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Journal articles on the topic 'Transmission Devices'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Peng, Zhang Zhu, and Bo Yin. "Research on Human Implantable Wireless Energy Transfer System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 624 (August 2014): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.624.405.

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Advances in medical technology and promote the human implantable wireless energy transfer devices are widely used. Traditional human implantable wireless energy transfer device have some problems of low charging efficiency, blindly charging and data transmission difficult. On the basis of the conventional electromagnetic induction, in this paper, we proposed the use of magnetically coupled resonant way on human implantable device for charging, this method can greatly improve the efficiency of wireless charging. The system gets the CPU’s unique ID of human implantable devices to identifying the device. We can artificially control human implantable device’s charging device number, so as to solve the problems caused by the blind charge. Meanwhile, the system uses an electromagnetic carrier approach for data transmission, both to simplify the complexity of hardware devices and improve the communication efficiency of the device.
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Zhu, Zhen, Qinbo Zhang, Long Chen, Xiang Tian, and Yingfeng Cai. "Optimization Analysis on the Transmission Characteristics of Multipurpose Power Transmission Devices." Energies 16, no. 19 (October 7, 2023): 6989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16196989.

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Particularly crucial throughout the mode transition procedure is the transmission properties of hydro–mechanical composite transmission devices. This paper describes a multipurpose power transmission device that integrates hydrostatic, hydro-mechanical, and mechanical transmission and mainly discusses the transmission characteristic optimization problem from the perspective of speed regulation characteristics, shift strategy, and efficiency characteristics. The kinematic and dynamic analysis of the transmission system, the assembly scheme, and relevant parameters of the power transmission device are analyzed, and the speed regulation characteristic curve is obtained. The shift strategy of power transmission devices involving clutches and brakes during the whole speed regulation process and the best switch time of each component are found. The efficiency expression of the static pressure system is obtained from the efficiency model of the pump-control-motor system, and the efficiency of the multi-purpose power transmission device is obtained using the efficiency definition method. The fitting curves of hydrostatic system efficiency are determined using experimental data, and the efficiency of the hydro–mechanical composite power transmission system is obtained using the conversion mechanism method. The results show that the shift quality of power transmission devices can be improved greatly by controlling the switch sequence of clutches and brakes reasonably.
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3

Brown, J. M. "Transmission electron microscopy of semiconductor devices." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 722–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010014498x.

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The search for further miniaturization in the semiconductor industry has resulted in the reduction in the dimensions of devices to a size which can no longer be effectively seen by the conventional methods of light microscopy. The use of both transmission and scanning electron microscopy in the field of silicon device characterization has now become an essential ingredient of the design and manufacture of new technologies. It is often the only way in which a device designer can know for certain whether the manufacturing process is producing the required structure. Cross-sectional TEM has therefore become an integral part of both quality control and development.One of the most important areas which resulted in the increased importance of TEM in the semiconductor device field was the development of sample preparation techniques which enable cross-sections through layers of widely differing compositions that are found in the devices structures.
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Wu, Tin-Yu, Ren-Hung Hwang, Abhishek Vyas, Chia-Yiu Lin, and Chi-Ruei Huang. "Persistent Periodic Uplink Scheduling Algorithm for Massive NB-IoT Devices." Sensors 22, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 2875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22082875.

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Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is one of the low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies that aim to support enormous connections, featuring wide-area coverage, low power consumption, and low costs. NB-IoT could serve a massive number of IoT devices, but with very limited radio resources. Therefore, how to enable a massive number of IoT devices to transmit messages periodically, and with low latency, according to transmission requirements, has become the most crucial issue of NB-IoT. Moreover, IoT devices are designed to minimize power consumption so that the device battery can last for a long time. Similarly, the NB-IoT system must configure different power-saving mechanisms for different types of devices to prolong their battery lives. In this study, we propose a persistent periodic uplink scheduling algorithm (PPUSA) to assist a plethora of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in reporting their sensing data based on their sensing characteristics. PPUSA explicitly considers the power-saving mode and connection suspend/resume procedures to reduce the IoT device’s power consumption and processing overhead. PPUSA allocates uplink resource units to IoT devices systematically so that it can support the periodic–uplink transmission of a plethora of IoT devices while maintaining low transmission latency for bursty data. The simulation results show that PPUSA can support up to 600,000 IoT devices when the NB-IoT uplink utilization is 80%. In addition, it takes only one millisecond for the transmission of the bursty messages.
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Jiang, Haoqing, Yue Wang, Zijian Cui, Xiaoju Zhang, Yongqiang Zhu, and Kuang Zhang. "Vanadium Dioxide-Based Terahertz Metamaterial Devices Switchable between Transmission and Absorption." Micromachines 13, no. 5 (April 30, 2022): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13050715.

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Terahertz metamaterial plays a significant role in the development of imaging, sensing, and communications. The function of conventional terahertz metamaterials was fixed after fabrication. They can only achieve a single function and do not have adjustable characteristics, which greatly limits the scalability and practical application of metamaterial. Here, we propose a vanadium dioxide-based terahertz metamaterial device, which is switchable between being a transmitter and an absorber. The transmission and absorption characteristics and temperature tunable properties of phase change metamaterials in the terahertz band were investigated. As the temperature of vanadium dioxide is varied between 20 °C and 80 °C, the device can switch between transmission and quad-band resonance absorption at the terahertz frequency range, with a high transmission rate of over 80% and a peak absorbance of 98.3%, respectively. In addition, when the device acts as an absorber, the proposed metamaterial device is tunable, and the modulation amplitude can reach 94.3%; while the device is used as a transmissive device, the modulation amplitude of the transmission peak at 81%. The results indicate that the proposed metamaterial device can promote the applications of terahertz devices, such as switching, modulation, and sensing.
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Burczyk, Robert, Agnieszka Czapiewska, Malgorzata Gajewska, and Slawomir Gajewski. "LTE and NB-IoT Performance Estimation Based on Indicators Measured by the Radio Module." Electronics 11, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 2892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182892.

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Monitoring the operating parameters of power grids is extremely important for their proper functioning as well as for ensuring the security of the entire infrastructure. As the idea of the Internet of Things becomes more ubiquitous, there are tools for monitoring the state of the complex electrical grid and means to control it. There are also developed new measuring devices and transmission technologies allowing for the transfer of performed measurements from many places to the network management center. However, there are still no devices that act as data concentrators, which would integrate many transmission technologies and protocols in one device, supporting the communication between those different transmission technologies and which would realize edge computing to assist the management center by prioritizing and combining transmitted data. In this article, the authors present a device that meets the above-mentioned requirements. There are presented research results leading to the development of a decision algorithm, called Multilink—ML, dedicated to the presented device. This algorithm enables the selection between LTE and NB-IoT interfaces for packet transmission without the need to burden the communication system with additional transmissions.
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7

Mahapatro, Sunil Kumar. "Analysis Of Power Transients In Transmission Devices For Stable Operation." International Journal of Scientific Research 1, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/aug2012/16.

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8

Wang, Shi Ming, Yao Li, Hao Zhan, and Ka Tian. "A Design for the Wave Power Generation Conversion Device." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.472.

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In recent years, the concept of renewable energy has been deepening and popularization, all kinds of new energy technology is developed by leaps and bounds, a growing number of wave energy devices has been put into use and has a very good prospect. In wave power generation equipment, the conversion transmission device is a very important unit, which involving energy transfer, adjustment, stable output and buffer storage, so it need to be well designed to satisfy the operational requirement by taking advantage of different parts. By analyzing the commonly used conversion transmission devices, the characteristics of transmission devices and wave power generation equipments, we proposing a design of a flexible transmission device which can change its torque capacity with clutch automatic control device, in the form of its layout to drive a train of thought for the design wave energy conversion.
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de Oliveira, E. J., J. W. Marangon Lima, and J. L. R. Pereira. "Flexible AC transmission system devices: allocation and transmission pricing." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 21, no. 2 (February 1999): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-0615(98)00035-0.

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10

Chen, Mingzhe, Nir Shlezinger, H. Vincent Poor, Yonina C. Eldar, and Shuguang Cui. "Communication-efficient federated learning." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 17 (April 22, 2021): e2024789118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024789118.

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Federated learning (FL) enables edge devices, such as Internet of Things devices (e.g., sensors), servers, and institutions (e.g., hospitals), to collaboratively train a machine learning (ML) model without sharing their private data. FL requires devices to exchange their ML parameters iteratively, and thus the time it requires to jointly learn a reliable model depends not only on the number of training steps but also on the ML parameter transmission time per step. In practice, FL parameter transmissions are often carried out by a multitude of participating devices over resource-limited communication networks, for example, wireless networks with limited bandwidth and power. Therefore, the repeated FL parameter transmission from edge devices induces a notable delay, which can be larger than the ML model training time by orders of magnitude. Hence, communication delay constitutes a major bottleneck in FL. Here, a communication-efficient FL framework is proposed to jointly improve the FL convergence time and the training loss. In this framework, a probabilistic device selection scheme is designed such that the devices that can significantly improve the convergence speed and training loss have higher probabilities of being selected for ML model transmission. To further reduce the FL convergence time, a quantization method is proposed to reduce the volume of the model parameters exchanged among devices, and an efficient wireless resource allocation scheme is developed. Simulation results show that the proposed FL framework can improve the identification accuracy and convergence time by up to 3.6% and 87% compared to standard FL.
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11

Deng, Xu Dong, Kai Zheng, Gang Wei, Jin Hong Tang, and Zuo Peng Zhang. "The Infrared Diagnostic Technology of Power Transmission Devices and Experimental Study." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 2372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.2372.

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Study on a monitoring method of the faults of high voltage device. Research the measurement theory of infrared thermal imager about the faults of high voltage device. And design a judging method which bases on the relative temperature difference of high voltage device. Then design software which recognizes the faults of high voltage device with the infrared technology. This software scan unusual point of the infrared picture on all sides, and then indent the faults of these device and feed back the faults information, according to the judging method. Last, do the simulation test about the faults of devices, and then identify the faults of current mutual inductor and voltage mutual inductor. The results state that this technology realizes the analysis ability autumnally of the devices faults, and improve the work efficiency to monitor these devices. It helps to guarantee power grid moving safely.
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12

Almalki, Sultanah, Bashaer Al-Ahmadi, Shemah Alhothali, and Ahmed Almasoudi. "Effect of Blood Collection Devices on Quality Blood Transmission: A Review." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 4, no. 8 (August 2023): 1587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.4.823.51086.

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13

Li, Jie, Yi Zhou, Leining Zhang, and Hui Li. "Characteristic electron transport on pyridine-linked molecular devices with graphene nanoribbons electrodes and gold electrodes." Functional Materials Letters 09, no. 05 (October 2016): 1650067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604716500673.

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The electrodes in the molecular devices play a crucial role in creating functional organic electronic devices. We employed the first-principles calculations to investigate the conjugated pyridine-terminated molecule-4, 4[Formula: see text]-vinylenedipyridine attached to monolayer zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs) and Au electrodes. Results show that the ZGNRs-based device exhibits excellent electrical properties. It has larger equilibrium conductance or stronger transmission capacity due to higher strength of individual channel and stronger delocalization of electronic states at the Fermi level. The transmission of two devices near the Fermi level is influenced by resonant electron transport through the discrete energy and the edge states. Comparatively, different from the rising trend of gold-based device with the increasing voltage, the current of the device with ZGNRs electrodes changes in a completely different way with the augment of the applied voltage, exhibiting a negative differential resistance effect unexpectedly. The changing trends of the current through two devices are elucidated by the evolution of the transmission peak nearest to the Fermi level.
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14

Fowler, Patrick W., and Barry T. Pickup. "A Simple Model of Ballistic Conduction in Multi-Lead Molecular Devices." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 11696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411696.

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A fully analytical model is presented for ballistic conduction in a multi-lead device that is based on a π-conjugated carbon framework attached to a single source lead and several sink leads. This source-and-multiple-sink potential (SMSP) model is rooted in the Ernzerhof source-and-sink potential (SSP) approach and specifies transmission in terms of combinations of structural polynomials based on the molecular graph. The simplicity of the model allows insight into many-lead devices in terms of constituent two-lead devices, description of conduction in the multi-lead device in terms of structural polynomials, molecular orbital channels, and selection rules for active and inert leads and orbitals. In the wide-band limit, transmission can be expressed entirely in terms of characteristic polynomials of vertex-deleted graphs. As limiting cases of maximum connection, complete symmetric devices (CSD) and complete bipartite symmetric devices (CBSD) are defined and solved analytically. These devices have vanishing lead-lead interference effects. Illustrative calculations of transmission curves for model small-molecule systems are presented and selection rules are identified.
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Kim, Yumi, Mincheol Paik, Bokyeong Kim, Haneul Ko, and Seung-Yeon Kim. "Neighbor-Aware Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Scheme for Energy Harvesting Internet of Things." Sensors 22, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020448.

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In a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) environment, an Internet of Things (IoT) device achieves a high data rate by increasing its transmission power. However, excessively high transmission power can cause an energy outage of an IoT device and have a detrimental effect on the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio of neighbor IoT devices. In this paper, we propose a neighbor-aware NOMA scheme (NA-NOMA) where each IoT device determines whether to transmit data to the base station and the transmission power at each time epoch in a distributed manner with the consideration of its energy level and other devices’ transmission powers. To maximize the aggregated data rate of IoT devices while keeping an acceptable average energy outage probability, a constrained stochastic game model is formulated, and the solution of the model is obtained using a best response dynamics-based algorithm. Evaluation results show that NA-NOMA can increase the average data rate up to 22% compared with a probability-based scheme while providing a sufficiently low energy outage probability (e.g., 0.05).
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Baser, Ozgur, and Erhan Ilhan Konukseven. "Kinematic Calibration of PHANTOM Premium 1.5/6DOF Haptic Device." Key Engineering Materials 486 (July 2011): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.486.205.

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Precise positioning and precise force control requirement in haptic devices necessitate the calibration of the device. Since force control algorithms in haptic interfaces employ Jacobian matrix that includes kinematic model parameters, calibration is not only important for pose accuracy but also for force control. The deviation in kinematic parameters and joint transmission errors are main reasons disturbing the calibration of the haptic devices. Capstan drives and parallelogram mechanisms are preferred to use for actuation in haptic device design. Their transmission errors should be estimated in the calibration. This paper presents a simulation study including the estimation of kinematic parameters and transmission errors due to the capstan drives and parallelogram mechanism for a PHANTOM Premium haptic device.
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Ohmori, Yutaka, Takahiro Ohtomo, Kazuya Hashimoto, Hitoshi Tanaka, Koichi Hiraoka, Shiro Iwata, Katsumi Yoshino, Alex Cook, Anver A. Zakhidov, and Hirotake Kajii. "Printable Organic Light-Emitting Devices and Application for Optical Signal Transmission." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 3228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.12317.

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Organic light emitting devices, in particular, properties of polymer light-emitting transistors with printed electrodes and bilayer printed devices with in-plane emission have been investigated and discussed. The semitransparent device based on poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) with Ag-nanowire source/drain and transparent carbon nanotube gate electrodes exhibits ambipolar and light-emitting characteristics. For the devices with oriented poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (F8) films, enhanced electron and hole field-effect mobilities have been achieved by aligning the polymer chains parallel to the transport direction. The bilayer device using F8BT lower layer and oriented F8 upper layer with the channel direction parallel to the polymer orientation exhibits improved EL intensity and higher external quantum efficiency than that with the channel direction perpendicular to the polymer chains orientation. The optical pulses of more than 100 Hz frequency are generated by directly modulating a bilayer device with an in-plane emission pattern.
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18

Piva, Mauro, Andrea Coletta, Gaia Maselli, and John A. Stankovic. "Environment-driven Communication in Battery-free Smart Buildings." ACM Transactions on Internet of Things 2, no. 2 (May 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3448739.

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Recent years have witnessed the design and development of several smart devices that are wireless and battery-less. These devices exploit RFID backscattering-based computation and transmissions. Although singular devices can operate efficiently, their coexistence needs to be controlled, as they have widely varying communication requirements, depending on their interaction with the environment. The design of efficient communication protocols able to dynamically adapt to current device operation is quite a new problem that the existing work cannot solve well. In this article, we propose a new communication protocol, called ReLEDF, that dynamically discovers devices in smart buildings and their active and nonactive status and when active their current communication behavior (through a learning-based mechanism) and schedules transmission slots (through an Earliest Deadline First-- (EDF) based mechanism) adapt to different data transmission requirements. Combining learning and scheduling introduces a tag starvation problem, so we also propose a new mode-change scheduling approach. Extensive simulations clearly show the benefits of using ReLEDF, which successfully delivers over 95% of new data samples in a typical smart home scenario with up to 150 heterogeneous smart devices, outperforming related solutions. Real experiments are also conducted to demonstrate the applicability of ReLEDF and to validate the simulations.
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Huang, Yan-Yun, and Pi-Chung Wang. "Computation Offloading and User-Clustering Game in Multi-Channel Cellular Networks for Mobile Edge Computing." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031155.

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Mobile devices may use mobile edge computing to improve energy efficiency and responsiveness by offloading computation tasks to edge servers. However, the transmissions of mobile devices may result in interference that decreases the upload rate and prolongs transmission delay. Clustering has been shown as an effective approach to improve the transmission efficiency for dense devices, but there is no distributed algorithm for the optimization of clustering and computation offloading. In this work, we study the optimization problem of computation offloading to minimize the energy consumption of mobile devices in mobile edge computing by adaptively clustering devices to improve the transmission efficiency. To address the optimization problem in a distributed manner, the decision problem of clustering and computation offloading for mobile devices is formulated as a potential game. We introduce the construction of the potential game and show the existence of Nash equilibrium in the game with a finite enhancement ability. Then, we propose a distributed algorithm of clustering and computation offloading based on game theory. We conducted a simulation to evaluate the proposed algorithm. The numerical results from our simulation show that our algorithm can improve offloading efficiency for mobile devices in mobile edge computing by improving transmission efficiency. By offloading more tasks to edge servers, both the energy efficiency of mobile devices and the responsiveness of computation-intensive applications can be improved simultaneously.
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Lee, C., S. Baek, G. Seo, J. Ryu, and K. Kang. "Optimizing Video Transmission for Mobile Devices." Electronic Imaging 2017, no. 6 (January 29, 2017): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2017.6.mobmu-300.

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Bogdevičius, Marijonas, Jurgis Jurevičius, and Bronislovas Spruogis. "ROTARY MOTION TRANSMISSION AND STABILIZATION DEVICES." TRANSPORT 19, no. 2 (April 30, 2004): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2004.9637956.

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To connect rotors, to transmit and stabilize rotation motion a new class of rotary motion transmission and stabilization devices (RMTSD) was developed. They include the rings which deform axialy, radially and at an angle the radial segments, etc. with joined concentrated inertial, dissipative and elastic elements. RMTSD design schemes are copyrighted and covered by the patents of the USA, England and Germany. The classification of RMTSD development is performed according to the following characteristic features: dynamic characteristics, kind of elastically creeping elements, peculiarities of design elements, fastening, materials, etc. The classification presented gives the possibility to develop lots of constructions of new RMTSD of this type.
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Sukhorukov, Andrey A., and Nail N. Akhmediev. "Multiport soliton devices with controllable transmission." Optics Letters 28, no. 11 (June 1, 2003): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.28.000908.

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23

Niederdränk, Torsten. "Wireless transmission system for hearing devices." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122, no. 6 (2007): 3152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2822961.

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Bourgeois, Julien, Emmanuel Mory, and Francois Spies. "Video transmission adaptation on mobile devices." Journal of Systems Architecture 49, no. 10-11 (November 2003): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-7621(03)00091-2.

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Stallard, W., A. Beaumont, and R. Booth. "Integrated optic devices for coherent transmission." Journal of Lightwave Technology 4, no. 7 (1986): 852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.1986.1074810.

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Hu, Tao, Gang Li, Yuling Zuo, and Xuedong Zhou. "Risk of Hepatitis B Virus Transmission via Dental Handpieces and Evaluation of an Antisuction Device for Prevention of Transmission." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 28, no. 1 (January 2007): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/510808.

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We evaluated the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission via dental handpieces and the effects of an antisuction device in preventing HBV contamination. The results of our study show that under certain conditions, HBV transmission can occur when an antisuction device is used during dental procedures. We conclude that such devices may decrease contamination, but do not eliminate it.
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Suresh Kumar, A., Karanam Deepak, Pakanati Hari Kumar, Gaddam Hemanth Reddy, Devamada Chinni Krishna, and Badirla Devendra. "Performance Analysis for Control of A Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) Using MATLAB Simulink." E3S Web of Conferences 540 (2024): 09001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454009001.

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The long transmission system is required to transfer generated power to distribution system. Hence, maximum power transfer devices with flexible operation are essential in transmission system. Thus, it is necessary to add Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices at the proper locations. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is the best FACTS transmission system device for ensuring adequate power flow between generating and distribution via transmission lines. The UPFC consists of two converters which likely to work as STATCOM and SSSC to make a proper power flow. In this paper modeling and analysis of UPFC is presented under platform of MATLAB/Simulink. Extensive responses are incorporated in results section with proper analysis under various operating conditions.
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Yoga, Dewa Gede Kesuma, I. Made Agus Dwi Suarjaya, and I. Putu Agus Eka Pratama. "The Development of Prototype Data Delivery System Based on LoRa and Mesh Topology." Jurnal Ilmiah Merpati (Menara Penelitian Akademika Teknologi Informasi) 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jim.2022.v10.i01.p05.

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This study aimed to build a prototype development on a data transmission system using the LoRa communication protocol by applying a mesh topology in areas that difficult to reach by Wi-Fi or internet networks, the position of the first IoT devices has a role as a gateway between the IoT devices and a server. To connect the IoT devices with a server, the location of the IoT devices must be in a strategic location therefore it can connect to the internet network. Then the second IoT devices has a role as a gateway between the IoT devices. This study emphasizes the use of a WEB interface application on a computer or laptop used by the user to control and monitor the condition of an electronic device that has a considerable distance. This study used the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller which is used on the first IoT devices, then this study also used the Arduino UNO microcontroller which is used on every IoT device which is intended to carry out the process of sending data between IoT devices. The used of the LoRa module in this study was used as a communication medium between IoT devices, and the use of the DS18B20 temperature sensor was used as a data transmission parameter. Based on the trials that have been carried out, the results of the prototype system work well according to the available features, but there is still one obstacle in this study where the IoT device in carrying out the data transmission process will be disrupted if there is another device that has a frequency that resembles the IoT device used. and there are obstacles in the form of buildings or dense trees, resulting in disturbances in sending data. This IoT device can still be used to send data even though there are obstacles as previously mentioned, provided that the distance does not exceed 500 meters. Keywords: Arduino Uno, IoT, NodeMCU
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Farhan, Marwa K., and Muayad S. Croock. "Optimized routing algorithm for maximizing transmission rate in D2D network." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i1.pp575-582.

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<span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Wireless devices have been equiping extensive services over recent years. Since most of these devices are randomly distributed, a fundamental trade-off to be addressed is the transmission rate, latency, and packet loss of the ad hoc route selection in device to device (D2D) networks. Therefore, this paper introduces a notion of weighted transmission rate and total delay, as well as the probability of packet loss. By designing optimal transmission algorithms, this proposed algorithm aims to select the best path for device-to-device communication that maximizes the transmission rate while maintaining minimum delay and packet loss. Using the Lagrange optimization method, the lagrangian optimization of rate, delay, and the probability of packet loss algorithm (LORDP) is modeled. For practical designation, we consider the fading effect of the wireless channels scenario. The proposed optimal algorithm is modeled to compute the optimal cost objective function and represents the best possible solution for the corresponding path. Moreover, a simulation for the optimized algorithm is presented based on optimal cost objective function. Simulation results establish the efficiency of the proposed LORDP algorithm</span><span>.</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Wireless devices have been equiping extensive services over recent years. Since most of these devices are randomly distributed, a fundamental trade-off to be addressed is the transmission rate, latency, and packet loss of the ad hoc route selection in device to device (D2D) networks. Therefore, this paper introduces a notion of weighted transmission rate and total delay, as well as the probability of packet loss. By designing optimal transmission algorithms, this proposed algorithm aims to select the best path for device-to-device communication that maximizes the transmission rate while maintaining minimum delay and packet loss. Using the Lagrange optimization method, the lagrangian optimization of rate, delay, and the probability of packet loss algorithm (LORDP) is modeled. For practical designation, we consider the fading effect of the wireless channels scenario. The proposed optimal algorithm is modeled to compute the optimal cost objective function and represents the best possible solution for the corresponding path. Moreover, a simulation for the optimized algorithm is presented based on optimal cost objective function. Simulation results establish the efficiency of the proposed LORDP algorithm</span>
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Ouyang, Ruiqi, Xuanrui Xiong, Mingkai Fu, Jie Wang, Shixiong Chen, and Osama Alfarraj. "A Scalable Video Multicast Scheme Based on User Demand Perception and D2D Communication." Sensors 23, no. 17 (August 22, 2023): 7325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23177325.

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With the widespread application of 5G technology, there has been a significant surge in wireless video service demand and video traffic due to the proliferation of smart terminal devices and multimedia applications. However, the complexity of terminal devices, heterogeneous transmission channels, and the rapid growth of video traffic present new challenges for wireless network-based video applications. Although scalable video coding technology effectively improves video transmission efficiency in complex networks, traditional cellular base stations may struggle to handle video transmissions for all users simultaneously, particularly in large-scale networks. To tackle this issue, we propose a scalable video multicast scheme based on user demand perception and Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, aiming to enhance the D2D multicast network transmission performance of scalable videos in cellular D2D hybrid networks. Firstly, we analyze user interests by considering their video viewing history and factors like video popularity to determine their willingness for video pushing, thereby increasing the number of users receiving multicast clusters. Secondly, we design a cluster head selection algorithm that considers users’ channel quality, social parameters, and video quality requirements. Performance results demonstrate that the proposed scheme effectively attracts potential request users to join multicast clusters, increases the number of users in the clusters, and meets diverse user demands for video quality.
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Luis, Mateo, Arenas Julio, and Palomino Joel. "Analysis on the Current Consumption of Applying the Huffman Codification for Data Transmission using the ESP-NOW Protocol." International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 13, no. 4 (April 5, 2023): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46338/ijetae0423_02.

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IoT devices have restrictions regarding their energy consumption. Their hardware allows them to consume less energy to work for long periods of time with a small battery. Research works that are aimed at decreasing energy consumption, focus on the device hardware components, while other research focus on transmission algorithms to reduce the number of transmissions. In this context compression algorithms play an important role in reducing the amount of data to transmit. The Huffman codification is very easy to understand and has many source codes available. Therefore, this research focuses on quantifying the amount of energy saved after applying the Huffman codification. The tests were performed using the ESP32 which has an integrated Wi-Fi radio; and has the ESP-NOW protocol to transmit data between two devices without too much hardware setup. The results show that as more data is compressed the device energy consumption tends to reduce by 2 mA after continuous transmissions. The final energy consumption value is similar to the device current consumption while processing data.
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Shao, Zhi-An, Wolfgang Porod, and Craig S. Lent. "2D Finite Element Method Simulation of Lateral Resonant Tunneling Devices." VLSI Design 6, no. 1-4 (January 1, 1998): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/97564.

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Using the finite element method, we investigate device applications of lateral resonant tunneling structures which consist of a transmission channel with attached resonators. Such structure exhibits resonance-antiresonance transmission features which may be engineered to achieve desired device properties. We show that the valley current can be reduced in such 2D lateral resonant tunneling devices, resulting in an improved current peak-to-valley ratio.
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Lvov, A. A., M. S. Svetlov, A. E. Rudenko, and P. V. Martinov. "Increasing of antijamming ability in digital transmission systems." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, no. 1-4 (July 10, 2013): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67756.

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This article analyzes the advantage of application the principle of self-synchronization based on the dynamic memory devices. For increasing the immunity of networks a variant of the principle of self-synchronization using n-positional dynamic memory device is suggested.
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Lin, Zhuang, Guangxin Zhang, Cheng Li, Yuxin Cui, Shilin Li, and Fulin Zhou. "Research on Energy Extraction Devices Based on High-Voltage Line Monitoring Technology." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2479, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2479/1/012002.

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Abstract With the construction and development of an intelligent power grid, the voltage level of transmission lines is constantly improved. The distribution of power grids is increasingly broad, the climate environment along the transmission lines is complicated, the safe and reliable operation of transmission lines is facing significant challenges, and the inspection and maintenance workload of transmission lines is also increasing. Currently, only 20% of the online monitoring devices of transmission lines installed by the State Grid can operate normally. Power failures cause the most. It can be seen that it is necessary to develop an efficient and reliable power supply to improve the reliability of online monitoring devices of transmission lines. In order to enable the transmission lines to operate independently without maintenance for a long time, now the power grid needs an energy harvesting device with good stability, high energy harvesting efficiency, and strong resistance.
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Dhanabalan, G., P. Sudhakar, and R. Ashok. "Energy Efficient Data Transfer in Internet of Things Sensor Network using Message Queuing Telemetry Transport." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1375, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1375/1/012020.

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Abstract Sensors and actuators play a vital role in realizing the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The data transmission capability from edge devices to servers and vice-versa enables IoT applications to be more realistic and effective. However, one of the major challenges to IoT applications is power management at the edge devices. The power consumption of the edge devices depends on the amount of data transferred through the network in a defined interval. Data size and its applicability to the receiving device are controllable parameters, and consequently, energy efficiency can be improved. This work aims to establish an IoT architecture using a message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol that effectively handles the data transmission in the network. It also provides a solution for the elimination of data redundancy; hence, the network was effectively utilized, and the energy consumption was reduced in the edge devices. The proposed architecture was demonstrated with a potentiometer as a data generator and MQTT as a message broker. Further, the transmitted data was received at the edge devices and its performance was analyzed. Based on the results, it was verified that the client was able to receive the data without any loss in terms of precision. Data redundancy was avoided by disabling the data transmission whenever the nodeMCU identifies the constant sensor value. This retains the power at the edge devices and data transmission devices.
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Dang, Chinh Manh, Vinh Quang Thai, Minh Ngoc Pham, Trung Thanh Dang, Mai Thanh Thi Phung, and Tan Duy Ngo. "The solution of data transmission security for Gateway IoT." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(2).07.

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We are living in the trend of the Internet of Things (IoT), electronic devices that are capable of connecting and exchanging information with each other via the Internet. For automation, monitoring and control systems, there is a need to upgrade existing systems so that users can remotely monitor via the Internet. The solution is to integrate the Gateway device to transmit and receive data. However, in the Internet environment, the issue of information security and safety always needs attention because of the risk of network attacks and data theft. In this paper, the authors present data security solutions for Gateway IoT devices to ensure information security against eavesdropping or sniffers. The device has been integrated into a landslide monitoring system, which has proven to work, increasing the reliability of the system.
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Song, Ailing, Tianning Chen, Xiaopeng Wang, Yanhui Xi, and Qingxuan Liang. "Underwater unidirectional acoustic transmission through a plate with bilateral asymmetric gratings." Modern Physics Letters B 32, no. 11 (April 18, 2018): 1850133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984918501336.

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In this paper, a novel underwater unidirectional acoustic transmission (UAT) device consisting of a plate with bilateral asymmetric gratings is proposed and numerically investigated. The transmission spectra, the acoustic intensity field distributions, and the displacement field distributions are numerically calculated based on the finite element method. The transmission spectra show that the proposed device exhibits different UAT effects in three bands. The acoustic intensity field distributions demonstrate that the proposed device can realize UAT, which agree well with the transmission spectra. The mechanism is discussed by analyzing the displacement field distributions, and the UAT is attributed to the symmetric mode excited in brass plate. Furthermore, the effects of the lattice constant, the upper slit width, and the lower slit width on bands are discussed. Our design provides a good reference for designing underwater UAT devices and has potential applications in some fields, such as medical ultrasonic devices, acoustic barrier, and noise insulation.
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Golov, V. P., D. N. Kormilitsyn, and O. S. Sukhanova. "Analysis of influence of controlled high voltage line and automatic excitation control generators on oscillatory steady-state stability of electric-power system." Vestnik IGEU, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2022.1.038-045.

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According to the rules of installation of electricity-generating equipment, synchronous machines (generators, compensators, electric motors) must be equipped with automatic excitation control devices. Their application has a positive effect on the stability indicators and electrical power-engineering system modes. Currently, the development of industry and an increase in the number of consumers require transmission capacity growth of existing 220 kV power transmission lines. The use of controlled series compensation devices can significantly increase the transmission capacity of a power transmission line, however, there is a problem of stable operation of the electric power-engineering system. To choose the methods for control parameters of automatic excitation control and controlled series compensation device, it is advisable to analyze the oscillatory steady-state stability of the electric power-engineering system that contain a controlled 220 kV power transmission line when regulating the excitation of its generators. Methods of mathematical modeling of the electric power system, the theory of long-distance power lines and electromechanical transients, methods of analyzing the stability of electric power systems are used. The original software in the C++ programming language has been used as a modeling tool. The authors have analyzed the influence of controlled series compensation of high voltage transmission line and generators of automatic excitation control on oscillatory steady-state stability of electric power system. The parameters value of regulation of the controlled series compensation device and the automatic excitation control are determined, considering restrictions while maintaining the positive influence of these devices. Zones of stability of the examined electric power-engineering system are formed depending on setup variable of the devices under consideration. The obtained results can be used to enhance oscillatory steady-state stability of electric power system with controlled series compensation device and automatic excitation control systems.
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Qi, Huiwen, Yingsheng Peng, and Han Zhang. "Performance analysis for wireless-powered IoT networks with hybrid non-orthogonal multiple access." Journal of Smart Environments and Green Computing 2, no. 3 (2022): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jsegc.2022.04.

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Aim: In this paper, we study a wireless-powered Internet of Things (IoT) network, where a hybrid access point (HAP) charges IoT devices with wireless energy transfer technology (WET) and collects their data by wireless information transfer (WIT). Methods: To improve spectral efficiency, we propose a hybrid non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based transmission scheme. On the one hand, NOMA technology is applied for WIT. On the other hand, when some devices transmit data, the HAP can simultaneously charge the other devices, namely concurrent WET and WIT, such that the other devices can harvest more energy to achieve a better rate with some rate loss of these devices due to interference. %During the transmission of some devices, the WET is simultaneously conducted, such that other devices can harvest more energy to achieve a better rate with a rate loss of these devices due to the interference. How to divide devices into the interference and non-interference groups, namely device grouping, and how to pair devices, e.g., device pairing, becomes critical issues in terms of the achieved network throughput and fairness. Results: We first formulate the network throughput maximization problem by optimizing the pairing and grouping policies. To simplify the analysis, we then investigate two specific hybrid NOMA-based transmission schemes. In the former, all devices are firstly paired based on the max-min criterion, where the "best" device is paired with the "worst" one, and then grouped in either ascending or descending order; this is referred to as the first-pairing-then-grouping (FPTG) scheme. In the latter, devices are first grouped and then paired; this is referred to as the first-grouping-then-pairing (FGTP) scheme. By applying the order statistics theory, we theoretically analyze the achieved network throughput and derive the corresponding pairing and grouping policies. Furthermore, we study the max-min fairness of the proposed hybrid NOMA-based scheme. Conclusion: Simulation results validate the significant improvement of the proposed hybrid NOMA-based scheme in terms of network throughput and fairness.
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Sotnikov, Oleksandr, Konstantin Petrov, Sergey Udovenko, Yurii Gnusov, Valerii Radchenko, Serhii Kaliakin, Kateryna Gromliuk, and Oleksandr Kyrychenko. "The Use of Coplanar Transmission Lines for Protecting Receiving Antenna Systems from Powerful Electromagnetic Radiation in a Wide Frequency Range." Problems of the Regional Energetics, no. 1(57) (February 2023): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52254/1857-0070.2023.1-57.11.

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The goal of the work is to expand the frequency range of operation of coplanar waveguide transmission lines as broadband high-speed superconducting protection devices against powerful ultrashort electromagnetic radiation, and to apply them in antenna devices of radio electronic systems designed to ensure the reliable operation of critical infrastructure facilities. The aim is achieved by solving the following tasks: investigating the electrophysical properties of coplanar transmission lines, in particular, capacitance, surface and wave resistance in different phase states that arise under the influence of powerful electromagnetic radiation, and determining the main factors for effective protection in a wide frequency range, designing protective devices. The most important result is the establishment of the possibility of using coplanar transmission lines as protection devices in a wide frequency range up to 100 GHz, as well as the establishment of the dependence of their main characteristics on the design parameters of the superconducting protection device. The significance of the obtained results consists of solving a complex problem of providing protection of antenna systems against powerful ultrashort radiation by establishing an analytical relationship between the electrophysical parameters of coplanar waveguide transmission lines, which are in different phase states determined by the influence of powerful electromagnetic radiation, and their design parameters. The peculiarity of the obtained results is in the clarification of the dependence of the wave resistance of the coplanar waveguide transmission lines in superconducting, mixed, and normal phase states on the change of their active component of surface resistance, determined in turn by the design characteristics of the protective device. The difference from the known works lies in obtaining relationships for determining the wave resistance of protective devices in different phase states.
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Liu, Gang, Jingyuan Han, Yi Zhou, Tao Liu, and Jian Chen. "QSLT: A Quantum-Based Lightweight Transmission Mechanism against Eavesdropping for IoT Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (September 27, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4809210.

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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a promising paradigm for Internet of Things (IoT) networks against eavesdropping attacks. However, classical quantum-based mechanisms are overweight and expensive for resource-constrained IoT devices. That is, the devices need to frequently exchange with the QKD controller via an out-band quantum channel. In this paper, we propose a novel Quantum-based Secure and Lightweight Transmission (QSLT) mechanism to ease the overweight pain for IoT devices against eavesdropping. Particularly, the mechanism predistributes quantum keys into IoT devices with SIM cards. Using one of the keys, QSLT encrypts or decrypts IoT sensitive data. It is noting that an in-band key-selection method is used to negotiate the session key between two different devices. For example, on one IoT device, the in-band method inserts a key-selection field at the end of the encrypted data to indicate the key’s sequence number. After another device receives the data, QSLT extracts the key-selection field and decrypts the data with the selected quantum key stored locally. We implement the proposed mechanism and evaluate its security and transmission performances. Experimental results show that QSLT can transmit IoT data with a lower delay while guaranteeing the security performance. Besides, QSLT also decreases power usage by approximately 58.77% compared with state of the art mechanisms.
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Adel, Abidullha, Md Sohel Rana, Nuruzzam Rana, Md Alamin Hosan, and Mohammad Akbar Shapoor. "An improved Whale Optimization Approach for Effective Data Transmission for IoT Communication." European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5, no. 6 (December 16, 2021): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejece.2021.5.6.375.

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Internet of Things (IoT) offers interconnection among several wireless communication devices for the provision of device accessibility and in-built capacity. IoT provides device interaction and provision of advantages capability for networking and socialization with consideration of intermediate devices. Through innovation in technology IoT devices convert cyber environments with hyper-connectivity. IoT communication contains several smart devices such as body sensors, smartphones, tags, electronic gadgets, and so on. IoT communication is involved in the provision of heterogeneous connectivity among devices for the provision of interface and connectivity for enhancing service quality. The data sending among IoT devices is affected by several threats that have an impact on the network’s performance. To overcome the limitation related to IoT communication, it is necessary to develop an appropriate technique for enhancing IoT network communication performance. In this research developed a multi-channel routing approach is adopted in IoT communication. The developed approach utilizes a meta-heuristics approach with probability-based characteristics. For the meta-heuristics approach this research utilizes whale optimization technique combined with probability characteristics for improving the IoT communication performance of the network. The proposed approach utilizes initially constructs the IoT communication path for information sharing and gathering. This path information is identified through the objective function of a meta-heuristic approach. Based on the objective function hoping between the devices is minimized through which data are transmitted in the network. Simulation is performed as a unique proposed approach with a coverage area of 100 meters. For identification of the optimal path in the network, WOA identifies the path of communication through probability function. Comparative analysis of research exhibited that WOA provides significant performance with the identification of optimal value at the range of 1.0746e-78. Further, the proposed probability-based WOA approach significantly improves the performance of the IoT network.
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J G, Krithick, Nivedh T S, Siva Bharath S, Dr Radhamani A. S, and V. Ramanathan. "DATA SECURITY IN HEALTHCARE USING IOT." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i03.011.

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While the Internet of Things (IoT) has been instrumental in healthcare data transmission, it also presents vulnerabilities and security risks to patients’ personalized health information for remote medical treatment. Currently most published security solutions available for healthcare data don't seem to be focused on data flow all the way from IoT sensor devices placed on a patient’s body through network routers to doctor’s offices. In this project, the IoT network facilitates healthcare data transmission for remote medical treatment, explored security risks related to unsecured data transmission, especially between IoT sensor devices and network routers, then proposed an encrypted security solution initiated at IoT sensor devices. Our proposed solution provides a cryptography algorithm embedded into the sensor device such that packets generated with patient’s health data are encrypted right at the sensor device before being transmitted. The proof of concept has been verified employing a lab setup with two level encryption at the IoT sensor level and two level decryption at the receiving end at the doctor’s office. Test results are promising for an end to-end security solution of healthcare data transmission in IoT. This project also provides further research avenues on IoT sensor driven security.
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Yang, Jingjuan, Jinlei Wei, Bin Liao, Baoan Bian, Guoliang Wang, Xu Zhang, Xianying Wu, Jun Luo, and Lin Chen. "Electronic transport induced by doping on the electrodes in molecular devices." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 19, no. 08 (September 29, 2020): 2050030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633620500303.

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The electronic transport properties of molecular device based on photochromic diarylethene with carbon nanotube electrode are investigated by density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green’s function. The devices with open and closed configurations show a switching effect. It is found that doping of different amounts of nitrogen atoms on left electrodes results in different electronic transport properties. In addition, we discuss the observed oscillation of current in the devices induced by doping using transmission eigenstates and transmission spectra of the device. The local density of states of the device is calculated to analyze the observed rectifying behavior. The results suggest that doping of nitrogen atoms on the left electrode can be considered as a factor to modulate the electronic transport properties of molecular device.
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Xian Zhang, Xian Zhang, Yiwen Liu Xian Zhang, Taiguo Qu Yiwen Liu, and Pengju Tang Taiguo Qu. "Research on Remote Online Firmware Upgrade System for Embedded Devices." 網際網路技術學刊 23, no. 7 (December 2022): 1587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/160792642022122307013.

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<p>To effectively reduce the cost of firmware upgrade and maintenance of embedded devices, according to the requirement of a remote firmware update of embedded devices, this paper proposes a remote online firmware upgrade technology based on ZigBee. Combined with the requirements of remote online firmware upgrade application of tower-mounted amplifier, this paper analyzes and studies the system requirements, ZigBee module selection and design, software design and implementation (communication protocol design of host and slave program, breakpoint continuation function), fault analysis and other aspects. Designed experiments and tested the ZigBee connection success rate under the device startup state and normal operation state, the relationship between transmission firmware size and transmission success rate, system CPU resource consumption, transmission distance, transmission rate, the success rate, data reuse rate and acceleration ratio of breakpoint continuation function, and other performance indicators. The experimental results show that the remote online firmware upgrade technology based on ZigBee for embedded devices can better meet the system’s performance requirements in all aspects and improve the data reuse rate and acceleration ratio in the process of data transmission. The experimental results show that this scheme has the advantages of simplicity, low cost, high reliability, and broad application prospects.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>
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46

Tsai, H. L. "Transmission electron microscopy in VLSI/ULSI materials and devices: specimen preparation and applications." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100126196.

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The performance of a VLSI/ULSI device can be affected by material defects generated during device processing, structural characteristics of the device, and reliability of metallization. In these areas, the transmission electron microscope has been an important tool in helping understand the effects of material defects and process-induced issues on the device properties. With high resolution electron microscopy, it has been possible to characterize the structures of device interfaces, which often play a decisive role in the device performance. Recently, we have applied TEM/HREM to the studies of oxygen precipitation in silicon materials, thermal oxide integrity in VLSI/ULSI devices, and metallization. In order to improve the TEM/HREM capability in VLSI/ULSI devices, a multilayered technique to prepare TEM cross sections has been developed.
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Chen, Guangyuan, Ning Xue, Zhimei Qi, Weichao Ma, Wangzhe Li, Zhenhu Jin, and Jiamin Chen. "Lithium Niobate Electro-Optic Modulation Device without an Overlay Layer Based on Bound States in the Continuum." Micromachines 15, no. 4 (April 12, 2024): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15040516.

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Electro-optic modulation devices are essential components in the field of integrated optical chips. High-speed, low-loss electro-optic modulation devices represent a key focus for future developments in integrated optical chip technology, and they have seen significant advancements in both commercial and laboratory settings in recent years. Current electro-optic modulation devices typically employ architectures based on thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN), traveling-wave electrodes, and impedance-matching layers, which still suffer from transmission losses and overall design limitations. In this paper, we demonstrate a lithium niobate electro-optic modulation device based on bound states in the continuum, featuring a non-overlay structure. This device exhibits a transmission loss of approximately 1.3 dB/cm, a modulation bandwidth of up to 9.2 GHz, and a minimum half-wave voltage of only 3.3 V.
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Dyakowska, Eliza, and Adam Przybył. "Metody wykrywania i pomiaru wielkości niezorganizowanej emisji metanu z elementów infrastruktury przesyłowej – wyniki projektu GERG Detection and Measurement of Fugitive Emissions of Natural Gas from the Transmission Systems." Nafta-Gaz 77, no. 2 (February 2021): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2021.02.06.

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The article presents the results of the project carried out by GAZ-SYSTEM in cooperation with 5 other European gas Transmission System Operators (TSO) – ENAGAS, Fluxys, Gasunie, Snam and GRTgaz. The objective of the project was to investigate and identify the most useful devices for detecting and measuring methane emissions from infrastructure components typical for the TSO. The market analysis showed that methane detectors utilizing different principles of operation are available, but there are much fewer devices for measuring emission rates. 5 devices were selected for tests: 3 exclusively for detection based on the D-1 (semiconductor sensor), D-2 (infrared optical gas detection system), D-3(laser technology) principle of operation, and 2 devices that also enable emissions measurement – P-1 (ultrasound imaging) and P-2 (quantitative optical gas imaging). Laboratory tests were carried out in March 2020 at the Enagás’ Metrological & Innovation Center (M&I); according to the approved program, methane leaks were generated from deliberately unsealed valves, flanges, threaded and open-ended pipe connections. Field tests were carried out at the measuring gas station near the M&I. The main purpose of the research was to verify the accuracy of the selected measuring instruments. It was carried out at different flowrate and various methane concentrations in the gas escaping from the components. Ease of use of the devices, their speed and range of operation were assessed. The results showed both the advantages and limitations of each device, and they clearly indicated that the assessment of methane emissions from gas transmission infrastructure components requires the use of at least two different devices. The results indicate that sniffer devices, characterized by the fact that the probe must be placed in the vicinity of the source of emission, give results similar to the FID Detector, most commonly used in Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) programs, but can be used in a wider range of methane concentrations. D-3 has a fast response time and a wide measuring range, but their unit of measurement i.e. ppm-m prevents the conversion of the results into methane concentration without additional measurements of the distance between the leak and the device. The P-1 and P-2 allow to measure the emissions in real time, while the measurement errors for both devices are comparable, ranging from about 70% to 100%.
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Haroon, Ayesha, Irfan Shafqat Javed, Huma Rehmat Baig, and Ali Nasir. "Modeling, Control and Placement of FACTS Devices: A Review." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 39, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 719–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2004.04.

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Over the past two decades, developing distributed energy sources in electric power grid have created new challenges related to the power quality, voltage adjustment and proficient energy utilization. Power electronic converters are widely used to interface the emerging energy systems (without and with energy storage) and smart buildings with the transmission and distribution systems. Flexible Ac Transmission Systems (FACTS) and Voltage-Source Converters (VSC), with smart dynamic controllers, are emerging as stabilization and power filtering equipment to improve the power quality. FACTS devices are of vital significance for tackling the problem of voltage instability which is inevitable and leads to losses in transmission system networks. These devices provide fast voltage regulation, ensure system stability and reactive power compensation. In this regard, modeling, control and appropriate placement of these devices in the transmission lines have been of great importance for researchers of power transmission systems. By using high speed power electronic converters, FACTS perform many times faster than the conventional compensation techniques. FACTS not only provide fast voltage regulation but also damping of active power oscillations and reactive power compensation. Hence, they increase the availability and reliability of the power systems. But, the functioning of a FACTS device extremely reckons upon its parametric quantity, appropriate placement, and sizing in the power network. In this paper, an extensive literature survey is presented to discuss and investigate these parameters of FACTS devices.
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Pu, Haitao, Jinjiao Lin, Yanwei Song, and Fasheng Liu. "Adaptive Device Context Based Mobile Learning Systems." International Journal of Distance Education Technologies 9, no. 1 (January 2011): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdet.2011010103.

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Mobile learning is e-learning delivered through mobile computing devices, which represents the next stage of computer-aided, multi-media based learning. Therefore, mobile learning is transforming the way of traditional education. However, as most current e-learning systems and their contents are not suitable for mobile devices, an approach for mobile devices to adapt to e-learning is presented. To provide device-independence mobile learning services, a context-aware mobile learning approach is proposed. Firstly, the formal definitions of contexts and their influence on mobile learning services, including device contexts NCxt, matrix of information transmission parameters S, the degree of influence of the context NCxt on information transmission parameters Q, and adaptation coefficient E, are given. By using this approach, the mobile learning system is constructed. In an example using this approach, the authors detect the contextual environment of mobile computing and adapt the mobile learning services to the learners’ devices automatically.
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