Journal articles: 'Transmission of codes'

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P, Shahnas. "Performance Analysis of Regular and Irregular LDPC Codes on SPIHT Coded Image Data." International Journal of Computer Communication and Informatics 2, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijcci2021.

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The LDPC (Low Density Parity Check Code) has Shown interesting results for transmitting embedded bit streams over noisy communication channels. Performance comparison of regular and irregular LDPC codes with SPIHT coded image is done here. Different Error Sensitive classes of image data are obtained by using SPIHT algorithm as an image coder. Irregular LDPC codes map the more important class of data into a higher degree protection class to provide more protection. Different degree protection classes of an LDPC code improves the overall performance of data transmission against channel errors. Simulation results show the superiority of irregular LDPC over regular LDPC codes.

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Peng, Xiao Feng, Yi Yang, Chuan Yang, and Kai Li Wang. "Research on Data Transmission Technology Based on Raptor Code in Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 442 (October 2013): 538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.442.538.

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Wireless sensor network is a data centric distributed self-organizing network. The transmission of data is the most important task of it. It is a topic worthy of study that how to ensure the reliability of data transmission in any environment .Fountain codes algorithm is simple, and has no ratio. It is very suitable for coding scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper mainly studies the Fountain codes of Raptor codes in wireless sensor network data transmission technology, and gives the concrete scheme and implementation ways. The application of this technology can improve the reliability of data transmission and transmission efficiency. It overcome the problems of very large packet error codec technology traditional rate and the decoding success rate.

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Fujita, Shingo, Eiji Okamoto, Hideki Takenaka, Hiroyuki Endo, Mikio Fujiwara, Mitsuo Kitamura, Ryosuke Shimizu, Masahide Sasaki, and Morio Toyoshima. "Polar-Coded Transmission over 7.8-km Terrestrial Free-Space Optical Links." Photonics 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2023): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10040462.

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Free-space optical (FSO) communications can offer high-capacity transmission owing to the properties of the laser beams. However, performance degradation caused by atmospheric turbulence is an urgent issue. Recently, the application of polar codes, which can provide capacity-achieving error-correcting performance with low computational cost for decoding, to FSO communications has been studied. However, long-distance and real-field experiments have not been conducted in these studies. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to present the experimental results of polar-coded transmission over 7.8-km FSO links. Using experimental data, we investigated the performance of polar codes over atmospheric channels, including their superiority to regular low-density parity-check codes. We expect that our results will offer a path toward the application of polar codes in high-speed optical communication networks including satellites.

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Krylova, Victoria, Elena Tverytnykova, Oleg Vasylchenkov, and Tatyana Kolisnyk. "PUNCTURED NCC CODES FOR INFORMATION PROTECTION IN INFORMATION AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: New solutions in modern technologies, no. 1(11) (May 18, 2022): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2413-4295.2022.01.06.

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During development and design of information-measuring systems, enabling to carry out collection, processing and transmission of information, one of the main problems is the choice of effective methods of information protection against defects in noisy communication channels. Effective use of frequency-time resources of information communication channels, as the most valuable part of the information transmission system, is the key to provide reliable delivery of transmitted messages. One of effective directions of reliability increase and information transfer reliability in information-measuring communication networks is implementation of methods and algorithms of noise-resistant coding, providing for detection and coping with errors, arising due to interferences in the communication channel. In this case, the choice in favor of one or another coding method depends on the information characteristics of the data channel. Parameters of the noise coder must be coordinated with the source of the message, the communication channel, as well as the requirements for the reliability of bringing information to the recipient. The problem of obtaining a wide range of codec parameters with simultaneous preservation of the unified macrostructure of the codec in communication systems causes the need for research on the development of adaptive algorithms for error information protection. In the article the research results of the characteristics of variable rate slot convolutional codes for adaptive coding/decoding in information-measuring systems of information transmission are proposed. Consequently, when creating communication networks, there is no need to use a large number of different codecs, even with completely different requirements to the code rate, channel rate and gain due to coding. In addition, there is a real opportunity to create terminal equipment, working on unified algorithms of protection against errors and access.

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Hirner, Tomáš, Peter Farkaš, and Srečko Krile. "One Unequal Error Control Method for Telemetric Data Transmission." Journal of Electrical Engineering 62, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10187-011-0026-y.

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One Unequal Error Control Method for Telemetric Data TransmissionIn wireless sensor networks (WSN) it is necessary to use very simple codes for transmission of information since the nodes in these networks have usually only limited energy available not only for transmission but also for processing. On the other hand, common codes do not usually take into account the fact that in case of telemetric information the weights of individual orders are not equal and errors in different orders cause different deviations from correct value. In this contribution, new very simple codes for transmission of telemetric information on WSN will be presented, which take into account the above-mentioned requirements. Resulting square deviation will be used as a quality evaluation criterion.

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Ding, Min, and Yingda Xu. "Real-Time Wireless Sensor Network-Assisted Smart Tourism Environment Suitability Assessment for Tourism IoT." Journal of Sensors 2021 (December 16, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8123014.

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In this paper, we conduct an in-depth study and analysis of the suitability of real-time wireless sensor network-assisted smart tourism environment for tourism IoT and evaluate its suitability. We use nodes in wireless sensor networks as relays and collaborative transmission using mutual information accumulation. Using riteless codes, nodes can accumulate information in advance to decode out the original text. Due to the mobility of mobile robots, the planned routing paths can fail quickly, so we propose a dynamic mutual information accumulation collaborative transmission algorithm. For both cases of information transmission from the cloud to the robot and from the robot to the cloud, we dynamically acquire routing paths using neighbour search and chance transmission, respectively. Experimental results show that our dynamic mutual information accumulation collaborative transfer algorithm has lower time complexity and latency. We use a cooperative transmission algorithm with mutual information accumulation, because wireless transmission has the nature of broadcasting, and all neighbour nodes can receive part of the information when the sender starts to transmit information. Riteless codes are used in single-hop transmissions to improve the probability of successful transmissions. Since transmission failure requires waiting for the next neighbour to wake up, which consumes a lot of energy and time in a low duty cycle environment, using riteless codes to improve the transmission success rate of single-hop transmissions can effectively improve the global transmission efficiency. Experimental results show that the opportunity routing algorithm using riteless codes has lower delay and energy consumption. The two major systems, surface, and underground are used to quantitatively measure 23 indicators in five subsystems, including geological environment, soil and water environment, sensitive geological bodies, groundwater resources, and mineral resources, to evaluate the two-way grade of underground space development suitability, revealing the comprehensive bearing characteristics of the study area with an overall high bearing capacity of underground space resources and environment and an overall surplus of bearing status.

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Aguilar Licea, Guadalupe Donaji, and Saul Lazcano Salas. "Multilevel Image Transmission using Polar Codes." Research in Computing Science 148, no. 10 (December 31, 2019): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13053/rcs-148-10-16.

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Fath, Thilo, Falk Schubert, and Harald Haas. "Wireless data transmission using visual codes." Photonics Research 2, no. 5 (September 25, 2014): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/prj.2.000150.

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Noori Ghanim, Zainab, and Fadia Noori Hummadi Al-Nuaimy. "Variable length error correcting code for image in OFDM and PAPR reduction." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i2.pp859-866.

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Data <span>transmission in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system needs source and channel coding, the transmitted data suffers from the bad effect of large peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Source code and channel codes can be joined using different joined codes. Variable length error correcting code (VLEC) is one of these joined codes. VLEC is used in mat lab simulation for image transmission in OFDM system, different VLEC code length is used and compared to find that the PAPR decreased with increasing the code length. Several techniques are used and compared for PAPR reduction. The PAPR of OFDM signal is measured for image coding with VLEC and compared with image coded by Huffman source coding and Bose-Chaudhuri-Hochquenghem (BCH) channel coding, the VLEC code decreases the data transmitted size and keep the same level of PAPR reduction with respect to data coded by Huffman and BCH code when using PAPR reduction methods.</span>

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Wirastuti, N. M. A. E. D., I. M. A. Suyadnya, and D. C. Khrisne. "Performance Assessment of OFDM System using Reed-Solomon Codes over Fading Channels." Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Informatics 2, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jeei.2018.v02.i02.p06.

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This paper study the performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels. OFDM performs multi-carrier transmission where all the subcarriers are orthogonal to each other. The channel coding was applied to improve the OFDM system performance. Reed Solomon (RS) codes was chosen that an efficient channel coding algorithm and has intense error correction ability. Adding the benefits of multicarrier OFDM system and Reed Solomon codes to achieve the expected system performance. The coded OFDM system was modeled over and simulated using Matlab. The bit error rate (BER) and energy bit (Eb) per noise power density (No) was performed during system simulations. QPSK modulation was used to modulate the random bits. From the simulation results It can be seen that BER vs. EB/No parameter for Coded OFDM system lower than uncoded OFDM. This was because RS codes succeed to correcting the error generated along data transmission.

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Hueske, K., J. Geldmacher, and J. Götze. "Adaptive decoding of convolutional codes." Advances in Radio Science 5 (June 13, 2007): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-5-209-2007.

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Abstract. Convolutional codes, which are frequently used as error correction codes in digital transmission systems, are generally decoded using the Viterbi Decoder. On the one hand the Viterbi Decoder is an optimum maximum likelihood decoder, i.e. the most probable transmitted code sequence is obtained. On the other hand the mathematical complexity of the algorithm only depends on the used code, not on the number of transmission errors. To reduce the complexity of the decoding process for good transmission conditions, an alternative syndrome based decoder is presented. The reduction of complexity is realized by two different approaches, the syndrome zero sequence deactivation and the path metric equalization. The two approaches enable an easy adaptation of the decoding complexity for different transmission conditions, which results in a trade-off between decoding complexity and error correction performance.

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Wongroekdee, Sawitree, Kosin Chaiprathum, Virasit Imtawil, and Puripong Suthisopapan. "LDPC Coded 2^m-ary QAM for Ultra High Speed Communications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 781 (August 2015): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.781.45.

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Modern communication systems that employ LDPC codes and QAM modulation can achieve high speed and reliable transmission without bandwidth expansion. In this paper, the performances of LDPC codes with 2m- ary QAM at m>10, which can provide enormous bandwidth efficiency, are studied. Bit error rate performances of various combinations of LDPC codes and order of QAM are provided. From the results, the performance of LDPC coded ultra-high order QAM is excellent making this system very attractive for ultra-high speed communications.

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Bulut Cebecioglu, Berna. "RaptorQ codes aided secure data delivery strategy for vehicular networks." at - Automatisierungstechnik 70, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2020-0146.

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Abstract This paper deals with security issues in the presence of an eavesdropper for a vehicular scenario. The proposed secure data delivery scheme implements Fountain Codes, namely RaptorQ (RQ) codes, at the application layer (AL) to increase communication security against eavesdroppers’ attacks. For RQ coded transmission scheme, the receiver has to collect a sufficient number of coded packets to reconstruct the original source data. Secure delivery can be achieved if the legitimate user obtains enough RQ coded packets before the eavesdropper does. To satisfy this condition, it is proposed to use a road side unit (RSU) cooperation method when the eavesdropper has better channel conditions than the legitimate user to scatter the coded packets from multiple RSUs. The aim is to reduce the probability that the eavesdropper receives the sufficient number of coded packets and recover the source data before the legitimate user. An optimisation framework which jointly selects the RQ code rate at the AL and Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) at the physical (PHY) layer to ensure the secure data transmission by allowing the user to decode the file with a certain probability of decoding success while minimising the intercept probability at the eavesdropper is presented. To evaluate the proposed system, a realistic end-to-end system level simulator is developed. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can provide secure and efficient data transmission over vehicular networks by significantly reducing the intercept probability at the eavesdropper.

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Ma, Xiao, Chulong Liang, Kechao Huang, and Qiutao Zhuang. "Block Markov Superposition Transmission: Construction of Big Convolutional Codes From Short Codes." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 61, no. 6 (June 2015): 3150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2015.2422296.

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Kukieattikool, Pratana, and Norbert Goertz. "Variable-rate staircase codes with RS component codes for optical wireless transmission." Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies 28, no. 4 (May 19, 2016): e3045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ett.3045.

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Yalamarthi Bhargavi , CH.Ravi Kumar, Yalamarthi Bhargavi ,. CH Ravi Kumar. "Nyquist Transmission Improved by Multiple Turbo Codes." International Journal of Electronics, Communication & Instrumentation Engineering Research and Development 7, no. 5 (2017): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijecierddec20172.

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Liang, Chulong, Xiao Ma, and Baoming Bai. "Block Markov Superposition Transmission of RUN Codes." IEEE Transactions on Communications 64, no. 9 (September 2016): 3634–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2016.2599114.

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Rekh, Shobha, S. Subha Rani, A. Shanmugam, and John Kulothungan Joshua. "Punctured Turbo Codes for Bandwidth-efficient Transmission." Defence Science Journal 56, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.56.1924.

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Shu, Bingxin, Jing Lei, Xinjin Lu, and Jianghua Cheng. "Adaptive transmission construction based on polar codes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2497, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2497/1/012012.

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Abstract In actual communication scenarios, wireless transmission channels have the nature of heterogeneity. In order to ensure that data can be transmitted with high reliability and low delay, this paper designs a quasi-optimal polar code that can adapt to various channel environments, which called Q-polar code. Based on the polarization theory of polar codes and the channel state information (CSI), the index set of polar codes is designed and constructed to perform data transmission tasks. The simulation results show that the bit error rate (BER) performance of proposed scheme can be improved compared with traditional polar code, especially when the code length N is small and the code rate is large.

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Gueye, Ibrahima, Ibra Dioum, Idy Diop, K. Wane Keita, Papis Ndiaye, Moussa Diallo, and Sidi Mohamed Farssi. "Performance of Hybrid RF/FSO Cooperative Systems Based on Quasicyclic LDPC Codes and Space-Coupled LDPC Codes." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (December 30, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8814588.

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Free space optical (FSO) communication systems provide wireless line of sight connectivity in the unlicensed spectrum, and wireless optical communication achieves higher data rates compared to their radio frequency (RF) counterparts. FSO systems are particularly attractive for last mile access problem by bridging fiber optic backbone connectivity to RF access networks. To cope with this practical deployment scenario, there has been increasing attention to the so-called dual-hop (RF/FSO) systems where RF transmission is used at a hop followed by FSO transmission to another. In this article, we study the performance of cooperative transmission systems using a mixed RF-FSO DF (decode and forward) relay using error-correcting codes including QC-LDPC codes at the relay level. The FSO link is modeled by the gamma-gamma distribution, and the RF link is modeled by the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) model. Another innovation in this article is the use of cooperative systems using a mixed FSO/RF DF relay using quasicyclic low-density parity check (QC-LDPC) codes at the relay level. We also use the space-coupled low-density parity check (SC-LDPC) codes on the same scheme to show its importance in cooperative optical transmission but also in hybrid RF/FSO transmission. The latter will be compared with QC-LDPC codes. The use of mixed RF/FSO cooperative transmission systems can improve the reliability and transmission of information in networks. The results demonstrate an improvement in the performance of the cooperative RF/FSO DF system based on QC-LDPC and SC-LDPC codes compared to RF/FSO systems without the use of codes, but also to the DF systems proposed in the existing literature.

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Liu, Fu Xiang, Liu Min Wang, Feng Zhang, and Xiao Mei Xu. "The Study of Induction Setter Based on Low Density Parity Check Coding Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 1010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.1010.

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In order to improve anti-jamming capability and transmission efficiency of the inductive setter, a structured approach to construct several low density parity check(LDPC) codes is used in this paper. The LDPC codes have different error-correcting capability, and can timely correct BER which are generated during the transmission of channel. The simulation analysis show that the LDPC codes can effectively avoid retransmission of the codeword, and raise the Induction Setter anti-jamming capability and transmission efficiency. The method of LDPC codes used in the inductive setting can ensure the control information efficiently load to the fuse.

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K.Praveen, Bagadi, Susmita Das, and Sridhar K. "Image Transmission over Space Time Coded MIMO-OFDM System with Punctured Turbo Codes." International Journal of Computer Applications 51, no. 15 (August 30, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/8115-1734.

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Vladimirov, Sergey, Alexey Gutovskiy, and Artem Fomin. "Linear network coding with forward error correction in wireless packet relaying system." Telecom IT 10, no. 1 (June 15, 2022): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/2307-1303-2022-10-1-21-33.

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Research subject. The paper presents the results of comparing three byte error-correcting codes according to their probabilistic characteristics in a system with network coding. Method. Simulation modeling has been carried out to determine the probabilistic characteristics of byte error-correcting codes for a transmission system with network coding. The principles of coding and decoding of the studied codes are considered. Core results. The probabilistic characteristics of byte error-correcting codes are determined and presented, and recommendations are developed for their use in a transmission system with network coding, depending on its purpose. Practical relevance. The application of the considered error-correcting codes for the construction of transmission systems with network coding is proposed. The applicability of these codes in the development of applied byte protocols that require the use of forward error correction mechanisms in communication channels is noted.

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Egorov, S. I., and M. S. Egorova. "Application of picket codes in channels for transmission and reproduction of information." Telecommunications, no. 4 (April 21, 2023): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31044/1684-2588-2023-0-4-9-15.

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Vierinen, J. "Fractional baud-length coding." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 6 (June 30, 2011): 1189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-1189-2011.

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Abstract. We present a novel approach for modulating radar transmissions in order to improve target range and Doppler estimation accuracy. This is achieved by using non-uniform baud lengths. With this method it is possible to increase sub-baud range-resolution of phase coded radar measurements while maintaining a narrow transmission bandwidth. We first derive target backscatter amplitude estimation error covariance matrix for arbitrary targets when estimating backscatter in amplitude domain. We define target optimality and discuss different search strategies that can be used to find well performing transmission envelopes. We give several simulated examples of the method showing that fractional baud-length coding results in smaller estimation errors than conventional uniform baud length transmission codes when estimating the target backscatter amplitude at sub-baud range resolution. We also demonstrate the method in practice by analyzing the range resolved power of a low-altitude meteor trail echo that was measured using a fractional baud-length experiment with the EISCAT UHF system.

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Murad, Mohsin, Imran A. Tasadduq, and Pablo Otero. "Coded-GFDM for Reliable Communication in Underwater Acoustic Channels." Sensors 22, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 2639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072639.

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The performance of the coded generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) transceiver has been evaluated in a shallow underwater acoustic channel (UAC). Acoustic transmission is the scheme of choice for communication in UAC since radio waves suffer from absorption and light waves scatter. Although orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has found its ground for multicarrier acoustic underwater communication, it suffers from high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) and out of band (OOB) emissions. We propose a coded-GFDM based multicarrier system since GFDM has a higher spectral efficiency compared to a traditional OFDM system. In doing so, we assess two block codes, namely Bose, Chaudari, and Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, Reed-Solomon (RS) codes, and several convolutional codes. We present the error performances of these codes when used with GFDM. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of the proposed system using two equalizers: Matched Filter (MF) and Zero-Forcing (ZF). Simulation results show that among the various block coding schemes that we tested, BCH (31,6) and RS (15,3) give the best error performance. Among the convolutional codes that we tested, rate 1/4 convolutional codes give the best performance. However, the performance of BCH and RS codes is much better than the convolutional codes. Moreover, the performance of the ZF equalizer is marginally better than the MF equalizer. In conclusion, using the channel coding schemes with GFDM improves error performance manifolds thereby increasing the reliability of the GFDM system despite slightly higher complexity.

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Derebeyoğlu, Sencer, Christian Deppe, and Roberto Ferrara. "Performance Analysis of Identification Codes." Entropy 22, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22101067.

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In this paper, we analyze the construction of identification codes. Identification codes are based on the question: “Is the message I have just received the one I am interested in?”, as opposed to Shannon’s transmission, where the receiver is interested in not only one, but any, message. The advantage of identification is that it allows rates growing double exponentially in the blocklength at the cost of not being able to decode every message, which might be beneficial in certain applications. We focus on a special identification code construction based on two concatenated Reed-Solomon codes and have a closer look at its implementation, analyzing the trade-offs of identification with respect to transmission and the trade-offs introduced by the computational cost of identification codes.

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Kang, Donghoon, Haeun Kim, Joungil Yun, Hyoungsoo Lim, and Wangrok Oh. "Faster Than Nyquist Transmission with Multiple Channel Codes." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 41, no. 2 (February 29, 2016): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2016.41.2.157.

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Kreshchuk, A. A., A. A. Davydov, and V. V. Zyablov. "Codes for MIMO transmission based on orthogonal sequences." Problems of Information Transmission 47, no. 4 (December 2011): 305–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0032946011040016.

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Ma, Xiao, Kechao Huang, and Baoming Bai. "Systematic Block Markov Superposition Transmission of Repetition Codes." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 64, no. 3 (March 2018): 1604–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2017.2787571.

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Banister, B. A., B. Belzer, and T. R. Fischer. "Robust image transmission using JPEG2000 and turbo-codes." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 9, no. 4 (April 2002): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/97.1001646.

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Fraenkel, Aviezri S., and Shmuel T. Kleinb. "Robust universal complete codes for transmission and compression." Discrete Applied Mathematics 64, no. 1 (January 1996): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-218x(93)00116-h.

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Renart, Alfonso, and Mark C. W. van Rossum. "Transmission of Population-Coded Information." Neural Computation 24, no. 2 (February 2012): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00227.

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As neural activity is transmitted through the nervous system, neuronal noise degrades the encoded information and limits performance. It is therefore important to know how information loss can be prevented. We study this question in the context of neural population codes. Using Fisher information, we show how information loss in a layered network depends on the connectivity between the layers. We introduce an algorithm, reminiscent of the water filling algorithm for Shannon information that minimizes the loss. The optimal connection profile has a center-surround structure with a spatial extent closely matching the neurons’ tuning curves. In addition, we show how the optimal connectivity depends on the correlation structure of the trial-to-trial variability in the neuronal responses. Our results explain how optimal communication of population codes requires the center-surround architectures found in the nervous system and provide explicit predictions on the connectivity parameters.

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Baylis, John. "Codes, not ciphers." Mathematical Gazette 94, no. 531 (November 2010): 412–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025557200001704.

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This article is written as a companion piece to the recent account of cryptography in [1]. The aim will be similar—to explain the meaning and principles of coding, give some implementations that are feasible at school and early undergraduate level, and give a flavour of the types of mathematics involved.2. Cryptography and coding—What's the difference?Cryptography concerns the transmission of secret or sensitive information in such a way that if intercepted en route by an ‘enemy’, that enemy will be incapable of understanding it and therefore be prevented from using it for any political, financial, military or other advantage.

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Djordjevic, Ivan B. "Surface-Codes-Based Quantum Communication Networks." Entropy 22, no. 9 (September 22, 2020): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22091059.

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In this paper, we propose the surface codes (SCs)-based multipartite quantum communication networks (QCNs). We describe an approach that enables us to simultaneously entangle multiple nodes in an arbitrary network topology based on the SCs. We also describe how to extend the transmission distance between arbitrary two nodes by using the SCs. The numerical results indicate that transmission distance between nodes can be extended to beyond 1000 km by employing simple syndrome decoding. Finally, we describe how to operate the proposed QCN by employing the software-defined networking (SDN) concept.

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Sidorenko, A. A. "Introducing perforation when applying turbo codes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2094, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 032061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2094/3/032061.

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Abstract The problem of adapting the degree of redundancy introduced in the process of error-correcting coding to the changing characteristics of the data transmission channel is urgent. Turbo codes, used in a variety of digital communication systems, are capable of correcting multiple errors occurring in the data transmission channel. The article compares the decoding efficiency for various options for introducing perforation into the code sequence generated by the turbo code encoder. Based on the comparison results, recommendations were made on the most appropriate option for the introduction of perforation.

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Liew, T. H., B. L. Yeap, C. H. Wong, and L. Hanzo. "Turbo-Coded Adaptive Modulation Versus Space–Time Trellis Codes for Transmission Over Dispersive Channels." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 3, no. 6 (November 2004): 2019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2004.837424.

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Khalil, Amaad, Nasruminallah, Irfan Ahmed, and Salman Ilahi Siddiqui. "Design of Robust Video Transmission System by Using Efficient Forward Error Correction Scheme." Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: A. Physical and Computational Sciences 58, no. 4 (March 21, 2022): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(58-4)767.

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The advent of modern digital technologies has made multimedia communication systems one of the most demanding technologies of the time. The use of available bandwidth for efficient and errorless multimedia communication is the key challenge for the wireless communication research community. However, a wireless network has the disadvantage of being prone to random channel noise and data contamination. This paper proposes a robust video transmission framework by using an efficient forward error correction technique. In this work, the experimental performance of widely used forward error correction codes i.e., Convolution codes, LDPC codes, Turbo codes, and Concatenated codes, are compared based on their capability to compensate the channel noise and distortion. An efficient encoding scheme is devised for the transmission of YUV encoded frames by using the selected FEC codes in a noisy channel environment. The retrieved video is analysed by using the Peak Signal-to-Noise ratio and bit error rate as performance metrics. The results and cross comparison shows that concatenated codes have a handsome improvement in avoiding channel contamination and distortion.

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Манин, Юрий Иванович, Yurii Ivanovich Manin, Матильда Марколли, and Matilde Marcolli. "Asymptotic bounds for spherical codes." Известия Российской академии наук. Серия математическая 83, no. 3 (2019): 133–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4213/im8739.

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The set of all error-correcting codes $C$ over a fixed finite alphabet $\mathbf{F}$ of cardinality $q$ determines the set of code points in the unit square $[0,1]^2$ with coordinates $(R(C), \delta (C))$:= (relative transmission rate, relative minimal distance). The central problem of the theory of such codes consists in maximising simultaneously the transmission rate of the code and the relative minimum Hamming distance between two different code words. The classical approach to this problem explored in vast literature consists in inventing explicit constructions of "good codes" and comparing new classes of codes with earlier ones. Less classical approach studies the geometry of the whole set of code points $(R,\delta)$ (with $q$ fixed), at first independently of its computability properties, and only afterwards turning to the problems of computability, analogies with statistical physics etc. The main purpose of this article consists in extending this latter strategy to the domain of spherical codes. Bibliography: 14 titles.

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ARAI, MASAYUKI, SATOSHI FUKUMOTO, and KAZUHIKO IWASAKI. "A NOTE ON RELIABLE MULTICAST APPLYING CONVOLUTIONAL-CODE-BASED FEC OVER FINITE FIELD." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 12, no. 03 (June 2005): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539305001781.

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We apply (n, k, m) convolutional codes in which elements in generator matrices are the ones over a finite field to Hybrid ARQ combining with retransmission mechanisms, and evaluate the number of transmitted packets and the number of transmissions. We assume star topology and independent model for a transmission model, and compare two retransmission strategies: (1) one which has been applied with Reed-Solomon (RS) code, and (2) one which choose transmitted packets considering the constraint length m. We use computer simulation for (14, 7, m) and (6, 3, m) convolutional codes to observe the effects of four parameters, that is the number of receivers, constraint length m, packet loss probability, and redundancy at initial transmission PF, to the number of transmissions and transmitted packets. Simulation results showed that the number of transmitted packets can be reduced by the retransmission mechanism which consider m. Also, a PF which minimize number of transmitted packets exists for given packet loss probability, number of receivers, and constraint length.

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Hlaing, Ngu War, Ali Farzamnia, Manas Kumar Haldar, and Liau Chung Fan. "Investigation of error performance in OFDM with network coding techniques in multiple relay networks." Journal of Electrical Engineering 71, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2020-0025.

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AbstractThe aim of this paper proposes an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with network coding to improve the error performance of the system when the messages are transmitted from user to receiver. Two-way relay (TWR) networks are applied to reduce the transmission time slots. The exclusive-OR (XOR) coding is used for network coding in which source nodes exchange their information via TWR nodes. The XOR coded bits provides redundancy to achieve the transmit diversity gain which improves the error performance of the TWR network. OFDM is exploited for TWR to obtain the frequency selective fading nature of wireless channels. The different modulation schemes such as Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and 64-QAM with OFDM system are simulated and QPSK is selected as it gives the lowest bit error rate (BER). The multiple relaying schemes with different numbers of the information packets are also considered in this paper. Simulation results show that multiple relay schemes provide faster transmission time and better error rate performance. Moreover, different kinds of channel coding schemes such as Convolutional, Reed-Solomon (RS) and turbo codes are applied in OFDM system with network coding to compare and evaluate the BER performance of the proposed system. From the simulation results, network coded OFDM scheme with turbo codes give better BER performance for given Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in relaying scheme with different numbers of information packets compared to those of convolutional and RS codes. It shows that, the error rate performance and transmission time is reduced 10 percent than the conventional scheme at even at low SNR value.

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Kong, Hyung-Yun. "Simple Bidirectional Transmission Protocols Cooperative Transmission using Network Coding and Digital Fountain Codes." Journal of the Institute of Webcasting, Internet and Telecommunication 13, no. 4 (August 31, 2013): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7236/jiibc.2013.13.4.23.

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Wei, Geng, Cong Juan Li, and Yu Dong Zhang. "Analysis and Implementation of Raptor Codes for Video Multicast." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 3845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.3845.

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Packet loss is unavoidable in IP multicast using the UDP protocol that will serious influence video quality. In this paper we use the Raptor codes for video multicast to improve the video quality. Firstly, the principle of Raptor codes is analyzed in detail. Then the Raptor codes is implemented and transplanted in the video transmission system. Simulation results show that the video transmission system with Raptor FEC works which can overcome the packet loss effectively and improve the playback quality significantly.

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Vladimirov, S. "COMPARISON OF THE PROBABILISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF 8-BIT CODES WITH FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION." Telecom IT 7, no. 1 (2019): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/2307-1303-2019-7-1-21-30.

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Research subject. The article presents the results of comparing different 8-bit error-correcting codes by their probabilistic characteristics. Method. Simulation was performed to determine the probabilistic characteristics of 8-bit error-correcting codes. The principles of their coding and decoding are considered. Core results. The probabilistic characteristics of 8-bit error-correcting codes are identified and presented. Recommendations for their application are developed depending on the structure of the using transmission system. Practical relevance. The application of the considered codes for the construction of transmission systems on devices with limited computing resources is proposed. The applicability of these codes in the development of application layer byte protocols that require the use of forward error correction mechanisms in communication channels is noted.

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Waqas Ahmad and Awais Salman Qazi. "Parallel Data Transmission using New Line Encoding Method." Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgurjcsit.2019.030491.

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In our research paper, we have introduced a unique and new line code method/technique that will have the capability to send two different codes in parallel or concurrently using a single line code, and this will be achieved without any major loss in the shape of the signal. In our proposed new line code, the structure of our code is based on two already well-known line codes that have been used many times in the data communication field, both of them have been combined together. We can say that our new line coding method is a hybrid encoding scheme. This line code combines the properties of already existing line code techniques. At the receiver end, we have implemented a very easy and basic separation technique that shall help us to separate the real user codes from the added line code, and this will happen without any disturbance or major loss/distortion. There will be no effect on the signal of input data.

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Agasti, Omprava, Sujatarani Raut, and Shibashis Pradhan. "Comparative Study on Spreading Codes." Circulation in Computer Science MCSP2017, no. 01 (September 24, 2017): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22632/ccs-2017-mcsp030.

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In this paper, we studied on spreading code for wireless communication, their performance analysis, applications and its implementation. Spread-spectrum systems have found important commercial applications in CDMA cellular networks and wireless personal communication networks. Implementation is complex, mainly because spreading the baseband (by a factor that can be several orders of magnitude) forces the electronics to act and react accordingly, which, in turn, makes the spreading and dispreading operation necessary. In spread spectrum the transmission signal bandwidth is much higher than the information bandwidth. The signal occupies a bandwidth much larger than what is necessary to send the information in spread spectrum technology. CDMA uses unique spreading codes to spread the baseband data before transmission data. The performance of a CDMA system gets controlled by two types of interference, namely ISI and MAI which are the function of auto and cross correlation values of the spreading codes respectively. The existing codes using Additive White Gaussian Noise channel under multi-user has been compared with the Bit Error Rate(BER) performance.

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Wang, Shiheng, Quan Zhou, Siyuan Yang, Chaoyuan Bai, and Heng Liu. "Wireless Communication Strategy with BATS Codes for Butterfly Network." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2218, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2218/1/012003.

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Abstract In this paper, two transmission schemes for batched sparse(BATS) codes based on a multicast protocol in a butterfly network are studied. For both of the schemes, a source file is first segmented into several packets at the source node, which are then coded with outer coder of the BATS codes to generate potentially unlimited batches. Rather than the linear network, in which the packets are directly transmitted to the next node, the packets will be forwarded to multiple nodes in the butterfly network. All the intermediate nodes which receive the packets recode them with random linear network coding (RLNC). At the destination node receivers, the sink node decodes the packets transmitted from different links. The Scheme I requires the intermediate nodes to recode the packets until all of them are received. On the contrary, the intermidate nodes of Scheme II just recode the packets as soon as receiving them and forward the recoded packets to the next node immediately. The Belief Propagation(BP) decoders of these two schemes are studied and applied to Scheme I and Scheme II respectively. The simulation results show that Scheme I consumed fewer batches than Scheme II, which indicates Scheme I outperforms Scheme II.

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AL-ALAWI, RAIDA, and A. J. AL-SAMMAK. "DESIGN OF A MULTICODE BI-PHASE ENCODER FOR DATA TRANSMISSION." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 15, no. 01 (February 2006): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126606002897.

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In this paper, we present a versatile Multicode Bi-Phase Encoder (MBPE) circuit capable of encoding five different Bi-Phase line codes, namely: Bi-Phase-Level (Bi-Φ-L), Bi-Phase-Mark (Bi-Φ-M), Bi-Phase-Space (Bi-Φ-S), Differential Manchester (DM) and Inverse Differential Manchester (IDM) codes. The design methodology is based on a new definition of these codes in terms of encoding rules and state diagrams, instead of the traditional way of representing them in terms of their bit transition. The operation mode of the MBPE is set by three selection lines, which can be either hardware or software controlled. This will facilitate the process of altering the data transmission protocol without the need of changing the encoder hardware. The functionality and design of the MBPE is outlined. VHDL has been used to describe the behavior of the MBPE whose operation was verified using the ModelSim XE II Simulation tools. Implementation and testing of the MBPE on XILINX Spartan-II FPGA showed that the MBPE circuit is capable of encoding NRZ data into any of the five codes.

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Matsenko, Svitlana, Oleksiy Borysenko, Sandis Spolitis, Aleksejs Udalcovs, Lilita Gegere, Aleksandr Krotov, Oskars Ozolins, and Vjaceslavs Bobrovs. "FPGA-Implemented Fractal Decoder with Forward Error Correction in Short-Reach Optical Interconnects." Entropy 24, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24010122.

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Forward error correction (FEC) codes combined with high-order modulator formats, i.e., coded modulation (CM), are essential in optical communication networks to achieve highly efficient and reliable communication. The task of providing additional error control in the design of CM systems with high-performance requirements remains urgent. As an additional control of CM systems, we propose to use indivisible error detection codes based on a positional number system. In this work, we evaluated the indivisible code using the average probability method (APM) for the binary symmetric channel (BSC), which has the simplicity, versatility and reliability of the estimate, which is close to reality. The APM allows for evaluation and compares indivisible codes according to parameters of correct transmission, and detectable and undetectable errors. Indivisible codes allow for the end-to-end (E2E) control of the transmission and processing of information in digital systems and design devices with a regular structure and high speed. This study researched a fractal decoder device for additional error control, implemented in field-programmable gate array (FPGA) software with FEC for short-reach optical interconnects with multilevel pulse amplitude (PAM-M) modulated with Gray code mapping. Indivisible codes with natural redundancy require far fewer hardware costs to develop and implement encoding and decoding devices with a sufficiently high error detection efficiency. We achieved a reduction in hardware costs for a fractal decoder by using the fractal property of the indivisible code from 10% to 30% for different n while receiving the reciprocal of the golden ratio.

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Kuznetsov, А. А., I. P. Kolovanova, D. I. Prokopovych-Tkachenko, and T. Y. Kuznetsova. "Analysis and investigation of algebraic geometric codes properties." Radiotekhnika, no. 195 (December 28, 2018): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2018.4.195.08.

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Linear block noise-proof codes constructed according to algebraic curves (algebraic geometric codes) are considered, their design properties are evaluated, algorithms of construction and decoding are studied. The energy efficiency of the transmission of discrete messages by M-ary orthogonal signals in the application of algebraic geometric codes is studied; the achievable energy gain from the use of noise-immune coding is estimated. It is shown that in discrete channels without memory it is possible to obtain a significant energy gain, which increases with the transition to long algebraic geometric codes constructed by curves with a large number of points with respect to the genus of the curve. It is established that the computational complexity of implementing algebraic geometric codes is comparable to other known noise-resistant codes, for example, Reed-Solomon codes and others. Thus, high energy efficiency in combination with acceptable computational complexity of implementation confirm the prospects of algebraic geometric codes using in modern telecommunication systems and networks to improve the noise immunity of data transmission channels.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Transmission of codes'

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