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Journal articles on the topic 'Transmission of infection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Asbach, C., and G. Scheuch. "Infection Risks by Aerosol Transmission." Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin/German Journal of Sports Medicine 72, no. 5 (July 12, 2021): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2021.493.

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2

Oderda, Giuseppina. "Transmission ofHelicobacter pyloriInfection." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 13, no. 7 (1999): 595–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/760675.

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Helicobacter pyloriinfection is one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide. It is accepted as the major cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, carcinoma of the distal part of the stomach and gastric lymphoma. However, how and when the infection is acquired remain largely unknown. Identification of mode of transmission is vital for developing preventive measures to interrupt its spread, but studies focused on this issue are difficult to implement. From epidemiological studies, it is known that there are great differences in the prevalence of infection in different populations and in ethnic groups originating from high prevalence regions. This is likely related to inferior hygienic conditions and sanitation. In developing countries, infection occurs at a much earlier age. In developed countries, the prevalence of infection is related to poor socioeconomic conditions, particularly density of living. Humans seem to be the only reservoir ofH pylori, which spread from person to person by oral-oral, fecal-oral or gastro-oral routes. Most infections are acquired in childhood, possibly from parents or other children living as close contacts. Infection from the environment or from animals cannot be entirely excluded.

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3

Koopman, Jim. "Modeling Infection Transmission." Annual Review of Public Health 25, no. 1 (April 2004): 303–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.102802.124353.

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4

Sarma, Prof (Dr) Hemkanta. "Covid 19 infection in pregnancy – vertical transmission and lactoferrin." New Indian Journal of OBGYN 7, no. 2 (January 2021): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/obgyn.2021.7.2.1.

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5

Коломиец, Н. Д., О. Н. Романова, О. Н. Ханенко, О. В. Тонко, and А. А. Ключарева. "Prion Infections: Iatrogenic Transmission and Infection Control Problems." Клиническая инфектология и паразитология, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2020.9.2.009.

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Прионные заболевания человека, хотя и относительно редки, остаются постоянной проблемой общественного здравоохранения. Они имеют длительный инкубационный период, исчисляющийся десятилетиями, являются абсолютно смертельными, и пока не разработано экспресс-методов диагностики и надежных методов лечения. В настоящей работе не только систематизированы знания о прионных заболеваниях, но и рассмотрены причины ятрогенной передачи, дано обоснование организации инфекционного контроля для предупреждения их распространения, с учетом современных знаний. Human prion diseases, although relatively rare, remain a persistent public health problem. They have a long incubation period of ten years, are absolutely fatal and don’t have until now rapid methods of diagnosis and reliable ways of their treatment. This paper systematizes knowledge about prion diseases and also considers the causes of iatrogenic transmission in order to provide a basis for organizing infection control to prevent the spread of these kind of diseases in terms of current knowledge.

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6

Perera, Deshan, Ben Perks, Michael Potemkin, Andy Liu, Paul M. K. Gordon, M. John Gill, Quan Long, and Guido van Marle. "Reconstructing SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics through the phylogenetic inference of unsampled sources of infection." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): e0261422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261422.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has illustrated the importance of infection tracking. The role of asymptomatic, undiagnosed individuals in driving infections within this pandemic has become increasingly evident. Modern phylogenetic tools that take into account asymptomatic or undiagnosed individuals can help guide public health responses. We finetuned established phylogenetic pipelines using published SARS-CoV-2 genomic data to examine reasonable estimate transmission networks with the inference of unsampled infection sources. The system utilised Bayesian phylogenetics and TransPhylo to capture the evolutionary and infection dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. Our analyses gave insight into the transmissions within a population including unsampled sources of infection and the results aligned with epidemiological observations. We were able to observe the effects of preventive measures in Canada’s “Atlantic bubble” and in populations such as New York State. The tools also inferred the cross-species disease transmission of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from humans to lions and tigers in New York City’s Bronx Zoo. These phylogenetic tools offer a powerful approach in response to both the COVID-19 and other emerging infectious disease outbreaks.

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7

Mims, C. A. "The transmission of infection." Reviews in Medical Microbiology 6, no. 4 (October 1995): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00013542-199510000-00001.

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8

Cusini, Marco. "Transmission of HIV infection." Seminars in Dermatology 14, no. 3 (September 1995): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1085-5629(05)80019-7.

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9

Randall, J., J. Cable, I. A. Guschina, J. L. Harwood, and J. Lello. "Endemic infection reduces transmission potential of an epidemic parasite during co-infection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1769 (October 22, 2013): 20131500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1500.

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Endemic, low-virulence parasitic infections are common in nature. Such infections may deplete host resources, which in turn could affect the reproduction of other parasites during co-infection. We aimed to determine whether the reproduction, and therefore transmission potential, of an epidemic parasite was limited by energy costs imposed on the host by an endemic infection. Total lipids, triacylglycerols (TAG) and polar lipids were measured in cockroaches ( Blattella germanica ) that were fed ad libitum, starved or infected with an endemic parasite, Gregarina blattarum. Reproductive output of an epidemic parasite, Steinernema carpocapsae , was then assessed by counting the number of infective stages emerging from these three host groups. We found both starvation and gregarine infection reduced cockroach lipids, mainly through depletion of TAG. Further, both starvation and G. blattarum infection resulted in reduced emergence of nematode transmission stages. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to demonstrate directly that host resource depletion caused by endemic infection could affect epidemic disease transmission. In view of the ubiquity of endemic infections in nature, future studies of epidemic transmission should take greater account of endemic co-infections.

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10

Verma, Poonam, Gnanendra Shanmugam, and Sudha Bansode. "Challenges to Cure: Transmission, Virulence and Pathogenesis of HIV Infection." International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research 4, no. 1 (January 2018): 1614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijlssr.2018.4.1.18.

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11

Khamatova, A. A., A. I. Mazus, L. N. Mazankova, T. A. Chebotareva, and Yu F. Vlatskaya. "Prevalence of HIV/HCV co-infection in pregnant women. Risk factors for perinatal transmission of HIV/HCV." Infekcionnye bolezni 20, no. 1 (2022): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2022-1-91-98.

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The review provides up-to-date statistical data on the prevalence, transmission routes, and risks of perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus, immunodeficiency virus, and variants of their co-infections from mother to child. The increase in the number of HIV/HCV co-infected women of reproductive age makes it urgent to develop a strategy for the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV/HCV co-infection based on the treatment of viral hepatitis C during pregnancy planning and three-stage prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV infection at the onset of pregnancy. Key words: HIV infection, chronic viral hepatitis C, HIV/HCV co-infection, perinatal HIV transmission, perinatal transmission of viral hepatitis C infection, risks of perinatal HIV transmission, risks of perinatal hepatitis C virus transmission, risk factors for perinatal HIV/HCV co-infection transmission

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12

Sorrell, Ian, Andrew White, Amy B. Pedersen, Rosemary S. Hails, and Mike Boots. "The evolution of covert, silent infection as a parasite strategy." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1665 (March 11, 2009): 2217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1915.

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Many parasites and pathogens cause silent/covert infections in addition to the more obvious infectious disease-causing pathology. Here, we consider how assumptions concerning superinfection, protection and seasonal host birth and transmission rates affect the evolution of such covert infections as a parasite strategy. Regardless of whether there is vertical infection or effects on sterility, overt infection is always disadvantageous in relatively constant host populations unless it provides protection from superinfection. If covert infections are protective, all individuals will enter the covert stage if there is enough vertical transmission, and revert to overt infections after a ‘latent’ period (susceptible, exposed, infected epidemiology). Seasonal variation in transmission rates selects for non-protective covert infections in relatively long-lived hosts with low birth rates typical of many mammals. Variable host population density caused by seasonal birth rates may also select for covert transmission, but in this case it is most likely in short-lived fecund hosts. The covert infections of some insects may therefore be explained by their outbreak population dynamics. However, our models consistently predict proportions of covert infection, which are lower than some of those observed in nature. Higher proportions of covert infection may occur if there is a direct link between covert infection and overt transmission success, the covert infection is protective or the covert state is the result of suppression by the host. Relatively low proportions of covert transmission may, however, be explained as a parasite strategy when transmission opportunities vary.

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13

Majewska, Ania A., Stuart Sims, Anna Schneider, Sonia Altizer, and Richard J. Hall. "Multiple transmission routes sustain high prevalence of a virulent parasite in a butterfly host." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1910 (September 4, 2019): 20191630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1630.

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Understanding factors that allow highly virulent parasites to reach high infection prevalence in host populations is important for managing infection risks to human and wildlife health. Multiple transmission routes have been proposed as one mechanism by which virulent pathogens can achieve high prevalence, underscoring the need to investigate this hypothesis through an integrated modelling-empirical framework. Here, we examine a harmful specialist protozoan infecting monarch butterflies that commonly reaches high prevalence (50–100%) in resident populations. We integrate field and modelling work to show that a combination of three empirically-supported transmission routes (vertical, adult transfer and environmental transmission) can produce and sustain high infection prevalence in this system. Although horizontal transmission is necessary for parasite invasion, most new infections post-establishment arise from vertical transmission. Our study predicts that multiple transmission routes, coupled with high parasite virulence, can reduce resident host abundance by up to 50%, suggesting that the protozoan could contribute to declines of North American monarchs.

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14

Kudratovna, Yarmukhamedova Mahbuba. "COVID INFECTION AND SPREAD." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-11-11.

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Current evidence suggests that the virus spreads mainly between people who are in close contact with each other, for example at a conversational distance. The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles when they cough, sneeze, speak, sing or breathe. Another person can then contract the virus when infectious particles that pass through the air are inhaled at short range (this is often called short-range aerosol or short-range airborne transmission) or if infectious particles come into direct contact with the eyes, nose, or mouth (droplet transmission).

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15

Keele, Brandon F., and Jacob D. Estes. "Barriers to mucosal transmission of immunodeficiency viruses." Blood 118, no. 4 (July 28, 2011): 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-12-325860.

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AbstractLentiviruses such as HIV have a daunting challenge in gaining access to a new host predominantly through the penile, rectal, or vaginal/cervical mucosal tissue after sexual exposure. Multiple mechanisms have evolved to help prevent such infections, including anatomical barriers, innate inhibitors, and adaptive immune responses. For lentiviruses, it appears that in naive or even conventionally vaccinated hosts, typical adaptive immune responses are generally too little and too late to prevent infection. Nevertheless, a combination of anatomical barriers and innate immune responses may limit transmission, especially in patients without predisposing conditions such as mucosal lesions or preexisting sexually transmitted infections. Furthermore, when infection does occur, most often the primary viremia of the acute infection can be traced back genetically to a single founder virus. Unfortunately, even a single virion can establish an infection that will ultimately lead to the demise of the host. This review seeks to describe the biology of and barriers to establishment of systemic, disseminated productive infection with HIV after sexual exposure and to discuss the possible mechanisms leading to infection by a single viral variant. Understanding the initial events of infection, before systemic spread, could provide insights into strategies for reducing acquisition or ameliorating clinical outcome.

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16

Britt, William J. "Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Women With Preexisting Immunity: Sources of Infection and Mechanisms of Infection in the Presence of Antiviral Immunity." Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, Supplement_1 (March 5, 2020): S1—S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz464.

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Abstract Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection remains an important cause of neurodevelopmental sequelae in infants infected in utero. Unique to the natural history of perinatal HCMV infections is the occurrence of congenital HCMV infections (cCMV) in women with existing immunity to HCMV, infections that have been designated as nonprimary maternal infection. In maternal populations with a high HCMV seroprevalence, cCMV that follows nonprimary maternal infections accounts for 75%–90% of all cases of cCMV infections as well as a large proportion of infected infants with neurodevelopmental sequelae. Although considerable effort has been directed toward understanding immune correlates that can modify maternal infections and intrauterine transmission, the source of virus leading to nonprimary maternal infections and intrauterine transmission is not well defined. Previous paradigms that included reactivation of latent virus as the source of infection in immune women have been challenged by studies demonstrating acquisition and transmission of antigenically distinct viruses, a finding suggesting that reinfection through exposure to an exogenous virus is responsible for some cases of nonprimary maternal infection. Additional understanding of the source(s) of virus that leads to nonprimary maternal infection will be of considerable value in the development and testing of interventions such as vaccines designed to limit the incidence of cCMV in populations with high HCMV seroprevalence.

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17

Straface, Gianluca, Alessia Selmin, Vincenzo Zanardo, Marco De Santis, Alfredo Ercoli, and Giovanni Scambia. "Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Pregnancy." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/385697.

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Infection with herpes simplex is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Because the infection is common in women of reproductive age it can be contracted and transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy and the newborn. Herpes simplex virus is an important cause of neonatal infection, which can lead to death or long-term disabilities. Rarely in the uterus, it occurs frequently during the transmission delivery. The greatest risk of transmission to the fetus and the newborn occurs in case of an initial maternal infection contracted in the second half of pregnancy. The risk of transmission of maternal-fetal-neonatal herpes simplex can be decreased by performing a treatment with antiviral drugs or resorting to a caesarean section in some specific cases. The purpose of this paper is to provide recommendations on management of herpes simplex infections in pregnancy and strategies to prevent transmission from mother to fetus.

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18

Forbes, B. A. "Acquisition of cytomegalovirus infection: an update." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2, no. 2 (April 1989): 204–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.2.2.204.

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Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous deoxyribonucleic acid virus that commonly infects a majority of individuals at some time during their life. Although most of these CMV infections are asymptomatic, certain patient groups are at risk to develop serious illness. Understanding the epidemiology of this virus is a key element in the development of strategies for preventing CMV disease. However, a number of features of this virus complicate such understanding. Following infection, CMV can remain latent, with subsequent reactivation; the factors controlling latency and reactivation and those factors which determine whether a CMV infection will be symptomatic are unknown. CMV disease can be acquired by natural routes, including horizontal and vertical transmission. Due to the ubiquity of CMV, the delineation of CMV transmission by these natural routes is complicated by the myriad of possible sources. Moreover, concerns over the risk of CMV transmission to the seronegative pregnant female have been raised in relation to preventing CMV transmission. By using molecular biologic techniques, much knowledge has been gained regarding the transmission of CMV disease by natural routes; however, a number of questions remain unanswered. The transmission of CMV infection by natural routes is therefore reviewed and the issues are highlighted. Primary infection, reactivation, and reinfection are the types of active CMV infections that can occur in an immunocompromised patient. In addition to natural routes of infection, introduction of presumably latently infected organs and requirements for multiple blood transfusions increase potential exposure to CMV in the immunocompromised patient. Understanding the epidemiology of CMV infections in the immunocompromised patient is difficult and in some instances controversial due to the complexity and interdependency of a number of factors which lead to CMV infection. In an immunocompromised individual, a major risk factor in developing overt CMV-related disease is associated with the serological status of an organ donor, the recipient, and the blood product given to these patients. In addition, a large body of inferential data supports the transmission of CMV by blood products or organs from seropositive donors; however, the mechanisms by which transmission occurs remain unclear. The possible sources and mechanisms of transmission of CMV infections in the immunocompromised host are reviewed. Lastly, strategies for the ultimate prevention of CMV disease are discussed in light of the epidemiology of CMV infections. To date, these strategies have included use of CMV-seronegative blood products or organs, antiviral agents, and vaccines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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19

Senanayake, M. P., S. M. Senanayake, K. K. Vidanage, S. Gunasena, and S. P. Lamabadusuriya. "Vertical transmission in chikungunya infection." Ceylon Medical Journal 54, no. 2 (July 24, 2009): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cmj.v54i2.865.

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20

Markovitz, Alvin. "Transmission of Infection by Endoscopy." Annals of Internal Medicine 119, no. 5 (September 1, 1993): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-5-199309010-00032.

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21

Hardick, Marcia. "Transmission of Infection by Endoscopy." Annals of Internal Medicine 119, no. 5 (September 1, 1993): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-5-199309010-00033.

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22

Benjamin, Stanley B. "Transmission of Infection by Endoscopy." Annals of Internal Medicine 119, no. 5 (September 1, 1993): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-5-199309010-00034.

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23

Spach, David H. "Transmission of Infection by Endoscopy." Annals of Internal Medicine 119, no. 5 (September 1, 1993): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-5-199309010-00035.

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24

Tait, Alan R., and Dale B. Tuttle. "Preventing Perioperative Transmission of Infection." Anesthesia & Analgesia 80, no. 4 (April 1995): 764–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199504000-00020.

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25

KLAUS, BARBARA D. "Household Transmission of HIV Infection." Nurse Practitioner 19, no. 12 (December 1994): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-199412000-00005.

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26

May, Robert M., and Roy M. Anderson. "Transmission dynamics of HIV infection." Nature 326, no. 6109 (March 1987): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/326137a0.

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27

Sherrard, J. S., and J. S. Bingham. "Nosocomial Transmission of HIV Infection." International Journal of STD & AIDS 5, no. 4 (July 1994): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249400500401.

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28

CONE, RICHARD, KATHEY MOHAN, MARGARET THOULESS, and LAWRENCE COREY. "Nosocomial transmission of rotavirus infection." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 7, no. 2 (February 1988): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198802000-00008.

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29

Mendall, M. A., and T. C. Northfield. "Transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection." Gut 37, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.37.1.1.

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30

Tait, Alan R., and Dale B. Tuttle. "Preventing Perioperative Transmission of Infection." Anesthesia & Analgesia 80, no. 4 (April 1995): 764–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199504000-00020.

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31

TAIT, ALAN R., and DALE B. TUTTLE. "Preventing Perioperative Transmission of Infection." Survey of Anesthesiology 40, no. 4 (August 1996): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132586-199608000-00035.

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32

Newell, Marie-Louise, and Catherine Peckham. "Vertical transmission of HIV infection." Acta Paediatrica 83, s400 (August 1994): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13334.x.

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33

Carne, C. A., I. V. D. Weller, C. Sonnex, A. M. Johnson, A. M. Petherick, and M. W. Adler. "HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV INFECTION." Lancet 330, no. 8549 (July 1987): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)93072-8.

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34

Cocchi, P., C. Cocchi, P. Weinbreck, V. Loustaud, F. Denis, B. Vidal, M. Mounier, and L. De Lumley. "POSTNATAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV INFECTION." Lancet 331, no. 8583 (February 1988): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91284-6.

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Evans, B. A. "HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV INFECTION." Lancet 329, no. 8542 (May 1987): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91715-6.

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36

Gambhir, Manoj, María-Gloria Basáñez, Felicity Turner, Jacob Kumaresan, and Nicholas C. Grassly. "Trachoma: transmission, infection, and control." Lancet Infectious Diseases 7, no. 6 (June 2007): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70137-8.

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37

Cakaloq̌lu, Y., S. Kaymakoǒlu, A. Ökten, F. Besisik, S. Badur, and S. Yalcin. "Horizontal transmission of HBV infection." Journal of Hepatology 13 (January 1991): S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-8278(91)91391-s.

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38

Gorrell, Michelle. "Preventing infection transmission in practice." Practice Nursing 24, no. 12 (December 2013): 616–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2013.24.12.616.

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39

Snyder, Graham M. "Introduction to Transmission of Infection." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 30, no. 4 (October 2020): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.giec.2020.05.001.

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40

Abrahams, M. R., J. A. Anderson, E. E. Giorgi, C. Seoighe, K. Mlisana, L. H. Ping, G. S. Athreya, et al. "Quantitating the Multiplicity of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Reveals a Non-Poisson Distribution of Transmitted Variants." Journal of Virology 83, no. 8 (February 4, 2009): 3556–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02132-08.

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ABSTRACT Identifying the specific genetic characteristics of successfully transmitted variants may prove central to the development of effective vaccine and microbicide interventions. Although human immunodeficiency virus transmission is associated with a population bottleneck, the extent to which different factors influence the diversity of transmitted viruses is unclear. We estimate here the number of transmitted variants in 69 heterosexual men and women with primary subtype C infections. From 1,505 env sequences obtained using a single genome amplification approach we show that 78% of infections involved single variant transmission and 22% involved multiple variant transmissions (median of 3). We found evidence for mutations selected for cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte or antibody escape and a high prevalence of recombination in individuals infected with multiple variants representing another potential escape pathway in these individuals. In a combined analysis of 171 subtype B and C transmission events, we found that infection with more than one variant does not follow a Poisson distribution, indicating that transmission of individual virions cannot be seen as independent events, each occurring with low probability. While most transmissions resulted from a single infectious unit, multiple variant transmissions represent a significant fraction of transmission events, suggesting that there may be important mechanistic differences between these groups that are not yet understood.

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41

Martin, Thomas C. S., Antoine Chaillon, Susannah K. Graves, Timothy Lin, Sara Gianella, Davey M. Smith, Susan J. Little, and Martin Hoenigl. "Genetic Network Analysis to Assess the Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Seeking Partners on the Internet." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 5 (April 6, 2019): 925–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz278.

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Abstract Background Online partner seeking (OPS) among men who have sex with men (MSM) is associated with increased risk behavior including frequency of unprotected anal intercourse, number of partners, and incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, the impact on transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is uncertain. Methods MSM diagnosed with acute and early HIV infection were recruited from the Primary Infection Resource Consortium. HIV transmission events in the year following infection were inferred using estimated date of infection combined with genetic network analysis with linked sequences defined as ≤0.015 sequences/site difference in the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) pol coding region. Participants completed a detailed baseline questionnaire including reported methods of meeting sexual partners, including OPS, in the prior 3 months, and regression was performed with inferred transmission as the outcome. Results From 147 MSM who completed the questionnaire, there were an associated 20 inferred HIV transmissions. No association with OPS was found (odds ratio, 0.64 [95% confidence interval, .24–1.69]; P = .37), though individuals who reported OPS were more likely to have reported a greater number of partners (P = .003) and prior STIs (P = .002). Geospatial analysis did not indicate that OPS was associated with increased geographical reach of the user (P = .68). Conclusions Individuals reporting OPS did not have increased odds of inferred HIV-1 transmission in the year following infection using genetic linkage analysis despite apparently increased risk behavior. OPS also did not increase the geographic distance between genetically clustered HIV infections, suggesting that individuals mainly use the internet to meet partners in their local region.

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42

Khamatova, A. A., T. A. Chebotareva, and J. F. Vlatskaya. "The risks of perinatal HIV/HCV co-infection and the evolution of treatment tactics of the disease in children (clinical case)." CHILDREN INFECTIONS 21, no. 2 (July 20, 2022): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22627/2072-8107-2022-21-2-60-66.

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HIV infection and HCV infection are still serious and widespread infections that lead to high morbidity and mortality of the population worldwide.The aim is to assess the risks of perinatal transmission of HIV/HCV co-infection and the choice of modern treatment tactics in children.Аnalyzed data in foreign and domestic literature. A clinical case of perinatal transmission of HIV/HCV co-infection is described.Results. Тhe features of perinatal transmission of infection depending on its variants (mono-HIV infection, hepatitis C and co-infection with HIV/HCV) and risk factors are shown. A clinical example demonstrates the implementation of perinatal transmission of HIV/HCV co-infection in the presence of major risk factors. The improvement of therapeutic tactics in a child with co-infection is shown.Conclusion: in the described clinical case, numerous risk factors for perinatal transmission of HIV/HCV co-infection are demonstrated, the presence of which led to the realization of co-infection in a child. The effectiveness of modern tactics for the treatment of HIV infection and chronic viral hepatitis C has been demonstrated.

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Eickhoff, Theodore C. "Airborne Nosocomial Infection: A Contemporary Perspective." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 15, no. 10 (October 1994): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646830.

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AbstractThe history of airborne nosocomial infections is reviewed, and current beliefs about such infections are placed into their historical context. Possible sources, both animate and inanimate, of airborne nosocomial infections in the hospital environment are identified. Viruses, bacteria, and fungi that have been important causes of airborne nosocomial infections in the past are discussed, and examples of key studies that have confirmed an airborne route of transmission are presented. Where relevant, measures that have been used to control airborne transmission of nosocomial pathogens are discussed. Although outbreaks of airborne nosocomial infection have been uncommon, airborne transmission appears to account for about 10% of all endemic nosocomial infections.

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Queirós, Catarina, and João Borges da Costa. "Oral Transmission of Sexually Transmissable Infections: A Narrative Review." Acta Médica Portuguesa 32, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.12191.

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Over the last few decades, behavioral changes in sexual practices have made oral transmission of traditional sexually transmissible infections increasingly recognized. Patients harboring a sexually transmissible infection may first present lesions on the oral cavity, as these may be visible and interfere with basic functions such as speech or swallowing. Moreover, the oral cavity may function as a reservoir for future spread of these infections. In order to successfully control this problem, a greater focus on oral sex should be persued, along with promotion of the use of condom and education on safe oral sex practices. Furthermore, examination of the oral cavity should is essential when evaluating any patient suspected of harboring a sexually transmissible infection. In this article, oral transmission of several viral and bacterial infections is reviewed, including human papillomavirus infection, genital herpes, syphilis and gonorrhea, among others.

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Belosevic, M., G. M. Faubert, and J. D. Maclean. "Mouse-to-mouse transmission of infections with Giardia muris." Parasitology 92, no. 3 (June 1986): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000065471.

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SUMMARYThe transmission of infection with Giardia muris among CD-I mice was quantified by determining the duration of the latent period and intensity of cyst release during the acute phase of the infection. Housing of experimentally inoculated mice with uninfected mice in the same cage resulted in 100% transmission of infection. The dissemination of the infection was faster if experimentally inoculated hosts were passing high numbers of cysts at the time of housing with uninfected animals. The course of ‘naturally’ acquired and experimentally induced infections was similar. We conclude that G. muris has a high transmission potential and that the number of cysts randomly consumed does not influence the course and eventual outcome of the infection.

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D'Agata, Erika M. C., Valerie Thayer, and William Schaffner. "An Outbreak ofAcinetobacter baumannii:The Importance of Cross-Transmission." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 21, no. 9 (September 2000): 588–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501808.

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AbstractObjective:To investigate an outbreak of nosocomial infections due to multidrug-resistant (MDR)Acinetobacter baumanniiand to analyze the contribution of cross-transmission in the rise in infection rates.Design:Epidemiological investigation; molecular typing using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE); matched case-control study to identify risk factors for infection.Setting:A 34-bed surgical intensive care unit at a tertiary-care hospital.Patients:Eighteen patients who developed MDRA baumanniinosocomial infection were matched to 36 patients who were admitted to the same surgical intensive care unit (SICU) room and did not develop an infection during the outbreak period.Results:Prior to the outbreak, the baseline attack rate of MDRA baumanniinosocomial infections was 3 per 100 patients per month. From February 1 through March 22, 1998, the attack rate rose to 16 per 100 patients per month, with a total of 18 infections. All isolates had indistinguishable PFGE patterns. Seventy environmental cultures were negative for MDRA baumannii. Following intense infection control education, the attack rate decreased to 4 per 100 patients per month. By conditional logistic regression, cases were exposed to a significantly higher number of patients with MDRA baumanniiinfections compared to controls (odds ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.2;P=.02), even after adjusting for length of SICU admission and exposure to antibiotics and invasive devices.Conclusion:Cross-transmission between patients contributed to the rise in rates of MDRA baumanniiinfections. A common environmental source was not detected.

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Wiwanitkit, Viroj. "Unusual mode of transmission of dengue." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 4, no. 01 (November 30, 2009): 051–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.145.

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Dengue is the most important tropical mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by an arbovirus, the dengue virus. It should be noted that there are still other unusual modes of transmission of dengue infection. This paper summarizes those non vector-borne transmissions of dengue including vertical transmission, transfusion related transmission, transplantation related transmission, and needle-stick-related transmission.

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Ayele, W. Y., M. Macháčková, and I. Pavlík. "The transmission and impact of paratuberculosis infection in domestic and wild ruminants." Veterinární Medicína 46, No. 7–8 (January 1, 2001): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7878-vetmed.

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) infects domestic cattle, sheep, goats, deer, camelids and wild ruminants leading to chronic enteritis known as paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease). The infection is chronic, progressive and unresponsive to treatment. Most infected animals do not develop clinical disease but may excrete the bacteria. Clinically sick animals suffer emaciation and in some species diarrhoea, followed by eventual death. During the course of the disease, excretion of M. paratuberculosis in faeces and milk occurs, and the organism spreads through the blood and lymph vessels of infected animals to multiple internal organs. The infection disseminates to both the female and male reproductive organs. Though M. paratuberculosis is not classified as a human pathogen, current opinions on the possible role of this mycobacteria in public health is discussed. This article attempts to review the ways and circumstances by which M. paratuberculosis is transmitted within an animal population and the importance of the disease on animal production. Published reports concerning the transmission and epidemiology of the disease are reviewed herein, and preventive and control measures are summarised.

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Sahibzada, Kashif Iqbal, Lilia Ganova-Raeva, Zoya Dimitrova, Sumathi Ramachandran, Yulin Lin, Garrett Longmire, Leonard Arthur, et al. "Hepatitis C virus transmission cluster among injection drug users in Pakistan." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): e0270910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270910.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are public health problem across the globe, particularly in developing countries. Pakistan has the second highest prevalence of HCV infection worldwide. Limited data exist from Pakistan about persons who inject drugs (PWID) and are at significant risk of exposure to HCV infection and transmission. Serum specimens (n = 110) collected from PWID residing in four provinces were tested for molecular markers of HCV infection. Next generation sequencing (NGS) of the hypervariable region (HVR1) of HCV and Global Hepatitis Outbreak and Surveillance Technology (GHOST) were used to determine HCV genotype, genetic heterogeneity, and construct transmission networks. Among tested specimens, 47.3% were found anti-HCV positive and 34.6% were HCV RNA-positive and belonged to four genotypes, with 3a most prevalent followed by 1a, 1b and 4a. Variants sampled from five cases formed phylogenetic cluster and a transmission network. One case harbored infection with two different genotypes. High prevalence of infections and presence of various genotypes indicate frequent introduction and transmission of HCV among PWID in Pakistan. Identification of a transmission cluster across three provinces, involving 20% of all cases, suggests the existence of a countrywide transmission network among PWIDs. Understanding the structure of this network should assist in devising effective public health strategies to eliminate HCV infection in Pakistan.

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Fry, Donald E. "Article Commentary: Occupational Risks of Blood Exposure in the Operating Room." American Surgeon 73, no. 7 (July 2007): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480707300701.

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Bloodborne pathogens continue to be a source of occupational infection for healthcare workers, but particularly for surgeons. Over 1 per cent of the U.S. population has one or more chronic viral infections. Hepatitis B is the infection that has the longest known role as an occupational pathogen, but infection with this virus is largely preventable with the use of the effective hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C affects the largest number of people in the United States, and there is no vaccine available for the prevention of this infection. HIV infection still has not been associated with a documented transmission in the operating room environment, but six cases of probable occupational transmission have been reported. A total of 57 healthcare workers have had documented occupational infection since the epidemic of HIV infection began. Infection of blood-borne pathogens to patients from infected surgeons remains a concern. Surgeons who are e-antigen-positive for hepatitis B have been well documented to be an infection risk to patients in the operating room. Only four surgeons have been documented to transmit hepatitis C, although other transmissions have occurred in the care of patients when practices of infection control have been violated. No surgical transmission of HIV to a patient has been identified at this time. Prevention of occupational infection requires use of protective barriers, avoidance of exposure risk by modification of techniques, and a constant awareness of sharp instruments in the operating room. Blood exposure in the operating room carries risk of infection and should be avoided. It is likely that other infectious agents will emerge as operating room threats. Surgeons must maintain vigilance in avoiding blood exposure and percutaneous injury.

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