Journal articles: 'Transmitting tract'

1

Bystedt, Per-Arne, and Felizitas Vennigerholz. "The transmitting tract in Trimezia fosteriana (Iridaceae).." Nordic Journal of Botany 11, no. 3 (July 1991): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1991.tb01414.x.

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Kronestedt-Robards, E. C., B. Walles, and M. Johansson. "Histogenesis of the transmitting tract in Strelitzia reginae." Nordic Journal of Botany 21, no. 1 (March 2001): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2001.tb01339.x.

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Smith, Alan, Nicole Gardner, and Elizabeth S. Zimmermann. "(273) Engineering Female Sterility for Horticultural Crops." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1020E—1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1020e.

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Female sterility is desirable in horticultural crops for many reasons, including decreasing invasiveness and weediness, reducing nuisance fruit production, promoting vegetative growth, and increasing flower longevity and number. This study tested a method of creating female sterility through genetic transformation of plants with a gene that ablates tissue necessary for female fertility and reproduction. A gene construct was created containing barnase, a cytotoxic RNAse, expressed with a transmitting tract specific promoter from the tobacco gene sP41. The sP41gene encodes a (1,3)-β-glucanase in the transmitting tract of the pistil of mature tobacco flowers. The construct also expressed barstar, a barnase inhibitor, driven by the CaMV 35S promoter to protect other plant tissues from unexpected barnase expression. Seed set data taken after controlled pollinations showed tobacco plants transformed with this construct had greatly reduced fertility in young flowers and female sterility in mature flowers relative to nontransformed controls. Light microscopy showed ablation of the transmitting tract tissue in transformed plants. The expression of barnase with a transmitting tract specific promoter is an effective way to reduce or eliminate female fertility. Due to the conservation of (1,3)-β-glucanase activity in the styles of other plant species, this construct has potential for producing female-sterile cultivars of other horticultural crops.

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Pereira, Ana Marta, Diana Moreira, Sílvia Coimbra, and Simona Masiero. "Paving the Way for Fertilization: The Role of the Transmitting Tract." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052603.

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Angiosperm reproduction relies on the precise growth of the pollen tube through different pistil tissues carrying two sperm cells into the ovules’ embryo sac, where they fuse with the egg and the central cell to accomplish double fertilization and ultimately initiate seed development. A network of intrinsic and tightly regulated communication and signaling cascades, which mediate continuous interactions between the pollen tube and the sporophytic and gametophytic female tissues, ensures the fast and meticulous growth of pollen tubes along the pistil, until it reaches the ovule embryo sac. Most of the pollen tube growth occurs in a specialized tissue—the transmitting tract—connecting the stigma, the style, and the ovary. This tissue is composed of highly secretory cells responsible for producing an extensive extracellular matrix. This multifaceted matrix is proposed to support and provide nutrition and adhesion for pollen tube growth and guidance. Insights pertaining to the mechanisms that underlie these processes remain sparse due to the difficulty of accessing and manipulating the female sporophytic tissues enclosed in the pistil. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on this key step of reproduction in flowering plants with special emphasis on the female transmitting tract tissue.

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Zhao, Jie, Hong-Yuan Yang, and Elizabeth M. Lord. "Calcium levels increase in the lily stylar transmitting tract after pollination." Sexual Plant Reproduction 16, no. 6 (March 1, 2004): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00497-003-0193-5.

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Zhao, Jie, Hong-Yuan Yang, and Elizabeth M. Lord. "Calcium levels increase in the lily stylar transmitting tract after pollination." Sexual Plant Reproduction 16, no. 6 (March 1, 2004): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00497-003-0201-9.

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Zhang, Ming Jun, Tian Yi Zhao, Xiu Ke Ouyang, Xin-Ying Zhao, Xinren Dai, and Xin-Qi Gao. "Pollen-specific gene SKU5-SIMILAR 13 enhances growth of pollen tubes in the transmitting tract in Arabidopsis." Journal of Experimental Botany 73, no. 3 (October 9, 2021): 696–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab448.

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Abstract Pollen tube growth and penetration in female tissues are essential for the transfer of sperm to the embryo sac during plant pollination. Despite its importance during pollination, little is known about the mechanisms that mediate pollen tube growth in female tissues. In this study, we identified an Arabidopsis thaliana pollen/pollen tube-specific gene, SKU5-SIMILAR 13 (SKS13), which was critical for the growth of pollen tubes in the transmitting tract. The SKS13 protein was distributed throughout the cytoplasm and pollen tube walls at the apical region. In comparison with wild-type pollen tubes, those of the sks13 mutants burst more frequently when grown in vitro. Additionally, the growth of sks13 pollen tubes was retarded in the transmitting tract, thereby resulting in decreased male fertility. The accumulation of pectin and cellulose in the cell wall of sks13 pollen tubes was altered, and the content of jasmonic acid (JA) in sks13 pollen was reduced. The pollen tubes treated with an inhibitor of JA biosynthesis grew much more slowly and had an altered distribution of pectin, which is similar to the pollen tube phenotypes of the SKS13 mutation. Our results suggest that SKS13 is essential for pollen tube growth in the transmitting tract by mediating the biosynthesis of JA that modifies the components of pollen tube cell walls.

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Matsushita, Yosuke, and Hironobu Yanagisawa. "Distribution of Tomato planta macho viroid in germinating pollen and transmitting tract." Virus Genes 54, no. 1 (September 23, 2017): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11262-017-1510-7.

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Herrera-Ubaldo, Humberto, Paulina Lozano-Sotomayor, Ignacio Ezquer, Maurizio Di Marzo, Ricardo Aarón Chávez Montes, Andrea Gómez-Felipe, Jeanneth Pablo-Villa, et al. "New roles of NO TRANSMITTING TRACT and SEEDSTICK during medial domain development inArabidopsisfruits." Development 146, no. 1 (December 11, 2018): dev172395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.172395.

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10

Weber, Martina, and Andrea Frosch. "The Development of the Transmitting Tract in the Pistil of Hacquetia epipactis (Apiaceae)." International Journal of Plant Sciences 156, no. 5 (September 1995): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/297283.

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11

Robbertse, P. J., L. G. le Roux, and C. F. van der Merwe. "The transmitting tract in Gloriosa superba: structure, pistil exudate and pollen tube growth." South African Journal of Botany 62, no. 4 (August 1996): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30635-9.

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12

Jansen, Marcel A. K., Guido Sessa, Shmuel Malkin, and Robert Fluhr. "PEPC-mediated carbon fixation in transmitting tract cells reflects style-pollen tube interactions." Plant Journal 2, no. 4 (July 1992): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.1992.00507.x.

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Chung, Kyung Sook, Jeong Hwan Lee, Jong Seob Lee, and Ji Hoon Ahn. "Fruit indehiscence caused by enhanced expression of NO TRANSMITTING TRACT in Arabidopsis thaliana." Molecules and Cells 35, no. 6 (March 18, 2013): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10059-013-0030-0.

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Schiffer, Joshua T., Bryan T. Mayer, Youyi Fong, David A. Swan, and Anna Wald. "Herpes simplex virus-2 transmission probability estimates based on quantity of viral shedding." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 95 (June 6, 2014): 20140160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0160.

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Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 is periodically shed in the human genital tract, most often asymptomatically, and most sexual transmissions occur during asymptomatic shedding. It would be helpful to identify a genital viral load threshold necessary for transmission, as clinical interventions that maintain viral quantity below this level would be of high utility. However, because viral expansion, decay and re-expansion kinetics are extremely rapid during shedding episodes, it is impossible to directly measure genital viral load at the time of sexual activity. We developed a mathematical model based on reproducing shedding patterns in transmitting partners, and median number of sex acts prior to transmission in discordant couples, to estimate infectivity of single viral particles in the negative partner's genital tract. We then inferred probability estimates for transmission at different levels of genital tract viral load in the transmitting partner. We predict that transmission is unlikely at viral loads less than 10 4 HSV DNA copies. Moreover, most transmissions occur during prolonged episodes with high viral copy numbers. Many shedding episodes that result in transmission do not reach the threshold of clinical detection, because the ulcer remains very small, highlighting one reason why HSV-2 spreads so effectively within populations.

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15

Eberle, Carrie A., Benjamin M. Clasen, Neil O. Anderson, and Alan G. Smith. "A novel pollen tube growth assay utilizing a transmitting tract-ablated Nicotiana tabacum style." Sexual Plant Reproduction 25, no. 1 (November 19, 2011): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00497-011-0177-9.

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16

Crawford, Brian C. W., Gary Ditta, and Martin F. Yanofsky. "The NTT Gene Is Required for Transmitting-Tract Development in Carpels of Arabidopsis thaliana." Current Biology 17, no. 13 (July 2007): 1101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.079.

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17

Sessions, R. A., and P. C. Zambryski. "Arabidopsis gynoecium structure in the wild and in ettin mutants." Development 121, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 1519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.5.1519.

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The gynoecium is the female reproductive structure of flowering plants. Here we present a description of the Arabidopsis thaliana gynoecium at anthesis. The cylindrical organ can be broken down into three longitudinal regions arranged in an apical-basal order: stigma, style, and ovary. Each region can be distinguished histologically and morphologically. The transmitting (pollination) tract is axially positioned along the center of the gynoecium and spans stigma, style and ovary. Histochemistry, scanning electron microscopy and a style-specific reporter gene are used to compare the wild-type pattern of gynoecium cell types and regions, with patterns formed in gynoecia of individuals homozygous for a series of allelic mutations at the ETTIN locus. ettin gynoecia show morphological and histological alterations that appear to result from the merging of apical and basal regions and the development of abaxial into adaxial tissues. These developmental abnormalities result in a reduction of the ovary region, an expansion of the stylar and stigmatic regions, and the abaxial (outward) proliferation of transmitting tract tissue. The alterations in the mutants can be interpreted as resulting from misspecifications of position along the longitudinal and transverse axes during gynoecium development. The results suggest that early patterning events underlie wild-type gynoecium development, and that ETT functions during this early programming.

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18

Sommer‐Knudsen, Jens, W. Mary Lush, Antony Bacic, and Adrienne E. Clarke. "Re‐evaluation of the role of a transmitting tract‐specific glycoprotein on pollen tube growth." Plant Journal 13, no. 4 (February 1998): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00054.x.

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19

Guo, Jinyan, and Chad T. Halson. "Stigma, pollen tube transmitting tract, and epidermal micromorphology of the style of Sarracenia purpurea (Sarraceniaceae)." Botany 98, no. 4 (April 2020): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0189.

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Entomophilous flowers of the genus Sarracenia have a unique umbrella-shaped style, which consists of a broadened and flattened umbrella canopy and a thin cylindrical umbrella stalk. Anatomical and micromorphological features of the style of Sarracenia purpurea L. were studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This study found that the pollen tube transmitting tracts (PTTTs) start as a semi-solid canal filled with endotrophic conducting tissue, and run from the peripheral to the center of the canopy where the PTTT becomes a hollow canal supported by ectotrophic conducting tissue. The presence of stomata on the epidermis of the canopy and chloroplasts in its ground parenchyma indicate photosynthetic activities. Convex epidermal cells with intense cuticular striations on the canopy that are similar yet different from those on various regions of the sepals and petals indicate that it may provide contrasting visual cues for pollinators. Multicellular secretory glands and trichomes, which may provide olfactory cues and tactical cues respectively, are also found on the canopy. Thus, the stylar umbrella not only serves as a region for pollen grain capture, pollen germination, and pollen tube transmission but may also play an important role during pollinator–flower interactions.

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20

Bystedt, Per-Arne. "The transmitting tract in Trimezia fosteriana (Iridaceae). 1. Ultrastructure in the stigma, style and ovary." Nordic Journal of Botany 9, no. 5 (June 28, 2008): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1990.tb00542.x.

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21

Clifford, SC, and M. Sedgley. "Pistil Structure of Banksia menziesii R.Br. (Proteaceae) in Relation to Fertility." Australian Journal of Botany 41, no. 5 (1993): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9930481.

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The morphology and histochemistry of the pistil of Banksia menziesii were studied to determine whether the observed low fertility of the species has a structural basis. The distal portion of the style, the pollen presenter, was distinct in both external and internal morphology from the remainder of the style. It was an elongated structure with eight longitudinal ridges, a swollen base, and with pollen-receptive stigma cells enclosed within a groove located at its tip. The stigma was wet papillate, and was covered with a lipidic secretion overlying polysaccharide-rich mucilage. Below the groove, the solid transmitting tract comprised a few thick-walled cells surrounded by numerous transfer cells, and vascular bundles associated with sclerenchyma. The style immediately below the pollen presenter was constricted, and the transfer cells ended in this region. The upper stylar cortex consisted largely of sclerenchyma, and the transmitting tract narrowed towards the base, comprising only 10.9 ± 0.3 cells at the junction with the ovary. The ovary contained two ovules, both of which were functional at anthesis, although the upper ovule developed more quickly than the lower. The inflorescence consisted of over 700 flowers, of which 2.5 ± 0.2% had short styles and pollen presenters with exposed stigma papillae. Apart from this, there was no variation in pistil structure which would explain the observed low fertility.

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22

Clifford, Sean C., and Simon J. Owens. "The Stigma, Style, and Ovarian Transmitting Tract in the Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae): Morphology, Developmental Anatomy, and Histochemistry." Botanical Gazette 151, no. 4 (December 1990): 440–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/337844.

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Bystedt, Per-Arne, and Felizitas Vennigerholz. "The transmitting tract in Trimezia fosteriana (Iridaceae). III. Pollen tube growth in the stigma, style and ovary." Nordic Journal of Botany 11, no. 4 (August 1991): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1991.tb01248.x.

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Jiang, Lixi, Shu-Lan Yang, Li-Fen Xie, Ching San Puah, Xue-Qin Zhang, Wei-Cai Yang, Venkatesan Sundaresan, and De Ye. "VANGUARD1 Encodes a Pectin Methylesterase That Enhances Pollen Tube Growth in the Arabidopsis Style and Transmitting Tract." Plant Cell 17, no. 2 (January 19, 2005): 584–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.104.027631.

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25

Liu, Meiling, Zhijuan Wang, Saiying Hou, Lele Wang, Qingpei Huang, Hongya Gu, Thomas Dresselhaus, Sheng Zhong, and Li-Jia Qu. "AtLURE1/PRK6-mediated signaling promotes conspecific micropylar pollen tube guidance." Plant Physiology 186, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 865–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab105.

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Abstract Reproductive isolation is a prerequisite to form and maintain a new species. Multiple prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolation barriers have been reported in plants. In the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana conspecific pollen tube precedence controlled by AtLURE1/PRK6-mediated signaling has been recently reported as a major prezygotic reproductive isolation barrier. By accelerating emergence of own pollen tubes from the transmitting tract, A. thaliana ovules promote self-fertilization and thus prevent fertilization by a different species. Taking advantage of a septuple atlure1null mutant, we now report on the role of AtLURE1/PRK6-mediated signaling for micropylar pollen tube guidance. Compared with wild-type (WT) ovules, atlure1null ovules displayed remarkably reduced micropylar pollen tube attraction efficiencies in modified semi-in vivo A. thaliana ovule targeting assays. However, when prk6 mutant pollen tubes were applied, atlure1null ovules showed micropylar attraction efficiencies comparable to that of WT ovules. These findings indicate that AtLURE1/PRK6-mediated signaling regulates micropylar pollen tube attraction in addition to promoting emergence of own pollen tubes from the transmitting tract. Moreover, semi-in vivo ovule targeting competition assays with the same amount of pollen grains from both A. thaliana and Arabidopsis lyrata showed that A. thaliana WT and xiuqiu mutant ovules are mainly targeted by own pollen tubes and that atlure1null mutant ovules are also entered to a large extent by A. lyrata pollen tubes. Taken together, we report that AtLURE1/PRK6-mediated signaling promotes conspecific micropylar pollen tube attraction representing an additional prezygotic isolation barrier.

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STERN, NORMAN J., and RICHARD J. MEINERSMANN. "Potentials for Colonization Control of Campylobacter jejuni in the Chicken." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.6.427.

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Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of enteritis in humans. Chicken is the most important vehicle in transmitting the agent to humans in the United States. The organism colonizes the intestinal tract of the chicken and there enters into a non-pathologic, commensal relation. During slaughter and processing the organism can, and does, adulterate the product. Unsuccessful attempts have been made to “clean” the contaminated carcasses or provide pathogen free flocks and rearing facilities. Therefore, the approach to intervene and diminish C. jejuni in the intestinal tract is now being studied. We have been gathering background data on colonization dose, isolate differences regarding colonization, competitive exclusion, expression of outer membrane proteins by the organism, immune response of the chicken to colonization, antibody neutralization of colonization, and how poultry lineage influences susceptibility to colonization. By using this information we hope to diminish colonization of poultry with C. jejuni.

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Friehs, Gerhard M., Oskar Schröttner, and Gerhard Pendl. "Evidence for segregated pain and temperature conduction within the spinothalamic tract." Journal of Neurosurgery 83, no. 1 (July 1995): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1995.83.1.0008.

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✓ The lateral spinothalamic tract, located in the anterolateral quadrant of the white matter of the spinal cord, is one of the most important structures in transmitting pain within the central nervous system. It has been known for almost a century that destruction of fibers in this tract results in analgesia contralateral to the lesion. The effectiveness and clinical importance of interruption of the lateral spinothalamic tract has been proven in many studies. Today cordotomies are still a useful neurosurgical treatment modality, especially when pain can no longer be sufficiently controlled by analgesic drugs. Although analgesia on the contralateral side is the desired effect, one must also expect to cause disturbance in temperature sensation when performing a cordotomy. The authors' observations showed that after a cordotomy the dermatome level of analgesia can be variable within certain limits, which is in accordance with the literature. Surprisingly, however, the loss of temperature sensation may differ significantly from the loss of pain sensation. It was also found to be possible to perform a successful cordotomy without altering the sensation of temperature at all. This indicates that pain and temperature sensations may be conducted via separate pathways. Possible mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are discussed.

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Browd, Samuel R., Jacob Zauberman, Mahesh Karandikar, Jeffery G. Ojemann, Anthony M. Avellino, and Richard G. Ellenbogen. "A new fiber-mediated carbon dioxide laser facilitates pediatric spinal cord detethering." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 4, no. 3 (September 2009): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.4.peds08349.

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Object The authors report their experience with a novel flexible fiber capable of transmitting CO2 laser energy during spinal cord tumor resection and detethering. Methods A fiber optic system capable of transmitting CO2 laser energy was used in the detethering of the spinal cord in 3 cases. The first case involved a 9-year-old girl with a terminal lipoma. The second case was an 11-month-old boy with a thoracic intramedullary dermoid and dermal sinus tract. The third case involved a 13-year-old girl suffering from a tethered spinal cord subsequent to a previously repaired myelomeningocele. Results In all 3 cases, the new fiber CO2 laser technology allowed the surgeon to perform microsurgical dissection while sparing adjacent neurovascular structures without time-consuming setup. The system was easy to implement, more ergonomic than previous technologies, and safe. The CO2 laser provided the ability to cut and coagulate while sparing adjacent tissue because of minimal energy dispersion and ease of use, without the articulating arms involved in the prior generation of lasers. Conclusions Using a flexible fiber to conduct CO2 laser energy allows accurate microneurosurgical dissection and renders this instrument a high-precision and ergonomic surgical tool in the setting of spinal cord detethering.

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Wemmer, Thomas, Helgard Kaufmann, Hans-Hubert Kirch, Katharina Schneider, Friedrich Lottspeich, and Richard D. Thompson. "The most abundant soluble basic protein of the stylar transmitting tract in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an endochitinase." Planta 194, no. 2 (1994): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01101687.

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Crawford, Brian C. W., Jared Sewell, Greg Golembeski, Carmel Roshan, Jeff A. Long, and Martin F. Yanofsky. "Genetic control of distal stem cell fate within root and embryonic meristems." Science 347, no. 6222 (January 22, 2015): 655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0196.

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The root meristem consists of populations of distal and proximal stem cells and an organizing center known as the quiescent center. During embryogenesis, initiation of the root meristem occurs when an asymmetric cell division of the hypophysis forms the distal stem cells and quiescent center. We have identified NO TRANSMITTING TRACT (NTT) and two closely related paralogs as being required for the initiation of the root meristem. All three genes are expressed in the hypophysis, and their expression is dependent on the auxin-signaling pathway. Expression of these genes is necessary for distal stem cell fate within the root meristem, whereas misexpression is sufficient to transform other stem cell populations to a distal stem cell fate in both the embryo and mature roots.

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Bednarska, Elżbieta. "Localization of membrane-associated calcium in unpollinated and pollinated pistil of Petunia hybrida Hort." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 64, no. 1 (2014): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1995.003.

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In the pistil of Petunia hybrida, the transmitting tract and the ovules are the sites which give Ca2+-CTC fluorescence. In unpollinated pistil the level of membrane-associated Ca2+ decreases from the stigma to the base of the style. The renewed strong rise of Ca2+-CTC fluorescence appears on the placenta surface and in the ovule integuments. Following pollination, when the pollen tubes have grown through the pistil, the pattern of membrane-associated Ca2+ on the path stigma - ovary is reversed. The highest fluorescence is found in the base of the style. In pollinated ovules the Ca2+-CTC fluorescence increases markedly. In the transmitting cells membrane-associated Ca2+ occurs mainly in the polar regions of the cell. During cell degeneration following pollination the cytoplasmic clusters show Ca2+-CTC fluorescence. The used P. hybrida cultivar is self-fertile. The selection of pollen tubes occurs mainly in the upper part of the style. The rejected pollen tubes show a steady high level of membrane-associated calcium.

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Li, Qi, and Neil P. Schultes. "Arabidopsis thaliana locus At5g62890, a nucleobase-ascorbate transporter family member, is preferentially expressed in carpel transmitting tract and tapetal cells." Plant Science 163, no. 2 (August 2002): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(02)00086-9.

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Robichaux, Kayleigh J., and Ian S. Wallace. "Signaling at Physical Barriers during Pollen–Pistil Interactions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 12230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212230.

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In angiosperms, double fertilization requires pollen tubes to transport non-motile sperm to distant egg cells housed in a specialized female structure known as the pistil, mediating the ultimate fusion between male and female gametes. During this journey, the pollen tube encounters numerous physical barriers that must be mechanically circumvented, including the penetration of the stigmatic papillae, style, transmitting tract, and synergid cells as well as the ultimate fusion of sperm cells to the egg or central cell. Additionally, the pollen tube must maintain structural integrity in these compact environments, while responding to positional guidance cues that lead the pollen tube to its destination. Here, we discuss the nature of these physical barriers as well as efforts to genetically and cellularly identify the factors that allow pollen tubes to successfully, specifically, and quickly circumnavigate them.

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Hall, KE, and MC James. "Predation of satellite-tagged juvenile loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean." Endangered Species Research 46 (December 16, 2021): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01165.

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We present evidence of predator interactions with 8 juvenile loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta equipped with pop-up satellite archival transmitting tags (PSATs) following incidental capture in the Northwest Atlantic. Ingestion of PSATs occurred up to 5 mo after tagging and was identified by an abrupt change in depth distribution, a stabilization and/or increase in ambient temperature and a marked drop in light levels to near zero, with cessation of diel light level cycling. In some cases, following expulsion from the digestive tract of predators, positively buoyant PSATs descended to the sea floor or beyond the programmed release depth threshold (1800 m), indicating that they remained tethered to the indigestible carapaces of turtles and that the entire turtle was originally consumed. PSAT data, combined with the sudden termination of satellite uplinks from 2 loggerheads also equipped with platform transmitting terminals, provided additional evidence of whole-turtle predation. PSAT data indicated that both endothermic and ectothermic sharks ingested tags. Based on PSAT-logged temperature data, dive patterns and geographic distribution, the following shark species were considered as candidate predators: white, porbeagle, shortfin mako, tiger and blue. This study represents the first analysis of data collected by loggerhead turtle PSATs inside predators. The results expand the list of shark species known to prey on large juvenile loggerheads and point to the importance of acknowledging predation as an important source of mortality for loggerhead turtles in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean.

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Kuang, Shuai, Guozheng Yan, and Zhiwu Wang. "Optimization Design for Receiving Coil with Novel Structure Based on Mutual Coupling Model in Wireless Power Transmission for Capsule Endoscope." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 7, 2020): 6460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236460.

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Wireless capsule endoscope (WCE) is a promising technology for noninvasive and painless imaging detection on gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. On the other hand, conventional endoscopes with wires could discomfort patients and cause them to vomit and aerosolize coronavirus if the patients are infected with COVID-19. However, there stands a technical bottleneck on power supply for the WCE. With the help of wireless power transmission technology, a hollow receiving coil (RC) is proposed to supply sufficient power and also minimize the size of WCE. A model on mutual inductance between transmitting and receiving coils is proposed to evaluate receiving power when the RC is in a different position and direction of patient’s GI tract. Based on the model, an optimal RC is built to obtain sufficient and stable power. Measurement of mutual inductance with the optimal RC validates high accuracy of the proposed model. The standard deviation of receiving power is very low. WCE with optimum RC gets sufficient power and captures images stably in live pig’s intestine tract. Additionally, the model is little affected by biological tissues. It ensures reliable performance of WCE and makes popular clinical application of WCE possible, which is also a relief to reduce epidemics like COVID-19.

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Li, Tian-Zhong, Naoki Katoh, Kazuo Miyairi, and Toshikatsu Okuno. "S-RNase is secreted from transmitting tract cells into the intercellular spaces after pollen tubes enter the style in apple (Malus pumilaMill.)." Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 82, no. 3 (January 2007): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2007.11512255.

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Sessa, Guido, and Robert Fluhr. "The expression of an abundant transmitting tract-specific endoglucanase (Sp41) is promoter-dependent and not essential for the reproductive physiology of tobacco." Plant Molecular Biology 29, no. 5 (December 1995): 969–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00014970.

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Lenartowski, Robert, Anna Suwińska, Justyna Prusińska, Krzysztof Gumowski, and Marta Lenartowska. "Molecular cloning and transcriptional activity of a new Petunia calreticulin gene involved in pistil transmitting tract maturation, progamic phase, and double fertilization." Planta 239, no. 2 (November 12, 2013): 437–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-013-1971-4.

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McNeilly, Tom N., Alison Baker, Jeremy K. Brown, David Collie, Gerry MacLachlan, Susan M. Rhind, and Gordon D. Harkiss. "Role of Alveolar Macrophages in Respiratory Transmission of Visna/Maedi Virus." Journal of Virology 82, no. 3 (November 28, 2007): 1526–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02148-07.

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ABSTRACT A major route of transmission of Visna/maedi virus (VMV), an ovine lentivirus, is thought to be via the respiratory tract, by inhalation of either cell-free or cell-associated virus. In previous studies, we have shown that infection via the lower respiratory tract is much more efficient than via upper respiratory tissues (T. N. McNeilly, P. Tennant, L. Lujan, M. Perez, and G. D. Harkiss, J. Gen. Virol. 88:670-679, 2007). Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are prime candidates for the initial uptake of virus in the lower lung, given their in vivo tropism for VMV, abundant numbers, location within the airways, and role in VMV-induced inflammation. Furthermore, AMs are the most likely cell type involved in the transmission of cell-associated virus. In this study, we use an experimental in vivo infection model that allowed the infection of specific segments of the ovine lung. We demonstrate that resident AMs are capable of VMV uptake in vivo and that this infection is associated with a specific up-regulation of AM granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA expression (P < 0.05) and an increase in bronchoalveolar lymphocyte numbers (P < 0.05), but not a generalized inflammatory response 7 days postinfection. We also demonstrate that both autologous and heterologous VMV-infected AMs are capable of transmitting virus after lower, but not upper, respiratory tract instillation and that this transfer of virus appears not to involve the direct migration of virus-infected AMs from the airspace. These results suggest that virus is transferred from AMs into the body via an intermediate route. The results also suggest that the inhalation of infected AMs represents an additional mechanism of virus transmission.

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Beeck, Veronika C., Gunnar Heilmann, Michael Kerscher, and Angela S. Stoeger. "Sound Visualization Demonstrates Velopharyngeal Coupling and Complex Spectral Variability in Asian Elephants." Animals 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 2119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12162119.

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Sound production mechanisms set the parameter space available for transmitting biologically relevant information in vocal signals. Low–frequency rumbles play a crucial role in coordinating social interactions in elephants’ complex fission–fusion societies. By emitting rumbles through either the oral or the three-times longer nasal vocal tract, African elephants alter their spectral shape significantly. In this study, we used an acoustic camera to visualize the sound emission of rumbles in Asian elephants, which have received far less research attention than African elephants. We recorded nine adult captive females and analyzed the spectral parameters of 203 calls, including vocal tract resonances (formants). We found that the majority of rumbles (64%) were nasally emitted, 21% orally, and 13% simultaneously through the mouth and trunk, demonstrating velopharyngeal coupling. Some of the rumbles were combined with orally emitted roars. The nasal rumbles concentrated most spectral energy in lower frequencies exhibiting two formants, whereas the oral and mixed rumbles contained higher formants, higher spectral energy concentrations and were louder. The roars were the loudest, highest and broadest in frequency. This study is the first to demonstrate velopharyngeal coupling in a non-human animal. Our findings provide a foundation for future research into the adaptive functions of the elephant acoustic variability for information coding, localizability or sound transmission, as well as vocal flexibility across species.

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Ray, S. M., S. S. Park, and A. Ray. "Pollen tube guidance by the female gametophyte." Development 124, no. 12 (June 15, 1997): 2489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.12.2489.

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In flowering plants, pollen grains germinate on the pistil and send pollen tubes down the transmitting tract toward ovules. Previous genetic studies suggested that the ovule is responsible for long-range pollen tube guidance during the last phase of a pollen tube's journey to the female gametes. It was not possible, however, to unambiguously identify the signaling cells within an ovule: the haploid female gametophyte or the diploid sporophytic cells. In an effort to distinguish genetically between these two possibilities, we have used a reciprocal chromosomal translocation to generate flowers wherein approximately half the ovules do not contain a functional female gametophyte but all ovules contain genotypically normal sporophytic cells. In these flowers, pollen tubes are guided to the normal but not to the abnormal female gametophytes. These results strongly suggest that the female gametophyte is responsible for pollen tube guidance, but leave open the possibility that the gametophyte may accomplish this indirectly through its influence on some sporophytic cells.

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Lausser, Andreas, and Thomas Dresselhaus. "Sporophytic control of pollen tube growth and guidance in grasses." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 2 (March 22, 2010): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0380631.

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Pollen tube growth and guidance in the female tissues of flowering plants is a long-studied and anatomically well-described process. A large number of gene products and chemical compounds involved have been identified in the last 20 years, and some underlying molecular mechanisms including self-incompatibility in the Brassicaceae, Solanaceae and Papaveraceae are now well understood. However, the largest part of the pollen tube pathway inside the transmitting tract towards the ovule harbouring the female gametophyte still requires intensive investigations. Especially in the economically most import plant family, the Poaceae or grasses, progamic pollen tube development is barely understood. Using maize as a model, we propose to divide pollen tube germination, growth and guidance towards the female gametophyte into five distinct phases. The model is adapted from Arabidopsis thaliana, taking anatomical differences and novel genetic and cellular studies into consideration. With the exception of Phase V, all phases seem to be under sporophytic control in grasses.

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Rashid, Abdul, and Peter A. Peterson. "The RSS system of unidirectional cross-incompatibility in maize. 2. Cytology." Genome 35, no. 4 (August 1, 1992): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-083.

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In 1975, a number of genetic lines discovered in our maize genetics nursery in Ames, Iowa, showed unidirectional cross-incompatibility. Later, it was found that this unidirectional cross-incompatibility is controlled by three recessive genes. One locus (cif) controls the incompatibility reaction in the female tissue and the other two (cim1 and cim2) control the incompatibility reaction in the pollen grain. The cross is incompatible only when the female parent is homozygous recessive for the cif and the male parent is homozygously recessive for the cim1 as well as the cim2 locus. Cytological studies of this unidirectional cross-incompatibility show that the site of the incompatibility reaction occurs after the entry of the pollen tubes into the transmitting tract of the incompatible silks. Between 12 and 24 h after pollination, the incompatible pollination is characterized by the swelling and bursting of pollen tubes at the tip, after which pollen tube growth stops.Key words: maize, pollen tube, cross-incompatibility.

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Leung, Ryan, and Mihai Covasa. "Do Gut Microbes Taste?" Nutrients 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 2581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082581.

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Gut microbiota has emerged as a major metabolically active organ with critical functions in both health and disease. The trillions of microorganisms hosted by the gastrointestinal tract are involved in numerous physiological and metabolic processes including modulation of appetite and regulation of energy in the host spanning from periphery to the brain. Indeed, bacteria and their metabolic byproducts are working in concert with the host chemosensory signaling pathways to affect both short- and long-term ingestive behavior. Sensing of nutrients and taste by specialized G protein-coupled receptor cells is important in transmitting food-related signals, optimizing nutrition as well as in prevention and treatment of several diseases, notably obesity, diabetes and associated metabolic disorders. Further, bacteria metabolites interact with specialized receptors cells expressed by gut epithelium leading to taste and appetite response changes to nutrients. This review describes recent advances on the role of gut bacteria in taste perception and functions. It further discusses how intestinal dysbiosis characteristic of several pathological conditions may alter and modulate taste preference and food consumption via changes in taste receptor expression.

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Shaji, Bipin, Abisri Suresh, Nimitha Vasanth, and Sharon Mary Stanly. "A recent review on 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20205554.

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SARS-CoV2, a single-stranded RNA virus that can cause a wide array of clinical manifestations ranging from mild to severe (respiratory failure). The spread of SARS-CoV2 has now become uncontrollable leading to a pandemic. The infection is usually transmitting through cough droplets and sneeze. The main clinical manifestations of the disease are similar to common respiratory tract infections and may become fatal after the development of symptoms such as severe dyspnea, low PaO2/FiO2 (fraction of inspired oxygen) ratio, and severe decline in blood oxygen saturation. Current diagnostic tools employed at the moment include time-consuming NAAT (nucleic acid amplification test). Recent investigations and researches are aimed at rapid serological testing. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT- PCR) is the standard method of testing, using respiratory samples obtained by the nasopharyngeal swab. Medications such as darunavir, ribavirin, remdesivir, interferon, and lopinavir/ritonavir combination therapy were used for the management of the infection. Social distancing, use of protective masks, isolation of the infected persons and maintaining personal hygiene helps in the prevention of the disease.

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Pandiyan, Rajesh, Sumathi C. Samiappan, Abimanyu Sugumaran, and Subpiramaniyam Sivakumar. "Stomach-affecting intestinal parasites as a precursor model of Pheretima posthuma treated with anthelmintic drug from Dodonaea viscosa Linn." Green Processing and Synthesis 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 492–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-0029.

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Abstract The preponderance of helminth contagions is constrained to tropical regions and can cause massive vulnerability to malnutrition, anemia, pneumonia, and eosinophilia. Many human parasitic diseases cause severe illness in endemic populations. The helminths transmitting through the gastro-intestinal tract may develop resistance to anthelmintic drugs. The phytotherapy, anthelmintic, and antimicrobial efficacy of Dodonaea viscosa leaf solvent extracts were examined. Phytochemical screening was carried out by ultraviolet (UV) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The anthelmintic activity was performed against a South Indian earth worm as a model by measuring the paralytic time. The antibacterial activity was performed against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus, which stimulate the stomach helminths. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of chemical compounds from the UV spectrum, and alkenes and aromatic compounds were confirmed by FTIR. Higher concentrations of the D. viscosa extract showed a rapid paralytic effect with a rapid death rate and histopathology. The zone-of-inhibition study indicated the potent antibacterial activity of the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of D. viscosa against different bacterial species. The current research revealed that D. viscosa has significant anthelmintic and antibacterial activities and it can be used for further elucidation and characterization.

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Oleksy, Paweł, and Łukasz Januszkiewicz. "Wireless Capsule Endoscope Localization with Phase Detection Algorithm and Adaptive Body Model." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 11, 2022): 2200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062200.

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Wireless capsule endoscopes take and send photos of the human digestive tract, which are used for medical diagnosis. The capsule’s location enables exact identification of the regions with lesions. This can be carried out by analyzing the parameters of the electromagnetic wave received from the capsule. Because the human body is a complex heterogeneous environment that impacts the propagation of wireless signals, determining the distance between the transmitter and the receiver based on the received power level is challenging. An enhanced approach of identifying the location of endoscope capsules using a wireless signal phase detection algorithm is presented in this paper. For each capsule position, this technique uses adaptive estimation of human body model permittivity. This approach was tested using computer simulations in Remcom XFdtd software using a numerical, heterogeneous human body model, as well as measurements with physical phantom. The type of transmitting antenna employed in the capsule also has a significant impact on the suggested localization method’s accuracy. As a result, the helical antenna, which is smaller than the dipole, was chosen as the signal’s source. For both the numerical and physical phantom studies, the proposed technique with adaptive body model enhances localization accuracy by roughly 30%.

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Lopes-Cendes, Iscia, Hélio G. A. Teive, Francisco Cardoso, Erika M. Viana, Maria E. Calcagnotto, Jaderson C. da Costa, Paulo C. Trevisol-Bittencourt, et al. "Molecular characteristics of Machado-Joseph disease mutation in 25 newly described Brazilian families." Brazilian Journal of Genetics 20, no. 4 (December 1997): 717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-84551997000400026.

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Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is a form of autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia first described in North-American patients originating from the Portuguese islands of the Azores. Clinically this disorder is characterized by late onset progressive ataxia with associated features, such as: ophthalmoplegia, pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs and distal muscular atrophies. The causative mutation is an expansion of a CAG repeat in the coding region of the MJD1 gene. We have identified 25 unrelated families segregating the MJD mutation during a large collaborative study of spinocerebellar ataxias in Brazil. In the present study a total of 62 family members were genotyped for the CAG repeat in the MJD1 gene, as well as 63 non-MJD individuals (126 normal chromosomes), used as normal controls. We observed a wide gap between the size range of the normal and expanded CAG repeats: the normal allele had from 12 to 33 CAGs (mean = 23 CAGs), whereas the expanded alleles ranged from 66 to 78 CAGs (mean = 71.5 CAGs). There were no differences in CAG tract length according to gender of affected individuals or transmitting parent. We observed a significant negative correlation between age at onset of the disease and length of the CAG tract in the expended allele (r = -0.6, P = 0.00006); however, the size of the expanded CAG repeat could explain only about 40% of the variability in age at onset (r2 = 0.4). There was instability of the expanded CAG tract during transmission from parent to offspring, both expansions and contractions were observed; however, there was an overall tendency for expansion, with a mean increase of +2.4 CAGs. The tendency for expansion appeared to the greater in paternal (mean increase of +3.5 CAGs) than in maternal transmissions (mean increase of +1.3 CAGs). Anticipation was observed in all transmissions in which ages at onset for parent and offspring were known; however, anticipation was not always associated with an increase in the expanded CAG repeat length. Our results indicate that the molecular diagnosis of MJD can be confirmed or excluded in all suspected individuals, since alleles of intermediary size were not observed.

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Lai, Hang Gui, Xia Chen, Zheng Chen, Ya Qiu Zhou, Wen Jun Ou, Kai Mian Li, Jian Qiu Ye, and Song Bi Chen. "In Situ Pollen Germination and Artificial Pollination Compatibility in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.245.

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Cassava cultivars are self-compatible, sufficient pollination and fertilization are important factors affecting the rate of fruit set and fruit quality, but the effects of compatible pollination relationships on cassava pollen development and fruit set are poorly understood. In the present study, in situ pollen germination and compatible relationship were investigated by using self-pollination and cross-pollination between two cassava cultivars (SC5 and SC7). The observation in situ pollen germination was carried out with toluidine blue staining method under the fluorescence microscope. The result shows that after self-pollination for 20 min, the pollens, released from SC5 anthers, started to produce pollen tubes and the maximum germination rate (GR) was 39.2%. It cost 60 min for the pollen tubes carrying sperm cells to penetrate through the pistil extracellular matrices of the transmitting tract to the ovary. However, after cross-pollination for 10 min, the pollens started to germinate and maximum GR was 66.8%. It took 30 min for the pollen tube trip to reach ovary. Additionally, the analysis of fruit set indicated that pollination compatibility in cross-pollination was significantly higher than that in self-pollination. This work provided cassava cross breeding a clue that foreign pollen may facilitate fertilization and increase fruit set.

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Gupta, Deepak. "In a War with the Virus: Science, People and Politics." Interações: Sociedade e as novas modernidades, no. 40 (June 30, 2021): 130–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31211/interacoes.n40.2021.e1.

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The world, attacked by a malicious virus in the last quarter of the year 2019 termed it as SARS-CoV-2 (WHO) and manifestation of the ‘disease’ caused due to this virus was dubbed as COVID-19. Transmitting through respiratory-tract, it has already impacted millions of people, with a high mortality in vulnerable age groups. It is reckoned that the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic is a major public health concern with equally dire health consequences with critical environmental and economic impacts. Scientific community developed multiple vaccines and repurposed drugs for the COVID-19; however, the vaccination against this pathogen still throws a huge challenge of low uptake across the world. There are two dimensions to COVID-19 vaccination programme, i.e. ensuring equitable access and the positive behaviour change marketing strategies. People acknowledge that this pandemic is primarily a ‘behavioural practices’ issue, including at community levels. The outrage of the ‘infodemic’ (spread of misinformation) is gaining currency especially through social media and digital space. The technical area of health communication has assumed a high-level of tilted ‘political communication’ in many countries. It is, therefore, time to witness more of science in politics than politics in science. The article includes a key informant interview with a former WHO expert.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Transmitting tract'

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