Journal articles on the topic 'Transmitters and transmission'
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Ahmad, Lalu Turjiman. "SISTEM ISNĀD HADĪTS DAN AWAL MULA PENGGUNAANNYA DALAM TRADISI PERIWAYATAN PUISI ARAB JAHILIYAH." ALQALAM 28, no. 1 (April 29, 2011): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/alqalam.v28i1.536.
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It is ordinary that riwāyah (oral transmission) has been the main media in transmitting knowledge. Indeed, for the Arabs, the transmission system was used not only in transmitting hadits, but also in transmitting the history. In terms of the transmission of traditions, the transmitters were very strict in applying the rules of transmission. Hence, such an isnād system has a very important value in the history. Muslims in the past gave much attention to such an isnād system.The transmissions of poetry had been emerged before the transmissions did. Every poetry has the transmitters. They keep and guarantee the continuity of the poetry transmission. The relation between the poetry transmitters and their poetries is not different from that of the transmitters of hadits and their hadits.
Key words: hadits, isnād, Jahiliyah poetry, oral transmission.
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Willits, A. B. "HEAT TRANSMISSION AND TRANSMITTERS." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 22, no. 1 (March 18, 2009): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1910.tb04546.x.
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Abdullah, M. F. L., and Hafez Rachwan Abd Rahman. "Amplitude and Frequency Shift Keying Infrared Transmitter." Journal of Applied Engineering & Technology (JAET) 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55447/jaet.01.01.5.
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In this paper, an infrared transmitter is designed using Amplitude and Frequency Shift Keying using the direct modulation where this transmitter give an opportunity for users to select the modulation signal that need to be transmitted. This transmitter is capable of transmitting signal to 353.498MHz with gain bandwidth of 12.010dB. The performance of the designed system is enhanced compared to existing transmitters. The designed can be used in existing communication system to improve the transmission of the signals for long haul communication.
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Nadia, Zunly. "Women Political Participation in the Era of Prophet Muhammad: Study on the Hadith Transmitters of the Women Companions." Al-Albab 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24260/alalbab.v6i1.608.
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Most of Moslem societies define the role of woman in the purely domestic sector. Some people consider that Islam stands against women’s role in public sectors believing that it has roots in the context of the prophet’s time. This work shows that there is no prohibitation for woman to take parts in the public and social affairs including in the area of political role. It was the case that some women companions of the prophet participated in the political role including Aisyah the wife of Nabi Saw, Asma binti Abu Bakar, Ummu Athiyah, Ummu Hani’ and Rubayyi’ bint Mu’awidz. In this paper, the writer focuses on woman companion hadith transmitters who are directly wrapped up in the missionary work with the prophet. In addition, this paper also shows the relation between woman companion transmitter activities and their hadith transmission, under assumption that the role of woman would influence the texts of the transmitted hadiths. It is because, as a text, hadith was transmitted in the certain context and condition. Accordingly, every transmitter had different hadith transmission based on her context, status, profession, and even gender construction. Therefore, this paper discusses the woman companion transmitters who play their role in the field of politics and also their influence in their transmitted hadiths
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LO, Y. H., and T. P. LEE. "VERY HIGH SPEED OEIC TRANSMITTERS FOR FUTURE OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND OPTICAL NETWORKS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 02, no. 01n02 (March 1991): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012915649100003x.
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The technology and system applications of high speed OEIC transmitters are discussed in this paper. With only two MOCVD growths and conventional processing techniques, OEIC transmitters made of sophisticated DFB laser diodes and InGaAs/InAlAs MODFETs can be fabricated. A speed of 10 Gbit/s has been demonstrated. Using the same technology, OEIC transmitters for high bit rate time division multiplexed (TDM) and dense wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems are designed and fabricated. There is evidence showing that the OEIC transmitter integrated with multiplexers and other critical circuits can offer significant cost reduction and performance improvement compared to hybrid approach. Using a four-channel OEIC WDM transmitter, we demonstrate its capability of precise wavelength control by setting the channel spacing as close as 0.3 nm. Finally, the crosstalk of OEIC is analyzed. Bonding wires are confirmed as the dominant factor for RF crosstalk. To keep the thermal crosstalk within an acceptable level, a proper device spacing to substrate thickness ratio has to be chosen.
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Raghavendran, CH V., G. Naga Satish, M. V. Rama Sundari, and P. Suresh Varma. "Tandem Communication Network Model with DBA having Non Homogeneous Poisson arrivals and Feedback for First Node." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 9 (September 30, 2014): 4922–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v13i9.2372.
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In this paper, we develop a two node tandem communication network model with dynamic bandwidth allocation and feedback for the first node. In most of the communication systems, the arrivals of packets follow Non-Homogeneous and arrival rate is time dependent. In this model, the transmission rate of each transmitter depends on the number of packets in the buffer connected it. The transmission rates at each transmitter are adjusted depending upon the content of the buffer connected to it. The packets transmitted through the first transmitter may be forwarded to the buffer connected to the second transmitter or returned back to the first buffer with certain probabilities. Using the difference-differential equations the performance measures including average number of packets in each buffer, the probability of emptiness of the network, the average waiting time in the buffer and in the network, the throughput of the transmitters, and the variance of the number of packets in the buffer are calculated. It is observed that the load dependent transmission can reduce the delays in the transmission and enhance the channel capacity.Â
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Andoni, Loreta. "ACHIEVING MAXIMUM SFN SIZE FOR A DVB-T2 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM." CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (September 25, 2018): 995–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1284.
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The GE-06 Agreement “On planning the terrestrial digital broadcasting services in parts of Region 1 and 3, in the frequency bands of 174-230 MHz and 470-862 MHz” has been based in the DVB-T system of transmission. Most of the signatory countries of this agreement use or are going to use the most advanced digital terrestrial technology such as DVB-T2. One of the main advantages of DVB-T2 comparing with DVB-T is an increased size of SFN networks, which is closely related with guard interval or inter-transmitters distances. To achieve the maximum size of DVB-T2 SFNs, it is important to find optimal parameters of DVB-T2 networks. But even though the GE-06 Plan gives opportunities to implement DVB-T2 there are some limitations on using all its benefits. One of these limitations is the availability to increase the distance between transmitters because changes in the location of any transmitter require long and intensive coordination with neighboring countries. The aim of this paper is to investigate the optimal DVB-T2 networks configuration for two existing SFN networks in Albania with the purpose to achieve maximum SFN size without adding transmitters or changing the location of existing transmitters.
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MACDERMOTT, A. "Transmitters and Receptors: Excitatory Amino Acid Transmission." Science 237, no. 4821 (September 18, 1987): 1517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.237.4821.1517-a.
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Chau, Jorge Luis, Juan Miguel Urco, Juha Pekka Vierinen, Ryan Andrew Volz, Matthias Clahsen, Nico Pfeffer, and Jörg Trautner. "Novel specular meteor radar systems using coherent MIMO techniques to study the mesosphere and lower thermosphere." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 4 (April 5, 2019): 2113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2113-2019.
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Abstract. Typical specular meteor radars (SMRs) use one transmitting antenna and at least a five-antenna interferometric configuration on reception to study the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region. The interferometric configuration allows the measurement of the angle-of-arrival (AOA) of the detected meteor echoes, which in turn is needed to derive atmospheric parameters (e.g., mean winds, momentum fluxes, temperatures, and neutral densities). Recently, we have shown that coherent MIMO configurations in atmospheric radars, i.e., multiple input (transmitters) and multiple output (receivers), with proper diversity in transmission can be used to enhance interferometric atmospheric and ionospheric observations. In this study we present novel SMR systems using multiple transmitters in interferometric configuration, each of them employing orthogonal pseudorandom coded transmitted sequences. After proper decoding, the angle of departure (AOD) of the detected meteor echoes with respect to the transmitter site are obtained at each receiving antenna. We present successful bistatic implementations of (1) five transmitters and one receiver using coded continuous wave (CW) (MISO-CW), and (2) five transmitters and five receivers using coded CW (MIMO-CW). The latter system allows simultaneous independent observations of the specular meteor trails with respect to the transmitter (AOD) and with respect to the receiver (AOA). The quality of the obtained results is evaluated in terms of the resulting mean winds, the number of detections and the daily diffusion trail vs. altitude behavior. We show that the proposed configurations are good alternatives to explore the MLT region. When combined with multi-static approaches, they can increase the number of meteor detections, thereby improving the quality of atmospheric estimates and allowing the measurement of new atmospheric parameters (e.g., horizontal divergence, vorticity), The use of multiple collocated transmitters for interferometric AOD determination makes building a multi-static radar network easier logistically, as only one receiver per receiving site antenna is sufficient.
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Kim, Cheol-Min, and Seok-Joo Koh. "Device Management and Data Transport in IoT Networks Based on Visible Light Communication." Sensors 18, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 2741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082741.
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LED-based Visible Light Communication (VLC) has been proposed as the IEEE 802.15.7 standard and is regarded as a new wireless access medium in the Internet-of-Things (IoT) environment. With this trend, many works have already been made to improve the performance of VLC. However, the effectively integration of VLC services into IoT networks has not yet been sufficiently studied. In this paper, we propose a scheme for device management and data transport in IoT networks using VLC. Specifically, we discuss how to manage VLC transmitters and receivers, and to support VLC data transmission in IoT networks. The proposed scheme considers uni-directional VLC transmissions from transmitter to receivers for delivery of location-based VLC data. The backward transmission from VLC receivers will be made by using platform server and aggregation agents in the network. For validation and performance analysis, we implemented the proposed scheme with VLC-capable LED lights and open sources of oneM2M. From the experimental results for virtual museum services, we see that the VLC data packets can be exchanged within 590 ms, and the handover between VLC transmitters can be completed within 210 ms in the testbed network.
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Ravishankar, Monica, D. Vijay Rao, and C. R. S. Kumar. "A Game Theoretic Approach to Modelling Jamming Attacks in Delay Tolerant Networks." Defence Science Journal 67, no. 3 (April 25, 2017): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.67.10051.
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<p>Cyberspace plays a prominent role in our social, economic and civic welfare and cyber security issues are of paramount importance today. Growing reliance of the intertwined military and civilian applications on wireless computer networks makes these networks highly vulnerable to attacks of which jamming attacks are a vital and exigent problem. In this paper, we study defence against jamming attacks as game in a delay tolerant network, with two adversarial players: the jammer playing against the transmitter. The transmitters seek to choose an optimal time to schedule his transmission securely, so as to maximize the probability of successful delivery before his session expires, while these transmissions are subject to inference from the jammer, who attempts to minimize this probability . We design strategies for the transmitters that offset transmission period based inference of network traffic by the jammer. We model these interactions and decisions as a game and use simulation as a tool to evaluate the games. Probability distribution functions over finite set of strategies are proposed to compute the expected payoff of both the players. Simulation results are used to evaluate the expected payoff along with the resulting equilibrium in cases where players are biased and unbiased. These results are used to strategically decide on the optimal time for both the players, and evaluate the efficiency of the strategies used by the transmitters against jammer attacks. </p>
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Gnad, Dennis R. E., Cong Dang Khoa Nguyen, Syed Hashim Gillani, and Mehdi B. Tahoori. "Voltage-Based Covert Channels Using FPGAs." ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems 26, no. 6 (June 28, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3460229.
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Field Programmable Gate Arrays ( FPGAs ) are increasingly used in cloud applications and being integrated into Systems-on-Chip. For these systems, various side-channel attacks on cryptographic implementations have been reported, motivating one to apply proper countermeasures. Beyond cryptographic implementations, maliciously introduced covert channel receivers and transmitters can allow one to exfiltrate other secret information from the FPGA. In this article, we present a fast covert channel on FPGAs, which exploits the on-chip power distribution network. This can be achieved without any logical connection between the transmitter and receiver blocks. Compared to a recently published covert channel with an estimated 4.8 Mbit/s transmission speed, we show 8 Mbit/s transmission and reduced errors from around 3% to less than 0.003%. Furthermore, we demonstrate proper transmissions of word-size messages and test the channel in the presence of noise generated from other residing tenants’ modules in the FPGA. When we place and operate other co-tenant modules that require 85% of the total FPGA area, the error rate increases to 0.02%, depending on the platform and setup. This error rate is still reasonably low for a covert channel. Overall, the transmitter and receiver work with less than 3–5% FPGA LUT resources together. We also show the feasibility of other types of covert channel transmitters, in the form of synchronous circuits within the FPGA.
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Rzewuski, Stanisław, and Krzysztof Kulpa. "System Concept of WIFI Based Passive Radar." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10177-011-0062-3.
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System Concept of WIFI Based Passive Radar In this paper idea of passive radar system based on popular wireless networks commonly named WIFI is presented. In such an networks many transmitters operates in the same channel using multiple access. Wireless networks operating on frequencies 2.4GHz and 5GHz are very common today (IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n). Classic passive radar determines bistatic distance and velocity by using cross-ambiguity function. To seek target position in XYZ space at least illumination of 3 different transmitters is required. In that paper it was assumed, that all transmitters operate on the same band frequency and the passive radar receiver has to couple each transmission burst with transmitter position by decoding the physical address of transmitter from captured data stream. Having most of the signal sources in our passive radar environment it is possible to detect and to localize objects of interest.
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Zaki, Muhammad. "Mengambil Upah Dalam Periwayatan Hadis Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Kualitas ‘Adalah Periwayat." AL QUDS : Jurnal Studi Alquran dan Hadis 6, no. 2 (September 3, 2022): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/alquds.v6i2.4022.
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Taking Wages in the Transmission of Hadith and its Implications for the Quality of the Narrator's ‘AdalahThe practice of wage taking in hadith transmission becomes polemic among hadith scholars. For some scholars, wage taking for hadith transmission may undermine honor and implicates on the cancellation of ‘adalah status; therefore, its transmission is rejected. Interestingly, this article finds that some hadith transmitters received payment for the transmission; however, the transmission is still accepted even by the famous imam of hadith. This article aims at revealing the attitude of hadith scholars toward some hadith transmitters taking wage when they transmit hadith and its implication on 'adalah quality. This article is library research whose main data sources are books of mushthalah al-hadits and al-jarh wa al-ta’dil. Data are analyzed using the descriptive-qualitative method and hadith critique (naqd al-hadith) approach. The result of this study is that there are some hadith transmitters taking wage in hadith transmission and they are assessed as 'adil by imam of hadiths scholar. Such practice can be accepted as motivation for taking wage in hadith transmission to fulfill the transmitters' daily needs as they are destitute. Such attitude, according to imam of hadith scholars, will not implicate the damage of muru’ah and the loss of 'adalah as long as the transmitters are consistent in their religious observance and they are not recognized as liars or perceived liars.
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O'Toole, A. C., K. J. Murchie, C. Pullen, K. C. Hanson, C. D. Suski, A. J. Danylchuk, and S. J. Cooke. "Locomotory activity and depth distribution of adult great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) in Bahamian coastal habitats determined using acceleration and pressure biotelemetry transmitters." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 12 (2010): 1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10046.
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Documenting free-swimming fish in their natural environment using acoustic transmitters equipped with acceleration and pressure sensors may contribute to knowledge of locomotory behaviour for a variety of aquatic species. Previously, collection of acceleration data has been limited to archival loggers, necessitating retrieval of the devices; however, recent advances in biotelemetry have allowed for acceleration data to be transmitted to a remote receiver. To illustrate the application of this technology, relative locomotory activity and depth utilisation of adult great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) were monitored across habitat types and diel periods using acoustic transmitters equipped with tri-axial acceleration and pressure sensors within an acoustic telemetry array (n = 53 receivers) deployed in The Bahamas. Although there were no differences in acceleration or depth use across habitats or diel periods, there was evidence of movement into shelf habitat during mid-day where they occupied depths >10 m. Given both the method of calculating the accelerometer output, and that the transmitters were unable to store and transmit large quantities of data, we suggest choosing transmitter settings with a short average delay and high transmission frequency to optimise data quality and resolution. This paper represents one of the first reports of the use of telemetered acceleration values from free-swimming fish.
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Zheng, Rui. "Utilizing Microwave Technology in Radio and Television Transmitters." Journal of Electronic Research and Application 7, no. 4 (September 1, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jera.v7i4.5166.
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In order to improve the performance and reliability of the radio and television transmission system and provide users with a better audiovisual experience this paper first analyzes the advantages of microwave in radio and television transmitters and further elaborates the radio and television transmission system. Through the reasonable configuration and application of microwave equipment the performance and reliability of radio and television transmission system can be improved and the stable transmission of radio and television signals can be ensured.
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Merenda, Massimo, Demetrio Iero, and Francesco G. Della Corte. "CMOS RF Transmitters with On-Chip Antenna for Passive RFID and IoT Nodes." Electronics 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121448.
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The performances of two RF transmitters, monolithically integrated with their antennas on a single CMOS microchip fabricated in a standard 0.35 µm process, are presented. The usage of these architectures in the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is envisioned, as part of a custom conceived data transmission system. The implemented circuits use two different directly on–off keying (OOK) modulated oscillator topologies whose outputs are employed to feed two loop antennas. The powering of both transmitters is duty-cycled for reducing the average power consumption to a few tenths of a microwatt, allowing the usage as low-power transmitters for IoT nodes. The integrated loop antennas radiate sufficient power for a few meters’ communication range. The OOK transmitted signal can be easily detected using a commercial receiver.
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Vanpouille, Christophe, Andrew Frick, Stephen A. Rawlings, Martin Hoenigl, Andrea Lisco, Leonid Margolis, and Sara Gianella. "Cytokine Network and Sexual Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission in Men Who Have Sex With Men." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 10 (November 26, 2019): 2655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1150.
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Abstract Background Seminal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission from men to their partners remains the main driver of HIV epidemics worldwide. Semen is not merely a carrier of the virus, but also provides an immunological milieu that affects HIV transmission. Methods We collected blood and semen from people with HIV whose epidemiologically linked sexual partners either did or did not acquire HIV. Viral transmission was confirmed by phylogenetic linkage (HIV pol). We measured the concentration of 34 cytokines/chemokines by Luminex in the blood and semen of 21 source partners who transmitted HIV (transmitters) and 22 who did not transmit HIV (nontransmitters) to their sexual partners. Differences between cytokine profiles in transmitters versus nontransmitters were analyzed using the multivariate statistical technique of partial least square discriminant analysis. Results The cytokine profile in seminal fluid, but not in peripheral blood, was significantly different between men who have sex with men (MSM) who transmitted HIV and those who did not transmit HIV to their sexual partners (E = 19.77; P < .01). This difference persisted after excluding people with undetectable HIV RNA levels in nontransmitters. Conclusions Seminal cytokine profiles correlated with transmission or nontransmission of HIV from the infected MSM to their partners, independently from seminal viral load. Seminal cytokine spectra might be a contributing determinant of sexual HIV transmission, thus providing new directions for the development of strategies aimed at preventing HIV transmission.
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Kang, Sida, Xilin Hou, Yuhan Hu, and Hongyu Liu. "Dynamical analysis and optimal control of the developed information transmission model." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 23, 2022): e0268326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268326.
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Information transmission significantly impacts social stability and technological advancement. This paper compares the phenomenon of “Super transmission” and “Asymptomatic infection” in COVID-19 transmission to information transmission. The former is similar to authoritative information transmission individuals, whereas the latter is similar to individuals with low acceptance in information transmission. It then constructs an S2EIR model with transmitter authority and individual acceptance levels. Then, it analyzes the asymptotic stability of information-free and information-existence equilibrium on a local and global scale, as well as the model’s basic reproduction number, R0. Distinguished with traditional studies, the population density function and Hamiltonian function are constructed by taking proportion of “Super transmitter” and proportion of hesitant group turning into transmitters as optimization control variables. Based on the Pontryagin maximum principle, an optimal control strategy is designed to effectively facilitate information transmission. The numerical simulation corroborates the theoretical analysis results and the system’s sensitivity to control parameter changes. The research results indicate that the authoritative “Super transmitter” has a beneficial effect on information transmission. In contrast, the “Asymptomatic infected individual” with poor individual acceptance level negatively affects information transmission.
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Gao, Yating, Guixia Kang, and Jianming Cheng. "An Opportunistic Cooperative Packet Transmission Scheme in Wireless Multi-Hop Networks." Sensors 19, no. 21 (November 5, 2019): 4821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214821.
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Cooperative routing, combining cooperative communication in the physical layer and routing technology in the network layer, is one of the most widely used technologies for improving end-to-end transmission reliability and delay in the wireless multi-hop networks. However, the existing cooperative routing schemes are designed based on an optimal fixed-path routing so that the end-to-end performance is greatly restricted by the low spatial efficiency. To address this problem, in this paper an opportunistic cooperative packet transmission (OCPT) scheme is explored by combining cooperative communication and opportunistic routing. The proposed scheme divides the multi-hop route into multiple virtual multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) transmissions. Before each transmission, based on the idea of opportunistic routing, a cluster head (CH) is introduced to determine the multiple transmitters and multiple receivers to form a cluster. Then, the single-hop transmission distance is defined as the metric of forward progress to the destination. Each intra-cluster cooperative packet transmission is formulated as a transmit beamforming optimization problem, and an iterative optimal beamforming policy is proposed to solve the problem and maximize the single-hop transmission distance. CH organizes multiple transmitters to cooperatively transmit packets to multiple receivers with the optimized transmit beamforming vector. Finally, according to the transmission results, the cluster is updated and the new cooperative transmission is started. Iteratively, the transmission lasts until the destination has successfully received the packet. We comprehensively evaluate the OCPT scheme by comparing it with conventional routing schemes. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed OCPT scheme is effective on shortening the end-to-end transmission delay, increasing the number of successful packet transmissions and improving the packet arrival ratio and transmission efficiency.
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Aizul bin Yaakob, Mohd, and Roshimah Shamsudin. "Manhaj al-Daraqutni dalam Menilai Periwayatan al-Tafarrud daripada Perawi Thiqa dalam Karya “Al-ʿIlal al-Warida fi al-Ahadith al-Nabawiyya”." Al-Bayan: Journal of Qur’an and Hadith Studies 19, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 113–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22321969-12340096.
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Abstract The scholarship of al-Daraqutni in the discipline of hadith gains prominence through his work “al-ʿIlal al-Warida fi al-Ahadith al-Nabawiyya”. His evaluation of the al-tafarrud, narrated by a reliable transmitter, was alleged to be inconsistent, whereby some of the narrations were accepted by him, and some were not. As for the narration of al-tafarrud, which contained additional elements from a trustworthy transmitter, al-Daraqutni commented using the term “ziyada thiqa maqbula”. This lexicon implied that al-Daraqutni accepted the narrations in totality. However, Ibn Hajar objected by citing that al-Daraqutni did not accept ziyada thiqa unconditionally. There seemed to be a contradiction between al-Daraqutni’s usage of terminology in contrast to other scholars such as Ibn Hajar. Therefore, this article intends to analyze the methods employed by al-Daraqutni in evaluating al-tafarrud, transmitted by trustworthy transmitters as mentioned in his book “al-ʿIlal al-Warida”. This qualitative study was analyzed using content analysis by means of inductive and deductive methods. The research found that the method used by al-Daraqutni to evaluate the al-tafarrud transmission was consistent throughout and showed no contradiction. Not only did he emphasized the trustworthiness of the transmitters, he further scrutinized the reference to qarina, which accompanied the narration, before concluding his evaluation.
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Cheng, Shuangshuang, Ming Deng, Meng Wang, Sheng Jin, Qisheng Zhang, and Kai Chen. "A wireless monitoring system for a high-power borehole–ground electromagnetic transmitter." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 8, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-13-2019.
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Abstract. Visual interfaces and wireless monitoring have played significant roles in the application of electromagnetic transmitters. Therefore, we have designed a wireless monitoring system that is based on the Visual Studio 2015 Windows form application by using C# language and multi-threading technology. The system can effectively implement many functions, including time monitoring via a real-time clock, switching of the transmitting frequency, changing of transmission mode, and the storage and verification of the transmitter condition information. These things allow the wireless monitoring system to support condition monitoring and operation control of the transmitter. The results of several field tests confirm that the proposed wireless monitoring system provides a user-friendly interface and convenient and stable operation. The system is able to satisfy the wireless monitoring and multifunctional demands for transmitters implemented in land electromagnetic exploration and act as a reference for scientific researchers pursuing instrument development and electromagnetic prospecting.
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Touré, Ibrahima, Maxime Bilodeau, and Nicolas Quaegebeur. "Miniaturized acoustic concentrators for ultrafast 3D ultrasound imaging." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 3_Supplement (March 1, 2024): A139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0027085.
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Ultrafast 3D ultrasound imaging is a rapidly growing research field that enables real-time imaging at a high frame rate and in a non-invasive manner. Currently, to achieve ultrafast 3D ultrasound, plane or diverging waves from virtual sources are used. These virtual sources can be considered as focal points during emission, allowing for improved transmission of ultrasonic energy. However, they have limitations in terms of transmitted energy, complex electronics, and timing issues, which impact the quality of the resulting images. To address this, a study was conducted to design and experiment with new miniaturized ultrasound transmitters based on cylindrical waveguides with tapered sections. These transmitters, with a diameter of approximately 100 μm, can replace the virtual sources. A numerical study based on 2D axisymmetric Finite Element Modeling (FEM) is first performed to model the transmission and reflection of longitudinal ultrasonic waves through various cylindrical rods. The results demonstrated that the transmission depends on the diameter ratio, frequency and longitudinal mode order (L0, L1, L2, etc.). An experimental study is then conducted on a stainless steel waveguide instrumented with 6mm piezo discs. The mechanical energy, estimated using Laser Doppler Vibrometer is transmitted through a 150 μm diameter rod, allowing mechananical focusing in the frequency range between 0.5 and 5 MHz. The application of this method to separate emission/reception transducers is then demonstrated for 3D ultrafast imaging.
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Lee, Dong-Soo. "A Study on Transmission Performance for Optical NRZ Transmitters." Journal of The Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication 15, no. 5 (October 31, 2015): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7236/jiibc.2015.15.5.119.
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Jenn, D. C. "Transmission Equation for Multiple Cooperative Transmitters and Collective Beamforming." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 7 (2008): 606–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2008.2003126.
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Dickover, Ruth E., Eileen M. Garratty, Susan Plaeger, and Yvonne J. Bryson. "Perinatal Transmission of Major, Minor, and Multiple Maternal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants In Utero and Intrapartum." Journal of Virology 75, no. 5 (March 1, 2001): 2194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.5.2194-2203.2001.
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ABSTRACT Previous studies have provided conflicting data on the presence of selective pressures in the transmission of a homogeneous maternal viral subpopulation to the infant. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to definitively characterize the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) quasispecies transmitted in utero and intrapartum. HIV-1 envelope gene diversity from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma was measured during gestation and at delivery in mothers who did and did not transmit HIV perinatally by using a DNA heteroduplex mobility assay. Children were defined as infected in utero or intrapartum based on the timing of the first detection of HIV. Untreated transmitting mothers (n = 19) had significantly lower HIV-1 quasispecies diversity at delivery than untreated nontransmittting mothers (n = 18) (median Shannon entropy, 0.711 [0.642 to 0.816] versus 0.853 [0.762 to 0.925], P = 0.005). Eight mothers transmitted a single major env variant to their infants in utero, and one mother transmitted a single major env variant intrapartum. Four mothers transmitted multiple HIV-1 envvariants to their infants in utero, and two mothers transmitted multiple env variants intrapartum. The remaining six intrapartum- and two in utero-infected infants had a homogeneous HIV-1env quasispecies which did not comigrate with their mothers' bands at their first positive time point. In conclusion, in utero transmitters were more likely to transmit single or multiple major maternal viral variants. In contrast, intrapartum transmitters were more likely to transmit minor HIV-1 variants. These data indicate that different selective pressures, depending on the timing of transmission, may be involved in determining the pattern of maternal HIV-1 variant transmission.
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Prabhakar, Nanduri R. "Oxygen sensing by the carotid body chemoreceptors." Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 2287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.6.2287.
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Carotid bodies are sensory organs that detect changes in arterial blood oxygen, and the ensuing reflexes are critical for maintaining homeostasis during hypoxemia. During the past decade, tremendous progress has been made toward understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying oxygen sensing at the carotid body. The purpose of this minireview is to highlight some recent concepts on sensory transduction and transmission at the carotid body. A bulk of evidence suggests that glomus (type I) cells are the initial site of transduction and that they release transmitters in response to hypoxia, which causes depolarization of nearby afferent nerve endings, leading to an increase in sensory discharge. There are two main hypotheses to explain the transduction process that triggers transmitter release. One hypothesis assumes that a biochemical event associated with a heme protein triggers the transduction cascade. The other hypothesis suggests that a K+ channel protein is the oxygen sensor and that inhibition of this channel by hypoxia leading to depolarization is a seminal event in transduction. Although there is body of evidence supporting and questioning each of these, this review will try to point out that the truth lies somewhere in an interrelation between the two. Several transmitters have been identified in glomus cells, and they are released in response to hypoxia. However, their precise roles in sensory transmission remain uncertain. It is hoped that future studies involving transgenic animals with targeted disruption of genes encoding transmitters and their receptors may resolve some of the key issues surrounding the sensory transmission at the carotid body. Further studies are necessary to identify whether a single sensor or multiple oxygen sensors are needed for the transduction process.
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Shim, Yeonggyu, and Wonjae Shin. "Energy Rate Maximization with Sum-Rate Constraint for SWIPT in Multiple-Access Channels." Electronics 8, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121525.
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This paper considers simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) systems in the two-user Gaussian multiple access channel (G-MAC). In SWIPT systems, for a transmit signal each transmitter consists of an information-carrying signal and energy-carrying signal. By controlling a different set of the power for the information transmission and power for the energy transmission under a total power constraint, the information sum-rate and energy transmission rate can be achieved. As the information carrying-to-transmit power ratio at transmitters and the information sum-rate increases, however, the energy transmission rate decreases. In other words, there is a fundamental trade-off between the information sum-rate and the energy transmission rate according to the power-splitting ratio at each transmitter. Motivated by this, this paper proposes an optimal power-splitting scheme that maximizes the energy transmission rate subject to a minimum sum-rate constraint. In particular, a closed-form expression of the power-splitting coefficient is presented for the two-user G-MAC under a minimum sum-rate constraint. Numerical results show that the energy rate of the proposed optimal power-splitting scheme is greater than that of the fixed power-splitting scheme.
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Fox, Lyle E., and Philip E. Lloyd. "Glutamate is a Fast Excitatory Transmitter at Some Buccal Neuromuscular Synapses in Aplysia." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 1477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.3.1477.
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Studies of the modulation of synaptic transmission in buccal muscle of Aplysiawere limited because the conventional fast transmitter used by a number of large buccal motor neurons was unknown. Most of the identified buccal motor neurons are cholinergic because they synthesize acetylcholine (ACh) and their excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) are blocked by the cholinergic antagonist hexamethonium. However, three large identified motor neurons (B3, B6, and B38) do not synthesize ACh and their EJPs are not inhibited by hexamethonium. To identify the fast excitatory transmitter used by these noncholinergic motor neurons, we surveyed putative transmitters for their ability to evoke contractions. Of the noncholinergic transmitters tested, glutamate was the most effective at evoking contractions. The pharmacology of the putative glutamate receptor is different from previously characterized glutamate receptors in that glutamate agonists and antagonists previously used to classify glutamate receptors had little effect in this system. In addition, glutamate itself was the most effective agent tested at reducing EJPs evoked by the noncholinergic motor neurons presumably by desensitizing glutamate receptors. Finally, immunocytology using an antiserum raised to conjugated glutamate in parallel with intracellular fills indicated that the varicose axons of these motor neurons were glutamate-immunoreactive. Taken together, these results indicate that the fast transmitter used by the noncholinergic neurons is almost certainly glutamate itself. This information should help us understand the role of transmitters and cotransmitters in the generation of feeding behaviors in Aplysia.
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Mishra, Ashok Kumar, Pradiptarathi Panda, Subhendu Kumar Pradhan, Ajaya Kumar Panda, and Ciorstan Smark. "Uncertainties and Dynamic Connectedness Among Sectors: A Case of the USA, India, France, Germany and Russia." Australasian Business, Accounting and Finance Journal 18, no. 3 (2024): 168–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v18i3.10.
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This study examines the connectedness among the sectoral indices for the USA, India, France, Germany and Russia stock markets pre and post-COVID-19. We use the Diebold and Yilmaz spillover index to examine the study's objectives. This study finds that volatility spillover is higher during COVID-19 than before COVID-19. In addition, the volatility transmission across the sectors demonstrated mixed results regarding net volatility receivers and transmitters. However, the degree of transmission is higher for the net volatility receivers than for the net volatility transmitters. This study will help policymakers draft related policies to immunise their economy and market from spillover contagions of international markets during varying pandemic scenarios. This study would also help potential investors, including foreign institutional investors, diversify their portfolios based on the sectors with net volatility transmitters and receivers.
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Nguyen, Dinh Hoa. "Optical Wireless Power Transfer for Implanted and Wearable Devices." Sustainability 15, no. 10 (May 17, 2023): 8146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15108146.
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Optical wireless power transfer (OWPT) has been employed in the literature as a wireless powering approach for implanted and wearable devices. However, most of the existing studies on this topic have not studied the performances of OWPT systems when light is transmitted through clothing. This research therefore contributes to investigate the effects of clothing on OWPT performances from both theoretical and experimental perspectives. An obtained experimental result indicates that a single light-emitting diode (LED) transmitter is able to perform the OWPT through white cotton clothing, but failed with another dark cotton clothing, even at a small transmitting distance. Hence, this research proposes to employ LED arrays as optical transmitters to improve the OWPT system capability in terms of the wirelessly transmitted power, transmitting distance and system tolerance to misalignments, whilst keeping the system safety, low cost and simplicity. Consequently, a theoretical formula for the power transmission efficiency made by an LED array through clothing is proposed and then is verified with experimental results. Furthermore, the important role of multiple light reflections at the surfaces of clothing and the LED array transmitter is pointed out.
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Wang, Ting Lan, Shu Hui Yang, Di Feng, Bin Wang, Zhen Wei Su, and Ying Chao Chen. "Design of the 40GHz UWB Transmitter for Wireless Intra/inter Chip Communication." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 1830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.1830.
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In this paper, a Gaussian Pulse Generator for use in CMOS UWB transmitters and use in the wireless inter or intra chip communication. The proposed architecture is composed of a simple and robust design of a Gaussian Monocycle impulse generator at the transmitter, a wideband short-range on-chip transformer for data transmission. The circuit was implemented and simulated in ADS2009 using 0.25μm CMOS technology with a supply voltage of 3.3V. Ultra-short GMP signals of 25ps duration and 40GHz center frequency.
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Zhou, Fangfang, Hongbin Chen, and Feng Zhao. "Transmission scheduling for broadcasting with two energy-harvesting switching transmitters." IET Wireless Sensor Systems 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-wss.2012.0116.
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Song, Hongzhan, Shangsheng Wen, Chen Yang, Danlan Yuan, and Weipeng Guan. "Universal and Effective Decoding Scheme for Visible Light Positioning Based on Optical Camera Communication." Electronics 10, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 1925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10161925.
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As a promising approach to implement indoor positioning, visible light positioning (VLP) based on optical camera communication (OCC) image sensor has attracted substantial attention. However, the decoding schemes of existing VLP systems still face many challenges. First, the transmission channel between transmitters and receivers can be easily affected by environmental changes, resulting in poor thresholding performance. Second, the inherently unsynchronized air transmission channel issue remains a big obstacle for decoding data. The above two problems limit the application of VLP systems, where various mobile devices are used as receivers and the properties of transmission channel are constantly changing with the movement of receivers. In this paper, a universal and effective decoding scheme named pixel-to-bit calculation (PBC) decoding algorithm for VLP systems is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. It includes a Staged Threshold Scheme which provides excellent thresholding performance for different transmission channel conditions, as well as a Synchronous Decoding Operation to automatically synchronize the clock between transmitters and receivers. A decoding rate of 95.62% at the height of 2.73 m is realized in a practical Robotic-based VLP system embedded with our proposed PBC decoding scheme. In addition, experimental results show that the average decoding rate of the proposed PBC decoding scheme reaches 99.9% when applying different transmitters and receivers.
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Xie, Ping, Fan Li, Ilsun You, Ling Xing, Honghai Wu, and Huahong Ma. "A Secrecy Transmission Protocol with Energy Harvesting for Federated Learning." Sensors 22, no. 15 (July 23, 2022): 5506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155506.
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In federated learning (FL), model parameters of deep learning are communicated between clients and the central server. To better train deep learning models, the spectrum resource and transmission security need to be guaranteed. Toward this end, we propose a secrecy transmission protocol based on energy harvesting and jammer selection for FL, in which the secondary transmitters can harvest energy from the primary source. Specifically, a secondary transmitter STi is first selected, which can offer the best transmission performance for the secondary users to access the primary frequency spectrum. Then, another secondary transmitter STn, which has the best channel for eavesdropping, is also chosen as a friendly jammer to provide secrecy service. Furthermore, we use outage probability (OP) and intercept probability (IP) as metrics to evaluate performance. Meanwhile, we also derive closed-form expressions of OP and IP of primary users and OP of secondary users for the proposed protocol, respectively. We also conduct a theoretical analysis of the optimal secondary transmission selection (OSTS) protocol. Finally, the performance of the proposed protocol is validated through numerical experiments. The results show that the secrecy performance of the proposed protocol is better than the OSTS and OCJS, respectively.
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Bernacki, Krzysztof, Dominik Wybrańczyk, Marcin Zygmanowski, Andrzej Latko, Jarosław Michalak, and Zbigniew Rymarski. "Disturbance and Signal Filter for Power Line Communication." Electronics 8, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8040378.
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Today, to use home automation, intelligent home controls or remote controls in the office, electronic equipment is moving away from wireless communication in favor of Power Line Communication (PLC). In the standard PLC solutions, the corrections that result from error transmissions are based on complex digital modulation methods and algorithms for validating the transmitted data without paying attention to the causes of the errors. This article focuses on the implementation of a filtering system for interference and signals in the 120–150 kHz band (CENELEC band C), which is injected into the network by transmitters. Such a filter separates the desired signal from the interference that is occurring in the network, which can result in communication errors. Moreover, when used properly, the filter can be used as a subsystem separation element. The paper presents the requirements, design, construction, simulation and test results that were obtained under actual operating conditions. It is possible to use less complex methods for correcting errors in transmission signals and to guarantee an improvement in the transmission rate using the proposed filter system.
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Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet K., Dick Peters, and Nikolaos I. Katis. "The Efficiency by Which Thrips tabaci Populations Transmit Tomato spotted wilt virus Depends on Their Host Preference and Reproductive Strategy." Phytopathology® 92, no. 6 (June 2002): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.6.603.
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Arrhenotokous and thelytokous populations of Thrips tabaci from tobacco or leek plants were evaluated for their ability to transmit Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and for their host preference. Transmission efficiencies were comparatively studied using leaf disks of Petunia hybrida, Datura stramonium, and Nicotiana tabacum cv. Basmas. Adults of arrhenotokous populations collected on infected tobacco plants in the field were efficient transmitters (up to 48.5% transmission) and remained so when maintained on tobacco for several generations. Arrhenotokous T. tabacipopulations from leek plants were poor transmitters (up to 3.1% transmission), whereas no transmission was obtained with thelytokous populations from leek. All populations could infest leek, however none of the arrhenotokous and thelytokous populations from leek plants was able to infest tobacco. TSWV could be acquired by both first and second larval instars of a T. tabacipopulation from tobacco. However, the transmission by adults decreased with the age at which the virus was acquired by larvae. The highest efficiencies (61% of males and 51% of females transmitted) were obtained when newborn (0- to 24-h old) larvae acquired the virus. The majority of thrips started to transmit after becoming adult and rates were positively correlated with the temperature at which the thrips were kept. The median latent period values found for adults decreased with increasing temperature. The median acquisition access period (AAP50) of the population was 41 min, whereas the AAP50 was 65 min for males and 35 min for females. The median inoculation access period of males was 246 and 365 min on tobacco and petunia, respectively, and 96 and 345 min for females. The results show that T. tabaci forms a complex in terms of host preference, reproductive strategy, and ability to transmit TSWV. The transmission parameters show that the thrips of arrhenotokous populations infesting tobacco are highly efficient vectors.
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Choi, Won Hyuck, and Min Seok Jie. "A Study on the Use of Multicast Protocol Traffic Overload for Active Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 339 (July 2013): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.339.323.
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Multicast requires reliability in one-to-one or multi-counterpart communication services and such demand for reliability becomes more and more an important factor to manage the whole network. In addition, it requires link of broadband network, real-time transmission, and much effective multicast protocol in order to support application of multimedia that has become a dominant figure recently. Communication method for multicast is a way of communication for a transmitter that provides multicast data to every registered member in the transmitters group, and it can be classified into the traditional and the reliable communication methods in general. The traditional communication method is very fast in connection but quality of service is poor. In contrast, the reliable communication method provides good quality in service but its speed is somewhat poor. Thus to enhance such demerits, this thesis proposes communication method of multicast by using active network method. In this thesis, a fair and practical bandwidth is used for data packet transmission along with the use of active network. The bandwidth and data processing capability filters out the transmitted data from an active router through transmission packet and upgrades multimedia data packet more effectively. Therefore, recipients in various levels receive the effective data packet and based on these facts, the study actualizes and evaluates efficiency of a router, which is able to transmit the fair bandwidth from active router in a simulation.
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Rohan, Ali, Mohammed Rabah, Muhammad Talha, and Sung-Ho Kim. "Development of Intelligent Drone Battery Charging System Based on Wireless Power Transmission Using Hill Climbing Algorithm." Applied System Innovation 1, no. 4 (November 7, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi1040044.
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In this work, an advanced drone battery charging system is developed. The system is composed of a drone charging station with multiple power transmitters and a receiver to charge the battery of a drone. A resonance inductive coupling-based wireless power transmission technique is used. With limits of wireless power transmission in inductive coupling, it is necessary that the coupling between a transmitter and receiver be strong for efficient power transmission; however, for a drone, it is normally hard to land it properly on a charging station or a charging device to get maximum coupling for efficient wireless power transmission. Normally, some physical sensors such as ultrasonic sensors and infrared sensors are used to align the transmitter and receiver for proper coupling and wireless power transmission; however, in this system, a novel method based on the hill climbing algorithm is proposed to control the coupling between the transmitter and a receiver without using any physical sensor. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm was checked using MATLAB. A practical test bench was developed for the system and several experiments were conducted under different scenarios. The system is fully automatic and gives 98.8% accuracy (achieved under different test scenarios) for mitigating the poor landing effect. Also, the efficiency η of 85% is achieved for wireless power transmission. The test results show that the proposed drone battery charging system is efficient enough to mitigate the coupling effect caused by the poor landing of the drone, with the possibility to land freely on the charging station without the worry of power transmission loss.
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Zohdy, Maha, Ali Tajer, and Shlomo Shamai (Shitz). "Broadcast Approach to Uplink NOMA: Queuing Delay Analysis." Entropy 24, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 1757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24121757.
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Emerging wireless technologies are envisioned to support a variety of applications that require simultaneously maintaining low latency and high reliability. Non-orthogonal multiple access techniques constitute one candidate for grant-free transmission alleviating the signaling requirements for uplink transmissions. In open-loop transmissions over fading channels, in which the transmitters do not have access to the channel state information, the existing approaches are prone to facing frequent outage events. Such outage events lead to repeated re-transmissions of the duplicate information packets, penalizing the latency. This paper proposes a multi-access broadcast approach in which each user splits its information stream into several information layers, each adapted to one possible channel state. This approach facilitates preventing outage events and improves the overall transmission latency. Based on the proposed approach, the average queuing delay of each user is analyzed for different arrival processes at each transmitter. First, for deterministic arrivals, closed-form lower and upper bounds on the average delay are characterized analytically. Secondly, for Poisson arrivals, a closed-form expression for the average delay is delineated using the Pollaczek-Khinchin formula. Based on the established bounds, the proposed approach achieves less average delay than single-layer outage approaches. Under optimal power allocation among the encoded layers, numerical evaluations demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly minimizes average sum delays compared to traditional outage approaches, especially under high arrival rates.
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Rahman, Fahim, Prodyut Das, Md Forhad Hossain, Sazzaduzzaman Khan, and Rajib Chowdhury. "Design and Performance Evaluation of a 10GHz 32nm-CNTFET IR-UWB Transmitter for Inter-Chip Wireless Communication." Advanced Materials Research 646 (January 2013): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.646.228.
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In this paper, we have presented the design and performance evaluation of a 10GHz 32nm-CNTFET IR-UWB transmitter for inter-chip wireless transmission. We have designed the transmitter using a VCO-based high speed clock generator and a positive and a negative monocycle Gaussian pulse generator. RF compatible Carbon Nano-Tube Field Effect Transistors (CNTFETs) have been used as the building blocks of the oscillator and the logic gates. The final design has resulted to a 7-channel-SWNT CNTFET-based transmitter for optimum 10GHz data rate with a promising 650mV pulse amplitude and only 1.069mW power consumption with a -32.27dB output. This transmitter can also operate satisfactorily upto 15GHz. The results show promising superiority over existing transmitters regarding high data rate, low power loss and high pulse amplitude.
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G, Gandikota Ramu, Narayanan Ramachandran, Karunamurthy A, and Alfrin Vickson. "Energy Harvesting and Optimization Using Broadcast Channel Approach for MIMO Systems in Wireless Sensor Networks." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 16519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.16519ecst.
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EM or radio signal enabled WPT in particular. Since radio signals can carry power and information simultaneously, simultaneous data transmission and power transmission (SWIPT). A three-point wireless transmission system (MIMO), in which one receiver harvests power and the other receiver determines the data separately from the signals sent by the standard transmitter, and all transmitters and receivers probably have multiple antennas. Two scenarios are tested, in which the information receiver and the power receiver are separated and detect different MIMO channels from the transmitter, or which are collectively available and detect the same MIMO channel from the transmitter. In the case of split receivers, we find an appropriate transfer strategy to achieve various tradeoffs with a higher amount of data compared to a power transfer, which is reflected by a regional boundary rate-rate (R-E). In the case of co-acquisition recipients, we indicate the external boundary of the accessible R-E region due to the potential limit that power harvest recipients are not yet able to determine the exact details. Under this barrier, it investigates two cohesively formed cases, namely time shifts and power divisions, and then shows their accessible R-E regions in relation to the external boundary.
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Lee, Dong-Soo. "A Study on Transmission Performance for Optical Duobinary Transmitters at 40Gbps." Journal of the Institute of Webcasting, Internet and Telecommunication 14, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7236/jiibc.2014.14.3.43.
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Lee, Dong-Soo. "A Study on Performance of Optical Duobinary Transmitters for 25Gbps Transmission." Journal of the Institute of Internet Broadcasting and Communication 17, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7236/jiibc.2017.17.2.89.
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Rha, P. S., and A. K. Johnson. "Transmission analysis on the resonant-cavity combiner of mobile radio transmitters." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 45, no. 1 (1996): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.481831.
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Li, X. "Space–Time Coded Multi-Transmission Among Distributed Transmitters Without Perfect Synchronization." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 11, no. 12 (December 2004): 948–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2004.838213.
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Kasparov, S., and A. G. Teschemacher. "The use of viral gene transfer in studies of brainstem noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1529 (January 2009): 2565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0073.
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In contrast to some other neuronal populations, for example hippocampal or cortical pyramidal neurons, mechanisms of synaptic integration and transmitter release in central neurons that contain noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5HT) are not well understood. These cells, crucial for a wide range of autonomic and behavioural processes, have long un-myelinated axons with hundreds of varicosities where transmitters are synthesized and released. Both seem to signal mostly in ‘volume transmission’ mode. Very little is known about the rules that apply to this type of transmission in the brain and the factors that regulate the release of NA and 5HT. We discuss some of our published studies and more recent experiments in which viral vectors were used to investigate the physiology of these neuronal populations. We also focus on currently unresolved issues concerning the mechanism of volume transmission by NA and 5HT in the brain. We suggest that clarifying the role of astroglia in this process could be essential for our understanding of central noradrenergic and 5HT signalling.
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Ravishankar, Krishnamurthi, and Suresh Singh. "Central Limit Theorem for Time to Broadcast in Radio Networks." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 9, no. 2 (April 1995): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026996480000379x.
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We study the problem of broadcasting in a system where nodes are equipped with radio transmitters with constant radius of transmission. A message originating at a node has to be transmitted to all the other nodes in the system. We prove the central limit theorem and the law of large numbers for the number of time steps required to complete a broadcast for the case when the nodes are placed on a line independently uniformly distributed. We show that the number of time steps required to broadcast is 3n/4 in probability.
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CHEN, XIAOLONG, XIANGBO MENG, XIAOSHI SONG, and CHUN SHAN. "COVERAGE PERFORMANCE OF COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS POWERED BY RENEWABLE ENERGY." ANZIAM Journal 58, no. 3-4 (April 2017): 287–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181117000244.
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We analyse the coverage performance of cognitive radio networks powered by renewable energy. Particularly, with an energy harvesting module and energy storage module, the primary transmitters (PTs) and the secondary transmitters (STs) are assumed to be able to collect ambient renewables, and store them in batteries for future use. Upon harvesting sufficient energy, the corresponding PTs and STs (denoted by eligible PTs and STs) are then allowed to access the spectrum according to their respective medium access control (MAC) protocols. For the primary network, an Aloha-type MAC protocol is considered, under which the eligible PTs make independent decisions to access the spectrum with probability $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{p}$. By applying tools from stochastic geometry, we characterize the transmission probability of the STs. Then, with the obtained results of transmission probability, we evaluate the coverage (transmission nonoutage) performance of the overlay CR network powered by renewable energy. Simulations are also provided to validate our analysis.
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Seif, Mohamed, Ravi Tandon, and Ming Li. "Secure Retrospective Interference Alignment." Entropy 21, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21111092.
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In this paper, the K-user interference channel with secrecy constraints is considered with delayed channel state information at transmitters (CSIT). We propose a novel secure retrospective interference alignment scheme in which the transmitters carefully mix information symbols with artificial noises to ensure confidentiality. Achieving positive secure degrees of freedom (SDoF) is challenging due to the delayed nature of CSIT, and the distributed nature of the transmitters. Our scheme works over two phases: Phase one, in which each transmitter sends information symbols mixed with artificial noises, and repeats such transmission over multiple rounds. In the next phase, each transmitter uses the delayed CSIT of the previous phase and sends a function of the net interference and artificial noises (generated in previous phase), which is simultaneously useful for all receivers. These phases are designed to ensure the decodability of the desired messages while satisfying the secrecy constraints. We present our achievable scheme for three models, namely: (1) K-user interference channel with confidential messages (IC-CM), and we show that 1 2 ( K - 6 ) SDoF is achievable; (2) K-user interference channel with an external eavesdropper (IC-EE); and 3) K-user IC with confidential messages and an external eavesdropper (IC-CM-EE). We show that for the K-user IC-EE, 1 2 ( K - 3 ) SDoF is achievable, and for the K-user IC-CM-EE, 1 2 ( K - 6 ) is achievable. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first result on the K-user interference channel with secrecy constrained models and delayed CSIT that achieves an SDoF which scales with K , square-root of number of users.