Relevant bibliographies by topics / Transmission of infection

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Transmission of infection'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Transmission of infection"

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Asbach, C., and G. Scheuch. "Infection Risks by Aerosol Transmission." Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin/German Journal of Sports Medicine 72, no. 5 (July 12, 2021): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2021.493.

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Oderda, Giuseppina. "Transmission ofHelicobacter pyloriInfection." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 13, no. 7 (1999): 595–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/760675.

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Helicobacter pyloriinfection is one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide. It is accepted as the major cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, carcinoma of the distal part of the stomach and gastric lymphoma. However, how and when the infection is acquired remain largely unknown. Identification of mode of transmission is vital for developing preventive measures to interrupt its spread, but studies focused on this issue are difficult to implement. From epidemiological studies, it is known that there are great differences in the prevalence of infection in different populations and in ethnic groups originating from high prevalence regions. This is likely related to inferior hygienic conditions and sanitation. In developing countries, infection occurs at a much earlier age. In developed countries, the prevalence of infection is related to poor socioeconomic conditions, particularly density of living. Humans seem to be the only reservoir ofH pylori, which spread from person to person by oral-oral, fecal-oral or gastro-oral routes. Most infections are acquired in childhood, possibly from parents or other children living as close contacts. Infection from the environment or from animals cannot be entirely excluded.
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Koopman, Jim. "Modeling Infection Transmission." Annual Review of Public Health 25, no. 1 (April 2004): 303–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.102802.124353.

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Sarma, Prof (Dr) Hemkanta. "Covid 19 infection in pregnancy – vertical transmission and lactoferrin." New Indian Journal of OBGYN 7, no. 2 (January 2021): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/obgyn.2021.7.2.1.

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Коломиец, Н. Д., О. Н. Романова, О. Н. Ханенко, О. В. Тонко, and А. А. Ключарева. "Prion Infections: Iatrogenic Transmission and Infection Control Problems." Клиническая инфектология и паразитология, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2020.9.2.009.

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Прионные заболевания человека, хотя и относительно редки, остаются постоянной проблемой общественного здравоохранения. Они имеют длительный инкубационный период, исчисляющийся десятилетиями, являются абсолютно смертельными, и пока не разработано экспресс-методов диагностики и надежных методов лечения. В настоящей работе не только систематизированы знания о прионных заболеваниях, но и рассмотрены причины ятрогенной передачи, дано обоснование организации инфекционного контроля для предупреждения их распространения, с учетом современных знаний. Human prion diseases, although relatively rare, remain a persistent public health problem. They have a long incubation period of ten years, are absolutely fatal and don’t have until now rapid methods of diagnosis and reliable ways of their treatment. This paper systematizes knowledge about prion diseases and also considers the causes of iatrogenic transmission in order to provide a basis for organizing infection control to prevent the spread of these kind of diseases in terms of current knowledge.
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Perera, Deshan, Ben Perks, Michael Potemkin, Andy Liu, Paul M. K. Gordon, M. John Gill, Quan Long, and Guido van Marle. "Reconstructing SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics through the phylogenetic inference of unsampled sources of infection." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): e0261422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261422.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has illustrated the importance of infection tracking. The role of asymptomatic, undiagnosed individuals in driving infections within this pandemic has become increasingly evident. Modern phylogenetic tools that take into account asymptomatic or undiagnosed individuals can help guide public health responses. We finetuned established phylogenetic pipelines using published SARS-CoV-2 genomic data to examine reasonable estimate transmission networks with the inference of unsampled infection sources. The system utilised Bayesian phylogenetics and TransPhylo to capture the evolutionary and infection dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. Our analyses gave insight into the transmissions within a population including unsampled sources of infection and the results aligned with epidemiological observations. We were able to observe the effects of preventive measures in Canada’s “Atlantic bubble” and in populations such as New York State. The tools also inferred the cross-species disease transmission of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from humans to lions and tigers in New York City’s Bronx Zoo. These phylogenetic tools offer a powerful approach in response to both the COVID-19 and other emerging infectious disease outbreaks.
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Mims, C. A. "The transmission of infection." Reviews in Medical Microbiology 6, no. 4 (October 1995): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00013542-199510000-00001.

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Cusini, Marco. "Transmission of HIV infection." Seminars in Dermatology 14, no. 3 (September 1995): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1085-5629(05)80019-7.

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Randall, J., J. Cable, I. A. Guschina, J. L. Harwood, and J. Lello. "Endemic infection reduces transmission potential of an epidemic parasite during co-infection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1769 (October 22, 2013): 20131500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1500.

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Endemic, low-virulence parasitic infections are common in nature. Such infections may deplete host resources, which in turn could affect the reproduction of other parasites during co-infection. We aimed to determine whether the reproduction, and therefore transmission potential, of an epidemic parasite was limited by energy costs imposed on the host by an endemic infection. Total lipids, triacylglycerols (TAG) and polar lipids were measured in cockroaches ( Blattella germanica ) that were fed ad libitum, starved or infected with an endemic parasite, Gregarina blattarum. Reproductive output of an epidemic parasite, Steinernema carpocapsae , was then assessed by counting the number of infective stages emerging from these three host groups. We found both starvation and gregarine infection reduced cockroach lipids, mainly through depletion of TAG. Further, both starvation and G. blattarum infection resulted in reduced emergence of nematode transmission stages. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to demonstrate directly that host resource depletion caused by endemic infection could affect epidemic disease transmission. In view of the ubiquity of endemic infections in nature, future studies of epidemic transmission should take greater account of endemic co-infections.
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Verma, Poonam, Gnanendra Shanmugam, and Sudha Bansode. "Challenges to Cure: Transmission, Virulence and Pathogenesis of HIV Infection." International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research 4, no. 1 (January 2018): 1614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijlssr.2018.4.1.18.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Transmission of infection"

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Spenillo, Jocelyn K. "Nurse’s Perceptions of Visitor’s Adherence to Transmission-Based Precautions." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/316.

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Transmissions based precautions are measures implemented in various clinical health care settings as a means to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases and decrease instances of healthcare acquired infections (HAI). HAI’s result in increased cost to hospitals, longer hospitalization for patients, increased patient suffering, and fatal patient outcomes. While staff member adherence to transmissions based precautions are mandated through various organizations and hospital policies, a review of literature indicates little research has been conducted regarding visitor compliance with transmission-based precautions. The potential implications in healthcare from visitor non-adherence acquired infections are unknown; revealing a gap in literature and supporting the need for further research to describe the phenomenon. Through utilization of a descriptive online survey instrument, the purpose of this descriptive study is to gain insight into why nurses believe visitors may or may not be compliant with transmission-based precautions. To collect the data, an online descriptive survey instrument was developed and distributed via email to all graduate students’ enrolled East Tennessee State University’s College of Nursing. Only ten participants met the eligibility requirements to participate in this study. Data was analyzed though a predictive analytics software and grouping responses into themes. Responses suggest that nurses feel visitors are not complying with transmission-based precautions because of a lack in education, not perceiving the infection as a threat, prior exposure to loved one at home, and inconvenience.
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CHOUQUET, CECILE. "Transmission du vih-1 de la mere a l'enfant : modelisation bayesienne du moment de la transmission." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA11T013.

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Tscherning, Charlotte. "Déterminants biologiques et génétiques du VIH-1 et rôle du placenta dans la transmission materno-foetale." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1T187.

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Thompson, J. M. "Phytophthora Infestans in Potato Tubers : Infection and Transmission." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501594.

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Voirin, Nicolas. "Analyse et modélisation de la transmission de la grippe nosocomiale." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10151.

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Les conséquences des épidémies de grippe nosocomiale (GN) pour les patients en termes de morbidité et mortalité sont importantes. Cependant, la présentation clinique des cas, la fréquence de l’infection, le risque d’infection parmi les patients, la transmission et les mesures de contrôle les plus adaptées restent mal connues. Une analyse originale de la littérature nous a permis de synthétiser les connaissances sur la GN. Puis sur la base d’une étude prospective menée pendant 3 saisons de grippe de 2004 à 2007, nous avons présenté une description clinique des cas de grippe observés à l’hôpital Edouard Herriot de Lyon. Nous avons ensuite développé un modèle statistique d’analyse du risque de GN chez les patients et nous avons appliqué ce modèle sur des données concernant plus de 21500 patients. Les facteurs influençant la transmission ont été étudiés par simulation de la diffusion du virus grippal dans une unité de soin à l’aide d’un modèle biomathématique. Nous montrons qu’il était difficile d’identifier les cas de grippe dans l’hôpital sans réalisation systématique d’un test de dépistage. Le risque pour le patient de présenter un syndrome grippal était 2 fois plus important à l’hôpital que dans la communauté. De plus ce risque était 5 à 35 fois plus élevé lorsqu’un patient était exposé à un autre patient ou à un soignant contagieux au cours de son séjour. La transmission de patient à patient semblait une voie de transmission importante. La démarche de ce travail pourrait être adaptée et l’outil statistique étendu à l’étude de la dynamique et du contrôle des infections nosocomiales
The consequences of outbreaks of nosocomial influenza (NI) for patients in terms of morbidity and mortality are an issue of concerned. However, clinical presentation of cases, frequency of infection, risk of infection among patients, transmission and the most adapted control measures remain poorly understood. An original analysis of the literature allowed synthesizing the knowledge on NI. Then on the basis of a prospective study conducted during 3 influenza seasons from 2004 to 2007, we report a description of clinical cases of NI observed at the Edouard Herriot hospital in Lyon. Then, we developed a statistical model to analyze the risk of NI among patients and we apply this model on data from over 21,500 patients. Factors influencing the transmission were studied by simulating the spread of influenza virus in a hospital unit using a mathematical model. We show that identifying cases of influenza in the hospital without a systematic virological screening is difficult. The risk for the patient to present influenza like illness was 2 times higher in hospital than in the community. Furthermore, the risk was 5 to 35 times higher when a patient was exposed to other contagious patients or health care workers during his hospitalization. Transmission from patient to patient seemed to be a major route of transmission. The approach used in this work could be adapted and the statistical tools could be extended to study of the dynamics and control of nosocomial infections
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Roberts, Craig William. "Immunological control of Toxoplama gondii infection." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389701.

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Rashleigh-Rolls, Rebecca M. "Hospital acquired infections : outbreaks and infection control interventions, a national descriptive survey." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/101494/1/Rebecca_Rashleigh-Rolls_Thesis.pdf.

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This study investigated hospital-acquired infection (HAI) across Australian public hospitals from January 2005 - December 2011. Specifically, outbreaks of HAI and infection control interventions (aimed at reducing HAI rates) were investigated. Outbreaks of HAI, with the most frequent pathogens being Norovirus and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, occurred in the majority of hospitals. Further, a wide variety of infection control interventions were applied during the time-frame yet there was no standardised implementation approach. Rates of HAI appeared to be affected by the implementation of particular infection control interventions, either by reducing or increasing mean infection rates.
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Mtambo, Mkumbukwa Madundo Angelo. "Cryptosporidium infection in cats : epidemioloigy and cross transmission studies." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384860.

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Brabant, Gilles. "L'infection bacterienne par transmission materno-foetale : depistage clinique et biologique." Lille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL2M106.

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Gea-Mallorquí, Ester. "HIV-2 infection in human primary macrophages." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066469.

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Les macrophages sont une cible cellulaire importante du VIH-1 et sont impliqués dans la propagation virale et la constitution du réservoir. Les patients infectés par le VIH-2 présentent un contrôle naturel de l'infection qui est généralement absent chez les patients infectés par le VIH-1. Nous avons étudié ici la relation entre les macrophages et le VIH-2 afin d'évaluer leur contribution à la physiopathologie de l'infection. L'assemblage de particules virales dans des macrophages dérivés de monocytes (MDM) infectés par le VIH-2 se fait au niveau de la membrane de compartiments internes semblables aux VCC documentés dans les MDM infectés par le VIH-1. Les VCC des MDM infectés par le VIH-1 et le VIH-2 partagent la même composition protéique, et la même morphologie. Contrairement à Gag du VIH-1, la protéine Gag du VIH-2 est absente du cytosol et presque exclusivement localisée dans les VCC, ce qui suggère que Gag du VIH-2 est rapidement transportée vers le VCC une fois synthétisée dans le cytosol. Les particules de VIH-2 produites de novo par les MDM peuvent mûrir, mais sont faiblement infectieuses et se transmettent inefficacement aux cellules T activés. Cette faible infectiosité n'est pas associée avec l'expression du facteur de restriction BST-2 et n'est pas non plus améliorée par une baisse des niveaux d'expression de BST-2 induite par Vpu. Nos données suggèrent que les macrophages infectés par le VIH-2 ne contribuent probablement pas à la production et à la dissémination du virus in vivo. Cependant, les macrophages infectés par le VIH-2 peuvent représenter une source potentielle d'antigènes viraux qui pourraient stimuler les réponses des cellules T spécifiques du virus
Macrophages are an important cellular target of HIV-1 and are potentially involved in viral spreading and constitution of the viral reservoir. HIV-2-infected patients exhibit a natural virological control of the infection that is generally absent from HIV-1-infected patients. Here, we studied the relationship between macrophages and HIV-2 to approach their potential contribution to the physiopathology of HIV-2 infection. Viral particles assembly in HIV-2-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) occurred at the limiting membrane of internal compartments similar to virus-containing compartments (VCCs) documented in HIV-1-infected MDMs. Indeed, VCCs from HIV-1 and HIV-2-infected MDMs shared protein composition, as seen by confocal microcopy, and morphology, as seen by electron microscopy. Strikingly, HIV-2 Gag was mostly absent from the cytosol and almost exclusively localized to the VCCs, whereas HIV-1 Gag was distributed in both locations, suggesting that HIV-2 Gag is rapidly transported to the VCC membranes once synthesized in the cytosol. HIV-2 particles produced de novo by MDMs can mature, but are poorly infectious and inefficiently transmitted to activated T cells. This low infectivity neither correlate with expression of the restriction factor BST-2, nor was improved by Vpu-induced down-modulation of BST-2 levels. Our data suggest that, HIV-2-infected macrophages are unlikely to contribute to viral production and dissemination in vivo. However, HIV-2-infected macrophages accumulate large amounts of intracellular virus that may represent a potential source of viral antigens that could stimulate virus specific T cell responses
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Books on the topic "Transmission of infection"

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Trust, Terrence Higgins. Preventing HIV Infection: A booklet about transmission. London: Terrence Higgins Trust, 1994.

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1948-, Löwy Ilana, and Gaudillière Jean-Paul 1957-, eds. Heredity and infection: The history of disease transmission. London: Routledge, 2001.

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McGuckin, Maryanne. The patient survival guide: 8 simple solutions to prevent hospital- and healthcare-associated infections. New York: DemosHealth, 2012.

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Nilsson, Schönnesson Lena, ed. Sexual transmission of HIV infection: Risk reduction, trauma, and adaptation. New York: Haworth Press, 1992.

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Goh, K. T. Epidemiology and control of hepatitis B virus infection in Singapore. Tokyo: Southeast Asian Medical Information Center, 1992.

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Basic infection control for health care providers. Albany: Delmar Thomson Learning, 2002.

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Basic infection control for health care providers. 2nd ed. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2007.

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Molecular techniques for the study of hospital acquired infection. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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Spickler, Anna Rovid, Christine A. Petersen, and Glenda Dvorak. Maddie's infection control manual for animal shelters: For veterinary personnel. Ames, Iowa: Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2008.

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Pathologists, Royal College of. HIV infection: Hazards of transmission to patients and health care workers duringinvasive procedures : report. London: Royal College of Pathologists, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Transmission of infection"

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Basalamah, A. H., and F. E. Serebour. "Maternofetal transmission of infection." In Uncommon Infections and Special Topics, 233–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4902-7_16.

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Kopec, Dak, and Marisela Thompson. "Infection and Disease Transmission." In Architectural Factors for Infection and Disease Control, 1–12. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003214502-1.

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Mendall, Michael. "Natural history and mode of transmission." In Helicobacter pylori Infection, 21–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2216-0_3.

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Bobat, Raziya, and Ashendri Pillay. "Transmission and Immunopathogenesis." In HIV Infection in Children and Adolescents, 7–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35433-6_2.

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Basavarajaiah, D. M., and Bhamidipati Narasimha Murthy. "Predictive Model Approach to HIV TB Co-infection in Vertical Transmission." In HIV Transmission, 181–92. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0151-7_7.

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Halwachs-Baumann, Gabriele. "Virus–Host Interaction for Defense and Transmission." In Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection, 11–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98770-5_2.

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Halwachs-Baumann, Gabriele. "Virus-host interaction for defence and transmission." In Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection, 11–51. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0208-4_2.

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Schmunis, Gabriel A. "Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control." In Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 435–58. Boca Raton: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203750964-21.

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Basavarajaiah, D. M., and Bhamidipati Narasimha Murthy. "Statistical Models of Postnatal Transmission of HIV Type-I Infection from Mother to Child on Global Perspectives." In HIV Transmission, 135–67. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0151-7_5.

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Parris, Kerry M., and Shamanthi M. Jayasooriya. "Prenatal Risk Assessment for Preterm Birth in Low-Resource Settings: Infection." In Evidence Based Global Health Manual for Preterm Birth Risk Assessment, 31–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04462-5_5.

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AbstractMaternal infections are a risk factor for preterm birth (PTB); 40% to 50% of PTBs are estimated to result from infection or inflammation. Higher infection rates are reported in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), and over 80% of PTBs occur in these settings. Global literature was synthesised to identify infections whose prevention or treatment could improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes and/or prevent mother-to-child transmission of infections.Best evidenced risk factors for PTB were maternal infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (OR2.27; 95%CI: 1.2–4.3), syphilis (OR2.09; 95%CI:1.09–4.00), or malaria (aOR3.08; 95%CI:1.2–4.3). Lower certainty evidence identified increased PTB risk with urinary tract infections (OR1.8; 95%CI: 1.4–2.1), sexually transmitted infections (OR1.3; 95%CI: 1.1–1.4), bacterial vaginosis (aOR16.4; 95%CI: 4.3–62.7), and systemic viral pathogens.Routine blood testing and treatment are recommended for HIV, hepatitis B virus, and syphilis, as well as for malaria in areas with moderate to high transmission. In high-risk populations and asymptomatic or symptomatic disease, screening for lower genital tract infections associated with PTB should be offered at the antenatal booking appointment. This should inform early treatment and management. Heath education promoting pre-pregnancy and antenatal awareness of infections associated with PTB and other adverse pregnancy outcomes is recommended.
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Conference papers on the topic "Transmission of infection"

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Slavco, Elena, Martine De Vos, Miel Hostens, Jan Top, and Egil A. J. Fischer. "Infection Transmission Ontology: Standardization of Infection Transmission Data." In 2022 IEEE 18th International Conference on e-Science (e-Science). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/escience55777.2022.00021.

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Lusher, J. M., L. M. Aledort, M. Hiltgartner, J. Mosley, and E. Operskalski. "TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION TO HOUSEHOLD CONTACTS OF PERSONS WITH CONGENITAL HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644679.

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The Transfusion Safety Study is collecting data concerning the transmission of transfusion-acquired infections from patients with congenital hematologic disorders to household members. Of 233 patients for whom information is presently available, 128 (55%) were anti-HIV-positive. The 128 positive patients lived in 123 households with 174 members; 16 contacts were positive by EIA and immunoblot.These data provide further evidence of relatively high risk of HIV infection of sexual contacts. The three anti-HIV-positive children are all infants born to anti-HIV-positive wivesof infected hemophiliacs. Passively acquired antibody has not been excluded for two; the third was positive at ten months of age. Thus, vertical transmission may be a very important mechanism of perpetuating the HIV reservoir.
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Shang, Hang, Wenbo Liu, and Yuhuan Li. "Risk of COVID-19 infection and prevention and control strategies in universities." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001363.

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At the beginning of 2020, a sudden COVID-19 outbreak swept the world. So far, more than 300 million people worldwide have been infected with COVID-19 virus. Although the successful development of the COVID-19 virus vaccine has brought a great turnaround to the early stage of epidemic prevention and control.However, when the discovery of asymptomatic infected people, cold chain transmission routes, the emergence of novel coronavirus mutation and many other situations, the world faces new challenges.As a place with dense personnel flow and frequent contact in universities, infection cases will be more prone to the rapid spread of the epidemic, causing very serious social problems.Studying the relationship between the transmission rate of the campus epidemic and the prevention and control measures is the need of formulating efficient campus epidemic prevention and control strategies.Prediction the spread of novel coronavirus using the infectious disease model is an important means to study the spread of COVID-19 and make prevention and control decisions.This study mainly studied the risk of infection and prevention and control strategies.In the aspect of infection risk analysis, with the student dormitory of a university as the research object, five levels of campus epidemic prevention and control strategies were first established, and then through the establishment of healthy person-infection (SI) infection model based on statistics and probability judgment, the transmission speed of the epidemic under different epidemic prevention strategies was investigated.Then, the diffusion situation of the epidemic was simulated. Taking two dormitory buildings A and B as an example, the simulation results of dormitory students under vaccination and non-vaccination and different levels of prevention and control measures were analyzed to find out the key factors for the prevention and control of the epidemic.To provide help for the implementation of epidemic prevention and control strategies in colleges and universities.
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Prawoto, Budi Priyo, Abadi, and Rudianto Artiono. "Dynamic of re-infection Rubella transmission model with vaccination." In SYMPOSIUM ON BIOMATHEMATICS 2019 (SYMOMATH 2019). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0025674.

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Zamorzaeva, Irina, and Aighiuni Bahşiev. "Lack of stolbur transmission by seeds in some moldavian tomato and pepper varieties." In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.86.

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The study of the possibility of stolbur transmission by seeds in some Moldavian tomato and pepper varieties was carried out using molecular diagnostic methods. The lack of the transmission of phytoplasma by seeds was evidenced analysing seedlings growing in the controlled laboratory conditions (thermostat) when the infection by insect vectors was impossible. Moreover, this lack was confirmed by results showing the absence of ‘Ca. P. solani’ infection in plants analyzed in mid-July of 2020 (stages of ‘flowering’ or, mainly, ‘green fruits’) grown in the field or greenhouse.
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Lusiana, V., P. S. Putra, N. Nuraini, and E. Soewono. "Mathematical modeling of transmission co-infection tuberculosis in HIV community." In SYMPOSIUM ON BIOMATHEMATICS (SYMOMATH 2016). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4978981.

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Seidl, S. "SCREENING PROCEDURES TO PREVENT TRANSMISSION OF HEPATITIS B, NON-A,NON-B, AND AIDS BY BLOOD TRANSFUSION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644753.

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Although the number of infectious agents capable of being transmitted through blood and blood products is vast, only a few cause problems in recipients of a magnitude which warrants the need for screening tests. The most important agents are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis non-A,non-B (HNANB) - agents causing posttransfusion hepatitis (PTH) and the human immundeficiency viruses (HIV) responsible for transfusion associated AIDS (TAA).PTH: Prospective studies in open-heart-surgery patients demonstrated a high prevalence (8-17%) *in Spain, Italy, the United States and Israel whereas low percentages (2-5%) were observed in Australia, Finland and West-Germany. Among haemophiliacs acute and chronic hepatitis is a rather frequent complication. Serologic markers of HBV infection have been observed in the majority of patients. Since HBsAg screening has been introduced most cases of PTH (>90%) are due to infection with HNANB-agents. For this type of hepatitis no specific assay exists. It has been suggested that surrogate tests (ALT, anti-HBc screening) might serve as interim screening measure. In prospective studies in the USA a correlation has been observed between donor ALT and recipient hepatitis, but not more than 30% of PTH can be prevented at a loss of 1,5 to 3,0% of the donor population. Similar data have been reported when blood donors were screened for anti-HBc. There was a significantly higher incidence of PTH in recipients receiving at least one unit of anti HBc positive blood. This was recently confirmed in a study in which patients received blood with ALT-levels below 30 IU/ml. The incidence of HNANB was 2,1% after transfusion with anti HBc negative blood whereas 10,1% developed HNANB when anti HB positive blood was transfused (P=< 0.0001). However, these two markers (ALT, anti HBc) do not identify the same NANB carrier population. - ALT screening and testing for anti-HBc have been recently instituted in the USA as “surrogate tests” for detecting HNANB carriers.TAA: Among the total number of AIDS cases there ist a small percentage caused by transfusion of blood and blood products. In the USA approximately 2% of TAA have been reported, 1 % of AIDS patients are haemophiliacs but the majority of haemophiliacs are HIV-antibody positive. According to a survey of the Council of Europe (March 1986) the percentages of HIV positive European haemophiliacs varies between 4 to 8% (Belgium, Norway) and 30 to 60% in other European countries. The number of TAA-cases is around 1%, AIDS among European haemophiliacs has been observed up to 5% of the total AIDS cases. - Screening for HIV antibodies in blood donors was introduced in most European countries and the USA in early summer 1985, but several thousands of recipients of HIV positive blood (issued before) are now virus carriers. This has been confirmed in “look back” programmes: A substantial number of recipient (50 to 90%) has been found to be HIV positive.-A major disadvantage of the HIV antibody test is the fact that antibodies appear several weeks after infection. The gap between infection and detecting HIV antibodies may be reduced by an antigen test, which recognizes the HIV infection as early as two weeks after infection. - The recent detection of HIV 2 implies the necessity of developing tests for the identification of variants of HIV.
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Castro, Ana Flávia Silva, Natália Barros Salgado Vieira, and Sarah Joanny da Silva Pereira. "Correlation between Zika virus and microcephaly as a consequence of congenital infection." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.629.

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Introduction: The Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus of RNA, whose transmission is mainly vector - by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes - but it also occurs through sexual, blood and transplacental transmission, with the last mentioned it was possible to verify serious neurological effects in the epidemic in South America, especially in Brazil, between 2015 and 2016. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between Zika virus infection and microcephaly in recent scientific literature. Methodology: Refers to a bibliographic review in the databases SciELO, LILACS and MEDLINE / Pubmed, with the terms “zika virus”, “infection” and “microcephaly” correlated in Portuguese and in English; 78 articles were found, but only 7 followed for analysis. Articles published more than 5 years ago and out of the proposed theme were disregarded. Results: The Zika virus, although similar to the dengue and chikungunya virus, it has a tendency to cause damage to the central nervous system such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome. However, the association between microcephaly and ZIKV started to be more observed through the increase of the disease among fetuses and newborns of mothers who had been infected during the gestational phase in the epidemic that happened in Brazil. It is known that the development of the nervous system is the product of processes of high proliferation and cellular differentiation, in which even small errors generate dangerous impacts, and it is during this period that ZIKV affects the CNS of the fetus. The disease is characterized by the reduction of the brain perimeter, in this context, is a consequence of abnormalities influenced by the virus. Conclusions: Microcephaly is a complex disease; therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of primary care and other spheres for monitoring Zika virus infections, prenatal care and constant psychosocial monitoring. Furthermore, it is necessary to understand the relevance of studies about ZIKV and microcephaly, and to encourage scientific production in this area.
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Ramona, Stoicescu, Stoicescu Razvan-Alexandru, Codrin Gheorghe, and Schroder Verginica. "LABORATORY METHODS AND PREVALENCE OF SARS-COV-2 INFECTIONS IN THE 2ND SEMESTER OF 2021 IN THE EMERGENCY CLINICAL COUNTY HOSPITAL OF CONSTANTA." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/11.

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"Diagnosing infections with SARS-CoV-2 is still of great interest due to the health and economic impact of COVID pandemic. The 4th wave of the COVID-19 pandemic is expected and is considered to be stronger and faster due to the dominance of Delta variant which is highly contagious [1]. SARS-CoV-2 also known as 2019-nCoV is one of the three coronaviruses (together with SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV1/Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), MERS-CoV /Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus) which can cause severe respiratory tract infections in humans [2]. Early diagnosis in COVID 19 infection is the key for preventing infection transmission in collectivity and proper medical care for the ill patients. Gold standard for diagnosing SARS-Co-V-2 infection according to WHO recommendation is using nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)/ reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The search is on to develop reliable but less expensive and faster diagnostic tests that detect antigens specific for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antigen-detection diagnostic tests are designed to directly detect SARSCoV-2 proteins produced by replicating virus in respiratory secretions so-called rapid diagnostic tests, or RDTs. The diagnostic development landscape is dynamic, with nearly a hundred companies developing or manufacturing rapid tests for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection [3]. In the last 3 months our hospital introduced the antigen test or Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) which detects the presence of viral proteins (antigens) expressed by the COVID-19 virus in a sample from the respiratory tract of a person. All RDT were confirmed next day with a RT-PCR. The number of positive cases detected during 3 months in our laboratory was 425. There were 326 positive tests in April, 106 positive tests in May and 7 positive tests in June. Compared with the number of positive tests in the 1st semester of 2021, the positive tests have significantly declined."
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Moskaleva, Ekaterina, Alla Petrova, Svetlana Smirova, Lyubov Rychkova, and Anastasiya Vanyarkina. "GP204 HIV infection in children with perinatal transmission: clinical and immunological features." In Faculty of Paediatrics of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, 9th Europaediatrics Congress, 13–15 June, Dublin, Ireland 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-epa.263.

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Reports on the topic "Transmission of infection"

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Connor, Edward M. Maternal Factors Influencing Perinatal Transmission of HIV Infection. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada227406.

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Mancuso, Marina. Climate and infection-age on West Nile Virus transmission. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1894805.

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Grumet, Rebecca, and Benjamin Raccah. Identification of Potyviral Domains Controlling Systemic Infection, Host Range and Aphid Transmission. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695842.bard.

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Potyviruses form one of the largest and most economically important groups of plant viruses. Individual potyviruses and their isolates vary in symptom expression, host range, and ability to overcome host resistance genes. Understanding factors influencing these biological characteristics is of agricultural importance for epidemiology and deployment of resistance strategies. Cucurbit crops are subject to severe losses by several potyviruses including the highly aggressive and variable zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). In this project we sought to investigate protein domains in ZYMV that influence systemic infection and host range. Particular emphasis was on coat protein (CP), because of known functions in both cell to cell and long distance movement, and helper component-protease (HC-Pro), which has been implicated to play a role in symptom development and long distance movement. These two genes are also essential for aphid mediated transmission, and domains that influence disease development may also influence transmissibility. The objectives of the approved BARD project were to test roles of specific domains in the CP and HC-Pro by making sequence alterations or switches between different isolates and viruses, and testing for infectivity, host range, and aphid transmissibility. These objectives were largely achieved as described below. Finally, we also initiated new research to identify host factors interacting with potyviral proteins and demonstrated interaction between the ZYMV RNA dependent RNA polymerase and host poly-(A)-binding protein (Wang et al., in press). The focus of the CP studies (MSU) was to investigate the role of the highly variable amino terminus (NT) in host range determination and systemic infection. Hybrid ZYMV infectious clones were produced by substituting the CP-NT of ZYMV with either the CP-NT from watermelon mosaic virus (overlapping, but broader host range) or tobacco etch virus (TEV) (non- overlapping host range) (Grumet et al., 2000; Ullah ct al., in prep). Although both hybrid viruses initially established systemic infection, indicating that even the non-cucurbit adapted TEV CP-NT could facilitate long distance transport in cucurbits, after approximately 4-6, the plants inoculated with the TEV-CPNT hybrid exhibited a distinct recovery of reduced symptoms, virus titer, and virus specific protection against secondary infection. These results suggest that the plant recognizes the presence of the TEV CP-NT, which has not been adapted to infection of cucurbits, and initiates defense responses. The CP-NT also appears to play a role in naturally occurring resistance conferred by the zym locus in the cucumber line 'Dina-1'. Patterns of virus accumulation indicated that expression of resistance is developmentally controlled and is due to a block in virus movement. Switches between the core and NT domains of ZYMV-NAA (does not cause veinal chlorosis on 'Dina-1'), and ZYMV-Ct (causes veinal chlorosis), indicated that the resistance response likely involves interaction with the CP-NT (Ullah and Grumet, submitted). At the Volcani Center the main thrust was to identify domains in the HC-Pro that affect symptom expression or aphid transmissibility. From the data reported in the first and second year report and in the attached publications (Peng et al. 1998; Kadouri et al. 1998; Raccah et al. 2000: it was shown that: 1. The mutation from PTK to PAK resulted in milder symptoms of the virus on squash, 2. Two mutations, PAK and ATK, resulted in total loss of helper activity, 3. It was established for the first time that the PTK domain is involved in binding of the HC-Pro to the potyvirus particle, and 4. Some of these experiments required greater amount of HC-Pro, therefore a simpler and more efficient purification method was developed based on Ni2+ resin.
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Hobbelen, P. H. F., G. J. Boender, and M. G. J. Koene. The importance of between-farm transmission for the infection of broiler farms by Campylobacter. Wageningen University & Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/574414.

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Schat, Karel Antoni, Irit Davidson, and Dan Heller. Chicken infectious anemia virus: immunosuppression, transmission and impact on other diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695591.bard.

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1. Original Objectives. The original broad objectives of the grant were to determine A) the impact of CAV on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) (CU), B). the interactions between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) with an emphasis on horizontal spread of CAV through feathers (KVI), and C) the impact of CAV infection on Salmonella typhimurium (STM) (HUJI). During the third year and the one year no cost extension the CU group included some work on the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine for CAV, which was partially funded by the US Poultry and Egg Association. 2. Background to the topic. CAV is a major pathogen causing clinical disease if maternal antibody-free chickens are infected vertically or horizontally between 1 and 14 days of age. Infection after 3 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are not longer present can cause severe subclinical immunosuppression affecting CTL and cytokine expression. The subclinical immunosuppression can aggravate many diseases including Marek’s disease (MD) and several bacterial infections. 3. Major conclusions and achievements. The overall project contributed in the following ways to the knowledge about CAV infection in poultry. As expected CAV infections occur frequently in Israel causing problems to the industry. To control subclinical infections vaccination may be needed and our work indicates that the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine is feasible. It was previously known that CAV can spread vertically and horizontally, but the exact routes of the latter had not been confirmed. Our results clearly show that CAV can be shed into the environment through feathers. A potential interaction between CAV and MD virus (MDV) in the feathers was noted which may interfere with MDV replication. It was also learned that inoculation of 7-day-old embryos causes growth retardation and lesions. The potential of CAV to cause immunosuppression was further examined using CTL responses to REV. CTL were obtained from chickens between 36 and 44 days of age with REV and CAV given at different time points. In contrast to our earlier studies, in these experiments we were unable to detect a direct impact of CAV on REV-specific CTL, perhaps because the CTL were obtained from older birds. Inoculation of CAV at one day of age decreased the IgG antibody responses to inactivated STM administered at 10 days of age. 4. Scientific and Agricultural Implications The impact of the research was especially important for the poultry industry in Israel. The producers have been educated on the importance of the disease through the many presentations. It is now well known to the stakeholders that CAV can aggravate other diseases, decrease productivity and profitability. As a consequence they monitor the antibody status of the breeders so that the maternal antibody status of the broilers is known. Also vaccination of breeder flock that remain antibody negative may become feasible further reducing the negative impact of CAV infection. Vaccination may become more important because improved biosecurity of the breeder flocks to prevent avian influenza and Salmonella may delay the onset of seroconversion for CAV by natural exposure resulting in CAV susceptible broilers lacking maternal antibodies. Scientifically, the research added important information on the horizontal spread of CAV through feathers, the interactions with Salmonella typhimurium and the demonstration that antigen-antibody complex vaccines may provide protective immunity.
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Moza, Andreea, Florentina Duica, Panagiotis Antoniadis, Elena Silvia Bernad, Diana Lungeanu, Marius Craina, Brenda Cristiana Bernad, et al. Outcome of newborns in case of SARS-CoV-2 vertical infection. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0093.

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Review question / Objective: To identify the types and examine the range of available evidence of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to newborn. To clarify the key concepts and criteria for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 vertical infection in neonates. To summarize the existing evidence and advance the awareness on SARS-CoV-2 vertical infection in pregnancy. Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has been isolated from various tissues and body fluids, including the placenta, amniotic fluid, and umbilical cord of newborns. In the last few years, much scientific effort has been directed towards studying SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the different features of the virus, such as its structure and mechanisms of action. Moreover, much focus has been on developing accurate diagnostic tools and various drugs or vaccines to treat COVID-19.
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Levisohn, Sharon, Mark Jackwood, and Stanley Kleven. New Approaches for Detection of Mycoplasma iowae Infection in Turkeys. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7612834.bard.

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Mycoplasma iowae (Mi) is a pathogenic avian mycoplasma which causes mortality in turkey embryos and as such has clinical and economic significance for the turkey breeder industry. Control of Mi infection is severely hampered by lack of adequate diagnostic tests, together with resistance to most antibiotics and resilience to environment. A markedly high degree of intra-species antigenic variation also contributes to difficulties in detection and control of infection. In this project we have designed an innovative gene-based diagnostic test based on specific amplification of the 16S rRNA gene of Mi. This reaction, designed Multi-species PCR-RFLP test, also amplifies the DNA of the pathogenic avian mycoplasmas M. gallisepticum (Mg) and M. synoviae (Ms). This test detects DNA equivalent to about 300 cfu Mi or either of the other two target mycoplasmas, individually or in mixed infection. It is a quick test, applicable to a wide variety of clinical samples, such as allantoic fluid or tracheal or cloacal swab suspensions. Differential diagnosis is carried out by gel electro-phoresis of the PCR amplicon digested with selected restriction enzymes (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism). This can also be readily accomplished by using a simple Dot-Blot hybridization assay with digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probes reacting specifically with unique Mi, Mg or Ms sequences in the PCR amplicon. The PCR/OLIGO test increased sensitivity by at least 10-fold with a capacity for rapid testing of large numbers of samples. Experimental infection trials were carried out to evaluate the diagnostic tools and to study pathogenesis of Mi infection. Field studies and experimental infection of embryonated eggs indicated both synergistic and competitive interaction of mycoplasma pathogens in mixed infection. The value of the PCR diagnostic tests for following the time course of egg transmission was shown. A workable serological test (Dot Immunobinding Assay) was also developed but there was no clear-cut evidence that infected turkeys develop an immune response. Typing of a wide spectrum of Mi field isolates by a variety of gene-based molecular techniques indicated a higher degree of genetic homogeneity than predicted on the basis of the phenotypic variability. All known strains of Mi were detected by the method developed. Together with an M. meleagridis-PCR test based on the same gene, the Multi-species PCR test is a highly valuable tool for diagnosis of pathogenic mycoplasmas in single or mixed infection. The further application of this rapid and specific test as a part of Mi and overall mycoplasma control programs will be dependent on developments in the turkey industry.
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Malkinson, Mertyn, Irit Davidson, Moshe Kotler, and Richard L. Witter. Epidemiology of Avian Leukosis Virus-subtype J Infection in Broiler Breeder Flocks of Poultry and its Eradication from Pedigree Breeding Stock. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586459.bard.

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Objectives 1. Establish diagnostic procedures to identify tolerant carrier birds based on a) Isolation of ALV-J from blood, b) Detection of group-specific antigen in cloacal swabs and egg albumen. Application of these procedures to broiler breeder flocks with the purpose of removing virus positive birds from the breeding program. 2. Survey the AL V-J infection status of foundation lines to estimate the feasibility of the eradication program 3. Investigate virus transmission through the embryonated egg (vertical) and between chicks in the early post-hatch period (horizontal). Establish a model for limiting horizontal spread by analyzing parameters operative in the hatchery and brooder house. 4. Compare the pathogenicity of AL V-J isolates for broiler chickens. 5. Determine whether AL V-J poses a human health hazard by examining its replication in mammalian and human cells. Revisions. The: eradication objective had to be terminated in the second year following the closing down of the Poultry Breeders Union (PBU) in Israel. This meant that their foundation flocks ceased to be available for selection. Instead, the following topics were investigated: a) Comparison of commercial breeding flocks with and without myeloid leukosis (matched controls) for viremia and serum antibody levels. b) Pathogenicity of Israeli isolates for turkey poults. c) Improvement of a diagnostic ELISA kit for measuring ALV-J antibodies Background. ALV-J, a novel subgroup of the avian leukosis virus family, was first isolated in 1988 from broiler breeders presenting myeloid leukosis (ML). The extent of its spread among commercial breeding flocks was not appreciated until the disease appeared in the USA in 1994 when it affected several major breeding companies almost simultaneously. In Israel, ML was diagnosed in 1996 and was traced to grandparent flocks imported in 1994-5, and by 1997-8, ML was present in one third of the commercial breeding flocks It was then realized that ALV-J transmission was following a similar pattern to that of other exogenous ALVs but because of its unusual genetic composition, the virus was able to establish an extended tolerant state in infected birds. Although losses from ML in affected flocks were somewhat higher than normal, both immunosuppression and depressed growth rates were encountered in affected broiler flocks and affected their profitability. Conclusions. As a result of the contraction in the number of international primary broiler breeders and exchange of male and female lines among them, ALV-J contamination of broiler breeder flocks affected the broiler industry worldwide within a short time span. The Israeli national breeding company (PBU) played out this scenario and presented us with an opportunity to apply existing information to contain the virus. This BARD project, based on the Israeli experience and with the aid of the ADOL collaborative effort, has managed to offer solutions for identifying and eliminating infected birds based on exhaustive virological and serological tests. The analysis of factors that determine the efficiency of horizontal transmission of virus in the hatchery resulted in the workable solution of raising young chicks in small groups through the brooder period. These results were made available to primary breeders as a strategy for reducing viral transmission. Based on phylogenetic analysis of selected Israeli ALV-J isolates, these could be divided into two groups that reflected the countries of origin of the grandparent stock. Implications. The availability of a simple and reliable means of screening day old chicks for vertical transmission is highly desirable in countries that rely on imported breeding stock for their broiler industry. The possibility that AL V-J may be transmitted to human consumers of broiler meat was discounted experimentally.
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Baszler, Timothy, Igor Savitsky, Christopher Davies, Lauren Staska, and Varda Shkap. Identification of bovine Neospora caninum cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes for development of peptide-based vaccine. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695592.bard.

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The goal of the one-year feasibility study was to identify specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes to Neosporacaninum in the natural bovine host in order to make progress toward developing an effective peptide-based vaccine against bovine neosporosis. We tested the hypothesis that: N. caninum SRS2 peptides contain immunogenicCTLepitope clusters cross-presented by multiple bovine MHC-I and MHC-IIhaplotypes. The specific objectives were: (1) Map bovine CTLepitopes of N. caninum NcSRS-2 and identify consensus MHC-I and class-II binding motifs; and (2) Determine if subunit immunization with peptides containing N. caninum-specificCTLepitopes cross-reactive to multiple bovine MHChaplotypes induces a CTL response in cattle with disparate MHChaplotypes. Neosporosis is a major cause of infectious abortion and congenital disease in cattle, persisting in cattle herds via vertical transmission.5 N. caninum abortions are reported in Israel; a serological survey of 52 Israeli dairy herds with reported abortions indicated a 31% infection rate in cows and 16% infection rate in aborted fetuses.9,14 Broad economic loss due to bovine neosporosis is estimated at $35,000,000 per year in California, USA, and $100,000,000 (Australian) per year in Australia and New Zealand.13 Per herd losses in a Canadian herd of 50 cattle are estimated more conservatively at $2,305 (Canadian) annually.4 Up to date practical measures to reduce losses from neosporosis in cattle have not been achieved. There is no chemotherapy available and, although progress has been made toward understanding immunity to Neospora infections, no efficacious vaccine is available to limit outbreaks or prevent abortions. Vaccine development to prevent N. caninum abortion and congenital infection remains a high research priority. To this end, our research group has over the past decade: 1) Identified the importance of T-lymphocyte-mediated immunity, particularly IFN-γ responses, as necessary for immune protection to congenital neosporosis in mice,1,2,10,11 and 2) Identified MHC class II restricted CD4+ CTL in Neosporainfected Holstein cattle,16 and 3) Identified NcSRS2 as a highly conserved surface protein associated with immunity to Neospora infections in mice and cattle.7,8,15 In this BARD-funded 12 month feasibility study, we continued our study of Neospora immunity in cattle and successfully completed T-lymphocyte epitope mapping of NcSRS2 surface protein with peptides and bovine immune cells,15 fulfilling objective 1. We also documented the importance of immune responses NcSRS2 by showing that immunization with native NcSRS2 reduces congenital Neospora transmission in mice,7 and that antibodies to NcSRS2 specifically inhibition invasion of placental trophoblasts.8 Most importantly we showed that T-lymphocyte responses similar to parasite infection, namely induction of activated IFN-γ secreting Tlymphocytes, could be induced by subunit immunization with NcSRS2 peptides containing the Neospora-specificCTLepitopes (Baszler et al, In preparation) fulfilling objective 2. Both DNA and peptide-based subunit approaches were tested. Only lipopeptide-based NcSRS2 subunits, modified with N-terminal linked palmitic acid to enhance Toll-like receptors 2 and 1 (TLR2-TLR1), stimulated robust antigen-specific T-lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-γ secretion, and serum antibody production across different MHC-IIhaplotypes. The discovery of MHC-II cross-reactive T-cellinducing parasite peptides capable of inducing a potentially protective immune response following subunit immunization in cattle is of significant practical importance to vaccine development to bovine neosporosis. In addition, our findings are more widely applicable in future investigations of protective T-cell, subunit-based immunity against other infectious diseases in outbred cattle populations.
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Hunter, Martha S., and Einat Zchori-Fein. Rickettsia in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Phenotypic variants and fitness effects. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594394.bard.

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The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of vegetables, field crops, and ornamentals worldwide. This species harbors a diverse assembly of facultative, “secondary” bacterial symbionts, the roles of which are largely unknown. We documented a spectacular sweep of one of these, Rickettsia, in the Southwestern United States in the B biotype (=MEAM1) of B. tabaci, from 1% to 97% over 6 years, as well as a dramatic fitness benefit associated with it in Arizona but not in Israel. Because it is critical to understand the circumstances in which a symbiont invasion can cause such a large change in pest life history, the following objectives were set: 1) Determine the frequency of Rickettsia in B. tabaci in cotton across the United States and Israel. 2) Characterize Rickettsia and B. tabaci genotypes in order to test the hypothesis that genetic variation in either partner is responsible for differences in phenotypes seen in the two countries. 3) Determine the comparative fitness effects of Rickettsia phenotypes in B. tabaci in Israel and the United States. For Obj. 1, a survey of B. tabaci B samples revealed the distribution of Rickettsia across the cotton-growing regions of 13 sites from Israel and 22 sites from the USA. Across the USA, Rickettsia frequencies were heterogeneous among regions, but were generally at frequencies higher than 75% and close to fixation in some areas, whereas in Israel the infection rates were lower and declining. The distinct outcomes of Rickettsia infection in these two countries conform to previouslyreported phenotypic differences. Intermediate frequencies in some areas in both countries may indicate a cost to infection in certain environments or that the frequencies are in flux. This suggests underlying geographic differences in the interactions between bacterial symbionts and the pest. Obj. 2, Sequences of several Rickettsia genes in both locations, including a hypervariableintergenic spacer gene, suggested that the Rickettsia genotype is identical in both countries. Experiments in the US showed that differences in whitefly nuclear genotype had a strong influence on Rickettsia phenotype. Obj. 3. Experiments designed to test for possible horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, showed that these bacteria are transferred from B. tabaci to a plant, moved inside the phloem, and could be acquired by other whiteflies. Plants can serve as a reservoir for horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, a mechanism that may explain the occurrence of phylogenetically-similarsymbionts among unrelated phytophagous insect species. This plant-mediated transmission route may also exist in other insect-symbiont systems, and since symbionts may play a critical role in the ecology and evolution of their hosts, serve as an immediate and powerful tool for accelerated evolution. However, no such horizontal transmission of Rickettsia could be detected in the USA, underlining the difference between the interaction in both countries, or between B. tabaci and the banded wing whitefly on cotton in the USA (Trialeurodes sp. nr. abutiloneus) and the omnivorous bug Nesidiocoristenuis. Additionally, a series of experiments excluded the possibility that Rickettsia is frequently transmitted between B. tabaci and its parasitoid wasps Eretmocerusmundus and Encarsiapergandiella. Lastly, ecological studies on Rickettsia effects on free flight of whiteflies showed no significant influence of symbiont infection on flight. In contrast, a field study of the effects of Rickettsia on whitefly performance on caged cotton in the USA showed strong fitness benefits of infection, and rapid increases in Rickettsia frequency in competition population cages. This result confirmed the benefits to whiteflies of Rickettsia infection in a field setting.
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