Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Transmission mitochondriale'
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Sternberg, Damien. "Contribution à trois aspects de la génétique mitochondriale humaine : étude de transmission de l'ADN mitochondrial lors de fécondations in vitro - caractérisation de mutations de l'ADN mitochondrial dans les maladies mitochondriales et le vieillissement musculaire." Paris 12, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA120010.
Full textMitochondrial genetics is important to consider when dealing with infertility, mitochondrial diseases or ageing. Our work contributes to the clarification of the role and behaviour of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in those three circumstances. First, we studied mtDNA inheritance in children born after a particular in vitro fertilisation technique, i. E. Intracytoplasmic injection of spermatozoon (ICSI). Although the risk of transmission of a paternal infertility-linked nuclear defect by this technique is well known, the possible transmission of the patemal mtDNA had never been addressed by means of highly sensitive detection assays. By using different sensitive techniques, we showed that there was no detectable paternally inherited mtDNA in the peripheral blood of the 27 children who were studied. Second, we aimed at determining the contribution of mtDNA tranfer RNA (tRNA) gene defects to the pathogenesis ofmitochondrial disorders. We set up an exhaustive scanning method to screen ah tRNA genes for mutations, and applied it to a large number of selected patients with mitochondrial disorders. We found numerous sequence variations of those genes, some of them already known to be pathogenic or polymorphie, others being questionable from a functional point of view. We performed an evaluation of each questionable sequence variation by all possible means, and were able to assign a precise significance to most of them. In retrospect, we tried to delineate the best indications for the screening ofmtDNA tRNA genes. Third, we wanted to determine the contribution of mtDNA mutations to the ageing process of human muscle, at a single fibre level. We looked for large-scale rearrangements and tRNA gene point mutations in a large number of fibres defective in cytochrome c oxidase (COX- fibres) activity and an equal number of normal fibres (COX+ fibres) from normal biopsy samples taken from ageing subjects. We detected large scale rearrangements in several fibres. Most interestingly, we detected, characterised and quantified tRNA gene point mutations in several COX- fibres, such mutations being absent from COX+ fibres. We showed that clonally expanded point mutations contribute toageing process in muscle, by a segmental alteration of the respiratory chain activity
Bertholet, Ambre. "Influence de la protéine de fusion mitochondriale OPA1 sur le métabolisme oxydatif neuronal et la transmission synaptique." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2180/.
Full textIn the past few years, multiple findings have suggested that disruptions of mitochondrial functions and dynamics contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial functions in neurons include regulation of calcium and redox signaling, developmental and synaptic plasticity as well as the arbitration of cell survival and death. Mitochondrial dynamics controls the organelle's morphology via a delicate balance of two opposing forces: mitochondrial fusion and fission that are regulated by large dynamin-related GTPases evolutionary conserved from yeast to human. We have previously demonstrated that the fusion protein OPA1 loss or mutations led to mitochondrial inner membrane dysfunctions and apoptosis of particular importance in optic nerve pathologies like ADOA1 (autosomal dominant optic atrophy). While links emerge between defects in mitochondrial fusion and neurodegeneration, the processes involved are still largely unknown. To understand the mechanisms by which alterations of mitochondrial dynamics could contribute to mitochondria dysfunction, eventually leading to neurodegeneration, we studied the effects of OPA1 loss of function in neurons ex vivo. In cortical neurons, RNA interference of the fusion protein OPA1 led to mitochondrial fragmentation without altering neither mitochondrial distribution nor neuronal death rate. While there was no incidence on dendrites and axon size and numbers, the quantity of several synaptic proteins was reduced, suggesting synaptic impairment. In these conditions, the redox state of OPA1 depleted-neurons was impaired and specific respiratory complex proteins quantities were decreased. Finally, electrophysiological recordings showed that OPA1 depletion induced changes in synaptic transmission, particularly in decreasing of EPSC frequency and by increasing IPSC frequency. Interestingly, forskolin treatment rescue these electrophysiological defaults. In conclusion, our data may offer new insights not only into mitochondrial dynamics-linked neurodegenerative diseases like ADOA1 but to other neurodegenerative pathologies correlated with oxidative metabolism such as Huntington's, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases
Mignerot, Laure. "Caractérisation cellulaire et génétique de la parthénogenèse chez l’algue brune Ectocarpus sp." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS621.
Full textAlthough sexual reproduction predominates in eukaryotes, several hundred lineages have undergone the transition from sexuality to asexuality. Transitions between sexual and asexual reproduction are believed to have important evolutionary and ecological consequences, yet the molecular, genetic, and cytological foundations of such transitions remain elusive. One type of asexual reproduction is parthenogenesis, i.e., the development of an adult organism directly from gametes in the absence of fertilisation. Although many eukaryotes are capable of reproducing by parthenogenesis, we know very little about its genetic basis, and the evolutionary causes and consequences of transitions to asexuality are poorly understood. The brown algae are a group of multicellular eukaryotes, that show an extraordinary diversity of types of life cycle, sexual systems, modes of reproduction, and they provide excellent models to look at the origins, evolution and mechanisms underlying parthenogenesis. In this thesis, we have used a wide array of genomic and cell biology tools available for the model brown alga Ectocarpus to identify and characterize loci involved in parthenogenesis, shedding light on the causes and consequences of parthenogenesis at the organism level. Our results highlight the key role of the sex chromosome as a major regulator of asexual reproduction, together with two autosomal loci. Importantly, we identify several negative effects of parthenogenesis on male fitness, but also different fitness effects between parthenogenesis and life cycle generations, supporting the idea that parthenogenesis may be under both sexual selection and generation/ploidally-antagonistic selection (Chapter 2). Zygotic growth was significantly affected by the parthenogenetic capacity of the male parent and the putative role of mitochondrial inheritance patterns on the fitness of sporophytes was also investigated (Chapter 2 and 3). This work revealed an unusual transmission pattern of mitochondria specifically in Ectocarpus species 7 (Chapter 3). Finally, the QTL analysis (Chapter 2) required the construction of a genetic map for Ectocarpus siliculosus and a comparison with Ectocarpus species 7 genetic map (reference genome sequenced in 2010) showed that the synteny was highly conserved between the two species (Chapter 4). By investigating parthenogenesis in a multicellular organism that has independently evolved from plants and animals, the work presented in this thesis has helped to assess the diversity of evolutionary mechanisms that lead to parthenogenesis
Haars, Jonathan. "Inheritance patterns of mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila paulistorum: substantial paternal transmission and the possible role of mitochondria in speciation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-382016.
Full textWai, Timothy. "Germline transmission of mitochondrial DNA in the mouse." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40735.
Full textLes mitochondries et l’ADN mitochondrial (ADNmt) sont des organites cellulaires qui ne sont transmis que par l'ovule de la mère. Chez les mammifères, l’ovocyte contient presque 200 000 copies d’ADNmt, avec 1-2 copies au sein de chaque mitochondrie. Malgré la grande quantité d’ADNmt, nous observons une ségrégation rapide des variants de séquences entre les générations qui nous amène à l’hypothèse d’un goulot d’étranglement génétique pour l’ADNmt. Par cette thèse, je démontre que ce phénomène est dû à un sous-groupe de génomes mitochondriaux qui se multiplient dans l’ovocyte postnatal de la souris. En outre, je démontre qu’une réduction d’ADNmt dans les cellules de souche germinale peut augmenter la vitesse à laquelle ces génotypes se séparent. Une très importante réduction d’ADNmt dans les ovocytes de ces souris mutantes les rend stériles. Or la fertilisation de ces ovocytes ainsi que le développement pré-implantatoire se déroulent normalement, par contre l’embryon qui provient d’un ovocyte avec une très faible quantité d’ADNmt ne peut compléter son développement post-implantatoire. Par cette thèse, je propose l’hypothèse suivante : que la grande quantité de mitochondries et génomes mitochondriaux sert à distribuer un nombre suffisant de ces organites aux cellules somatiques et germinales de la prochaine génération. Si cela est vrai, la quantité d’ADNmt pourrait être le plus important déterminant quant à la qualité de l’ovocyte, pas à cause de ses effets sur le métabolisme de l’ovocyte, mais par le fait qu’une quantité insuffisante empêcherait sa distribution dans les cellules de l’embryon.
Gooding, Christopher Michael. "Mitochondrial DNA replication and transmission in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303447.
Full textVaccaro, V. "The role of presynaptic mitochondria in neuronal transmission and plasticity." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1468434/.
Full textLloyd, Rhiannon Eleanor Iris. "The regulation of mitochondrial DNA transmission to generate offspring that are genetically identical." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433521.
Full textSullins, Jennifer Anne. "Accumulation and Transmission Dynamics of a Naturally-Occurring mtDNA Deletion in Caenorhabditis briggsae." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4729.
Full textChat, Joelle Catherine. "Transmission des génomes cytoplasmiques et phylogénie moléculaire chez Actinidia." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INAP0006.
Full textAnouilh, Audrey. "Génotoxicité de prophylaxies antirétrovirales administrées à des nourrissons nés de mères infectées par le Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine pour prévenir sa transmission par l'allaitement." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT055.
Full textThe universalization of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment coupled with increased ARV coverage among HIV-infected pregnant and lactating women is contributing to an emerging population of uninfected children born to HIV-positive mothers, exposed to both maternal HIV and ARVs from conception to early childhood. If the impacts of these exposures on the health of these children is questionable and the subject of many studies, the post-natal ARV prophylaxis given to them as part of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV also needs to be rigorously evaluated, as these ARVs continue to be given to uninfected children. In this context, this thesis work consisted of evaluating the acute and long-term genomic toxicity of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) or lamivudine (3TC) used as infant prophylaxis for one year to prevent MTCT of HIV through breastfeeding in the PROMISE PEP trial conducted in four sub-Saharan African countries (South Africa, Burkina Faso, Uganda and Zambia) between November 2009 and May 2012. While this extended prophylaxis during the entire breastfeeding period has shown its efficacy, with transmission rates at one year of life of 1.4% and 1.5% for LPV/r and 3TC respectively, current World Health Organization guidelines recommend prophylaxis with nevirapine (NVP) or azidothymidine combined with NVP for a maximum of 12 weeks. Our work indicates that both prophylaxis regimens were associated with a significant prevalence of mitochondrial DNA depletion (decrease of mitochondrial copy number greater than or equal to 50% of the initial value) in the first year of life in children who are HIV-exposed uninfected. Our work also demonstrated the presence of deleted mitochondrial DNA in almost all children from the initiation of prophylaxis, thus indicating strong genomic instability. However, we found no association with the growth and neuropsychomotor development of these children at 6 years, at which point the depletion no longer persists and the deletions are irreversible. The shortening of telomere length observed at one year of age showed no association with the two ARVs and had no impact on the health of the children at 6 years. This thesis work contributes to the overall evaluation of the safety of ARV prophylaxis used in children who are HIV-exposed uninfected, but is also of interest to those who are infected and whose first-line treatment includes LPV/r and/or 3TC
Springsguth, Hans Christopher. "Mechanismen und Bedeutung der aktivierten Apoptosekaskade in humanen Spermatozoen." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-192660.
Full textCarroll, Amy K. "Characterization of the Human Adenine Nucleotide Translocase (ANT) Isoform-1 (ANT-1) and Isoform-3 (ANT-3) Effects on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Transmission of Apoptotic Signaling in Vitro." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/CarrollAK2004.pdf.
Full textNguyen, Guillaume. "Etudes des déterminants moléculaires impliqués dans la capacité de transmission d’Alternaria brassicicola aux semences d’Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0082.
Full textSeed transmission is one of the most effective means of survival and dispersal for plant pathogenic fungi. The contaminated seeds are altered in their germination and viability. As a result, we have sought to identify molecular mechanisms that could be involved in this transmission capacity using the Alternaria brassicicola - Arabidopsis thaliana pathosystem model. To do this, we analyzed the response of A. brassicicola subjected to different stresses in vitro and in vivo: exposure to defence metabolites of the Brassicaceae family (brassininin, camalexin and isothiocyanate) and to perturbations of the water balance (desiccation, sorbitol and PEG) as well as during seed colonization from silicics. We have shown that the likely target of indolic phytoalexins is mitochondria, including impaired respiration and mitochondrial membrane potential after short exposure. Our analyses also revealed that several hydrophiline-like proteins or proteins related to eisosome formation appeared to be involved in the response to water stress. We have also shown that the expression of the majority of genes encoding these proteins is dependent on at least one of the three protein kinases, AbSch9, AbNik1 and AbHog1. Finally, our in planta analyses identified an unexpected mechanism, involving the remodelling of chromatin as a potential element in regulating the gene expression of the fungus during infection
Rostedt, Punga Anna. "MuSK Antibody(+) Versus AChR Antibody(+) Myasthenia Gravis : Clinical, Neurophysiological and Morphological Aspects." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl [distributör], 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7408.
Full textBouvet-Hasab, Alla Karim. "Épigénétique mitochondriale chez des espèces avec DUI." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22244.
Full textAl-Faifi, Sulieman. "Genetic analyses of mitochondrial transmission in cucumber." 2007. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
Full textBreton, Sophie. "La double transmission uniparentale de l'ADN mitochondrial chez les mytilidae : un système unique pour l'étude de la co-évolution des génomes nucléaires et mitochondriaux." Thèse, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1459/1/D1721.pdf.
Full textKang, Eunji Ellen. "Effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices." 2005. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=370461&T=F.
Full textDoucet-Beaupré, Hélène. "Double transmission uniparentale de l'ADN mitochondrial chez les unionoidae : hérédité, sélection et évolution." Thèse, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5378/1/D2390.pdf.
Full textMitchell, Alyssa. "Caractérisation bioinformatique des nouvelles protéines mitochondriales chez les moules d’eau douce (Bivalvia : Unionoida)." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14017.
Full textPark, Young Hoon. "Molecular tagging of loci conditioning potyvirus resistance and mitochondrial transmission studies in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)." 2002. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
Full textCapt, Charlotte. "Démystifier le lien entre la double transmission uniparentale des mitochondries et la détermination du sexe chez les bivalves." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23494.
Full textSexual systems and sex determining mechanisms described among animals are extraordinarily diverses. This amazing diversity is present in bivalves where both environment and genetic factors occur, leading to, among others, gonochoric and simultaneous or sequential hermaphroditic species. The most impressive discovery is a sex-determining system that would involve mitochondria. Specifically, a unique mitochondrial DNA inheritance system, known as Doubly Uniparental Inheritance (DUI), would be related to the maintenance of gonochorism in some bivalve species. DUI involves two mitochondrial DNA lineages, one that is maternally transmitted (F mtDNA) to females and males, and the other that is transmitted paternally (M mtDNA) to males only. The F and M mtDNAs, in DUI species, are characterized by unique traits, such as a modification of the cox2 gene, or the presence of new genes associated with each of the mitochondrial genomes (sex-specific genes) that have a function other than energy production, unlike other typical mitochondrial genes. Since the link between DUI and sex determination is still unclear, three approaches have been proposed to help demystify it, with each of the approaches constituting a chapter of this thesis. The first two chapters focused on freshwater mussel species of the order Unionida, where a correlation between gonochorism and DUI and hermaphroditism and SMI (Strictly Maternally Inheritance) was described. The first approach was to produce a comparative transcriptomic analysis between the male and female gonads of two gonochoric DUI species; Venustaconcha ellipsiformis and Utterbackia peninsularis (Unionidae family), to better understand the mechanisms underlying sex determination and DUI in these bivalves. This study revealed 12,000 orthologous genes, with 2 583 genes differentially expressed in both species, including Sry, Dmrt1, and Foxl2 known to be key sex-determining genes in vertebrates and other bivalve species. Our results were also compared with other DUI species, including the marine clam Ruditapes philippinarum, to identify shared elements between distant species that may be responsible for DUI regulation. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that a modified ubiquitination mechanism may be responsible for the retention of paternal mtDNA in male bivalves. The analyzes also revealed that DNA methylation could be involved in DUI regulation. 7 A second comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed to discern the mechanisms underlying sex determination and DUI between the gonochoric DUI species, U. peninsularis, and the closely related SMI hermaphroditic species, U. imbecillis. This study supported the hypothesis of an involvement of ubiquitination and methylation mechanisms in DUI regulation, as well as confirmed a role of conserved genes related to sex determination in hermaphroditic bivalves. Our results also revealed novel candidate genes with potential roles in DUI, including nucleases and factors involved in autophagy / mitophagy mechanisms. Finally, to identify mitochondrial genetic elements that could be part of the mechanisms underlying DUI and sex determination in bivalves, we sequenced the complete F and M mtDNAs of two new DUI species, from two families of the order Venerida; Scrobicularia plana (Semelidae family) and Limecola balthica (Tellinidae family). The complete description of mtDNAs in DUI species has been carried out for several species of freshwater mussels (Unionoida order), but very few species have been described for the orders Mytilida and Venerida. Such studies are essential for tracing mitochondrial genetic signatures shared by different DUI species. Our results revealed the largest differences in size (>10kb) and nucleotide divergence (up to 50% divergence) between M and F mtDNAs, among all DUI species. These differences in size are mainly due to a huge insertion (> 3.5kb) in the cox2 gene of the M mtDNA from both species, a trait previously described in freshwater mussels. The cox2 gene in S. plana males represents the longest cox2 sequence across the animal kingdom. Another important feature of F and M mtDNAs is the presence of new sex-specific genes, as reported in all other DUI species so far. The combined results of this thesis support the sharing of several key genetic elements among DUI species. In addition, a parallel with the Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) system in plants, the only other organisms with a sex determination system that involves mitochondria, is proposed to explain the role of mtDNA in sex determination in DUI bivalve species.
Springsguth, Hans Christopher. "Mechanismen und Bedeutung der aktivierten Apoptosekaskade in humanen Spermatozoen." Doctoral thesis, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14133.
Full textDalpé, Andréanne. "L’influence des conditions environnementales sur le déterminisme du sexe chez la moule bleue (Mytilus edulis)." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25150.
Full textThe factors affecting sex determination still remain unknown for most bivalve species. Some studies reported that environmental factors, such as temperature, influence sex determination in certain species, and this has been hypothesized also for the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, but not experimentally validated yet. Adult exposure to different environmental conditions during gametogenesis, which occurs seasonally, may also affect offspring phenotype, including sex determination. Intergenerational carryover effects have been reported in bivalves, but the impact of parental exposures on offspring sex determination has not been examined so far. To address these questions, artificial fertilizations were performed on individuals collected in three different years and their embryos and larvae were reared at three different temperatures to specifically test if the environment influence offspring sex ratio through effects on parental developing gametes and/or on developing embryos. We took advantage of the doubly uniparental inheritance of mitochondria in bivalves to determine the sex of the larvae. The analysis of 1938 larvae from 25 crosses revealed that the overall proportion of female larvae was significantly different among years, varying from 64 % to 98 %. While the proportion of female larvae across temperature ranged from 0 to 100 % in some cases, the reaction norms were cross-specific and there were no significant effects of rearing temperature on sex ratio. Taken together, our results suggested that sex determination in M. edulis occur during the gametogenesis according to the genotype of the parents, but could also be changed during the development. More importantly, both processes are strongly affected by environmental conditions.