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1
Becker, Alexander D., Ruthie B. Birger, Aude Teillant, Paul A. Gastanaduy, Gregory S. Wallace, and Bryan T. Grenfell. "Estimating enhanced prevaccination measles transmission hotspots in the context of cross-scale dynamics." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 51 (November 21, 2016): 14595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604976113.
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A key question in clarifying human–environment interactions is how dynamic complexity develops across integrative scales from molecular to population and global levels. Apart from its public health importance, measles is an excellent test bed for such an analysis. Simple mechanistic models have successfully illuminated measles dynamics at the city and country levels, revealing seasonal forcing of transmission as a major driver of long-term epidemic behavior. Seasonal forcing ties closely to patterns of school aggregation at the individual and community levels, but there are few explicit estimates of school transmission due to the relative lack of epidemic data at this scale. Here, we use data from a 1904 measles outbreak in schools in Woolwich, London, coupled with a stochastic Susceptible-Infected-Recovered model to analyze measles incidence data. Our results indicate that transmission within schools and age classes is higher than previous population-level serological data would suggest. This analysis sheds quantitative light on the role of school-aged children in measles cross-scale dynamics, as we illustrate with references to the contemporary vaccination landscape.
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Llupià, Anna, Alícia Borràs-Santos, Caterina Guinovart, Mireia Utzet, David Moriña, and Joaquim Puig. "SARS-CoV-2 transmission in students of public schools of Catalonia (Spain) after a month of reopening." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): e0251593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251593.
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Introduction SARS-CoV-2 transmission within schools and its contribution to community transmission are still a matter of debate. Methods A retrospective cohort study in all public schools in Catalonia was conducted using publicly available data assessing the association between the number of reported SARS-CoV-2 cases among students and staff in weeks 1–2 (Sept 14-27th, 2020) of the academic year with school SARS-CoV-2 incidence among students in weeks 4–5. A multilevel Poisson regression model adjusted for the community incidence in the corresponding basic health area (BHA) and the type of school (primary or secondary), with random effects at the sanitary region and BHA levels, was performed. Results A total of 2184 public schools opened on September 14th with 778,715 students. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between the total number of SARS-CoV-2 cases in a centre in weeks 1–2 and the SARS-CoV-2 school incidence among students in weeks 4–5 (Risk Ratio (RR) 1.074, 95% CI 1.044–1.105, p-value <0.001). The adjusted BHA incidence in the first two weeks was associated with school incidence in weeks 4–5 (RR 1.002, 95% CI 1.002–1.003, p-value <0.001). Secondary schools showed an increased incidence in weeks 4 and 5 (RR primary vs secondary 1.709 95% CI 1.599–1.897, p-value <0.001). Conclusions Safety measures adopted by schools were not enough to stop related-to-school transmission in students and could be improved. The safest way to keep schools open is to reduce community transmission down to a minimum.
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Bayliss, Laura, Robert Carr, Obaghe Edeghere, Elizabeth Knapper, Kathy Nye, Gareth Harvey, Goutam Adak, and Harsh Duggal. "School outbreak ofEscherichia coliO157 with high levels of transmission, Staffordshire, England, February 2012." Journal of Public Health 38, no. 3 (September 12, 2015): e247-e253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdv122.
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Alves, Alessandra C., Ruchele D. Nogueira, Rafael N. Stipp, Flávia Pampolini, Antonio B. A. Moraes, Reginaldo B. Gonçalves, José F. Höfling, Yihong Li, and Renata O. Mattos-Graner. "Prospective study of potential sources of Streptococcus mutans transmission in nursery school children." Journal of Medical Microbiology 58, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.005777-0.
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Transmission of Streptococcus mutans, a major dental caries pathogen, occurs mainly during the first 2.5 years of age. Children appear to acquire S. mutans mostly from their mothers, but few studies have investigated non-familial sources of S. mutans transmission. This study prospectively analysed initial S. mutans oral colonization in 119 children from nursery schools during a 1.5-year period and tracked the transmission from child to child, day-care caregiver to child and mother to child. Children were examined at baseline, when they were 5–13 months of age, and at 6-month intervals for determination of oral levels of S. mutans and development of caries lesions. Levels of S. mutans were also determined in caregivers and mothers. A total of 1392 S. mutans isolates (obtained from children, caregivers and mothers) were genotyped by arbitrarily primed PCR and chromosomal RFLP. Overall, 40.3 % of children were detectably colonized during the study, and levels of S. mutans were significantly associated with the development of caries lesions. Identical S. mutans genotypes were found in four nursery cohorts. No familial relationship existed in three of these cohorts, indicating horizontal transmission. Despite high oral levels of S. mutans identified in most of the caregivers, none of their genotypes matched those identified in the respective children. Only 50 % of children with high levels of S. mutans carried genotypes identified in their mothers. The results support previous evidence indicating that non-familial sources of S. mutans transmission exist, and indicate that this bacterium may be transmitted horizontally between children during the initial phases of S. mutans colonization in nursery environments.
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Davis, Burt, and Katharina Grosser. "Evaluation of an HIV-Related Workshop for Adolescents at a Secondary School in Germany." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 12 (October 15, 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n12p157.
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This study set out to establish to what extent an HIV-related awareness workshop involving German adolescents at a secondary school in Brandenburg can help to increase knowledge levels about this disease. Only a few studies have explored what German youths know about HIV, with none so far evaluating a workshop aimed at increasing HIV-related knowledge levels among this cohort. In a pre-test post-test design, changes in participants’ knowledge levels related to the risk of HIV transmission associated with different types of exposures or behaviors such as unprotected sex, mother-to-child-transmission, blood transfusions, and shaking hands were assessed. Previous studies have shown that German youths lack knowledge in this regard.
From pre-test to post-test, there was a statistically significant increase in knowledge levels about the risk of HIV transmission. However, knowledge levels about the risk of HIV transmission was relatively low. An average of 59.2% questions were answered correctly at pre-test vs. 68.1% of questions at post-test. The present study underlines that an awareness workshop can be a useful tool to improve knowledge levels about the risk of HIV transmission among youths. However, the results also revealed that there is still some work to be done to educate young Germans about the basic facts around HIV/AIDS. Although HIV incidence rate in Germany has been slightly decreasing, there is a growing number of new infections among people who are unaware of their HIV status – while research shows that youths in this country are seemingly complacent about the danger of HIV/AIDS, and often do not use condoms during sex.
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Landeros, Alfonso, Xiang Ji, Kenneth Lange, Timothy C. Stutz, Jason Xu, Mary E. Sehl, and Janet S. Sinsheimer. "An examination of school reopening strategies during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): e0251242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251242.
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The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to closure of nearly all K-12 schools in the United States of America in March 2020. Although reopening K-12 schools for in-person schooling is desirable for many reasons, officials understand that risk reduction strategies and detection of cases are imperative in creating a safe return to school. Furthermore, consequences of reclosing recently opened schools are substantial and impact teachers, parents, and ultimately educational experiences in children. To address competing interests in meeting educational needs with public safety, we compare the impact of physical separation through school cohorts on SARS-CoV-2 infections against policies acting at the level of individual contacts within classrooms. Using an age-stratified Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Removed model, we explore influences of reduced class density, transmission mitigation, and viral detection on cumulative prevalence. We consider several scenarios over a 6-month period including (1) multiple rotating cohorts in which students cycle through in-person instruction on a weekly basis, (2) parallel cohorts with in-person and remote learning tracks, (3) the impact of a hypothetical testing program with ideal and imperfect detection, and (4) varying levels of aggregate transmission reduction. Our mathematical model predicts that reducing the number of contacts through cohorts produces a larger effect than diminishing transmission rates per contact. Specifically, the latter approach requires dramatic reduction in transmission rates in order to achieve a comparable effect in minimizing infections over time. Further, our model indicates that surveillance programs using less sensitive tests may be adequate in monitoring infections within a school community by both keeping infections low and allowing for a longer period of instruction. Lastly, we underscore the importance of factoring infection prevalence in deciding when a local outbreak of infection is serious enough to require reverting to remote learning.
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Choudhary, Md Shahidur Rahman, and Md Mahfuzar Rahman. "Knowledge, Awareness and Perception about HIV/AIDS among Primary School Teachers in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 13, no. 2 (March 10, 2014): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i2.18297.
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Objective: Information is very important to have accurate understanding of people about the modes of HIV/AIDS transmission and its prevention strategies. Teachers at all levels are always expected to play a foremost role in the provision of information to promote awareness leading to behavioral change among students. Therefore, this article is aimed to evaluate the knowledge, awareness and perception about the deadly disease HIV/AIDS among primary school teachers in Bangladesh. Materials and methods: To do so, about 120 teachers from 28 primary schools, out of 68, in Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) areas were interviewed purposively for this study using a self-administered questionnaire. Results and discussion: The results showed that the teachers serving at primary schools level were not too sure of their own knowledge about the issue. They had much misperception about the knowledge of facts, modes of transmission to reduce contamination and the modes of transmission from one person to another of HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: Government should provide adequate funding to organize and sponsor teachers to attend in training workshops, seminars and conferences related to HIV/AIDS and that the pandemic should be discussed with other for the purpose of awareness. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i2.18297 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(2) 2014 p.145-149
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Oppenheim, B. A., A. M. Sefton, O. N. Gill, J. E. Tyler, M. C. O'Mahony, J. M. Richards, P. J. L. Dennis, and T. G. Harrison. "WidespreadLegionella pneumophilacontamination of dental stations in a dental school without apparent human infection." Epidemiology and Infection 99, no. 1 (August 1987): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880006698x.
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SUMMARYFollowing isolation ofLegionella pneumophilafrom a special dental station water circuit, used primarily to cool high-speed dental drills which produce fine aerosols, a case finding and environmental survey was undertaken. Widespread colonization of the dental stations was found and the results suggested that amplification of the background levels ofL. pneumophilawas taking place within the stations. However there was no evidence for transmission causing human infection.
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Anderson, Roy, James Truscott, and T. Deirdre Hollingsworth. "The coverage and frequency of mass drug administration required to eliminate persistent transmission of soil-transmitted helminths." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1645 (June 19, 2014): 20130435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0435.
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A combination of methods, including mathematical model construction, demographic plus epidemiological data analysis and parameter estimation, are used to examine whether mass drug administration (MDA) alone can eliminate the transmission of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). Numerical analyses suggest that in all but low transmission settings (as defined by the magnitude of the basic reproductive number, R 0 ), the treatment of pre-school-aged children (pre-SAC) and school-aged children (SAC) is unlikely to drive transmission to a level where the parasites cannot persist. High levels of coverage (defined as the fraction of an age group effectively treated) are required in pre-SAC, SAC and adults, if MDA is to drive the parasite below the breakpoint under which transmission is eliminated. Long-term solutions to controlling helminth infections lie in concomitantly improving the quality of the water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). MDA, however, is a very cost-effective tool in long-term control given that most drugs are donated free by the pharmaceutical industry for poor regions of the world. WASH interventions, by lowering the basic reproductive number, can facilitate the ability of MDA to interrupt transmission.
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GREEN, H. K., N. BROUSSEAU, N. ANDREWS, L. SELBY, and R. PEBODY. "Illness absenteeism rates in primary and secondary schools in 2013–2014 in England: was there any impact of vaccinating children of primary-school age against influenza?" Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 16 (September 9, 2016): 3412–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816001680.
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SUMMARYA phased introduction of routine influenza vaccination of healthy children was recommended in the UK in 2012, with the aim of protecting both vaccinated children and the wider population through reducing transmission. In the first year of the programme in 2013–2014, 4- to 11-year-olds were targeted in pilot areas across England. This study assesses if this was associated with school absenteeism, an important societal burden of influenza. During the spring 2014 term when influenza predominantly circulated, the proportion of absence sessions due to illness was compared between vaccination pilot and non-pilot areas for primary schools (to measure overall impact) and secondary schools (to measure indirect impact). A linear multilevel regression model was applied, adjusting for clustering within schools and potential school-level confounders, including deprivation, past absenteeism, and ethnicity. Low levels of influenza activity were reported in the community in 2013–2014. Primary schools in pilot areas had a significantly adjusted decrease in illness absenteeism of 0·05% relative to non-pilot schools; equivalent to an average of 4 days per school. In secondary schools, there was no significant indirect impact of being located in a pilot area on illness absenteeism. These insights can be used in conjunction with routine healthcare surveillance data to evaluate the full benefits of such a programme.
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te Beest, Dennis E., Paul J. Birrell, Jacco Wallinga, Daniela De Angelis, and Michiel van Boven. "Joint modelling of serological and hospitalization data reveals that high levels of pre-existing immunity and school holidays shaped the influenza A pandemic of 2009 in The Netherlands." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 103 (February 2015): 20141244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.1244.
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Obtaining a quantitative understanding of the transmission dynamics of influenza A is important for predicting healthcare demand and assessing the likely impact of intervention measures. The pandemic of 2009 provides an ideal platform for developing integrative analyses as it has been studied intensively, and a wealth of data sources is available. Here, we analyse two complementary datasets in a disease transmission framework: cross-sectional serological surveys providing data on infection attack rates, and hospitalization data that convey information on the timing and duration of the pandemic. We estimate key epidemic determinants such as infection and hospitalization rates, and the impact of a school holiday. In contrast to previous approaches, our novel modelling of serological data with mixture distributions provides a probabilistic classification of individual samples (susceptible, immune and infected), propagating classification uncertainties to the transmission model and enabling serological classifications to be informed by hospitalization data. The analyses show that high levels of immunity among persons 20 years and older provide a consistent explanation of the skewed attack rates observed during the pandemic and yield precise estimates of the probability of hospitalization per infection (1–4 years: 0.00096 (95%CrI: 0.00078–0.0012); 5–19 years: 0.00036 (0.00031–0.0044); 20–64 years: 0.0015 (0.00091–0.0020); 65+ years: 0.0084 (0.0028–0.016)). The analyses suggest that in The Netherlands, the school holiday period reduced the number of infectious contacts between 5- and 9-year-old children substantially (estimated reduction: 54%; 95%CrI: 29–82%), thereby delaying the unfolding of the pandemic in The Netherlands by approximately a week.
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Arnold, Benjamin F., Henry Kanyi, Sammy M. Njenga, Fredrick O. Rawago, Jeffrey W. Priest, W. Evan Secor, Patrick J. Lammie, Kimberly Y. Won, and Maurice R. Odiere. "Fine-scale heterogeneity in Schistosoma mansoni force of infection measured through antibody response." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 37 (August 31, 2020): 23174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008951117.
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Schistosomiasis is among the most common parasitic diseases in the world, with over 142 million people infected in low- and middle-income countries. Measuring population-level transmission is centrally important in guiding schistosomiasis control programs. Traditionally, human Schistosoma mansoni infections have been detected using stool microscopy, which is logistically difficult at program scale and has low sensitivity when people have low infection burdens. We compared serological measures of transmission based on antibody response to S. mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) with stool-based measures of infection among 3,663 preschool-age children in an area endemic for S. mansoni in western Kenya. We estimated force of infection among children using the seroconversion rate and examined how it varied geographically and by age. At the community level, serological measures of transmission aligned with stool-based measures of infection (ρ = 0.94), and serological measures provided more resolution for between-community differences at lower levels of infection. Force of infection showed a clear gradient of transmission with distance from Lake Victoria, with 94% of infections and 93% of seropositive children in communities <1.5 km from the lake. Force of infection increased through age 3 y, by which time 65% (95% CI: 53%, 75%) of children were SEA positive in high-transmission communities—2 y before they would be reached by school-based deworming programs. Our results show that serologic surveillance platforms represent an important opportunity to guide and monitor schistosomiasis control programs, and that in high-transmission settings preschool-age children represent a key population missed by school-based deworming programs.
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Marziano, Valentina, Giorgio Guzzetta, Bruna Maria Rondinone, Fabio Boccuni, Flavia Riccardo, Antonino Bella, Piero Poletti, et al. "Retrospective analysis of the Italian exit strategy from COVID-19 lockdown." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 4 (January 7, 2021): e2019617118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019617118.
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After the national lockdown imposed on March 11, 2020, the Italian government has gradually resumed the suspended economic and social activities since May 4, while maintaining the closure of schools until September 14. We use a model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission to estimate the health impact of different exit strategies. The strategy adopted in Italy kept the reproduction number Rt at values close to one until the end of September, with marginal regional differences. Based on the estimated postlockdown transmissibility, reopening of workplaces in selected industrial activities might have had a minor impact on the transmissibility. Reopening educational levels in May up to secondary schools might have influenced SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility only marginally; however, including high schools might have resulted in a marked increase of the disease burden. Earlier reopening would have resulted in disproportionately higher hospitalization incidence. Given community contacts in September, we project a large second wave associated with school reopening in the fall.
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Hendri, Joni, Heni Prasetyowati, Dewi Nur Hodijah, and Rizal Pratama Sulaeman. "Pengetahuan Demam Berdarah Dengue pada Siswa di Berbagai Level Pendidikan Wilayah Pangandaran." ASPIRATOR - Journal of Vector-borne Disease Studies 12, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/asp.v12i1.2838.
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Abstract. School is one of the potential sites for transmission of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF). The level of education is thought to be a major knowledge determinant about the disease and its transmission, as well as attitudes and practices for controlling dengue fever. This study aims to describe dengue knowledge in a student at various levels of education to prevent dengue transmission. Three hundred students participated in this study, as many as 98 students were male, while 202 students were female. The average elementary school student is 10.7 years old, junior high school students are 14 years old, and senior high school students are 16.5 years old. Based on the interview results it can be seen the percentage of students with favorable knowledge about DHF for elementary school level 49.5%; Junior High 38.89%; Senior High 37.50%, while knowledge of DHF vector control at the elementary level is 3.4%; Junior High 3.7% and Senior High 2.5%. The percentage of students taking vector control measures for the elementary level is 0.49%, Junior High 9.26%, and high school 5%. Age and sex do not show a relationship with knowledge and actions towards DHF. Knowledge about DHF and the eradication of DHF vectors and the eradication of DHF vectors in students at various levels of education in the Pangandaran area is still low. The socialization of 3M Plus must be carried out thoroughly and continuously in schools to increase the knowledge and participation of students in controlling DHF.
Keywords: Knowledge, Dengue, School, Pangandaran
Abstrak. Sekolah merupakan salah satu tempat potensial dalam penyebaran dan penularan penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD). Level pendidikan diduga merupakan penentu utama pengetahuan tentang penyakit dan penularannya, serta sikap dan praktik untuk pengendalian demam berdarah. Tujuan dari penelitian kami adalah untuk menggambarkan pengetahuan yang dimiliki oleh siswa sekolah pada berbagai level pendidikan dalam kaitannya dengan upaya yang dilakukan untuk mencegah penularan penyakit DBD. Total sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 300 siswa yang diambil berdasarkan teknik perhitungan sampel dari populasi siswa pada masing-masing tingkatan pendidikan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan melakukan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner yang terstruktur. Siswa yang diwawancara merupakan siswa yang ditunjuk oleh sekolah sebagai anggota Unit Kesehatan Sekolah (UKS). Dari 300 siswa yang ikut serta dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 98 siswa berjenis kelamin laki-laki, sedangkan 202 siswa berjenis kelamin perempuan. Usia rata-rata siswa SD berkisar 10,7 tahun, siswa SLTP adalah 14 tahun sedangkan usia rata-rata anak SLTA adalah 16,5 tahun. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara terlihat persentase siswa dengan pengetahuan baik tentang DBD untuk level SD 49,5%; SLTP 38,89%; SLTA 37,50% sedangkan pengetahuan tentang pengendalian vektor DBD pada level SD 3,4%; SLTP 3,7% dan SLTA 2,5%. Persentase siswa yang melakukan tindakan pengendalian vektor untuk level SD 0,49%; SLTP 9,26%; dan SLTA 5%. Usia dan jenis kelamin tidak menunjukkan hubungan dengan pengetahuan dan tindakan terhadap DBD. Pengetahuan tentang DBD dan pemberantasan vektor DBD serta tindakan pemberantasan vektor DBD pada siswa di berbagai level pendidikan di wilayah Pangandaran masih rendah. Sosialisasi PSN 3M Plus perlu dilakukan di sekolah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan peran serta siswa dalam pengendalian DBD.
Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan, Demam Berdarah Dengue, Sekolah, Pangandaran
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Farrell, Sam H., Luc E. Coffeng, James E. Truscott, Marleen Werkman, Jaspreet Toor, Sake J. de Vlas, and Roy M. Anderson. "Investigating the Effectiveness of Current and Modified World Health Organization Guidelines for the Control of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections." Clinical Infectious Diseases 66, suppl_4 (June 1, 2018): S253—S259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy002.
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Abstract Background Considerable efforts have been made to better understand the effectiveness of large-scale preventive chemotherapy therapy for the control of morbidity caused by infection with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs): Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and the 2 hookworm species, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. Current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for STH control include mass drug administration (MDA) programs based on prevalence measurements, aiming at reducing morbidity in pre–school-aged children (pre-SAC) and school-aged children (SAC) by lowering the prevalence of moderate- to heavy-intensity infections to <1%. Methods We project the likely impact of following the current WHO guidelines and assess whether the WHO morbidity goals will be achieved across a range of transmission settings. We also investigate modifications that could be made to the current WHO treatment guidelines, and project their potential impacts in achieving morbidity and transmission control. Results While the standard guidelines are sufficient at low transmission levels, community-wide treatment (ie, involving pre-SAC, SAC, and adults) is essential if WHO morbidity goals are to be met in moderate- to high-transmission settings. Moreover, removing the recommendation of decreasing the treatment frequency at midline (5–6 years after the start of MDA) further improves the likelihood of achieving morbidity control in SAC. Conclusions We meld analyses based on 2 mathematical models of parasite transmission and control by MDA for the dominant STH species, to generate a unified treatment approach applicable across all settings, regardless of which STH infection is most common. We recommend clearly defined changes to the current WHO guidelines.
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Cazorla, D., M. Acosta, E. García, M. Garvett, and A. Ruiz. "Enterobius vermicularis infection in preschool and schoolchildren of six rural communities from a semiarid region of Venezuela: A clinical and epidemiological study." Helminthologia 43, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-006-0016-y.
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AbstractBetween August 2001 and July 2002, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate clinical and epidemiological data on pinworm infection among 427 preschool and primary school age children of six rural communities from the semiarid region of Falcon state, northwestern Venezuela. Children were evaluated clinically and parasitologically by the Graham method. Overall prevalence was high (63.23 %). Pinworm infection rates were not significantly different between sex or age, suggesting similar transmission pattern and risk conditions for all individuals. Among the clinical findings and children’s habits, only perianal itching, enuresis, bruxism, and finger sucking showed significant higher percentages in infected children than in uninfected. Of interest was that anal pruritus (odds ratio [OR], 2.441), finger sucking (OR, 1.901), lower socioeconomic levels (OR, 4.358) and high levels of overcrowding conditions (≥ 3 persons/room: OR, 1.878; ≥ 2 persons/bed: OR, 11.833) appeared to be significant factors associated with transmission and endemic maintenance of enterobiasis among student children in this semi-arid Venezuelan region.
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SILHOL, R., F. P. ALVAREZ, C. ARENA, J. P. AMOROS, A. FLAHAULT, T. HANSLIK, and P. Y. BOËLLE. "Micro and macro population effects in disease transmission: the case of varicella." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 4 (October 2, 2009): 482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809990896.
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SUMMARYProfiles of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) seroprevalence have shown large variability in European countries in which vaccination has not been implemented. Differences in micro and macro population structures (e.g. household and municipality, respectively) may explain such variability, which is the focus of a population-based study of varicella in 12 000 children from 7800 French households in Corsica. The cumulative incidence was 89% at age 11 years, as the median age at infection was 5 years in first-born children, but decreased to 3·9 years in younger siblings. Hazard of infection in households increased as the first-born child initially enrolled in primary school. Age at infection was higher in less populated areas. Household attack rates increased with age (55% in <6 months, >90% in >3 years) and household secondary attack rate was ∼70%. Several levels of population structure independently affect age at varicella infection.
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Guridi, Verónica Marcela, Valéria Cazetta, Luciana Maria Viviani, Celi Rodrigues Chaves Dominguez, Josely Cubero, Fabiana Curtopassi Pioker-Hara, and Elen Cristina Faht. "Representações sociais sobre escola e identidade profissional docente: Um estudo com estagiários em um curso de Licenciatura em Ciências no Brasil." education policy analysis archives 28 (July 20, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.28.4486.
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The goal of this work is to investigate representations of the school institution held by graduate students of the Science Teacher Education Program at a public university in Brazil. We aim to answer the following questions: What are the representations of the school institution imagined by the researched students? How important are those representations to the process of teacher education? We analyzed 79 sketches made by the students in the period 2011 to 2013 during their internship program. Students complemented their sketches by brief oral and written narratives about them. Using qualitative analysis of social representations about school institution from a cultural and historic perspective, we identified three major and not exclusive conceptions of school: 1) the school environments produce an open-close play, with various levels of control and disciplining; 2) the pedagogical relationships are associated to teacher authority, disciplining and transmission of knowledge; and, finally, 3) the objects of the school point to the idea of the school institution as an isolated environment, with its own culture. The presence of these representations indicates the prevalence of a long process of production and recognition of aspects of the scholar culture by the students, which could contribute to reflexive practices in the proposals of teacher education programs.
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Petosa, Rick, and Janet Wessinger. "Using the Health Belief Model to Assess the HIV Education Needs of Junior and Senior High School Students." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 10, no. 2 (July 1989): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2m88-72l9-q7xy-xe92.
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The purpose of this study was to use the Health Belief Model as a conceptual framework to examine the HIV education needs of seventh, ninth, and eleventh grade students. A statewide stratified random sample was drawn during the Spring of 1988. Results reveal serious misconceptions regarding HIV transmission and the nature of AIDS. High levels of fear of AIDS were reported. While students perceive themselves to be highly susceptible to AIDS they clearly misunderstand the seriousness of the disease. Barriers to preventive actions and social pressures to increase risk were reported. Based on the results specific recommendations regarding the design of effective AIDS education are offered.
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Vlad, A. I., T. E. Sannikova, and A. A. Romanyukha. "Transmission of Acute Respiratory Infections in a City: Agent-Based Approach." Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics 15, no. 2 (December 8, 2020): 338–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17537/2020.15.338.
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An incidence curve of acute respiratory infections in Moscow has three picks between September and April and reaches its maximum in January- February. The emergence of new strains of influenza A could account for only one pick a year. The most cases of common cold are caused by ubiquitous low pathogenic viruses. In order to simulate weekly fluctuation of incidence rate of acute respiratory illnesses we developed an agent-based model. It contains 10 millions agents with such attributes as sex, age, social status, levels of specific immune memory and lists of contacts. Each agent can contact with members of its household, colleagues or classmates. Through such contacts susceptible agent can be infected with one of seven circulating respiratory viruses. Viruses differ in their immunologic properties and assume to present influenza A virus, influenza B virus, parainfluenza, adenovirus, coronavirus, rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. The rate of transmission depends on duration of contact, vulnerability of susceptible agent, infectivity of infected agent and air temperature. Proposed network of social interactions proved to be sufficiently detailed as it provided good fitting for observed incidence rate including periods of school holidays and winter public holidays. Additionally, the estimates of basic reproductive rate for the viruses confirm that all these viruses except new strains of influenza A are relatively harmless and unable to cause significant growth of acute respiratory infections morbidity.
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Pan, Dongxiang, Prasit Palittapongarnpim, Angkana Chaiprasert, Mei Lin, Dingwen Lin, Xi Long, Liwen Huang, et al. "Infectivity ofMycobacterium tuberculosisGenotypes and Outcome of Contact Investigation in Classroom in Guangxi, China." BioMed Research International 2019 (April 14, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3980658.
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Objective. To evaluate the infectivity ofMycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tb) genotypes of index cases in the classroom of adolescent schools in Guangxi, China.Methods. Adolescent school tuberculosis (TB) contact investigations were conducted for all reported index TB cases from November 2016 to December 2017 in Guangxi, China. Genotypes of index cases and contact cases were identified by 15-loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units–variable number tandem repeat and spoligotyping. Outcome variable was 5 levels’ order of tuberculin skin test (TST) results to new active TB [0-5 mm, 6-9 mm, 10-14 mm, ≥ 15 mm (without TB), and ≥15 mm (with TB)]. Multivariate ordered logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the independent effect of genotypes of index case on contact screening outcome.Results. Beijing genotype occurred more commonly in female index patients. One genotypic cluster of two index cases and one cluster of two contact cases were detected. The association between infectivity of Beijing genotype of index cases and outcome of contact investigation was statistically significant in univariate analysis but no so after adjustment for characteristics of contacts and sex of index cases (P value=0.057). Female index cases increased the chance for TB infection/being active TB among contacts (ordinal odds ratio = 1.39, 95% confidence interval: 1.21, 1.60). Contacts who studied in the middle school, who with non-Han ethnicity and who without BCG scar had increased risk for TB infection/being active TB.Conclusion. There was not enough evidence from our data to support that Beijing strains were more infective than non-Beijing strains in TB transmission in school setting.
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Kajin, Sudar. "Mekanisme Transmisi Pengetahuan dengan Modus Imperatif Kesiapan dan Kemampuan Penerapan Pembelajaran dalam Perspektif Pendidikan Islam." Progressa: Journal of Islamic Religious Instruction 3, no. 1 (August 14, 2019): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32616/pgr.v3.1.170.113-122.
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Grounding the transmission of knowledge by simplifying the learning process on real-world problems helps students maintain what is taught and remembers lessons learned when and when needed will have benefits and can be achieved using a variety of student-friendly teaching and learning methods that take into account interests, needs, and levels students. This article was written with the aim of studying the mechanism of knowledge transmission with the Readiness and Ability to Apply Learning Mode in the Islamic Education Perspective. The results of the discussion conclude that: 1) The concept of learning from teacher to student is popularly referred to as the 'Transmission' paradigm in learning and the process as a 'Transmission mechanism' with a different hierarchical Imperative mode; 2. In Islam, education is based on what Islamic ideals once held about educating all human beings rather than the narrow transmission of discursive knowledge. Islamic knowledge is the knowledge contained in the human body and the ways in which Muslims use it to archive, transmit, decode, and actualize religious knowledge based on a combination of imperative modes; 3) Islamic education aims to develop humans holistically, contrary to western education which focuses primarily on intellectual development. The main purpose of Islamic education is to reform and build human life and develop balanced relationships between individuals, communities and the world based on ethical concepts; 4) regardless of the frame of 'readiness to learn' or 'readiness for school', there is far more preparedness than this and far more that we can do to help everyone become more prepared to learn and overcome life.
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Melguizo-Ibáñez, Eduardo, Virginia Viciana-Garófano, Félix Zurita-Ortega, José Luis Ubago-Jiménez, and Gabriel González-Valero. "Physical Activity Level, Mediterranean Diet Adherence, and Emotional Intelligence as a Function of Family Functioning in Elementary School Students." Children 8, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8010006.
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(1) Background: Family is considered as one of the most important elements for the transmission of healthy habits that improve the lives of students. For this reason, the present study aims to describe the degree of family functionality, emotional intelligence, Mediterranean diet adherence, and extra-curricular physical activity engagement. A further aim is to perform a correlational analysis between these variables. (2) Methods: To this end, an ad hoc questionnaire was used, alongside the APGAR, KIDMED, and Trait Meta Mood Scale (TMMS-24). (3) Results: Finally, the data suggest that a high percentage of students need to improve their diet. Further, students reporting severe family dysfunction showed worse outcomes. Thus, levels of emotional clarity were lower when family functionality was poor. Poor diet quality was also associated with lower emotional attention, with Mediterranean diet adherence being positively related to emotional clarity and repair, as well as normal family functionality. (4) Conclusions: Boys showed higher levels of adherence to the Mediterranean diet adherence, while girls reported higher family functionality. Thus, compliance with the minimum recommendations for physical activity engagement was associated with adequate adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The importance of diet for obtaining an optimal physical condition, adequate emotional state, and family functionality is highlighted.
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Taylor-Robinson, D. C., M. Regan, N. Crowcroft, J. V. Parry, and E. Dardamissis. "Exploration of cost effectiveness of active vaccination in the control of a school outbreak of hepatitis A in a deprived community in the United Kingdom." Eurosurveillance 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.12.12.00752-en.
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In January 2006, an outbreak of hepatitis A occurred in a socio-economically deprived area of Liverpool, in the United Kingdom (UK), where extensive community outbreaks of hepatitis had previously occurred. A total of nine cases were confirmed. Five of these were linked within a primary school. The outbreak initially occurred among a close social contact group, but there was evidence of subsequent person-to-person transmission within a local primary school. The school was attended by 221 pupils (age range 4-12 years) with a total of 37 teaching and other staff (age range 22-71 years). Following local risk assessment, mass hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccination was offered to all staff and pupils, as all were judged to be likely to have been in close contact with the affected pupils. A total of 188 of 217 eligible children (87%), and 33 of 37 staff (89%) were vaccinated. A salivary seroprevalence survey was conducted at the same time as vaccination to assess the benefit of this intervention in the school population. The survey confirmed high levels of susceptibility to hepatitis A in this setting (97.8%, 95% CI 91.6 to 99.62). The direct costs of intervention were estimated as £5,000. The cost effectiveness of intervention varies widely (£60.50 to £2,099 per case avoided) depending on the expected attack rate, which is difficult to estimate due to heterogeneity in published studies.
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Fiel, Jeremy E. "Great Equalizer or Great Selector? Reconsidering Education as a Moderator of Intergenerational Transmissions." Sociology of Education 93, no. 4 (June 2, 2020): 353–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038040720927886.
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A long-standing consensus among sociologists holds that educational attainment has an equalizing effect that increases mobility by moderating other avenues of intergenerational status transmission. This study argues that the evidence supporting this consensus may be distorted by two problems: measurement error in parents’ socioeconomic standing and the educational system’s tendency to progressively select people predisposed for mobility rather than to actually affect mobility. Analyses of family income mobility that address both of these problems in three longitudinal surveys converge on new findings. Intergenerational mobility is significantly lower among high school dropouts than among others, but there are no significant differences in mobility across higher education levels. This is consistent with compensatory advantage processes among the least educated in which individuals from advantaged backgrounds use family-based resources to compensate for their lack of human capital.
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Tzoutzas, Ioannis, Helena C. Maltezou, Nikolaos Barmparesos, Panagiotis Tasios, Chrysanthi Efthymiou, Margarita Niki Assimakopoulos, Maria Tseroni, et al. "Indoor Air Quality Evaluation Using Mechanical Ventilation and Portable Air Purifiers in an Academic Dentistry Clinic during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 8886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168886.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is mainly transmitted through droplets without overlooking other sources of transmission, rendered attention on the air quality in indoor areas and more specifically in healthcare settings. The improvement of indoor air quality (IAQ) is ensured by frequent changes of the air that must be carried out in healthcare areas and with assistance from special devices that undertake the filtration of the air and its purification through special filters and lamps. In this research, the performance of air purifiers is assessed in terms of the limitation of PM2.5, PM10, VOCs and CO2 in a postgraduate clinic of the Dentistry School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in parallel with mechanical ventilation. Our findings indicate that the use of mechanical ventilation plays a key role on the results, retaining good IAQ levels within the clinic and that air purifiers show a positive impact on IAQ by mainly reducing the levels of PM2.5 and secondly of TVOC.
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Getz, Wayne M., Colin Carlson, Eric Dougherty, Travis C. Porco, and Richard Salter. "An agent-based model of school closing in under-vaccinated communities during measles outbreaks." SIMULATION 95, no. 5 (July 31, 2017): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549717721754.
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The winter 2014–15 measles outbreak in the United States represents a significant crisis in the emergence of a functionally extirpated pathogen. Conclusively linking this outbreak to decreases in the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination rate (driven by anti-vaccine sentiment) is critical to motivating MMR vaccination. We used the NOVA modeling platform to build a stochastic, spatially-structured, individual-based SEIR model of outbreaks, under the assumption that [Formula: see text] for measles. We show this implies that herd immunity requires vaccination coverage of greater than approximately 85%. We used a network structured version of our NOVA model that involved two communities, one at the relatively low coverage of 85% coverage and one at the higher coverage of 95%, both of which had 400-student schools embedded, as well as students occasionally visiting superspreading sites (e.g., high-density theme parks, and cinemas). These two vaccination coverage levels are within the range of values occurring across Californian counties. Transmission rates at schools and superspreading sites were arbitrarily set to respectively 5 and 15 times the background community rates. Simulations of our model demonstrate that a ‘send unvaccinated students home’ policy in low coverage counties is extremely effective at shutting down outbreaks of measles.
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Alo, C., IC Akamike, UN Agbo, II Eze, UC Madudueze, IN Okedo-Alex, BN Azuogu, et al. "Prevalence, Knowledge, Attitude and Preventive Practices Regarding Intestinal and Urinary Parasites among Primary School Children in a Rural Community in Ebonyi State, Nigeria." Journal of Epidemiological Society of Nigeria 4, no. 1 (August 10, 2021): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/jeson.39.
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Background: In developing countries, school age children continue to bear the greatest burden of intestinal parasites and schistosomiasis. This study determined the prevalence, knowledge, attitude and practice of preventive measures of intestinal and urinary parasitic infections among primary school children in Ebonyi, Nigeria
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 120 pupils in two primary schools in Igbeagu community in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The pupils were purposively selected based on willingness to participate. Data were collected using questionnaires and stool and urine analyses. IBM-SPSS software version 20 was used for data analysis. Chi square test was done at 5% level of significance and 95% confidence interval. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed.
Results: Mean age of respondents was 11.33±2.46, with majority between 6-13 years (102, 85.0%). There were 66 (55.0%) females and 104 (86.7%) respondents had good knowledge about intestinal parasites. Drinking contaminated water (104, 86.7%), using clean toilets (102, 85.9%) and diarrhea (105, 87.5%), were the most identified ways of transmission, prevention and symptomatology respectively. Overall, 117 (97.5%) had good attitude towards prevention and control of intestinal and urinary parasites. Respondents had good preventive practices against intestinal and urinary parasites with majority washing their hands with soap after defecation (100, 83.3%), and before eating (101, 84.2%).
Conclusion: This study reported high levels of knowledge, good attitude and preventive practices against intestinal and urinary parasites. No parasites were found. We recommend that caregivers be targeted for behaviour change interventions as this will augment the positive results already being reported.
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Upadhyay, Chintan, Bipin Nayak, and Gaurav Desai. "Knowledge and attitude of menstruation hygiene, contraception and sexual transmitted disease among school girls of Lunawada, Mahisagar, Gujarat, India." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 4 (March 27, 2018): 1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20181352.
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Background: Around ¾th of adolescent girls have experiencing menstrual dysfunction and it disturbs the routine daily workout4. UNICEF reported that total number of adolescent girls in India is 243 million which cover almost 20% of the Indian population. The objectives of the current study were to observe the knowledge and attitude regarding menstruation, contraception and sexually transmitted diseases among secondary and higher secondary school girls.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Vadodara during August 2016 to September 2016. The study included girls high school of standard 8th to 12th of Vadodara city. Around 310 adolescent students of standard 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th. From each standard, 62 girls were selected by simple random technique with the help of their attendance register. Results: Around 71.4% participants believed that menstruation is natural process and 22.7% believed as abnormal process. Around 62.6% of participants believed for reason of menstruation is “Female becomes capable of child bearing”. Almost 9.0% participants did not know about organ of reproduction and 18.4% did not know about the physical changes during puberty. only 14.5% participants believed that coitus is the culprit of STD transmission. Teacher and mother were the main source of information for participants regarding STD. Almost 55.4% participants were aware about condom as contraceptive method followed by oral pills and permanent sterilization.Conclusions: Menstrual hygiene and prevention of STD diseases should be considered important issue at all the levels of health care system, where number of factor influence in the awareness and practice in rural area. Education regarding reproductive health should be included in the curriculum in all schools.
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Wilson, Shona, Frances M. Jones, Joseph K. Mwatha, Gachuhi Kimani, Mark Booth, H. Curtis Kariuki, Birgitte J. Vennervald, John H. Ouma, Eric Muchiri, and David W. Dunne. "Hepatosplenomegaly Is Associated with Low Regulatory and Th2 Responses to Schistosome Antigens in Childhood Schistosomiasis and Malaria Coinfection." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 5 (February 19, 2008): 2212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01433-07.
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ABSTRACT Hepatosplenomegaly among Kenyan schoolchildren has been shown to be exacerbated where there is transmission of both Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium falciparum. This highly prevalent and chronic morbidity often occurs in the absence of ultrasound-detectable periportal fibrosis and may be due to immunological inflammation. For a cohort of school-age children, whole-blood cultures were stimulated with S. mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) or soluble worm antigen (SWA). Responses to SWA were found to be predominantly Th2 cytokines; however, they were not significantly associated with either hepatosplenomegaly or infection with S. mansoni or P. falciparum. In comparison, SEA-specific Th2 cytokine responses were low, and the levels were negatively correlated with S. mansoni infection intensities and were lower among children who were coinfected with P. falciparum. Tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in response to stimulation with SEA were high, and a negative association between presentation with hepatomegaly and the levels of the regulatory cytokines interleukin-6 and transforming growth factor β1 suggests that a possible mechanism for childhood hepatomegaly in areas where both malaria and schistosomiasis are endemic is poor regulation of an inflammatory response to schistosome eggs.
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STOTHARD, J. R., E. IMISON, M. D. FRENCH, J. C. SOUSA-FIGUEIREDO, I. S. KHAMIS, and D. ROLLINSON. "Soil-transmitted helminthiasis among mothers and their pre-school children on Unguja Island, Zanzibar with emphasis upon ascariasis." Parasitology 135, no. 12 (September 8, 2008): 1447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008004836.
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SUMMARYSoil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) is a scourge to the health and well-being of infants and pre-schoolchildren throughout many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. To improve maternal and child health, regular de-worming is recommended and often delivered from mother and child health (MCH) clinics, yet there have been few studies monitoring the progress and impact of interventions on local levels of disease. A cross-sectional parasitological survey, supplemented with questionnaires, was therefore conducted across 10 Ungujan villages examining mothers (n=322) and their pre-school children (n=359). Within children, mean prevalence of ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm was 8·6% (95% CI 5·5–11·8), 18·9% (95% CI 14·5–23·4) and 1·7% (95% CI 0·2–3·5) while in mothers mean prevalence was 6·7% (95% CI 3·7–9·7), 11·9% (95% CI 8·0–15·8) and 1·9% (95% CI 0·2–3·5), respectively. There was, however, significant spatial heterogeneity of STH by village, 2 villages having much elevated levels of infection, although general access to anthelminthics and utilization of village MCH clinics was good. Levels of parasite aggregation (k) were determined and a multilevel logistic regression model identified access to a household latrine [OR=0·56 (95% CI 0·32–0·99)] and having an infected household member [OR=3·72 (95% CI 2·22–6·26)] as observed risk factors. To further investigate worm burdens of Ascaris lumbricoides, adult worms were expelled using Combantrin® and measured. A negative relationship between mean worm burden and mean worm mass was found. Villages in the north of Unguja represent locations where there is elevated prevalence of both ascariasis and trichuriasis and it appears that local factors are particularly favourable for transmission of these helminths. From a perspective of control, in such locations, intervention efforts should be stepped up and greater efforts placed upon improving household sanitation.
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Guillem, Antoni, Francisco José Perales, Antoni Jaume, and José María Buades. "PotuGame. Un videojuego para conocer la Universidad." Virtual Archaeology Review 4, no. 9 (November 5, 2013): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2013.4274.
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<p>The aim of the PotuGame proposal to give a step more on strategies already developed in previous Potu Program (Programa d’Orientació i Transició a la Universitat-UIB). For that we add a new multidisciplinary component that enables high school students, teachers and researchers from UIB to share knowledge of the research conducted using a common language or a common world. Therefore it is considered very appropriate to use the technologies related to the creation of virtual worlds, especially those aimed in online video games as a means to allow vehicle for the transmission of knowledge in an interactive and fun way increasing mass participation of all components of the teaching environment at all levels. Several experiments have been developed and that have been implemented in several virtual worlds. The final tool used was the Unreal SDK.</p>
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Foppiano Palacios, Carlo F., Tejaswi Kompala, Anthony Moll, Laurie J. Andrews, and Sheela Shenoi. "1883. Factors Associated with Stigma Toward Isoniazid-Preventative Therapy in a Rural Community of South Africa." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S51—S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz359.113.
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Abstract Background Patients living with HIV should receive isoniazid-preventative therapy (IPT) in order to prevent tuberculosis (TB). In South Africa, IPT implementation has decelerated. Stigma is frequently found to be a barrier to treatment. We sought to understand community members’ perceptions of TB and HIV stigma in order to inform future IPT implementation efforts. Methods The study was conducted in the rural KwaZulu Natal province of South Africa. Community members were interviewed anonymously and answers to interview questions were scored to represent stigma. Three different domains of TB knowledge were evaluated: causes, transmission, and treatment and prevention of TB. All three knowledge scores were added to create a total knowledge of TB score. A 7-item scale was used to assess stigma; presence of stigma was defined as 1 or more positive responses on the scale. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, linear regression, and Kruskal–Wallis tests were performed. Results Among 104 participants, the mean age was 35 ± 9.3 years, 65% were female, and 26% completed secondary school. Overall, respondents had poor knowledge about the causes (mean = 61, SD = 27) and transmission (mean = 46, SD = 21), and good knowledge of the treatment and prevention (mean = 88, SD = 18) of TB. The vast majority of participants identified the presence of stigma (72%), with a mean score of 1.7, SD = 1.4. Participants were less likely to report stigma with excellent TB knowledge, characterized by accurate responses to at least 95% of the knowledge items (P = 0.025). Factors associated with higher levels of stigma included marital status (P = 0.01), being previously screened for TB (P = 0.008), considering mosquitos as a vector for TB transmission (P = 0.005), worrying about being infected with TB (P = 0.0117), and reporting travel to the clinic to be expensive (P = 0.03). Interest in taking IPT exhibited a trend toward significance with lower levels of stigma (P = 0.057). On multivariable linear regression of stigma, marital status (P = 0.0304) and prior TB screening (P = 0.0149) were significant. Conclusion HIV-related stigma was prevalent among rural South African community members considering IPT. Stigma decreased with higher knowledge levels. Global expansion and implementation of IPT will require interventions to reduce stigma. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.
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Cahyono, Tri. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF UVAERATOR IN REDUCING AIR GERMS AND DUST LEVELS." Buletin Keslingmas 39, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v39i4.6585.
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Background, school education facilities, including higher education as a place and public facilities for formal education facilities in this country, should be a comfortable place to study. Besides functioning as a place of learning, schools can also be a threat of disease transmission . measurement number of bacteria in the air-conditioned classrooms Wulan R22 (2016) 12.167 CFU / m3 , Nur Latifah (2018) an average of 217.92 colony / hr / ft2 , hadita (2018) 331.6 colonies / hr / ft2 . Research question is how is the effectiveness of UVAerator in reducing the number of air germs and dust levels in the lecture hall R22 building Campus 7 Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang ? Research objectives is to find the effectiveness of UVAerator in reducing the number of air germs and dust levels in the lecture hall. Research method included a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group pre test - post test. Data collection by measuring, observational, interview. The variables were temperature, humidity, lighting, air germ count, dust content. Analysis using pairet-t test comparisons and unpaired t test data. Result, the average number of bacteria with no air space UVAerator in the morning is ( 668,00 g / m3 ) and in the afternoon is ( 680.10 g / m3 ) the difference was not significant (p = 0.873), whereas the existing space UVAerator in the morning ( 876.50 g / m3 ) and in the afternoon ( 655.50 g / m3 ) shows significant difference (p = 0.001). The number of room air germs that do not exist and have UVAerator is significantly different (p = 0.002), the number of room air germs that are not there and without any UVAerator is not significant (p = 0.763), while the change in the number of room air germs that does not exist and exist UVAerator has a significant difference (p = 0.015). On average PM10 space dust that has no UVAerator in the morning ( 12.38 ug / m3 ) and in the afternoon ( 17.38 ug / m3 ) shows significant difference (p = 0.008), whereas the existing space UVAerator in the morning ( 11.63 g / m3 ) and day ( 14.50 µg / m3 ) shows that the difference is not significant (p = 0.127). PM10 dust in the room that does not exist and there is no UVAerator ported, the difference is not significant (p = 0.821), the PM10 dust in the room noon and there is UVAerator, the difference shows that it is not significant (p = 0.432), while the change in room PM10 without dust and there is a difference in UVAerator significant (p = 0.004). In conclusion, the effectiveness of reducing the number of air germs without UVAerator on average (4.56%), with UVAerator (-24.52%), the difference was not significant (p = 0.057). The effectiveness of reducing PM10 without UVAerator, mean (60.50%), with UVAerator (38.30%), the difference was not significant (p = 0.369). Suggestion, , It is necessary to control the sound intensity caused by UVAerator by adding aeration bubble breakers. The pump suction power is enlarged to accelerate the circulation of room air.
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Lu, Xinting, Helen E. Quinn, Rob I. Menzies, Linda Hueston, Lyn Gilbert, and Peter B. McIntyre. "Diphtheria Immunity in Australia: Should we be Concerned?" Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets 20, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526518666181011114834.
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Objective: We report the results of the 2007 national serological survey of immunity to diphtheria in Australia to assess the impact of recent schedule changes on diphtheria immunity, and the adequacy of current policy in the context of increased international travel of people and pathogens. Methods: Residual sera (n =1656) collected opportunistically from Australian laboratories in 2007 were tested for diphtheria antibody levels using an enzyme immunoassay, with the protective threshold defined as ≥0.1 IU/mL. About 40% of adults aged ≥30 years are susceptible to diphtheria; following the removal of the 18-month booster and its replacement with a dose in adolescence offered through school-based dTpa vaccination program, 59% of children aged 3 years were susceptible to diphtheria, whilst adolescents demonstrated improved immunity. Results: There is no apparent boosting of diphtheria immunity from meningococcal group C conjugate (MCC) or seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate (7vPCV) vaccines in relevant age groups. Conclusion: Australians who travel to diphtheria-endemic areas should be up-to-date with their vaccinations. Close monitoring of population immunity levels against diphtheria remains important to ensure that immunity does not decline to a level where wide-spread transmission would be possible.V
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Teasdale, Chloe A., Kirsty Brittain, Allison Zerbe, Claude Ann Mellins, Joana Falcao, Aleny Couto, Eduarda Pimentel De Gusmao, et al. "Characteristics of adolescents aged 15-19 years living with vertically and horizontally acquired HIV in Nampula, Mozambique." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 26, 2021): e0250218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250218.
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BackgroundAdolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) 15–19 years of age are a growing proportion of all people living with HIV globally and the population includes adolescents with vertically acquired HIV (AVH) and behaviorally acquired HIV (ABH).MethodsWe conducted a survey to measure sociodemographic characteristics, educational status, health history, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among a convenience sample of ALHIV at three government health facilities in 2019 in Nampula, Mozambique. ALHIV 15–19 years on ART, including females attending antenatal care, were eligible. Routine HIV care data were extracted from medical charts. Classification of ALHIV by mode of transmission was based on medical charts and survey data. ALHIV who initiated ART <15 years or reported no sex were considered AVH; all others ABH. Frequencies were compared by sex, and within sex, by mode of transmission (AVH vs. ABH) using Chi-square, Fishers exact tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests.ResultsAmong 208 ALHIV, 143 (69%) were female and median age was 18 years [interquartile range (IQR) 16–19]. Just over half of ALHIV (53%) were in or had completed secondary or higher levels of education; the most common reason for not being in school reported by 36% of females was pregnancy or having a child. Of all ALHIV, 122 (59%) had VL data, 62% of whom were <1000 copies/mL. Almost half (46%) of ALHIV reported missing ARVs ≥ 1 day in the past month (62% of males vs. 39% of females; p = 0.003). Just over half (58%) of ALHIV in relationships had disclosed their HIV status: 13% of males vs. 69% of females (p<0.001). Among sexually active males, 61% reported using a condom at last sex compared to 26% of females (p<0.001). Among female ALHIV, 50 (35%) were AVH and 93 (65%) were ABH, 67% of whom were not in school compared to 16% of ABH, (p<0.001).DiscussionData from our study underscore the high level of deprivation among ALHIV enrolled in HIV care in Mozambique, as well as important disparities by sex and mode of transmission. These data can inform the development of effective interventions for this complex and important population.
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Siedler, A., A. Tischer, A. Mankertz, and S. Santibanez. "Two outbreaks of measles in Germany 2005." Eurosurveillance 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.11.04.00615-en.
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Measles re-emerged in some counties in Germany in 2005, despite increasing vaccination coverage rates in children at school entry in recent years, which had led to decreasing incidence (with the lowest incidence ever recorded, 0.2 cases per 100 000 inhabitants in 2004). Regional outbreaks have been detected by the mandatory reporting system in the states of Hesse and Bavaria. Although both outbreaks led to similar incidences in the affected areas (14 and 12 cases respectively per 100 000 inhabitants) they differed in age distribution, transmission patterns and measles virus genotype. In Hesse, 223 cases were submitted, from which 160 belonged to 41 clusters mainly defined by family or household contacts. Attack rate was highest in children aged between 1-4 years (102 cases per 100 000). Results of measles virus diagnosis showed genotype D4 and identical nucleotide sequences for all analysed cases from Hesse. In Bavaria, 279 cases were submitted, most of which had occurred in schools and preschool facilities. Age-specific attack rate was highest in children aged between 5-9 years (129 per 100 000). Laboratory diagnosed viruses were identified as genotype D6 and were identical at the nucleotide level. In both outbreaks the vast majority of cases (95% in Hesse and 98% in Bavaria) were in unvaccinated children, but vaccination coverage differed in the affected areas and was slightly lower in Bavaria than in Hesse. Local accumulation of unvaccinated children and their concentration in schools and kindergarten preceded the outbreak in Bavaria. Despite high average vaccination coverage levels, local variations may lead to regionally limited outbreaks.
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Liyanage, Prasad, Joacim Rocklöv, and Hasitha Aravinda Tissera. "The impact of COVID–19 lockdown on dengue transmission in Sri Lanka; A natural experiment for understanding the influence of human mobility." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): e0009420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009420.
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Background Dengue is one of the major public health problems in Sri Lanka. Its outbreak pattern depends on a multitude of drivers, including human mobility. Here we evaluate the impact of COVID–19 related mobility restriction (lockdown) on the risk of dengue in Sri Lanka. Methodology Two-stage hierarchical models were fitted using an interrupted time-series design based on the notified dengue cases, January 2015 to July 2020. In the first stage model, the district level impact was estimated using quasi-Poisson regression models while accounting for temporal trends. Estimates were pooled at zonal and national levels in the second stage model using meta-analysis. The influence of the extended period of school closure on dengue in children in the western province was compared to adults. Findings Statistically significant and homogeneous reduction of dengue risk was observed at all levels during the lockdown. Overall an 88% reduction in risk (RR 0.12; 95% CI from 0.08 to 0.17) was observed at the national level. The highest impact was observed among children aged less than 19 years showing a 92% reduction (RR 0.8; 95% CI from 0.03 to 0.25). We observed higher impact in the dry zone having 91% reduction (RR 0.09; 95% CI from 0.05 to 0.15) compared to wet zone showing 83% reduction (RR 0.17; 95% CI from 0.09 to 0.30). There was no indication that the overall health-seeking behaviour for dengue had a substantial influence on these estimates. Significance This study offers a broad understanding of the change in risk of dengue during the COVID–19 pandemic and associated mobility restrictions in Sri Lanka. The analysis using the mobility restrictions as a natural experiment suggests mobility patterns to be a very important driver of dengue transmission.
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Savolu, Cynthia Subhaprada, and Aruna Marati Savanthe. "A cross sectional study to assess knowledge, attitude and practices related to swine flu in school students of Kallur, Kurnool." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20190219.
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Background: Swine flu is an acute highly contagious respiratory disease caused by influenza A (H1N1) virus. After 2009 pandemic, seasonal epidemics occurred in 2015 and 2017 usually in rainy season in India. Educational institutes are the centres of high transmission and creating awareness only can arrest the spread. Hence this study was carried out to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding Swine flu and improve their knowledge.Methods: A health educational interventional study done on 202 eighth and ninth standard school students of Zilla Parishad High School, Kallur, Kurnool district during October and November, 2018 on obtaining informed consent, using a self administered questionnaire. Data entered in Microsoft excel version 2007, analysed and presented in proportions and chi square test of significance using SPSS version 23.Results: 66.8 percent and 68.8 percent of the students heard and knew about viral swine flu respectively. Good knowledge of mode of spread, symptoms and availability of treatment, vaccination and preventive measures regarding swine flu was seen. The gaps in their knowledge levels were successfully filled by health educational intervention. More than 70 percent of students were using hand kerchief and masks in crowded places, willing to approach government facilities for treatment.Conclusions: Extensive mass educational campaigns should be conducted as containment of the spread of the disease can solely be done by making people knowledgeable. Government authorities should train health workers, assistants and teachers and utilise mass and social media to create awareness, thus declining the incidence of the seasonal epidemics.
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Zweig, Sophia Alison, Alexander John Zapf, Hanmeng Xu, Qingfeng Li, Smisha Agarwal, Alain Bernard Labrique, and David H. Peters. "Impact of Public Health and Social Measures on the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States and Other Countries: Descriptive Analysis." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): e27917. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/27917.
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Background The United States of America has the highest global number of COVID-19 cases and deaths, which may be due in part to delays and inconsistencies in implementing public health and social measures (PHSMs). Objective In this descriptive analysis, we analyzed the epidemiological evidence for the impact of PHSMs on COVID-19 transmission in the United States and compared these data to those for 10 other countries of varying income levels, population sizes, and geographies. Methods We compared PHSM implementation timing and stringency against COVID-19 daily case counts in the United States and against those in Canada, China, Ethiopia, Japan, Kazakhstan, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe from January 1 to November 25, 2020. We descriptively analyzed the impact of border closures, contact tracing, household confinement, mandated face masks, quarantine and isolation, school closures, limited gatherings, and states of emergency on COVID-19 case counts. We also compared the relationship between global socioeconomic indicators and national pandemic trajectories across the 11 countries. PHSMs and case count data were derived from various surveillance systems, including the Health Intervention Tracking for COVID-19 database, the World Health Organization PHSM database, and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Results Implementing a specific package of 4 PHSMs (quarantine and isolation, school closures, household confinement, and the limiting of social gatherings) early and stringently was observed to coincide with lower case counts and transmission durations in Vietnam, Zimbabwe, New Zealand, South Korea, Ethiopia, and Kazakhstan. In contrast, the United States implemented few PHSMs stringently or early and did not use this successful package. Across the 11 countries, national income positively correlated (r=0.624) with cumulative COVID-19 incidence. Conclusions Our findings suggest that early implementation, consistent execution, adequate duration, and high adherence to PHSMs represent key factors of reducing the spread of COVID-19. Although national income may be related to COVID-19 progression, a country’s wealth appears to be less important in controlling the pandemic and more important in taking rapid, centralized, and consistent public health action.
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Vacca, Alessia. "Australia and Catalonia: a comparative study on the protection of minority languages from a legal standpoint. Education in the mother tongue. Is the language a factor of integration or a barrier?" Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 2, no. 1 (June 17, 2011): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2011.2.1.22.
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This article is a comparative study of the education system in minority languages between Catalonia and Australia from a legal standpoint. Catalonia has a complex legislation: National Constitution, Statute of Autonomy, Regional Laws, a strong legal framework, a language always alive as a political instrumentto get the power. Australia has not a legal framework in this area and has a confused planning system. In Europe, the Council of Europe has been in charge of the protection of human rights.Australia signed and ratified some International Conventions which are not a strong legal basis to claim an education system in aborigines’ languages. The Catalan Law on Linguistic Normalizationn. 7 of 1983, replaced by the Law on Linguistic Policy n. 1 of1998, has, among the other purposes, also that to stimulate the use of Catalan as language of education in all levels of teaching.The school has a fundamental importance for the transmission of the culture of minorities. If the educational systems didn’t have any regime of teaching in the mother tongue all policies are not efficient.
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Mahallawi, Waleed H., Nadir A. Ibrahim, Ammar S. Aljohani, Ehab A. Shaikh, Rayan H. Nafe, Anas M. Khan, and Walaa A. Mumena. "Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike IgG Antibody in Women and Children in Madinah, Saudi Arabia: A Single-Center Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 9971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18199971.
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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Information on the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in women and children in Madinah has been limited. The current study aimed to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity among women and children at Madinah Maternity and Children’s Hospital. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 579 participants were recruited between January and April 2021 from Madinah Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Data concerning age, sex (for children), blood group, and height and weight (for women) were collected from the hospital database. SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike (anti-S) IgG antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Over 58% of children (n = 195), including 60% of children ≤ 1 year (n = 75), and 50.2% (n = 124) of women were SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG seropositive. Significantly higher anti-S IgG levels were observed in children than in women (0.78 ± 1.05 vs. 0.65 ± 0.98, p = 0.008). Compared with women, children had higher odds of high SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG levels (odds ratio: 1.41; 95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.97; p = 0.041). No significant associations were observed for anti-S IgG levels with age in women or children or with body mass index among women. Conclusion: Non-reported COVID-19 infections were more prevalent among children than women, and non-reported COVID-19 infections children represent a viral transmission risk; therefore, increased screening, especially among school-aged children, may represent an important COVID-19 preventive control measure.
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James, A., M. J. Plank, R. N. Binny, A. Lustig, K. Hannah, S. C. Hendy, and N. Steyn. "A structured model for COVID-19 spread: modelling age and healthcare inequities." Mathematical Medicine and Biology: A Journal of the IMA 38, no. 3 (May 17, 2021): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imammb/dqab006.
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Abstract We use a stochastic branching process model, structured by age and level of healthcare access, to look at the heterogeneous spread of COVID-19 within a population. We examine the effect of control scenarios targeted at particular groups, such as school closures or social distancing by older people. Although we currently lack detailed empirical data about contact and infection rates between age groups and groups with different levels of healthcare access within New Zealand, these scenarios illustrate how such evidence could be used to inform specific interventions. We find that an increase in the transmission rates among children from reopening schools is unlikely to significantly increase the number of cases, unless this is accompanied by a change in adult behaviour. We also find that there is a risk of undetected outbreaks occurring in communities that have low access to healthcare and that are socially isolated from more privileged communities. The greater the degree of inequity and extent of social segregation, the longer it will take before any outbreaks are detected. A well-established evidence for health inequities, particularly in accessing primary healthcare and testing, indicates that Māori and Pacific peoples are at a higher risk of undetected outbreaks in Aotearoa New Zealand. This highlights the importance of ensuring that community needs for access to healthcare, including early proactive testing, rapid contact tracing and the ability to isolate, are being met equitably. Finally, these scenarios illustrate how information concerning contact and infection rates across different demographic groups may be useful in informing specific policy interventions.
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Tsai, Pei-Chien, Ching-I. Huang, Ming-Lun Yeh, Chung-Feng Huang, Meng-Hsuan Hsieh, Jeng-Fu Yang, Po-Yao Hsu, et al. "Significant amelioration of hepatitis C virus infection in a hyperendemic area: longitudinal evidence from the COMPACT Study in Taiwan." BMJ Open 11, no. 3 (March 2021): e042861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042861.
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ObjectivesHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Tzukuan, located in the southwestern area of Taiwan, is an HCV hyperendemic area (>30%). This study aimed to assess the changing epidemiological characteristics of HCV infection and to evaluate the long-term outcomes after the implementation of public health strategies for two decades.DesignA population-based retrospective cohort study.SettingA comprehensive care programme was implemented, namely COMPACT Study, in Tzukuan since 1997.ParticipantsA total of 10 714 residents participated the screening.Outcome measuresThe HCV status, demographic and clinical profiles of the participants were recorded and validated annually from 2000 through 2019.ResultsThe HCV infection prevalence rates were 21.1% (1076/5099) in 2000–2004, 18.8% (239/1269) in 2005–2009, 14.1% (292/2071) in 2010–2014 and 10.3% (234/2275) in 2015–2019 (p for trend test <0.0001). Among them, 1614 underwent repeated tests during the follow-up period. The annual incidence rates were 0.54% in 2005–2009, 0.4% in 2010–2014 and 0.22% in 2015–2019, respectively (p=0.01). In addition to old age, lower education level was a major risk factor for HCV infection across different periods. HCV infection prevalence rate among those illiterates reached 40.9%, followed by 28.5% in those with elementary school level, and <10% in those with high school or higher levels. The major risk factor has shifted from iatrogenic exposure in 2000–2009 to household transmission after 2010.ConclusionsHCV infection has been decreasing and the epidemiological features are changing in the hyperendemic area by continuing education, prevention and treatment strategies.
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Witek-McManus, Stefan, James Simwanza, Alvin B. Chisambi, Stella Kepha, Zachariah Kamwendo, Alfred Mbwinja, Lyson Samikwa, et al. "Epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminths following sustained implementation of routine preventive chemotherapy: Demographics and baseline results of a cluster randomised trial in southern Malawi." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): e0009292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009292.
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Malawi has successfully leveraged multiple delivery platforms to scale-up and sustain the implementation of preventive chemotherapy (PCT) for the control of morbidity caused by soil-transmitted helminths (STH). Sentinel monitoring demonstrates this strategy has been successful in reducing STH infection in school-age children, although our understanding of the contemporary epidemiological profile of STH across the broader community remains limited. As part of a multi-site trial evaluating the feasibility of interrupting STH transmission across three countries, this study aimed to describe the baseline demographics and the prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of STH infection in Mangochi district, southern Malawi. Between October-December 2017, a community census was conducted across the catchment area of seven primary healthcare facilities, enumerating 131,074 individuals across 124 villages. A cross-sectional parasitological survey was then conducted between March-May 2018 in the censused area as a baseline for a cluster randomised trial. An age-stratified random sample of 6,102 individuals were assessed for helminthiasis by Kato-Katz and completed a detailed risk-factor questionnaire. The age-cluster weighted prevalence of any STH infection was 7.8% (95% C.I. 7.0%-8.6%) comprised predominantly of hookworm species and of entirely low-intensity infections. The presence and intensity of infection was significantly higher in men and in adults. Infection was negatively associated with risk factors that included increasing levels of relative household wealth, higher education levels of any adult household member, current school attendance, or recent deworming. In this setting of relatively high coverage of sanitation facilities, there was no association between hookworm and reported access to sanitation, handwashing facilities, or water facilities. These results describe a setting that has reduced the prevalence of STH to a very low level and confirms many previously recognised risk-factors for infection. Expanding the delivery of anthelmintics to groups where STH infection persist could enable Malawi to move past the objective of elimination of morbidity, and towards the elimination of STH. Trial registration: NCT03014167.
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Yang, Zhongrong, Jing Li, Zhengquan Dong, Nanping Wu, and Meihua Jin. "Correlates of recent HIV infection among men who have sex with men recruited through the internet in Huzhou City, Eastern China." Journal of International Medical Research 46, no. 12 (August 13, 2018): 5052–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060518789813.
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Objective To identify factors associated with recent HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Huzhou City, Eastern China, who seek sexual partners via the internet. Methods Adult members of Tencent QQ instant messaging software, who completed a face-to-face interview questionnaire and serological HIV testing at baseline, were enrolled into this prospective cohort study. Questionnaires and serological testing were also completed at 6 and 12 months. Cox proportional hazards was used for initial bivariate analyses of differences between participants with or without recent HIV infection, and for subsequent forward stepwise multiple regression of statistically significant variables. Results Out of 415 baseline participants, 283 completed the 12-month follow-up (25 with recent HIV infection and 258 without; recent HIV infection rate, 8.20 per 100 person-years). Recent HIV infection was shown to be significantly associated with ≤ high school education (versus college/university), registered residence outside Huzhou City (versus within Huzhou City), having ≥ two male sexual partners, and syphilis infection. Conclusions Improving education levels, treating syphilis promptly, and reducing the number of male sexual partners may reduce HIV transmission among MSM in Eastern China.
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Gichuki, Paul M., Gabriel Mbugua, Edwin K. Kiplelgo, Tabitha W. Irungu, and Charles Mwandawiro. "Long Term School Based Deworming against Soil-Transmitted Helminths Also Benefits the Untreated Adult Population: Results from a Community-Wide Cross Sectional Survey." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4151536.
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Background. Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are a public health problem in Kenya. The primary control strategy for these infections is preventive chemotherapy (PC) delivered through school based deworming (SBD) programs. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the inclusion of other at-risk groups in the PC. The untreated groups in endemic areas have been shown to act as reservoirs for STH transmission. Few field based studies have focused on the possible benefits of SBD to the untreated groups in the community. This study sought to determine the levels of STH among all age groups in a community where SBD has been going on for more than 10 years. Methods. This was a cross sectional study where 3,292 individuals, ranging from 2 to 98 years, were enrolled. Stool samples were analyzed using duplicate Kato Katz thick smear technique for presence of STH eggs. Statistical analysis was conducted using STATA software 14.0 (Stata corporation). Results. Out of the total 3,292 stool samples analyzed, only 13 were positive for any STH. Of these, 12 were infected with Trichuris trichiura and one case was of hookworm. There was no Ascaris lumbricoides infection detected. Of the 13 STH infections, seven of the infections were of school going age (6-18 years), 5 were of preschool age (<6 years), and one was of adult age group (18>). More male (61.5%) than female were infected with STH. Conclusion. This study shows very low prevalence of STH among all age groups in Mwea, suggesting that long term SBD may also be benefitting the untreated groups in the community and thus the potential to achieve STH elimination in such endemic areas.
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Almutairi, Khalid M., Abdulaziz Alhomaidi Alodhayani, Mahaman Moussa, Ahmad E. Aboshaiqah, Regie B. Tumala, and Jason M. Vinluan. "Ebola outbreak preparedness and preventive measures among healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 10, no. 08 (August 31, 2016): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6941.
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Introduction: As medical professionals on the front lines in the outbreaks of infectious disease like Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), healthcare providers must have sufficient knowledge, skills, and best practices to protect themselves and the public from the disease. The purpose of this study is to identify the level of awareness, attitudes and practices among healthcare workers in relation to precautionary measures to EVD. Methodology: A total of 177 physicians and 545 nurses participated in a descriptive cross-sectional study from a tertiary government hospital in Saudi Arabia. All subjects answered a self-administered questionnaire focusing on their level of awareness, concerns, and clinical practice related to EVD. Results: Majority of the participants were knowledgeable about the etiology, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms, and treatment of EVD. All of the participants had high levels of concern about EVD (p=0.001) and about the implementation of strict standard infection control precautionary measures. The study found that greater infection control measures were taken by the participants including frequent hand washing, use of personal protective equipment, and avoiding normal activities such as going to work, school, travel, etc. if fever symptoms appear. Conclusion: A combination of evidence based knowledge about EVD and high levels of concern of healthcare providers in relation to precautionary measures to EVD are the main factors leading to strict compliance with the infection control measures recommended in this study. Additionally, healthcare providers must be trained in infection control and adhere to the universal infection control standard guidelines to facilitate prevention and precaution.
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Andrade, Elizabeth L., Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer, Mark C. Edberg, Kathryn L. Zoerhoff, and Emily M. Putzer. "Evaluating the effectiveness of a community-based hygiene promotion program in a rural Salvadoran setting." Global Health Promotion 26, no. 1 (July 27, 2017): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975917695072.
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There has been considerable progress in the reduction of diarrheal disease among children under five through health and nutrition interventions. However, diarrheal disease is still the second leading cause of child death worldwide. There is growing recognition that comprehensive hygiene behavior improvements should be integral to prevention efforts, but the effectiveness of different approaches for hygiene promotion is still being established. Hygiene risk practices vary across settings, suggesting that prevention strategies should be adapted to local contexts using community-based approaches. We planned, implemented, and evaluated a hygiene promotion intervention using the hygiene cluster framework. The two-year, multi-level intervention was implemented by local health promoters who were involved in identifying and addressing disease transmission risks at the household, school, and community levels. The intervention was evaluated using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with repeated follow-up assessments to determine changes in hygiene knowledge and behavior. A household survey instrument was administered at three time points in the intervention ( n = 480) and comparison ( n = 271) communities to assess two hygiene knowledge and eleven hygiene behavior outcome variables. We used one-way analysis of variance with post hoc analysis using Tukey’s HSD for multiple comparisons to examine change and differences over time. We also fit a linear regression model to identify statistically significant differences. Study results demonstrated improvements in the areas of: knowledge of disease transmission and key times for handwashing, water container hygiene, sanitation practices, personal hygiene and food hygiene. The hygiene cluster framework is useful for hygiene promotion intervention planning and evaluation, and we recommended continued testing of this framework across contexts. We also recommend local community participatory approaches, as well as in-depth formative behavioral assessments by hygiene cluster that also consider environmental barriers to behavior change.
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Ladrera, Rubén, Beatriz Robredo, Unai Ortega-Lasuen, José Ramón Díez, and Aritz Ruiz-González. "Unprepared to Deal with Invasion: Pre-Service Teachers’ Perception, Knowledge and Attitudes toward Invasive Species." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 10543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410543.
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The serious and growing impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) on the planet make it necessary to include this issue with greater determination in educational programs, with the aim of generating citizens capable of dealing with this environmental problem in a sustainable way. Likewise, the management of IAS represents a clear socio-scientific issue (SSI), which gives greater interest to its inclusion in school. At this point, future teachers play a key role, so that their knowledge, perceptions and attitudes on the subject must be evaluated. In order to deal with this objective, a questionnaire was filled out by 400 students of the degrees in early childhood education and primary education of the Universities of La Rioja (UR) and the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain. Our results show that pre-service teachers do not perceive impacts of different types generated by IAS, and they show a clear lack of knowledge about transmission vectors. Likewise, they do not support various control measures, especially slaughter of invasive vertebrates, related to affective dimensions. These results highlight the need to work toward an appropriate integration of this issue at different educational levels, training students and educators, fostering favorable attitudes toward a sustainable management of IAS.