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Academic literature on the topic 'Transmissio Blocking Therapy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Transmissio Blocking Therapy"
1
Sun, Xiaojun, Chengwei Wang, Bian Wang, Xiuzhen Yang, Hongtao Xu, Meilong Shen, and Kuichun Zhu. "Efficacy of Nucleotide/Nucleoside Analogues and Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin Therapy in Blocking Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B in an Eastern Chinese Group." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2020 (December 17, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4305950.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy and potential side-effects of nucleotide/nucleoside analogues and hepatitis B immunoglobulin injection of newborns in blocking mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus in the middle and late pregnancy period. 238 cases of enrolled pregnant women were divided into the Telbivudine group, the Tenofovir group, the Lamivudine group, and the hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) group. Enrolled patients received corresponding therapies. Clinical and laboratory data were collected. Results showed that the levels of HBV DNA of the enrolled pregnant women in the Telbivudine, Tenofovir, and Lamivudine groups decreased rapidly after 12 weeks of drug intervention compared with those in the control. HBsAg positive rate in newborns and in children 24 weeks after birth was 0/60, 0/60, 0/60, 3/30, and 11/28 in the Telbivudine, Tenofovir, Lamivudine, HBIG, and control groups, respectively. No significant side-effects were identified after following up to 12 months after birth. Our results show that routine HBV vaccine plus HBIG injections is insufficient in blocking mother-to-child HBV transmission. Administration of nucleotide/nucleoside analogues or HBIG at pregnancy is suggested to maximize the blocking of vertical HBV transmission.
2
Xiao, Fan, Ling Wu, Xiaoxia Zhu, Lijun Zhang, Dongzhou Liu, Lijun Wu, Hejian Zou, and Liwei Lu. "Interleukin-6 blocking therapy for COVID-19: From immune pathogenesis to clinical outcomes." Rheumatology and Immunology Research 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rir-2022-0002.
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Abstract As a newly emerged infectious disease, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused millions of deaths, resulting in a global health challenge. Currently, several vaccines have been approved with significant benefits against disease transmission. However, effective therapies are still needed for the clinical management of infected COVID-19 patients. Available evidence has indicated elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), in COVID-19 patients, with cytokine storm involving excessive cytokine release being observed in some severe cases. Several clinical studies have shown the promising effects of IL-6-blocking strategy in treating severe COVID-19 patients, but some observational studies have reported that IL-6-blocking therapy has no effects in preventing disease progression or death among COVID-19 patients. Herein, we review recent findings on the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19, with specific emphasis on the proinflammatory function of IL-6 and discuss the therapeutic potential of IL-6-blocking therapy for the treatment of COVID-19 patients, especially those with rheumatic diseases.
3
TCHINDA, P. MOUOFO, JEAN JULES TEWA, BOULECHARD MEWOLI, and SAMUEL BOWONG. "A THEORETICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF DISTRIBUTED DELAY ON THE TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF HEPATITIS B." Journal of Biological Systems 23, no. 03 (August 30, 2015): 423–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339015500229.
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In this paper, we investigate the global dynamics of a system of delay differential equations which describes the interaction of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with both liver and blood cells. The model has two distributed time delays describing the time needed for infection of cell and virus replication. We also include the efficiency of drug therapy in inhibiting viral production and the efficiency of drug therapy in blocking new infection. We compute the basic reproduction number and find that increasing delays will decrease the value of the basic reproduction number. We study the sensitivity analysis on the key parameters that drive the disease dynamics in order to determine their relative importance to disease transmission and prevalence. Our analysis reveals that the model exhibits the phenomenon of backward bifurcation (where a stable disease-free equilibrium (DFE) co-exists with a stable endemic equilibrium when the basic reproduction number is less than unity). Numerical simulations are presented to evaluate the impact of time-delays on the prevalence of the disease.
4
Liu, Zhihua, Huijie Guo, Yunfei Gao, Xueru Yin, and Jing Hu. "Impact of antiviral therapy for blocking mother-to-child transmission on virus quasispecies in pregnant women with chronic HBV infection." Journal of Hepatology 73 (August 2020): S851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(20)32146-2.
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Xu, Jinhu, and Guokun Huang. "Threshold Dynamics for a Time-Periodic Viral Infection Model with Cell-to-Cell Transmission and Drug Treatments." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (March 21, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2289138.
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In this study, a time-periodic viral infection model incorporating cell-to-cell infection and antiretroviral therapy has been investigated. The basic reproduction number ℛ 0 has been defined as a threshold parameter which governs whether or not the disease dies out. Theoretical results indicate that the disease goes to extinction if ℛ 0 < 1 and otherwise the disease will uniformly persist. The global stabilities of the equilibria for the corresponding autonomous model have been investigated by constructing suitable Lyapunov functions. Moreover, numerical simulations have been carried out to validate the obtained results. The results show that cell-to-cell infection mode may be a barrier to curing the viral infection and increasing the efficacy of protease inhibitors for blocking cell-to-cell infection which will benefit to weaken the severity of the viral infection.
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Koivisto, Ari, Niina Jalava, Raymond Bratty, and Antti Pertovaara. "TRPA1 Antagonists for Pain Relief." Pharmaceuticals 11, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph11040117.
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Here, we review the literature assessing the role of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a calcium-permeable non-selective cation channel, in various types of pain conditions. In the nervous system, TRPA1 is expressed in a subpopulation of nociceptive primary sensory neurons, astroglia, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. In peripheral terminals of nociceptive primary sensory neurons, it is involved in the transduction of potentially harmful stimuli and in their central terminals it is involved in amplification of nociceptive transmission. TRPA1 is a final common pathway for a large number of chemically diverse pronociceptive agonists generated in various pathophysiological pain conditions. Thereby, pain therapy using TRPA1 antagonists can be expected to be a superior approach when compared with many other drugs targeting single nociceptive signaling pathways. In experimental animal studies, pharmacological or genetic blocking of TRPA1 has effectively attenuated mechanical and cold pain hypersensitivity in various experimental models of pathophysiological pain, with only minor side effects, if any. TRPA1 antagonists acting peripherally are likely to be optimal for attenuating primary hyperalgesia (such as inflammation-induced sensitization of peripheral nerve terminals), while centrally acting TRPA1 antagonists are expected to be optimal for attenuating pain conditions in which central amplification of transmission plays a role (such as secondary hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia caused by various types of peripheral injuries). In an experimental model of peripheral diabetic neuropathy, prolonged blocking of TRPA1 has delayed the loss of nociceptive nerve endings and their function, thereby promising to provide a disease-modifying treatment.
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Luvisetto, Siro. "Botulinum Neurotoxins beyond Neurons: Interplay with Glial Cells." Toxins 14, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14100704.
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In recent years, numerous studies have highlighted the significant use of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) in the human therapy of various motor and autonomic disorders. The therapeutic action is exerted with the selective cleavage of specific sites of the SNARE’s protein complex, which plays a key role in the vesicular neuroexocytosis which is responsible for neural transmission. The primary target of the BoNTs’ action is the peripheral neuromuscular junction (NMJ), where, by blocking cholinergic neurons releasing acetylcholine (ACh), they interfere with neural transmission. A great deal of experimental evidence has demonstrated that BoNTs are also effective in blocking the release of other neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, such as glutamate, substance-P, and CGRP, and they can interfere with the function of glial cells, both at the peripheral and central level. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the available experimental data from animal models that suggest or confirm the direct interactions between BoNTs and glial cells. From the data collected, it appears evident that, through mechanisms that are not yet fully understood, BoNTs can block the activation of spinal glial cells and their subsequent release of pro-inflammatory factors. BoNTs are also able to promote peripheral regeneration processes after nerve injury by stimulating the proliferation of Schwann cells. The data will be discussed in consideration of the possible therapeutic implications of the use of BoNTs on those pathological conditions where the contribution of glial cell activation is fundamental, such as in peripheral and central neuropathies.
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KRAMER, S. C., and S. BANSAL. "Assessing the use of antiviral treatment to control influenza." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 8 (October 2, 2014): 1621–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814002520.
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SUMMARYVaccines are the cornerstone of influenza control policy, but can suffer from several drawbacks. Seasonal influenza vaccines are prone to production problems and low efficacies, while pandemic vaccines are unlikely to be available in time to slow a rapidly spreading global outbreak. Antiviral therapy was found to be beneficial during the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic even with limited use; however, antiviral use has decreased further since then. We sought to determine the role antiviral therapy can play in pandemic and seasonal influenza control using conservative estimates of antiviral efficacy, and to assess if conservative but targeted strategies could be employed to optimize the use of antivirals. Using an age-structured contact network model for an urban population, we compared the transmission-blocking ability of a conservative antiviral therapy strategy to the susceptibility-reducing effects of a robust influenza vaccine. Our results show that while antiviral therapy cannot replace a robust influenza vaccine, it can play a role in reducing attack rates and eliminating outbreaks, and could significantly reduce public health burden when vaccine is either unavailable or ineffective. We also found that antiviral therapy, by treating those who are infected, is naturally a highly optimized strategy, and need not be improved upon with expensive targeted campaigns.
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Kindler, Christoph H., Davide Verotta, Andrew T. Gray, Michael A. Gropper, and C. Spencer Yost. "Additive Inhibition of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors by Corticosteroids and the Neuromuscular Blocking Drug Vecuronium." Anesthesiology 92, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200003000-00026.
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Background Neuromuscular disorders associated with muscular weakness and prolonged paralysis are common in critically ill patients. Acute myopathy has been described in patients receiving a combination therapy of corticosteroids and nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs for treatment of acute bronchospasm. The cause of this myopathy is not fully established and may involve drug interactions that perturb neuromuscular transmission. To investigate the interaction of corticosteroids with neuromuscular blocking drugs, the authors determined the effects of methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone alone and in combination with vecuronium on fetal (gamma-subunit containing) and adult (epsilon-subunit containing) subtypes of the muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Methods Functional channels were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and activated with 1 microM acetylcholine. The resulting currents were recorded using a whole cell two-electrode voltage clamp technique. Results Both forms of the muscle-type acetylcholine receptor were potently inhibited by methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone, with concentrations producing 50% inhibition in the range of 400-600 microM and 1-2 mM, respectively. The corticosteroids produced noncompetitive antagonism of the muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at clinical concentrations. Both receptor forms were also inhibited, even more potently, by vecuronium, with a concentration producing 50% inhibition in the range of 1-2 nM. Combined application of vecuronium and methylprednisolone showed additive effects on both receptor forms, which were best described by a two-site model, with each site independent. Conclusions The enhanced neuromuscular blockade produced when corticosteroids are combined with vecuronium may augment pharmacologic denervation and contribute to the pathophysiology of prolonged weakness observed in some critically ill patients.
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Czuppon, Peter, Florence Débarre, Antonio Gonçalves, Olivier Tenaillon, Alan S. Perelson, Jérémie Guedj, and François Blanquart. "Success of prophylactic antiviral therapy for SARS-CoV-2: Predicted critical efficacies and impact of different drug-specific mechanisms of action." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): e1008752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008752.
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Repurposed drugs that are safe and immediately available constitute a first line of defense against new viral infections. Despite limited antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, several drugs are being tested as medication or as prophylaxis to prevent infection. Using a stochastic model of early phase infection, we evaluate the success of prophylactic treatment with different drug types to prevent viral infection. We find that there exists a critical efficacy that a treatment must reach in order to block viral establishment. Treatment by a combination of drugs reduces the critical efficacy, most effectively by the combination of a drug blocking viral entry into cells and a drug increasing viral clearance. Below the critical efficacy, the risk of infection can nonetheless be reduced. Drugs blocking viral entry into cells or enhancing viral clearance reduce the risk of infection more than drugs that reduce viral production in infected cells. The larger the initial inoculum of infectious virus, the less likely is prevention of an infection. In our model, we find that as long as the viral inoculum is smaller than 10 infectious virus particles, viral infection can be prevented almost certainly with drugs of 90% efficacy (or more). Even when a viral infection cannot be prevented, antivirals delay the time to detectable viral loads. The largest delay of viral infection is achieved by drugs reducing viral production in infected cells. A delay of virus infection flattens the within-host viral dynamic curve, possibly reducing transmission and symptom severity. Thus, antiviral prophylaxis, even with reduced efficacy, could be efficiently used to prevent or alleviate infection in people at high risk.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Transmissio Blocking Therapy"
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VALLONE, ALESSANDRA. "INVESTIGATION OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TOOLS AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASES Part 1. Medicinal Chemistry Investigation of MMV019918 Derivatives as Dual Schizonticide And Gametocytocidal Agents Against Plasmodium falciparum Part 2. Investigation of 5-Aryl-Heterocycles As Potential Inhibitors of Metallo beta-Lactamase Enzymes." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1004943.
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Among infectious diseases, two large groups have great clinical relevance: parasitic and bacterial
infections. Belonging to the first category is malaria, caused by the parasite Plasmodium
falciparum. Transmission of Plasmodium parasites between humans and Anopheles mosquitoes is
one of the most important contributors to the global impact of malaria and to the difficulties
encountered in eliminating this parasite1
. Gametocytogenesis, the process by which merozoites
switch from asexual replication to produce male and female gametocytes, represents a critical step
in malaria transmission and Plasmodium genetic diversity. Still too little is known about the
biochemical events that regulate gametocytogenesis and there are few existing drugs able of
inhibiting the gametocytes development and block malaria transmission2
. To encourage drug
discovery and research, the non-profit foundation Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) has
provided a library of 400 compounds that present antimalarial activity in the micromolar range, but
their molecular targets and mode of action are not necessarily known3
. Here we describe the
medchem investigation of one of the most promising hit compound included in this library,
MMV019918. MMV019918 has been highlighted in several in vitro studies for its promising antigametocyte
activity coupled to activity against schizonts. On the basis of its structure, the synthesis
of a new series of compounds with transmission-blocking activity has been designed. It has been
found very interesting the activity of one derivative NF2350 which resulted active also in the
standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA), to measure subsequent mosquito infection, and which
has an improved toxicological profile compared to MMV019918. A further investigation of NF2350
will allow us to optimize the transmission-blocking activity and to indentify its putative target.
Regarding bacterial infections, a critical issue to be addressed is bacterial resistance to antibiotics
and in particular to β-lactams. Metallo-β-lactamases (MBL) are a family of enzymes involved in the
widespread mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, The diffusion of MBL-producing
isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterial pathogen of primary relevance for both
nosocomial and chronic infections of the respiratory tracts in cystic fibrosis patients, is notably
increasing in some specific settings. No clinically useful MBLs inhibitors are currently available in
therapy3
Here we will present the design, synthesis, and biological investigation of a series of
functionalized 2-arylfuran compounds with sub-micromolar antiplasmodial activity, against both
asexual and sexual stages. Furthermore, appropriate decoration of this molecular scaffold allowed
to obtain activity against some isoforms of MBL (including IMP-1and NDM-1).
Books on the topic "Transmissio Blocking Therapy"
1
S, Agoston, and Bowman W. C, eds. Muscle relaxants. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990.
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2
Clinical handbook of mindfulness. New York, NY: Springer, 2009.
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3
Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness. Springer, 2010.
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