Journal articles on the topic 'Transmission of texts Australia'
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1
Blanche, K. R., L. Tran-Nguyen, and K. S. Gibb. "Tests of transmission of cynodon white leaf phytoplasma to sugarcane and maize in northern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 4 (2003): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02155.
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Cynodon white leaf disease is associated with cynodon white leaf phytoplasma in Cynodon dactylon growing in Darwin, Northern Territory. In order to effectively assess and manage the risk to agricultural crops posed by this phytoplasma, it is necessary to establish whether there is an insect species capable of transmitting it from C.�dactylon to grasses like Saccharum spp. hybrids and Zea mays. We used field and cage trials to investigate transmission of cynodon white leaf phytoplasma in these grasses. No transmission of the phytoplasma occurred in any of the trials, even to C. dactylon, the known host, and the phytoplasma did not persist in the potential leafhopper vector, Chiasmus varicolor. These results suggest that C. varicolor is not a vector of cynodon white leaf phytoplasma and that some requirement for successful transmission was not met in our field trials. We do not have sufficient information to determine whether transmission to Saccharum spp. hybrids or Z. mays is possible. Our study demonstrates the techniques that can be applied to this problem and provides a starting point for further investigation using different transmission conditions and insect species.
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Wadley, David, Jung Hoon Han, and Peter Elliott. "Regarding high voltage overhead transmission lines (HVOTLs)." Property Management 37, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 178–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-04-2018-0024.
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Purpose Professionals’ market knowledge and business experience can facilitate transactions of residential property potentially impacted by stigmatised installations, such as large-scale public infrastructure. The purpose of this paper is to explore perceptions and assessments among homeowners, valuers (appraisers) and real estate agents (realtors) regarding infrastructure in general and high voltage overhead transmission lines (HVOTLs) in particular. Design/methodology/approach Informed by a literature review, separate surveys in Queensland, Australia, analyse via non-parametric and parametric means informational and perceptual variables concerning HVOTLs among 600 homeowners, 90 valuers and 90 real estate agents. Findings The findings reveal statistically significant differences in risk and valuation perceptions of homeowners, valuers and real estate agents relating to the placement of major linear forms of infrastructure. Research limitations/implications This study adds to a now-solid body of literature pertaining to property effects of HVOTLs. It extends the analysis among classes of real estate professionals and provides new comparisons for further analysis and commentary. Practical implications The results speak to property professionals, land use planning and electricity authorities. Prior research can be triangulated with that obtained here from valuers and real estate agents who act as informants, gatekeepers and confidants in the market place. Various hypotheses address specific points of professional practice. Social implications This study shows that property professionals’ disposition to HVOTLs and other large-scale infrastructure is likely to be a good deal more measured than that of homeowners, so that valuers and real estate agents might exercise a mediating influence in placement and installations decisions. Originality/value This research raises understanding of differences in market knowledge and perception of essential infrastructure among clients and property agents. As a point of difference, it concentrates on examining empirically what texts refer to as “information asymmetry” in residential real estate markets.
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Zhang, N., D. K. Liu, J. M. Jeyakumaran, and L. Villanueva. "Modelling of dynamic characteristics of an automatic transmission during shift changes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 216, no. 4 (June 1, 2002): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095965180221600403.
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This paper describes modelling of the transient dynamics of an automatic transmission during gear changes. A brief introduction to the automatic transmission system and the dynamic characteristics of the transmission components during the gear changes are presented. Then, detailed mathematical models of a four-speed automatic transmission manufactured by BTR Automotive, Australia, are developed. A mode description method is used to describe the transient shifting process and a modular structure of the transmission system, which consists of a torque converter module, geartrain module, hydraulic system module and modules of clutches and bands, is presented. As an application, the developed simulation system is applied to investigate the transient performance of the automatic transmission during the 1–2 shift process. The output torque profiles predicted by the model simulation correlate very well with the experimental data measured from vehicle tests.
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Teakle, DS, S. Hicks, M. Karan, JB Hacker, RS Greber, and JF Donaldson. "Host range and geographic distribution of pangola stunt virus and its planthopper vectors in Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 5 (1991): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9910819.
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Natural hosts of pangola stunt virus (PaSV) in eastern Austalia were found to be Digitaria eriantha ssp. pentzii (pangola grass), D. ciliaris (summer grass) and D. milanjiana. Transmission tests using the planthopper vector, Sogatella kolophon, showed that D. polevansii, D. eriantha ssp. eriantha, D. swazilandensis and the Australian native, D. divaricatissima were also susceptible, whereas D. didactyla was not infected. In tests of 22 species in 15 other genera, only Urochloa panicoides (annual urochloa grass) was infected. In field surveys, PaSV was commonly found in pangola grass in near-coastal districts from Grafton, N.S.W. to Walkamin, N. Qld and was detected up to 100 km inland at Toowoomba. The virus was not detected in either pangola grass or D. eriantha ssp. eriantha in subhumid areas west of Toowoomba or at Gayndah. Sogatella kolophon was collected from Bamaga, N. Qld to Murwillumbah, N.S.W. It was commonly associated with both PaSV-infected and PaSV-free digitgrass pastures. It is concluded that PaSV poses a threat to many digitgrasses in near-coastal districts of Qld and subtropical N.S.W., but so far is unknown in inland Australia.
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Minter, D. W., and P. F. Cannon. "Puccinia vincae . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria 232 (June 2022): 2310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20220233454.
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Abstract A description is provided for Puccinia vincae found on Vinca major . Some information on its taxonomy, associated organisms, habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status are given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Algeria, Morocco, Armenia, Republic of Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Portugal (Azores, Madeira), Spain (Canary Islands), Australia (South Australia), Cuba, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Irish Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Republic of Dagestan), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Canada (Ontario, Quebec), Mexico, USA (California, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, Washington) and Brazil) and hosts ( Vinca spp.).
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Hart, Gavin. "The Epidemiology of Genital Chlamydial Infection in South Australia." International Journal of STD & AIDS 4, no. 4 (July 1993): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249300400405.
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All laboratory tests performed and medical reports received in South Australia in 1990–1991 and screening results for Chlamydia trachomatis at the central STD clinic from 1988–1991 were analysed to clarify the epidemiology of genital chlamydial infection. From 70494 laboratory tests in 1990–1991, 2449 (3.5%) infections were detected of which 2431 (99%) were also reported by clinicians. Infections were detected in 1335 (6.4%) of 21004 patients (71% of 29 401 attendees) screened at the central STD clinic from 1988 to 1991. STD clinic yields suggest a male: female ratio of 1.08:1 (95% confidence intervals = 1.05:1–1.11:1), with 46% of infections in males and 67% of infections in females being asymptomatic. For both males and females, infection rates were highest in 15–19-year-olds and decreased with increasing age, but were not independently related to marital status. The statewide epidemiological pattern was probably distorted in medical reports because of selection biases in testing (89% of tests performed by non-STD clinicians were on females) which resulted in decreased detection in asymptomatic females, symptomatic and asymptomatic males, married persons and unmarried young persons (15–19-year-old females and 15–24-year-old males) by private practitioners. A cost-effective method for increased detection of chlamydial infection in undertested groups (particularly of asymptomatic unmarried males aged 15–24) will be required to control transmission of chlamydial infection in South Australia. Increased detection in young married persons is also desirable.
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Minter, D. W., and P. F. Cannon. "Myriospora smaragdula . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria 227 (January 2021): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20210391611.
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Abstract A description is provided for Myriospora smaragdula , a lichen-forming fungus occurring on rocks including, and perhaps particularly, those rich in copper, iron or lead. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, dispersal and transmission, habitats and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Morocco), Arctic Ocean (Greenland, Norway (Svalbard and Jan Mayen)), Asia (Armenia, China (Hong Kong, Xinjiang), India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand), Japan, Pakistan, Russia (Altai Republic, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Kemerovo Oblast, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Kamchatka Krai, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Magadan Oblast, Republic of Khakassia, Republic of Tuva, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey), Atlantic Ocean (Portugal (Azores)), Australasia (Australia (ACT, South Australia, Western Australia)), Europe (Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Channel Islands, Czech Republic, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia (Arkhangelsk Oblast, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Kaliningrad Oblast, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Leningrad Oblast, Murmansk Oblast, Republic of Karelia, Stavropol Krai), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK), North America (Canada (Alberta, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan), Mexico, USA (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming)), South America (Chile, Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas, Peru)). This species has been shown to produce biologically active compounds and specialized secondary metabolites.
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Guy, Rebecca, Megan S. C. Lim, Yung-Hsuan J. Wang, Nicholas Medland, Jonathan Anderson, Norman Roth, and Margaret E. Hellard. "A new surveillance system for monitoring HIV infection in Victoria, Australia." Sexual Health 4, no. 3 (2007): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07011.
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Objectives: To establish a new mechanism for monitoring patterns of HIV infection, in the context of a sustained increase in HIV diagnosis among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Victoria. Methods: Between April 2004 and August 2005, a linked voluntary HIV sentinel surveillance system was implemented at five medical clinics with a high case load of MSM. Using a questionnaire, doctors collected HIV testing history, demographic and sexual risk behaviour information from all clients undergoing voluntary HIV testing. Questionnaires were linked with HIV test results. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine factors associated with HIV infection. Results: Of 3435 MSM tested for HIV at participating sites, 1.7%, (95% CI = 1.2–2.2) were newly diagnosed with HIV; between 2004 and 2005 the proportion increased from 1.3% (95% CI = 1.2–1.5) to 2.0% (95% CI = 1.8–2.2), P = 0.107. There was no significant change in the number of HIV tests conducted per month or in demographic characteristics, testing history and sexual behaviour characteristics between time periods. In multivariate analysis, reporting unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with any partner, UAI with a HIV-positive partner/s and being aged 30–39 years or 40 years or greater were significantly associated with HIV infection. Conclusion: This new surveillance mechanism, based on linked testing at participating clinics, indicates that the increase in HIV notifications in 2005 was unrelated to changes in testing and data from a Melbourne sexual behavioural survey suggests the increase was more likely to be attributed to increases in transmission within the past few years. The sentinel system highlighted UAI, especially with HIV positive partner/s are important transmission factors.
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Wilkinson, Anna L., Megan S. C. Lim, Mark Stoové, Christopher K. Fairley, Marcus Chen, Carol El-Hayek, Ian Denham, and Margaret Hellard. "Is rectal gonorrhoea a lead indicator of HIV transmission among men who have sex with men in Victoria, Australia?" Sexual Health 10, no. 2 (2013): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12145.
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Objectives To examine whether rectal gonorrhoea (RG; Neisseria gonorrhoeae) can be used as a lead indicator of trends in HIV diagnosis in men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: Data from a metropolitan sexual health centre in Victoria, Australia, on RG and HIV tests in HIV-negative MSM from January 2006 to December 2011 were examined. Results: Allowing RG a 12-month lead over HIV showed no concordance in proportion positive (r = 0.27; P-value = 0.28). Conclusions: The data do not support use of RG trends as a lead indicator of trends in HIV among MSM.
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Choy, S., Y. B. Bai, S. Zlatanova, A. Diakite, E. Rubinov, C. Marshall, P. Knight, et al. "AUSTRALIA-JAPAN QZSS EMERGENCY WARNING SERVICE TRIAL PROJECT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-3/W1-2020 (November 18, 2020): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-3-w1-2020-21-2020.
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Abstract. This paper provides an overview and the results of the Australia-Japan 2020 Quasi Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) Emergency Warning System trial project. The project aimed to evaluate and demonstrate the feasibility of utilising the QZSS system to support emergency warning and response in Australia. The trial has focussed on bushfire and tsunami warnings with an emphasis on the message structure and standards for incorporation on the available signal bandwidth, and the spatial coverage extent of the messages. It also aimed to address the need for a space-based communication capability in Australia, which could potentially facilitate effective emergency warning system unconstrained by the limitations of terrestrial telecommunications.A newly dedicated MobileApp was developed to decode the warning message and visualise relevant information on a map. Two messages for bushfire and tsunami warnings were generated in Australia and sent to the QZSS ground station for satellite transmission. The developed application was tested in Victoria and New South Wales. The trial was successful in the sense that the emergency warning message could be received and decoded using the QZSS enabled receivers and the dedicated MobileApp. The field tests showed that the systems are capable of delivering the required information to users with the required timeliness and completeness. Several technical issues encountered during testing can be primarily attributed to the alpha state of the app, and the specific receiver used for testing. Neither of which are considered to be significant barriers to the on-going development of an operational satellite EWS system.
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Wilson, C. R. "First Report of Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus on Wasabi in Australia." Plant Disease 82, no. 5 (May 1998): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.5.590a.
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Wasabi (Wasabia japonica (Miquel) Matsum.), a native perennial of Japan and Shakhalin Island used to produce a condiment for Japanese dishes, is under commercial development in Tasmania, Australia. Plants propagated within shade houses showed systemic necrotic flecks and veinal necrosis in leaves and sunken necrotic stem lesions similar to those, reported in Japan (1), caused by cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV). Necrosis progressed rapidly, resulting in death of plants transferred to or mechanically inoculated in a glasshouse (15 to 30°C) under full light. Disease progression in plants maintained in shade houses (5 to 20°C) was slower and symptoms less severe. Presence of CMV in symptomatic plants was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using antiserum from Agdia (Elkhart, IN), and by sap transmission tests to healthy wasabi and Chenopodium quinoa plants. Incidence of CMV among plants in the shade houses was estimated at 10%. A survey of a commercial planting of 400 to 500 plants in November 1997, using ELISA, showed an incidence of 2.6% CMV-infected plants. They were concentrated at the field margins, suggesting that the inoculum originated from external sources rather than from transplants. This pathogen could have significant impact on the longevity and production of this crop in Australia. Reference: (1) S. Adachi. 1987. Wasabi cultivation. Shizuoka Pref. Agric. Exp. Sta. Pub., Shizuoka, Japan.
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Su, Emily Chia-Yu, Cheng-Hsing Hsiao, Yi-Tui Chen, and Shih-Heng Yu. "An Examination of COVID-19 Mitigation Efficiency among 23 Countries." Healthcare 9, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060755.
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The purpose of this paper was to compare the relative efficiency of COVID-19 transmission mitigation among 23 selected countries, including 19 countries in the G20, two heavily infected countries (Iran and Spain), and two highly populous countries (Pakistan and Nigeria). The mitigation efficiency for each country was evaluated at each stage by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) tools and changes in mitigation efficiency were analyzed across stages. Pearson correlation tests were conducted between each change to examine the impact of efficiency ranks in the previous stage on subsequent stages. An indicator was developed to judge epidemic stability and was applied to practical cases involving lifting travel restrictions and restarting the economy in some countries. The results showed that Korea and Australia performed with the highest efficiency in preventing the diffusion of COVID-19 for the whole period covering 105 days since the first confirmed case, while the USA ranked at the bottom. China, Japan, Korea, and Australia were judged to have recovered from the attack of COVID-19 due to higher epidemic stability.
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Greber, RS, DM Persley, and ME Herrington. "Some characteristics of Australian isolates of Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 6 (1988): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9881085.
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Isolates of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) were obtained from six cucurbit species from four states of Australia and identified by host range, electron microscopy and serology. A survey of coastal Queensland in 1986-87 showed no ZYMV north of Townsville nor around Rockhampton, but major centres of ZYMV incidence with specific pathotypes, around Ayr, Bowen and in south-east Queensland. Pathotypes were distinguished using Cucumis melo differentials, Trichosanthes anguina and Phaseolus vulgaris. Three ZYMV isolates were compared with watermelon mosaic virus 2 and papaya ringspot virus, cucurbit strain, on 20 hosts from 5 families. The effect of ZYMV on 19 cvv. of pumpkin, squash, zucchini, cucumber, rockmelon and watermelon was examined in the field where marketable fruit production was most affected in Cucurbita maxima and C. pepo, moderately in C. melo and Citrullus lanatus and least in C. moschata and C. sativus. One instance of ZYMV seed transmission in C. pepo and transmission by Aphisgossypii was demonstrated. Resistance breeding progress with C. maxima using a C. ecuadorensis source and in C. lanatus using Citrullus sp. cv. Egusi is reported. Virus purification was achieved using carbon tetrachloride and Triton X-100 clarification with sucrose pad and gradient centrifugations. An antiserum was produced and reacted well in agarose gel-diffusion tests without prior virus particle disruption.
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Feigin, Anita, Carol El-Hayek, Margaret Hellard, Alisa Pedrana, Ellen Donnan, Christopher Fairley, B. K. Tee, and Mark Stoové. "Increases in newly acquired HIV infections in Victoria, Australia: epidemiological evidence of successful prevention?" Sexual Health 10, no. 2 (2013): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12064.
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Background Rates of newly acquired HIV notifications provide useful data for monitoring transmission trends. Methods: We describe 10-year (2001–10) trends in newly acquired HIV notifications in Victoria, Australia. We also examine recent trends in HIV testing and incidence and risk behaviours among gay and other men who have sex with men (MSM) attending four high MSM caseload clinics. Results: Between 2001 and 2010 there was a significant increasing linear trend in newly acquired HIV that was driven primarily by increases between 2009–2010. MSM accounted for 85% of newly acquired HIV notifications. Between 2007–10, the total number of HIV tests per year at the high caseload clinics increased 41% among MSM and HIV incidence declined by 52%; reported risk behaviours remained relatively stable among these MSM. Conclusion: More newly acquired HIV notifications may reflect recent increased testing among MSM; continued scrutiny of surveillance data will assess the sustained effectiveness of testing as prevention, health promotion and the contribution of risk and testing behaviours to HIV surveillance outcomes.
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Madzokere, Eugene T., Wei Qian, Julie A. Webster, Daniel M. H. Walker, Elisa X. Y. Lim, David Harley, and Lara J. Herrero. "Human Seroprevalence for Dengue, Ross River, and Barmah Forest viruses in Australia and the Pacific: A systematic review spanning seven decades." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 4 (April 29, 2022): e0010314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010314.
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Background Dengue (DENV), Ross River (RRV) and Barmah Forest viruses (BFV) are the most common human arboviral infections in Australia and the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) and are associated with debilitating symptoms. All are nationally notifiable in Australia, but routine surveillance is limited to a few locations in the PICTs. Understanding the level of human exposure to these viruses can inform disease management and mitigation strategies. To assess the historic and current seroprevalence of DENV, RRV and BFV in Australia and the PICTs we conducted a systematic literature review of all published quantitative serosurveys. Methodology and principal findings The Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses procedures were adopted to produce a protocol to systematically search for published studies reporting the seroprevalence of DENV, RRV and BFV in Australia and the PICTs. Data for author, research year, location, study population, serosurvey methods and positive tests were extracted. A total of 41 papers, reporting 78 serosurveys of DENV, RRV and BFV including 62,327 samples met the inclusion criteria for this review. Seroprevalence varied depending on the assay used, strategy of sample collection and location of the study population. Significant differences were observed in reported seropositivity depending on the sample collection strategy with clinically targeted sampling reporting the highest seroprevalence across all three viruses. Non-stratified seroprevalence showed wide ranges in reported positivity with DENV 0.0% -95.6%, RRV 0.0%-100.0%, and BFV 0.3% to 12.5%. We discuss some of the causes of variation including serological methods used, selection bias in sample collection including clinical or environmental associations, and location of study site. We consider the extent to which serosurveys reflect the epidemiology of the viruses and provide broad recommendations regarding the conduct and reporting of arbovirus serosurveys. Conclusions and significance Human serosurveys provide important information on the extent of human exposure to arboviruses across: (1) time, (2) place, and (3) person (e.g., age, gender, clinical presentation etc). Interpreting results obtained at these scales has the potential to inform us about transmission cycles, improve diagnostic surveillance, and mitigate future outbreaks. Future research should streamline methods and reduce bias to allow a better understanding of the burden of these diseases and the factors associated with seroprevalence. Greater consideration should be given to the interpretation of seroprevalence in studies, and increased rigour applied in linking seroprevalence to transmission dynamics.
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Hui, Ben B., David P. Wilson, James S. Ward, Rebecca J. Guy, John M. Kaldor, Matthew G. Law, Jane S. Hocking, and David G. Regan. "The potential impact of new generation molecular point-of-care tests on gonorrhoea and chlamydia in a setting of high endemic prevalence." Sexual Health 10, no. 4 (2013): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13026.
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Background Despite the availability of testing and treatment, bacterial sexually transmissible infections (STIs) continue to occur at endemic levels in many remote Indigenous communities in Australia. New generation molecular point-of-care (POC) tests have high sensitivity, comparable with conventional diagnostic tests, and have the potential to increase the impact of STI screening. Methods: We developed mathematical models of gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) and chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) transmission in remote Indigenous communities in Australia to evaluate screening and treatment strategies that utilise POC tests. Results: The introduction of POC testing with 95% sensitivity could reduce the prevalence of gonorrhoea and chlamydia from 7.1% and 11.9% to 5.7% and 8.9%, respectively, under baseline screening coverage of 44% per year. If screening coverage is increased to 60% per year, prevalence is predicted to be reduced to 3.6% and 6.7%, respectively, under conventional testing, and further reduced to 1.8% and 3.1% with the introduction of POC testing. Increasing screening coverage to 80% per year will result in a reduction in the prevalence of gonorrhoea and chlamydia to 0.6% and 1.5%, respectively, and the virtual elimination of both STIs if POC testing is introduced. Conclusions: Modelling suggests that molecular POC tests of high sensitivity have great promise as a public health strategy for controlling chlamydia and gonorrhoea. However, evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of POC testing needs to be made before widespread implementation of this technology can be considered.
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Ligat, JS, D. Cartwright, and JW Randles. "Comparison of some pea seed-borne mosaic virus isolates and their detection by dot-immunobinding assay." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 3 (1991): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9910441.
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Five isolates of pea seed-borne mosaic virus (US, S4, S6, Q and T) were compared by host range and symptomatology on 16 Pisum sativum cultivars and lines, 21 lines of Lathyrus and Lens spp. and several indicator species. All selections of Pisum sativum, except cv. Greenfeast, were susceptible to all isolates, but Greenfeast was susceptible to the US isolate. All isolates except T infected the Lathyrus and Lens spp. through mechanical and aphid transmissions. Chenopodium amaranticolor and Vicia faba reacted similarly to all isolates, Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Hawkesbury Wonder reacted to none. The North American isolate (US) was distinguished from the Australian S4, S6, Q, and T isolates by infecting Nicotiana clevelandii and Greenfeast pea. In all cases the highest rate of seed transmission occurred in the largest seed (82-91%) and the lowest was in the smallest seed (27-40%). Infected seed in the largest size classes was lighter in weight than the corresponding uninfected seed. Infected seed in all classes had a significantly lower germination rate than uninfected seed although the greatest reduction in germinability was in the smallest seed. In each size class uninfected seed was heavier than infected seed and germinated better. Two-dimensional immunodiffusion tests showed that precipitin lines between all the isolates and either the US and S6 antisera were confluent with no evidence of spurs. A rapid and sensitive indirect dot-immunobinding assay on nitrocellulose membrane for PSbMV was developed in which non-specific reactions were eliminated by using mannose and glucose in buffers, and healthy plant sap as a blocking agent. The limit of detection of antigen was about 32 ng per sample. Both of the antisera detected antigen in sap extracted from peas infected with the 6 PSbMV isolates, originating from the USA, Australia, New Zealand and Denmark and all isolates were detected at similar antiserum dilution endpoints.
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Kolliker-Frers, Rodolfo A., Ivan Insua, Gabriela Razzitte, and Francisco Capani. "Chagas disease prevalence in pregnant women: migration and risk of congenital transmission." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 10, no. 09 (September 30, 2016): 895–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.7118.
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Introduction: Argentina has been a preferential target for Bolivian immigrants for decades. The relatively recent migratory flux includes Germany, France, the United States, Australia, Japan, and some Latin American countries. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to describe the prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women, analyzing the Bolivian-specific Chagas prevalence as the main contributor of migratory populations from Chagas disease-endemic areas to Buenos Aires city, Argentina, and to evaluate the impact of these migrant influxes on the process of the "urbanization" of the disease in reference hospital José Maria Ramos Mejia (JMRM). Methodology: Overall, 21,332 pregnant women (100%) between 15 and 49 years of age derived from the public maternity service of JMRMH were studied. Serology data was obtained from registered serological diagnosis data, consisting of three different serological tests performed at the Public Parasitology Unit. Results: Although general prevalence decreased during the analyzed period, the specific prevalence of pregnant women from Bolivian origin showed a sustained growth during 1983–2013. Solely 5% of the total pregnant women population from Bolivia contributed to one third of the total Chagas prevalence. Conclusions: This study showed that a cohort of pregnant women from Bolivia who attended JMRMH during the period 1983–2007 constituted a population at risk for congenital transmission. Increased migration from endemic areas of Bolivia might potentially increase the prevalence of Chagas disease among pregnant women. In addition, this study highlights the importance to analyze specific prevalence according to endemic areas to determine the profiles of potential hidden prevalence.
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Ellis, A., R. Edwards, M. Saunders, R. K. Chakrabarty, R. Subramanian, A. van Riessen, A. M. Smith, et al. "Characterizing black carbon in rain and ice cores using coupled tangential flow filtration and transmission electron microscopy." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 9 (September 29, 2015): 3959–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3959-2015.
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Abstract. Antarctic ice cores have been used to study the history of black carbon (BC), but little is known with regards to the physical and chemical characteristics of these particles in the remote atmosphere. Characterization remains limited by ultra-trace concentrations in ice core samples and the lack of adequate methods to isolate the particles unaltered from the melt water. To investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of these particles, we have developed a tangential flow filtration (TFF) method combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tests using ultrapure water and polystyrene latex particle standards resulted in excellent blanks and significant particle recovery. This approach has been applied to melt water from Antarctic ice cores as well as tropical rain from Darwin, Australia with successful results: TEM analysis revealed a variety of BC particle morphologies, insoluble coatings, and the attachment of BC to mineral dust particles. The TFF-based concentration of these particles has proven to give excellent results for TEM studies of BC particles in Antarctic ice cores and can be used for future studies of insoluble aerosols in rainwater and ice core samples.
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Ellis, A., R. Edwards, M. Saunders, R. K. Chakrabarty, R. Subramanian, A. van Riessen, A. M. Smith, et al. "Characterizing black carbon in rain and ice cores using coupled tangential flow filtration and transmission electron microscopy." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 6 (June 19, 2015): 6015–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-6015-2015.
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Abstract. Antarctic ice cores have been used to study the history of black carbon (BC), but little is known with regards to the physical and chemical characteristics of these particles in the remote atmosphere. Characterization remains limited by ultra-trace concentrations in ice core samples and the lack of adequate methods to isolate the particles unaltered from the melt water. To investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of these particles, we have developed a tangential flow filtration (TFF) method combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tests using ultrapure water and polystyrene latex particle standards resulted in excellent blanks and significant particle recovery. This approach has been applied to melt water from Antarctic ice cores as well as tropical rain from Darwin, Australia with successful results: TEM analysis revealed a variety of BC particle morphologies, insoluble coatings, and the attachment of BC to mineral dust particles. The TFF-based concentration of these particles has proven to give excellent results for TEM studies of BC particles in Antarctic ice cores and can be used for future studies of insoluble aerosols in rainwater and ice core samples.
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Coutts, B. A., and R. A. C. Jones. "Potato virus Y: Contact Transmission, Stability, Inactivation, and Infection Sources." Plant Disease 99, no. 3 (March 2015): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-14-0674-re.
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In glasshouse experiments, two isolates of Potato virus Y ‘O’ strain (PVYO) were transmitted from infected to healthy potato plants by direct contact when leaves were rubbed against each other, when cut surfaces of infected tubers were rubbed onto leaves, and to a limited extent, when blades contaminated with infective sap were used to cut healthy potato tubers. However, no tuber-to-tuber transmission occurred when blades were used to cut healthy tubers after cutting infected tubers. When leaf sap from potato plants infected with two PVYO isolates was kept at room temperature, it was highly infective for 6 to 7 h and remained infectious for up to 28 h. Also, when sap from infected leaves with one isolate was applied to five surfaces (cotton, hessian, metal, rubber vehicle tire, and wood) and left to dry for up to 24 h before each surface was rubbed onto healthy tobacco plants, PVYO remained infective for 24 h on tire and metal, 6 h on cotton and hessian, and 3 h on wood. The effectiveness of disinfectants at inactivating this isolate was evaluated by adding them to sap from infected leaves which was then rubbed onto healthy tobacco plants. None of the plants became infected when bleach (42 g/liter sodium hypochlorite, diluted 1:4) or Virkon-S (potassium peroxymonosulfate 50% wt/wt, diluted to 1%) was used. A trace of infection remained after using nonfat milk powder (20% wt/vol). PVY infection sources were studied in 2011–2012 in the main potato growing regions of southwest Australia. In tests on >17,000 potato leaf samples, PVY was detected at low levels in seed (4/155) and ware (6/51) crops. It was also detected in volunteer potatoes from a site with a previous history of PVY infection in a seed crop. None of the 15 weed species tested were PVY infected. Plants of Solanum nigrum were symptomlessly infected with PVYO after sap inoculation, and no seed transmission was detected (>2,500 seeds). This study demonstrates PVYO can be transmitted by contact and highlights the need to include removal of volunteer potatoes and other on-farm hygiene practices (decontaminating tools, machinery, clothing, etc.) in integrated disease management strategies for PVY in potato crops.
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Hossain, Mehrab E., David Lister, Caroline Bartolo, Paul M. Kinsella, James Knox, Rosemary Aldrich, Raquel Cowan, and Robert J. Commons. "Prolonged Viral Shedding in Patients with Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Disease: A Regional Perspective." Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment 14 (January 2021): 117863372110104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786337211010428.
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Background The risk of transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is increasingly understood to be greatest early after symptom onset, however, factors associated with prolonged and increased risk of transmission remain unclear. In settings where COVID-19 prevalence is low, there may be a benefit of extending the period that patients are isolated to decrease the risk of transmission. This study explored the duration of viral shedding in such a location, in patients with mild-moderate COVID-19 disease in Ballarat, Australia. Methods Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 disease using a real-time reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay from oropharyngeal and bilateral deep nasopharyngeal sampling and managed through Ballarat Health Services between March 1 and May 1, 2020 were included. Patients were retested if they were afebrile for >72 hours, asymptomatic and >14 days since symptom onset. If positive on retesting, patients were tested every 3 to 7 days thereafter. Results Patients underwent testing a median of 4 days (range 1-12) after initial symptom onset. Duration of symptoms ranged from 1 to 36 days. Positive tests were recorded up to a median of day 21 (range 6-38). Cycle thresholds were inversely correlated with time since symptom onset ( P < .0001). Median time to the first negative test was 25 days (range 12-32). Two patients who had remained asymptomatic for >7 days after initial symptom onset had recrudescence of mild symptoms on day 13 and 14; both tested positive on follow-up tests at this time. Conclusions This study demonstrates prolonged shedding of COVID-19 in patients with mild-moderate disease. It suggests that some patients with mild disease may have recrudescence of symptoms a week or more after their initial symptoms resolved.
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Gottschall, Kristina. "‘Jesus! A Geriatric — That's All I Need!’: Learning to Come of Age with/in Popular Australian Film." Global Studies of Childhood 1, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/gsch.2011.1.4.332.
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Popular film texts are powerful means by which Western societies construct, maintain, protect and challenge concepts of childhood and youth-hood. As a context where audiences learn about the self, their culture, and their place within it, popular film is understood here as pedagogic, that is, as a space where key lessons about the formation of subjecthood might take place, and at what costs. This article takes into account scholarship on popular culture as pedagogy, challenging narrow notions of popular film as a simple transmission of knowledge. Focused on how pedagogies might be at work, this article explores the use of humour, repetition, otherness, becoming and sentimentality within a selection of Australian films, and how they orientate audiences towards knowing the youth subject in particular ways. Questions of generation and how it is constructed as a commonsense battle between ‘young’ and ‘old’ are considered through the coming of age films, The Rage in Placid Lake (2003), Hey Hey It's Esther Blueburger (2008), Crackers (1998) and Spider & Rose (1994).
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Manh Tran, Thang, and Dorian Stoilescu. "An Analysis of the Content, Policies and Assessment of ICT Curricula in the Final Years of Secondary Schooling in Australia and Vietnam: A Comparative Educational Study." Journal of Information Technology Education: Research 15 (2016): 049–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2335.
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This paper explores and analyses similarities and differences in ICT curricula, policies, and assessment between the Vietnamese and Australian educational systems for the final years of secondary educational level. It was found that while having a common core set of tendencies, the Australian ICT curricula, policies, and assessments differ markedly from the Vietnamese counterparts. These differences can be explained by economic and cultural factors, national-wide educational trends, ICT strategies, and their degrees of implementation in schools. We found that limited constructivist implementations are used in ICT curricula in both countries, as Australian education has high expectations in national evaluations with an emphasis on standardized tests and Vietnamese education is still entrapped in prescriptive lessons of traditional pedagogy, emphasizing transmission model of information. We found that lack of opportunities in teacher professional development in ICT training is common for both countries. While the Australian educational system still struggles, especially in providing opportunities for learning theoretical and programming aspects, multiple challenging aspects were found in the ICT content and policies of the Vietnamese educational system that call for immediate change and improvement. In this sense, Vietnamese administrators are recommended to extensively follow up their educational strategies and policies, in order to make sure that their reforms are adequately implemented in schools. In order to bridge the gap and implement adequate ICT curricula, rigorous professional training in ICT teaching is essential for both Australian and Vietnamese teachers.
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Visser, Hannah, Megan Passey, Emma Walke, and Sue Devlin. "Screening for latent tuberculosis infection by an Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service, New South Wales, Australia, 2015." Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2018.9.2.010.
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Objective: Ongoing transmission of tuberculosis (TB) continues in Indigenous communities in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. In a pilot project, a Public Health Unit TB team partnered with an Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service (ACCHS) in a community with a cluster of TB to augment screening for latent TB infection (LTBI) using interferongamma release assay (IGRA). This study examined screening data and programme outcomes at 12 months post hoc to advise practice and policy formulation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of demographic and clinical data of ACCHS patients, stratified by IGRA testing status. Differences in sex and age distribution between the groups and cases of a genetically and epidemiologically linked TB cluster in Aboriginal people in NSW were assessed using non-parametric tests. Results: Of 2019 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people seen by general practitioners during the study period, 135 (6.7%) participated in the screening. Twenty-four (17.8%) participants were IGRA positive. One person was diagnosed with active TB. Twelve participants received a chest X-ray at the time of the positive test, and six participants had an additional chest X-ray within 12 months. None commenced preventive treatment for LTBI. Discussion: ACCHS screening for LTBI reached individuals in the age group most commonly affected by TB in these Aboriginal communities. No conclusions can be made regarding the population prevalence due to the low screening rate. Further strategies need to be developed to increase appropriate follow-up and preventive treatment.
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Johnston, Fay, Tara Anderson, Michelle Harlock, Natasha Castree, Louise Parry, Therese Marfori, Michelle McPherson, Mark Veitch, Kylie Smith, and Nicola Stephens. "Lessons learnt from the first large outbreak of COVID-19 in health-care settings in Tasmania, Australia." Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal 12, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2021.12.4.884.
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Problem: One month after the initial case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Tasmania, an island state of Australia, two health-care workers (HCWs) from a single regional hospital were notified to public health authorities following positive tests for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. These were the first recognized cases in an outbreak that overwhelmed the hospital’s ability to function. Context: The outbreak originated from two index cases. Both had returned to Tasmania following travel on a cruise ship and required hospital admission for management of COVID-19. A total of 138 cases were subsequently linked to this outbreak: 81 HCWs (most being nurses) and 23 patients across three hospitals, one resident of an aged-care facility and 33 close contacts. Action: The outbreak was controlled through the identification and isolation of cases, identification and quarantining of close contacts and their household members, closure of the affected facilities and community-level restrictions to reduce social mixing in the affected region. Lessons learnt: Factors that were likely to have contributed to ongoing transmission in this setting included workplace practices that prevented adequate physical distancing, attending work while symptomatic, challenges in rapidly identifying contacts, mobility of staff and patients between facilities, and challenges in the implementation of infection control practices. Discussion: Many commonly accepted hospital practices before the COVID-19 pandemic amplified the outbreak. The lessons learnt from this investigation changed work practices for HCWs and led to wider public health interventions in the management of potential primary and secondary contacts.
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Chow, Eric P. F., Jason J. Ong, Basil Donovan, Rosalind Foster, Tiffany R. Phillips, Anna McNulty, and Christopher K. Fairley. "Comparing HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis, Testing, and New Diagnoses in Two Australian Cities with Different Lockdown Measures during the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 10814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010814.
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Australia introduced a national lockdown on 22 March 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Melbourne, but not Sydney, had a second COVID-19 lockdown between July and October 2020. We compared the number of HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) prescriptions, HIV tests, and new HIV diagnoses during these lockdown periods. The three outcomes in 2020 were compared to 2019 using incidence rate ratio. There was a 37% and 46% reduction in PEP prescriptions in Melbourne and Sydney, respectively, with a larger reduction during lockdown (68% and 57% reductions in Melbourne’s first and second lockdown, 60% reduction in Sydney’s lockdown). There was a 41% and 32% reduction in HIV tests in Melbourne and Sydney, respectively, with a larger reduction during lockdown (57% and 61% reductions in Melbourne’s first and second lockdowns, 58% reduction in Sydney’s lockdown). There was a 44% and 47% reduction in new HIV diagnoses in Melbourne and Sydney, respectively, but no significant reductions during lockdown. The reduction in PEP prescriptions, HIV tests, and new HIV diagnoses during the lockdown periods could be due to the reduction in the number of sexual partners during that period. It could also result in more HIV transmission due to substantial reductions in HIV prevention measures during COVID-19 lockdowns.
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Lee, Ming-Te, Chyi Lin Lee, Ming-Long Lee, and Chien-Ya Liao. "Price linkages between Australian housing and stock markets." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 10, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-05-2016-0037.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the linkages between Australian house prices and stock prices under the Toda and Yamamoto test framework. Specifically, it investigated whether there is a capital switching effect between house prices and stock prices. Design/methodology/approach This study examined the linkages between house prices and stock prices under the Toda and Yamamoto test framework. To accommodate the impact of the global financial crisis (GFC), a sub-period analysis was undertaken. To assess the impact of investor structure, the tests were also performed for small cap stocks and large cap stocks individually. Findings The empirical results reveal a negative lead–lag relationship between house prices and stock prices in Australia, suggesting the existence of capital switching activities between housing and stocks. The impact of the GFC on the lead–lag relationship between house prices and stock prices is also documented. Before the crisis, a causality transmission was running from house prices to stock prices, whilst stock prices appeared to lead house prices after the crisis. The capital switching activities between housing and stocks are more evident for small cap stocks. Originality/value This study is the first to examine the linkages between house prices and stock prices under the Toda and Yamamoto test framework. This is the first study to explore the impacts of the GFC on the lead–lag relationship between the two asset prices under the capital switching framework. This study is also the first to provide empirical evidence regarding the existence of capital switching activities between housing and stocks. In addition, the impact of investor structure on the interrelationship between the two asset prices is examined for the first time under the capital switching framework.
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Lobo, Roanna, Belinda D'Costa, Linda Forbes, and James Ward. "Young Deadly Free: impact evaluation of a sexual health youth peer education program in remote Australian communities." Sexual Health 17, no. 5 (2020): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20069.
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Background Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in remote and very remote communities in Australia experience high rates of sexually transmissible infections (STIs), 4- to 29-fold the rates reported for non-Aboriginal people living in remote areas. Young people aged 16–29 years are particularly vulnerable to STIs. The Young Deadly Free (YDF) sexual health youth peer education program was implemented in 15 remote or very remote communities in four Australian jurisdictions in an effort to address endemic STI rates in these communities. The present study sought to evaluate the effect of YDF for Aboriginal young people. Methods: Young people (n = 128) participated in youth peer educator training to deliver peer education sessions on sexual health topics to other young people in their communities. Pre and post surveys were used to examine changes in STI knowledge, attitudes and behavioural intentions of the young people attending the peer education sessions. GHRANITE software extracted deidentified STI testing data for young people attending 13 community health services. Results: Young people (n = 426) attended peer education sessions delivered by trained youth peer educators. Pre and post surveys were completed by 174 and 172 young people respectively (median age 20 years). Gains were reported in STI knowledge, intentions to test (χ2 = 10.58, d.f. = 4, n = 142, P < 0.001) and number of STI tests (50.8% increase from baseline). Feelings of shame associated with STI testing remained high (39.5% post survey). Conclusions: Peer education can enhance the sexual health literacy of young Aboriginal people residing in remote communities. The extent to which knowledge gains result in behaviours that prevent STI transmission requires further evaluation. Normalising STI testing among Aboriginal young people would help reduce feelings of shame.
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Walton, Shelley F., and Bart J. Currie. "Problems in Diagnosing Scabies, a Global Disease in Human and Animal Populations." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20, no. 2 (April 2007): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00042-06.
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SUMMARY Scabies is a worldwide disease and a major public health problem in many developing countries, related primarily to poverty and overcrowding. In remote Aboriginal communities in northern Australia, prevalences of up to 50% among children have been described, despite the availability of effective chemotherapy. Sarcoptic mange is also an important veterinary disease engendering significant morbidity and mortality in wild, domestic, and farmed animals. Scabies is caused by the ectoparasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei burrowing into the host epidermis. Clinical symptoms include intensely itchy lesions that often are a precursor to secondary bacterial pyoderma, septicemia, and, in humans, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Although diagnosed scabies cases can be successfully treated, the rash of the primary infestation takes 4 to 6 weeks to develop, and thus, transmission to others often occurs prior to therapy. In humans, the symptoms of scabies infestations can mimic other dermatological skin diseases, and traditional tests to diagnose scabies are less than 50% accurate. To aid early identification of disease and thus treatment, a simple, cheap, sensitive, and specific test for routine diagnosis of active scabies is essential. Recent developments leading to the expression and purification of S. scabiei recombinant antigens have identified a number of molecules with diagnostic potential, and current studies include the investigation and assessment of the accuracy of these recombinant proteins in identifying antibodies in individuals with active scabies and in differentiating those with past exposure. Early identification of disease will enable selective treatment of those affected, reduce transmission and the requirement for mass treatment, limit the potential for escalating mite resistance, and provide another means of controlling scabies in populations in areas of endemicity.
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Chow, Eric P. F., Vincent J. Cornelisse, Deborah A. Williamson, David Priest, Jane S. Hocking, Catriona S. Bradshaw, Tim R. H. Read, Marcus Y. Chen, Benjamin P. Howden, and Christopher K. Fairley. "Kissing may be an important and neglected risk factor for oropharyngeal gonorrhoea: a cross-sectional study in men who have sex with men." Sexually Transmitted Infections 95, no. 7 (May 9, 2019): 516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2018-053896.
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ObjectivesA mathematical model suggested that a significant proportion of oropharyngeal gonorrhoea cases are acquired via oropharynx-to-oropharynx transmission (ie, tongue-kissing), but to date, no empirical study has investigated this. This study aimed to examine the association between kissing and oropharyngeal gonorrhoea among gay and bisexual men who have sex with men (MSM).MethodsMSM attending a public sexual health centre in Melbourne, Australia, between March 2016 and February 2017 were invited to participate in a brief survey that collected data on their number of male partners in the last 3 months, in three distinct categories: kissing-only (ie, no sex including no oral and/or anal sex), sex-only (ie, any sex without kissing), and kissing-with-sex (ie, kissing with any sex). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine associations between oropharyngeal gonorrhoea positivity by nucleic acid amplification tests and the three distinct partner categories.ResultsA total of 3677 men completed the survey and were tested for oropharyngeal gonorrhoea. Their median age was 30 (IQR 25–37) and 6.2% (n=229) had oropharyngeal gonorrhoea. Men had a mean number of 4.3 kissing-only, 1.4 sex-only, and 5.0 kissing-with-sex partners in the last 3 months. Kissing-only and kissing-with-sex were associated with oropharyngeal gonorrhoea, but sex-only was not. The adjusted odds for having oropharyngeal gonorrhoea were 1.46-fold (95% CI 1.04 to 2.06) for men with ≥4 kissing-only partners and 1.81-fold (95% CI 1.17 to 2.79) for men with ≥4 kissing-with-sex partners.ConclusionsThese data suggest that kissing may be associated with transmission of oropharyngeal gonorrhoea in MSM, irrespective of whether sex also occurs.
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Smith, K. S., S. N. Tabrizi, K. A. Fethers, J. B. Knox, C. Pearce, and S. M. Garland. "Comparison of conventional testing to polymerase chain reaction in detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in indigenous women living in remote areas." International Journal of STD & AIDS 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646205774988019.
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There are high rates of Trichomonas vaginalis in remote areas of Central Australia. Conventional tests for T. vaginalis have low sensitivity in this setting. Aims of the study were to estimate the prevalence of T. vaginalis, to assess the presence of clinical signs and symptoms, to compare a T. vaginalis polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test with conventional methods of diagnosis, and to compare the PCR from different samples, including self-collected swabs (SCS). Of 205 women recruited, the prevalence of T. vaginalis was 24%. The prevalence of T. vaginalis was higher in women under 25 years (33%), compared with those who were 25–34 years (26%) and those over 35 years (15%, P < 0.05). The sensitivity of T. vaginalis PCR detection from SCS (94%) was not statistically different from a practitioner-collected HVS (96%), but was superior to urine PCR (74%) and conventional methods. After multivariate analysis, those women with high pH were almost three times more likely to be positive for T. vaginalis (odds ratio = 2.71 with 95% confidence interval 1.06–6.93, P = 0.037). Superior assays such as PCR should be a diagnostic option to adequately screen and treat women with T. vaginalis, in order to reduce complications, including the increased risk of HIV transmission.
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Kaimann, Daniel, and Ilka Tanneberg. "What containment strategy leads us through the pandemic crisis? An empirical analysis of the measures against the COVID-19 pandemic." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): e0253237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253237.
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Since January 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak has been progressing at a rapid pace. To keep the pandemic at bay, countries have implemented various measures to interrupt the transmission of the virus from person to person and prevent an overload of their health systems. We analyze the impact of these measures implemented against the COVID-19 pandemic by using a sample of 68 countries, Puerto Rico and the 50 federal states of the United States of America, four federal states of Australia, and eight federal states of Canada, involving 6,941 daily observations. We show that measures are essential for containing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. After controlling for daily COVID-19 tests, we find evidence to suggest that school closures, shut-downs of non-essential business, mass gathering bans, travel restrictions in and out of risk areas, national border closures and/or complete entry bans, and nationwide curfews decrease the growth rate of the coronavirus and thus the peak of daily confirmed cases. We also find evidence to suggest that combinations of these measures decrease the daily growth rate at a level outweighing that of individual measures. Consequently, and despite extensive vaccinations, we contend that the implemented measures help contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and ease the overstressed capacity of the healthcare systems.
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Stevenson, Deborah. "Cultural Planning in Australia: Texts and Contexts." Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society 35, no. 1 (April 2005): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/jaml.35.1.36-48.
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Duran, Pablo, Stephen Berman, Susan Niermeyer, Thomas Jaenisch, Thais Forster, Rodolfo Gomez Ponce de Leon, Bremen De Mucio, and Suzanne Serruya. "COVID-19 and newborn health: systematic review." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 44 (April 27, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2020.54.
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Objective. To describe perinatal and neonatal outcomes in newborns exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Methods. A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed Central, LILACS, and Google Scholar using the keywords ‘covid ’ AND ‘newborn’ OR ‘child’ OR ‘infant,’ on 18 March 2020, and again on 17 April 2020. One researcher conducted the search and extracted data on demographics, maternal outcomes, diagnostic tests, imaging, and neonatal outcomes. Results. Of 256 publications identified, 20 met inclusion criteria and comprised neonatal outcome data for 222 newborns whose mothers were suspected or confirmed to be SARS-CoV-2 positive perinatally (17 studies) or of newborns referred to hospital with infection/pneumonia (3 studies). Most (12 studies) were case-series reports; all were from China, except three (Australia, Iran, and Spain). Of the 222 newborns, 13 were reported as positive for SARS-CoV-2; most of the studies reported no or mild symptoms and no adverse perinatal outcomes. Two papers among those from newborns who tested positive reported moderate or severe clinical characteristics. Five studies using data on umbilical cord blood, placenta, and/or amniotic fluid reported no positive results. Nine studies reported radiographic imaging, including 5 with images of pneumonia, increased lung marking, thickened texture, or high-density nodular shadow. Minor, non-specific changes in biochemical variables were reported. Studies that tested breast milk reported negative SARS-CoV-2 results. Conclusions. Given the paucity of studies at this time, vertical transmission cannot be confirmed or denied. Current literature does not support abstaining from breastfeeding nor separating mothers and newborns. Further evidence and data collection networks, particularly in the Americas, are needed for establishing definitive guidelines and recommendations.
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Verdin, E., P. Gognalons, C. Wipf-Scheibel, I. Bornard, G. Ridray, L. Schoen, and H. Lecoq. "First Report of Tomato torrado virus in Tomato Crops in France." Plant Disease 93, no. 12 (December 2009): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-12-1352c.
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In June 2008, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants cv. Fer De Lance (De Ruiter Seeds, Bergschenhoek, the Netherlands) grown in greenhouses near Perpignan (southern France) showed growth reduction and necrotic lesions on fruits, stems, and basal parts of the leaves. Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) was suspected on the basis of symptoms and its recent description in Spain (4). Primer set A (3), designed to ToTV RNA-2, was used for reverse transcription (RT)-PCR experiments on RNA extracted from four infected plants and allowed the amplification of a 493-bp fragment. No amplification was observed from healthy plant extracts. The RT-PCR product was directly sequenced (GQ303330) and a BLAST search in GenBank revealed 99.8- and 99.5%-nt identity with Polish (EU563947) and Spanish type strain (DQ388880) isolates of ToTV, respectively. Double-antibody sandwich-ELISA tests were conducted on these four samples to check for the presence of other viruses commonly found in tomato crops in France. Tomato spotted wilt virus, Parietaria mottle virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Tomato mosaic virus, and Potato virus Y were not detected but Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) was detected in all samples. ToTV was mechanically transmitted to Physalis floridana but PepMV was not. This plant was used to inoculate healthy tomatoes that served as a ToTV source for further experiments. Mechanical inoculation to test plants showed that Nicotiana benthamiana, N. clevelandii, N. debneyi, N. glutinosa, Capsicum annuum, Solanum melongena, and some tomato cultivars (including Fer De Lance), in which typical necrotic symptoms were observed, were systemically infected by the virus. Isometric particles ~28 nm in diameter were observed by electron microscopy in crude extracts of infected plants negatively stained with 1% ammonium molybdate, pH 7. To confirm ToTV identification, whitefly transmission experiments were performed with Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci. Adult whiteflies were placed in cages with infected tomato plants for 1-, 24-, or 48-h acquisition access periods (AAP) before transferring them by groups of ~50 on susceptible tomato plantlets placed under small containers (six plants per AAP). Forty-eight hours later, plants were treated with an insecticide and transferred to an insect-proof containment growth room. Ten days later, RNA preparation from all plants was tested by RT-PCR for the presence of ToTV. No transmission was observed with a 1-h AAP. With a 24-h AAP, transmission to four of six test plants was observed with both whitefly species, while at 48 h, AAP transmission to three and four plants of six was observed with T. vaporariorum and B. tabaci, respectively. Noninoculated control plants were all negative by RT-PCR. These experiments confirm T. vaporariorum and B. tabaci as natural vectors of ToTV as previously described (1,2). ToTV has been already reported in Spain, Poland, Hungary, and Australia, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of ToTV in France. Our detection of ToTV in April 2009 from the same area revealed 7 positive tomato plants of 17 tested. This observation suggests the persistence of the disease in the Perpignan Region. References: (1) K. Amari et al. Plant Dis. 92:1139, 2008. (2) H. Pospieszny et al. Plant Dis. 91:1364, 2007 (3) J. Van der Heuvel et al. Plant Virus Designated Tomato Torrado Virus. Online publication. World Intellectual Property Organization WO/2006/085749, 2006. (4) M. Verbeek et al. Arch. Virol. 152:881, 2007.
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D., N., and M. D. L. "On Compatibility and Electronic Transmission of Texts." Hispania 71, no. 1 (March 1988): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/343249.
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"Directions in Research: Intergenerational Transmission of Heritage Languages." Heritage Language Journal 1, no. 1 (October 30, 2003): 91–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.1.1.6.
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A collection of 10 papers preceded by an introduction and a section on Clusters of Research Areas by Joseph LoBianco (Language Australia), pp. 93-96). Papers as follows: #1: Learning from History, by Terence Wiley, Arizona State University (pp. 96-99); #2: External Pressures on Families, by Lily Wong Fillmore, University of California, Berkeley (pp. 99-102); #3: The Role of Schools in Language Maintenance and Shift, by Reynaldo Macias, University of California, Los Angeles (pp. 102-104); #4: Saturday-School Participation, Ethnic Identity and Japanese Language Development by Kiyomi Chinen and G. Richard Tucker, Carnegie Mellon University (pp. 104-106); #5: The Role of Parents’ Knowledge about Bilingualism in the Transmission of Heritage Languages, by Sarah J. Shin, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (pp. 107-109); #6: Native American Heritage Languages, by Christine P. Sims, University of New Mexico (pp. 109-113); #7: Language Ideologies, by Norma González, University of Utah (pp. 113-115); #8: Language Ideologies and the Teaching of Heritage Languages, by Guadalupe Valdés, Stanford University (pp. 116-118); #9: Research Priorities: Heritage Languages in Policy Texts, by Joseph Lo Bianco, Language Australia (pp. 118-121); #10: Biliteracy and Heritage Languages, by Nancy H. Hornberger, University of Pennsylvania (pp. 121-124)
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Spencer, M. A. "Pythium insidiosum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 162 (August 1, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401615.
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Abstract A description is provided for Pythium insidiosum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES: Keratitis, mammalian pythiosis, oomycosis, ophthalmic mycosis (i.e. mycoses). HOSTS: Bos sp., Ovis aries (Bovidae); Canis familiaris (Canidae); Equus caballus (Equidae); Felis domestica, Panthera onca (Felidae); Homo sapiens (Hominidae); Ursus maritimus (Ursidae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas). CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Haiti, Nicaragua, Panama. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela. ASIA: India, Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Sumatra), Japan, Myanmar, Thailand. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), New Zealand, Papua New Guinea. TRANSMISSION: Contaminated soil, organic matter (oospores) and water (sporangia).
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Punithalingam, E. "Mycosphaerella mori. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 102 (August 1, 1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Mycosphaerella mori. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Morus alba (white mulberry), M. nigra. (black mulberry). DISEASE: Leaf spot or 'Cylindrosporiosis' of mulberry. The visible symptoms are light brown to dark brown circular or irregular lesions with paler or whitish centres. Individual lesions measure 3-6 cm wide but they often coalesce to form blotches. Severe disease leads to loss of foliage. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Libya, Zimbabwe, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda), Asia (India, Iraq, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Turkey, U.S.S.R. Armenia, Republic of Georgia, Tashkent); Australasia (Australia, New South Wales, Western Australia), Europe (Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, U.K., Hungary, Malta, Yugoslavia), North America (U.S.A., Pennsylvania to Florida, Texas to West Virginia, Wisconsin); South America (Brazil, Manaus). TRANSMISSION: By conidia dispersed by rain splash. The fungus overwinters in young parts of branches (14, 265) and in debris lying on the ground.
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Kirk, P. M. "Pseudocercosporella capsellae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 161 (July 1, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401605.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Pseudocercosporella capsellae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: White leaf spot and Grey stem of Cruciferae. HOSTS: Brassica campestris (rape), B. chinensis, B. juncea (Indian mustard), B. napus (swede), B. nigra (black mustard), B. oleracea (cabbage and cultivars), B. pekinensis, B. rapa (turnip), Capsella bursa-pastoris, Conringia persica, Goldbachia torulosa, Lepidium sp., Litvinovia tenuissima, Malcolmia africana, Neslia paniculata, Raphanus raphinastrum (white charlock), R. sativa (radish), Rapistrum perenne, Sinapis alba (white mustard), S. arvensis (= Brassica kaber; charlock), Sisymbrium sp. (Brassicaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Algeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec), USA (Alabama, Alaska, California, Connecticut, Florida, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin). CENTRAL AMERICA: Antigua. SOUTH AMERICA: Chile. ASIA: Bhutan, China, India, Israel, Japan, Peninsular Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Turkey. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia), New Zealand. EUROPE: Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Latvia, Norway, Romania, Sweden. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne and splash dispersed conidia and by seeds, crop debris and volunteer plants or perennial weeds.
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Cannon, P. F. "Phyllachora eleusines. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 147 (July 1, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401462.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Phyllachora eleusines. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Eleusine coracana, E. floccifolia, E. jaegeri, E. multiflora, Eragrostis amanda, E. braunii, E. curvula, E. superba (Gramineae). Unconfirmed records from a number of other species of Eleusine and Eragrostis. DISEASE: Tar spot of finger millet and related grasses. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Zaire. NORTH AMERICA: USA (Alabama, Georgia, Nebraska, New Mexico, Texas). SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Venezuela. AUSTRALASIA: Australia. TRANSMISSION: Not studied in detail, but morphological features agree with those of relatives which have been shown to disperse ascospores actively via air currents, possibly with secondary dispersal via water splash.
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"Physarum luteolum ." Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria 212 (January 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20173373966.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Physarum luteolum . Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, habitats, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Angola, Madagascar, Mozambique), North America (Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec), Mexico, USA (Arizona, California, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington DC, West Virginia, Wyoming)), South America (Argentina, Ecuador) Asia (China (Jilin, Fujian), India (Karnataka, Maharashtra), Israel, Japan, Russia (Primorskyi krai), Turkey, Australasia (Australia (Tasmania, Western Australia)) Europe (former Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Ireland, Spain, UK), Indian Ocean (La Réunion), Seychelles). No evaluation has been made of any possible positive economic impact of this organism and no reports of negative economic impacts have been found.
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Sanz-Leon, Paula, Nathan J. Stevenson, Robyn M. Stuart, Romesh G. Abeysuriya, James C. Pang, Stephen B. Lambert, Cliff C. Kerr, and James A. Roberts. "Risk of sustained SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Queensland, Australia." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (April 15, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10349-y.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWe used an agent-based model Covasim to assess the risk of sustained community transmission of SARSCoV-2/COVID-19 in Queensland (Australia) in the presence of high-transmission variants of the virus. The model was calibrated using the demographics, policies, and interventions implemented in the state. Then, using the calibrated model, we simulated possible epidemic trajectories that could eventuate due to leakage of infected cases with high-transmission variants, during a period without recorded cases of locally acquired infections, known in Australian settings as “zero community transmission”. We also examined how the threat of new variants reduces given a range of vaccination levels. Specifically, the model calibration covered the first-wave period from early March 2020 to May 2020. Predicted epidemic trajectories were simulated from early February 2021 to late March 2021. Our simulations showed that one infected agent with the ancestral (A.2.2) variant has a 14% chance of crossing a threshold of sustained community transmission (SCT) (i.e., > 5 infections per day, more than 3 days in a row), assuming no change in the prevailing preventative and counteracting policies. However, one agent carrying the alpha (B.1.1.7) variant has a 43% chance of crossing the same threshold; a threefold increase with respect to the ancestral strain; while, one agent carrying the delta (B.1.617.2) variant has a 60% chance of the same threshold, a fourfold increase with respect to the ancestral strain. The delta variant is 50% more likely to trigger SCT than the alpha variant. Doubling the average number of daily tests from ∼ 6,000 to 12,000 results in a decrease of this SCT probability from 43 to 33% for the alpha variant. However, if the delta variant is circulating we would need an average of 100,000 daily tests to achieve a similar decrease in SCT risk. Further, achieving a full-vaccination coverage of 70% of the adult population, with a vaccine with 70% effectiveness against infection, would decrease the probability of SCT from a single seed of alpha from 43 to 20%, on par with the ancestral strain in a naive population. In contrast, for the same vaccine coverage and same effectiveness, the probability of SCT from a single seed of delta would decrease from 62 to 48%, a risk slightly above the alpha variant in a naive population. Our results demonstrate that the introduction of even a small number of people infected with high-transmission variants dramatically increases the probability of sustained community transmission in Queensland. Until very high vaccine coverage is achieved, a swift implementation of policies and interventions, together with high quarantine adherence rates, will be required to minimise the probability of sustained community transmission.
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Krivomaz, T. I. "Arcyria minuta. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 192 (July 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20123409277.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Arcyria minuta, found on dead wood and bark. Some information on its morphology, associated organisms and substrata, interactions and habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Malawi, Morocco, Reunion, Rwanda, Sudan, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkey, Costa Rica, Canada [Ontario and Quebec], USA [Tennessee and Texas], Venezuela, Australia [Western Australia], New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Ukraine and UK).
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Minter, D. W. "Physcia tribacioides. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 196 (August 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20133351115.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Physcia tribacioides, a lichen-forming fungus growing in well-lit areas near the coast on trunks of trees with alkaline bark, particularly Ulmus spp., but also species of Acer, Fraxinus and Quercus, sometimes also on rocks near the sea and near bird perches. Some information on its dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Madagascar, Morocco, South Africa), Central America (Costa Rica), North America (Mexico, USA (Connecticut, Missouri, Texas)), Asia (Bahrain, India, Nepal, Oman, Singapore, Taiwan, Yemen), Atlantic Ocean (Portugal (Azores, Madeira)), Australasia (Australia (Tasmania), New Zealand, Papua New Guinea), Europe (Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK), Pacific Ocean (Vanuatu)).
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Minter, D. W. "Saccobolus minimus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 219 (July 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20193504672.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Saccobolus minimus, which is often detected only following moist chamber incubation of dung. Some information on its habitat, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Libya, Namibia, South Africa), North America (Canada (Ontario, Quebec), USA (Maine, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Vermont)), South America (Argentina, Brazil (Goís, Pernambuco), Chile, Colombia, Ecuador (including Galapagos), Venezuela), Asia (Iraq, Japan, Oman, Taiwan, Thailand), Atlantic Ocean (Ascension Island), Australasia (Australia (Queensland, Western Australia), New Zealand), Caribbean (American Virgin Islands, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Saba (Caribbean Netherlands), St Lucia), Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Russia (Leningrad Oblast), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK), Pacific Ocean (USA (Hawaii))). No evaluation has been made of any possible positive economic impact of this fungus (e.g. as a recycler, as a source of useful products, as a provider of checks and balances within its ecosystem, etc.). Also, no reports of negative economic impacts have been found.
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"Physarum crateriforme ." Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria 212 (January 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20173373963.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Physarum crateriforme . Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, habitats, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania), Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, Panama), North America (Mexico, USA (Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia)), South America (Brazil (Pernambuco, Sergipe), Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru), Asia (China (Fujian, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Shandong, Sichuan), India (Assam, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh), Japan, Laos, Russia (Altai krai, Novosibirsk oblast), Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam), Atlantic Ocean (Ascension, Spain (Canary Islands)), Australasia (Australia (Western Australia)), Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Martinique, Puerto Rico, St Lucia), Europe (France, Ireland, Portugal, Russia (Voronezh oblast), Spain, Sweden, UK), Indian Ocean (Seychelles), Pacific Ocean (Ecuador (Galapagos), USA (Hawaii))). Studies in Japan suggest that myxomycetes including this species may be useful as indicators of environmental pollution. No other evaluation has been made of any possible positive economic impact of this fungus and no reports of negative economic impacts have been found.
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Cannon, P. F. "Phyllachora cynodontis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 147 (August 1, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401461.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Phyllachora cynodontis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Chloris pycnothrix, C. radiata, C. roxburghiana (syn. C. myriostachya), Cynodon dactylon, C. plectostachyus, Cynodon sp. (Gramineae). Records on Bouteloua curtipendula, B. gracilis, B. heterostega, B. hirsuta, B. lophostachya, Buchloë dactyloides, Elymus triticoides, Spartina leiantha and S. stricta (Gramineae) require confirmation. DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zimbabwe. NORTH AMERICA: USA (Arkansas, California, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin). CENTRAL AMERICA: Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Puerto Rico. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Uruguay, Venezuela. ASIA: China, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan. Australasia: Australia. EUROPE: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Spain. Very widespread in the tropics and warm temperate regions, present more or less wherever Cynodon is grown as a turfgrass. TRANSMISSION: Not studied in detail, but morphological features agree with those of relatives which have been shown to disperse ascospores actively via air currents, possibly with secondary dispersal via water splash, especially where turf is irrigated.
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Krivomaz, T. I. "Calomyxa metallica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 192 (July 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20123409279.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Calomyxa metallica, found on dead wood and bark. Some information on its morphology, associated organisms and substrata, interactions and habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Kenya, Morocco, Puerto Rico, Canada [Manitoba, Nova Scotia and Ontario], Mexico, USA [Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Iowa, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Michigan, South Dakota, Texas, Washington and West Virginia], Chile, Danco Coast, China, India [Himachal Pradesh], Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Taiwan, Turkey, Ascension Island, Australia [Victoria and Western Australia], New Zealand, Cuba, Jamaica, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK and Solomon Islands).