social relations is pivotal in explaining policy change. Hence, this dissertation explores policy change in Kenya by examining the transfer and subsequent adoption of social protection policies in the form of cash transfer schemes. Instead of the current analytical frameworks drawing from political settlements, political institutions, and ideational approaches in explaining policy uptake, the research studies policy making from a policy transfer and power nexus. The study examines power relations among multiple actors in the national context to explain the adoption of social protection policies. Hence this dissertation articulates power dynamics and asymmetries inherent in policy-making involving national and transnational actors as underpinning policy transfer processes. The thesis is premised on the following interrelated arguments; firstly, I show how transnational actors created and manipulated interests and incentives based on their resource base in three significant ways: controlling the policy agenda, constraining the agency of other actors and influencing the preferences of actors in the policy space. The interaction of interests and resources – financial, and ideas and knowledge – converged to bring about policy change. Secondly, I focus on the role of ideas and knowledge within policy space to show how the creation of a discursive hegemony and a structure of knowledge, social construction and policy narratives played a significant role in shaping learning and influencing national actors. Thirdly, I argue that transnational actors used structural mechanisms based on financing and coerced government to adopt social protection policies through a catalysing mechanism and imposition of conditionalities. The study depicts how transnational actors conditioned and manipulated national context and institutions to align with the idea of cash transfers. This thesis employs a qualitative approach to study policy transfer and subsequent adoption of two cases of transfer schemes in Kenya, the Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) and the Hunger Safety Net Programme (HSNP).
Sociology
D. Phil. (Sociology)