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Journal articles on the topic 'Translocation; Radical'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Robertson, Jeremy, Jayasheela Pillai, and Rachel K. Lush. "Radical translocation reactions in synthesis." Chemical Society Reviews 30, no. 2 (2001): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b000705f.

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2

Brown, Christopher D. S., Nigel S. Simpkins, and Keith Clinch. "A route to spiroketals using radical translocation." Tetrahedron Letters 34, no. 1 (January 1993): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)60075-8.

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3

Vellucci, Jessica K., and Christopher M. Beaudry. "Total Synthesis of (±)-Goniomitine via Radical Translocation." Organic Letters 17, no. 18 (September 8, 2015): 4558–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02277.

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4

Robertson, Jeremy, Jayasheela Pillai, and Rachel K. Lush. "ChemInform Abstract: Radical Translocation Reactions in Synthesis." ChemInform 32, no. 41 (May 24, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200141269.

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5

Montevecchi, Pier Carlo, and Maria Luisa Navacchia. "Rearrangements and cyclizations in vinyl radicals. Unusual example of 1,4-radical translocation." Tetrahedron Letters 37, no. 36 (September 1996): 6583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(96)01405-0.

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6

Capella, Laura, Pier Carlo Montevecchi, and Maria Luisa Navacchia. "Radical Sequential Processes Promoted by 1,5-Radical Translocation Reaction: Formation and [3 + 2] Anulation of Alkenesulfanyl Radicals." Journal of Organic Chemistry 61, no. 20 (January 1996): 6783–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo960279v.

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7

Hollister, Kyle A., Elizabeth S. Conner, Mark L. Spell, Kristina Deveaux, Léa Maneval, Michael W. Beal, and Justin R. Ragains. "Remote Hydroxylation through Radical Translocation and Polar Crossover." Angewandte Chemie 127, no. 27 (May 26, 2015): 7948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201500880.

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8

Hollister, Kyle A., Elizabeth S. Conner, Mark L. Spell, Kristina Deveaux, Léa Maneval, Michael W. Beal, and Justin R. Ragains. "Remote Hydroxylation through Radical Translocation and Polar Crossover." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 54, no. 27 (May 26, 2015): 7837–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201500880.

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9

Curran, Dennis P., and Wang Shen. "Radical translocation reactions of vinyl radicals: substituent effects on 1,5-hydrogen-transfer reactions." Journal of the American Chemical Society 115, no. 14 (July 1993): 6051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00067a021.

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10

CAPELLA, L., P. C. MONTEVECCHI, and M. L. NAVACCHIA. "ChemInform Abstract: Radical Sequential Processes Promoted by 1,5-Radical Translocation Reaction: Formation and (3 + 2) Annulation of Alkenesulfanyl Radicals." ChemInform 28, no. 5 (August 4, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199705086.

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11

DANG, S., J. SUN, X. XU, P. WANG, and J. WU. "Synthesis of 4′-Spironucleoside via Radical Translocation Cyclization Reaction." Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 24, no. 4 (July 2008): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-9040(08)60099-9.

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12

BROWN, C. D. S., N. S. SIMPKINS, and K. CLINCH. "ChemInform Abstract: A Route to Spiroketals Using Radical Translocation." ChemInform 24, no. 20 (August 20, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199320079.

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13

Guidotti, Simona, Rino Leardini, Daniele Nanni, Patrizia Pareschi, and Giuseppe Zanardi. "N-(ortho-Aryloxyphenyl)arylimidoyl radicals: Novel 1,5-aryl radical translocation from oxygen to carbon." Tetrahedron Letters 36, no. 3 (January 1995): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(94)02283-h.

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14

CURRAN, D. P., and W. SHEN. "ChemInform Abstract: Radical Translocation Reactions of Vinyl Radicals: Substituent Effects on 1,5-Hydrogen-Transfer Reactions." ChemInform 24, no. 46 (August 20, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199346129.

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15

Begley, Michael J., John A. Murphy, and Stephen J. Roome. "Tetrathiafulvalene as a trigger for sequential radical translocation and functionalisation." Tetrahedron Letters 35, no. 46 (November 1994): 8679–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)78470-x.

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16

Shimomura, Masashi, Manabu Sato, Hiroki Azuma, Juri Sakata, and Hidetoshi Tokuyama. "Total Synthesis of (−)-Lepadiformine A via Radical Translocation–Cyclization Reaction." Organic Letters 22, no. 9 (March 17, 2020): 3313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00474.

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17

Curran, Dennis P., Dooseop Kim, Hong Tao Liu, and Wang Shen. "Translocation of radical sites by intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer." Journal of the American Chemical Society 110, no. 17 (August 1988): 5900–5902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00225a052.

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18

Shojaee, Negin, Wayne F. Patton, Herbert B. Hechtman, and David Shepro. "Myosin translocation in retinal pericytes during free-radical induced apoptosis." Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 75, no. 1 (October 1, 1999): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19991001)75:1<118::aid-jcb12>3.0.co;2-u.

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19

Hollister, Kyle A., Elizabeth S. Conner, Mark L. Spell, Kristina Deveaux, Lea Maneval, Michael W. Beal, and Justin R. Ragains. "ChemInform Abstract: Remote Hydroxylation Through Radical Translocation and Polar Crossover." ChemInform 46, no. 43 (October 2015): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201543044.

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20

Tokuyama, Hidetoshi, Manabu Fujitani, Masami Tsuchiya, Kentaro Okano, Kiyosei Takasu, and Masataka Ihara. "Total Synthesis of (±)-Lepadiformine A via Radical Translocation-Cyclization Reaction." Synlett 2010, no. 05 (February 10, 2010): 822–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1219389.

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21

Hagiwara, Koichi, Toshiki Tabuchi, Daisuke Urabe, and Masayuki Inoue. "Expeditious synthesis of the fused hexacycle of puberuline C via a radical-based cyclization/translocation/cyclization process." Chemical Science 7, no. 7 (2016): 4372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc00671j.

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22

GUIDOTTI, S., R. LEARDINI, D. NANNI, P. PARESCHI, and G. ZANARDI. "ChemInform Abstract: N-(ortho-Aryloxyphenyl)arylimidoyl Radicals: Novel 1,5-Aryl Radical Translocation from Oxygen to Carbon." ChemInform 26, no. 21 (August 18, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199521066.

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23

Bai, Xu, Xianxiu Xu, Xin Che, Shu Gao, and Jinchang Wu. "Synthesis of Aza/Oxaspiro-γ-lactams by Radical Translocation Cyclization ­Reactions." Synlett 2005, no. 12 (June 22, 2005): 1865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-871563.

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24

Sato, Manabu, Hiroki Azuma, Akihiro Daigaku, Sota Sato, Kiyosei Takasu, Kentaro Okano, and Hidetoshi Tokuyama. "Total Synthesis of (−)-Histrionicotoxin through a Stereoselective Radical Translocation-Cyclization Reaction." Angewandte Chemie 129, no. 4 (December 19, 2016): 1107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201609941.

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25

Sato, Manabu, Hiroki Azuma, Akihiro Daigaku, Sota Sato, Kiyosei Takasu, Kentaro Okano, and Hidetoshi Tokuyama. "Total Synthesis of (−)-Histrionicotoxin through a Stereoselective Radical Translocation-Cyclization Reaction." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 56, no. 4 (December 19, 2016): 1087–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201609941.

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26

Esker, John L., and Martin Newcomb. "N-Acyl-N-alkylcarbamoyloxy radicals: Entries to amidyl radicals by decar☐ylation and to α-amide radicals by radical translocation." Tetrahedron Letters 33, no. 40 (September 1992): 5913–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)61087-0.

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27

Ikeda, Masazumi, and Tatsunori Sato. "A General Route to Bridged Azabicyclic Compounds Using Radical Translocation/Cyclization Reactions." HETEROCYCLES 59, no. 1 (2003): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/rev-02-sr3.

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28

Xu, Yi, Jing Yang, Yao Lu, Ling-Ling Qian, Zhi-Yin Yang, Rui-Min Han, Jian-Ping Zhang, and Leif H. Skibsted. "Copper(II) Coordination and Translocation in Luteolin and Effect on Radical Scavenging." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 124, no. 2 (December 17, 2019): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10531.

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29

BEGLEY, M. J., J. A. MURPHY, and S. J. ROOME. "ChemInform Abstract: Tetrathiafulvalene as a Trigger for Sequential Radical Translocation and Functionalisation." ChemInform 26, no. 16 (April 18, 1995): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199516047.

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30

Parsons, Andrew F., Gillian M. Allan, and Jean-François Pons. "Tandem Radical Cyclisation and Translocation Approaches to Biologically Important Mitomycin Ring Systems." Synlett 2002, no. 9 (2002): 1431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-33522.

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31

Harrowven, David C., Kerri J. Stenning, Sally Whiting, Toby Thompson, and Robert Walton. "CH activation and CH2 double activation of indolines by radical translocation: Understanding the chemistry of the indolinyl radical." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 9, no. 13 (2011): 4882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1ob05527e.

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32

Ohtsuki, T., M. Matsumoto, Y. Hayashi, K. Yamamoto, K. Kitagawa, S. Ogawa, S. Yamamoto, and T. Kamada. "Reperfusion induces 5-lipoxygenase translocation and leukotriene C4 production in ischemic brain." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 268, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): H1249—H1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1995.268.3.h1249.

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5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) converts arachidonic acid, released from membrane phospholipids upon external stimulation, to leukotriene C4 (LTC4), which induces various kinds of cellular and molecular responses. We examined the effects of 5 min of ischemia on brain 5-LO and LTC4 during reperfusion using the gerbil model of transient forebrain ischemia that develops neuronal necrosis selectively in the hippocampus. Neurons exhibited dense 5-LO immunoreactivity; 5-LO was partially redistributed from cytosolic to particulate fractions 3 min during reperfusion. LTC4 was generated in neurons and was increased in all forebrain regions during reperfusion. Postischemic increases in LTC4 were inhomogeneous; a greater increase was observed in the hippocampus (13.37 +/- 0.24 pmol/g tissue) than in the other regions (cerebral cortex: 3.29 +/- 1.09 pmol/g). Superoxide dismutase and dimethylthiourea, oxygen radical scavengers, attenuated the production of LTC4 and damage to the neurons in the hippocampus during reperfusion. Our findings indicated that reperfusion, which was associated with translocation of cytosolic 5-LO to membranes and generation of oxygen radicals, induced the production of LTC4 and suggested that excess LTC4 production may mediate irreversible reperfusion injuries in the hippocampal neurons.
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33

Pagire, Santosh K., and Oliver Reiser. "Tandem cyclisation of vinyl radicals: a sustainable approach to indolines utilizing visible-light photoredox catalysis." Green Chemistry 19, no. 7 (2017): 1721–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7gc00445a.

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2,3-Disubstituted indoles can be efficiently synthesised at room temperature from readily available benzylated ortho-amino-α-bromocinnamates by a photoredox catalysed tandem radical 1,6-H-translocation-cyclisation strategy, advancing previous protocols that called for overstoichiometric use of Bu3SnH/AIBN and reflux temperatures.
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34

Khourdaji, Iyad S., S. Mohammad Jafri, Kassem Faraj, Vandad Raofi, and Kurt Bernacki. "Melanotic Xp11 Translocation Renal Cancer Managed With Radical Nephrectomy and IVC Tumor Thrombectomy." Urology Case Reports 10 (January 2017): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eucr.2016.11.009.

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35

Weitberg, Alan B., and Donna Corvese. "Translocation of chromosomes 16 and 18 in oxygen radical-transformed human lung fibroblasts." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 169, no. 1 (May 1990): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(90)91434-t.

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36

Salem, Alsayed. "Surgical Options for Transposition of the Great Arteries With Ventricular Septal Defect and Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction: Evolution and Functional Impact." Heart Surgery Forum 23, no. 6 (October 15, 2020): E770—E773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1532/hsf.3197.

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Surgery for D-transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction has continuously evolved to achieve optimal hemodynamic performance across the right and left ventricular outflow tracts, include predominantly native tissues, and preserve pulmonary valve function. Classically, three types of repair are applied: Rastelli, REV, and translocation procedures. The concept of translocation remains more radical and exposed to many modifications. Its extensive reconstructive nature extends its application to similar lesions with discordant ventriculo-arterial connection. We tried to compare the values and limitations of these surgical options, emphasizing how a more anatomical repair could impact the functional outcome.
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37

Ji, Yun, Wenzhen Yin, Yuan Liang, Lijun Sun, Yue Yin, and Weizhen Zhang. "Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Activity of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Involves Induction of HO-1 and Neutralization of Free Radicals in RAW264.7 Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051579.

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The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a tryptophan-derived metabolite from gut microbiota, attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress has not been fully elucidated. The present study was to unearth the protective effect and underlying mechanism of IAA against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response and free radical generation in RAW264.7 macrophages. IAA significantly ameliorated LPS-induced expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) as well as generation of reactive oxidative species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). LPS-triggered nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 was mitigated by IAA treatment. Further, an up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was observed in IAA-treated cells in dose-dependent manner under both normal and LPS-stimulated condition. Interference of HO-1 activity by tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP) impeded the alleviative effects of IAA on expression of IL-1β and IL-6 induced by LPS, whereas demonstrated no effect on its suppression of ROS and NO production. This result suggests a HO-1-dependent anti-inflammatory effect of IAA and its direct scavenging action on free radicals. Treatment with CH-223191, a specific antagonist of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), showed no significant effects on the beneficial role of IAA against inflammation and free radical generation. In summary, our findings indicate that IAA alleviates LPS-elicited inflammatory response and free radical generation in RAW264.7 macrophages by induction of HO-1 and direct neutralization of free radicals, a mechanism independent of AhR.
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38

Sharif, K., P. Ramani, H. Lochbühler, R. Grundy, and J. de Ville de Goyet. "Recurrent Mesenchymal Hamartoma Associated with 19q Translocation. A Call for More Radical Surgical Resection." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 16, no. 1 (February 2006): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-873072.

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39

Denenmark, Daniella, Tammo Winkler, Adrian Waldner, and Alain De Mesmaeker. "Competing radical translocation reactions of tertiary N-(2-bromobenzyl)- and N-(8-bromonaphthyl)-acetamides." Tetrahedron Letters 33, no. 25 (June 1992): 3613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)92516-4.

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40

Allan, Gillian M., Andrew F. Parsons, and Jean-Francois Pons. "ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Radical Cyclization and Translocation Approaches to Biologically Important Mitomycin Ring Systems." ChemInform 33, no. 51 (May 18, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200251204.

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41

Kim, Ryan, Andrew J. Ferreira, and Christopher M. Beaudry. "Total Synthesis of Leuconoxine, Melodinine E, and Mersicarpine through a Radical Translocation–Cyclization Cascade." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 58, no. 36 (September 2, 2019): 12595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201907455.

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42

Kim, Ryan, Andrew J. Ferreira, and Christopher M. Beaudry. "Total Synthesis of Leuconoxine, Melodinine E, and Mersicarpine through a Radical Translocation–Cyclization Cascade." Angewandte Chemie 131, no. 36 (August 2019): 12725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201907455.

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43

Beckwith, Athelstan L. J., and John M. D. Storey. "Tandem radical translocation and homolytic aromatic substitution: a convenient and efficient route to oxindoles." Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, no. 9 (1995): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39950000977.

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44

Curran, Dennis P., Ann C. Abraham, and Hongtao Liu. "Radical translocation reactions of o-iodoanilides: the use of carbon-hydrogen bonds as precursors of radicals adjacent to carbonyl groups." Journal of Organic Chemistry 56, no. 14 (July 1991): 4335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00014a001.

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45

Gross, Alexandre, Louis Fensterbank, Stéphane Bogen, René Thouvenot, and Max Malacria. "Design of a radical translocation step through 1, n (n = 5, 6, 7) hydrogen transfers for incorporation into new radical cascades." Tetrahedron 53, no. 40 (October 1997): 13797–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00899-5.

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46

Solano, Cristian, Shrinjaya Thapa, and Mohammad Muhsin Chisti. "Adult Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma managed effectively with pazopanib." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 6 (June 2021): e243058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-243058.

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Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma (TRCC) is a rare and aggressive variant of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) when presenting in adults. We report a case of a man in his early 40s who was diagnosed with stage III Xp11.2 TRCC and underwent radical nephrectomy. Seven months following the surgery, an adrenal nodule and bilateral pulmonary nodules were discovered. He underwent cryoablation of the adrenal nodule and systemic treatment with daily pazopanib. He displayed stable disease for approximately 6 years. Following this period, multiple hospitalisations interrupted daily pazopanib therapy resulting in progression of disease. His regimen was then changed to ipilimumab and nivolumab, followed by current daily therapy with axitinib. The patient now shows stable disease in his 10th year after diagnosis. This case study demonstrates the efficacy of pazopanib for metastatic Xp11.2 TRCC and warrants further investigation to supplement the guidelines regarding the use of targeted therapy for TRCC.
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47

Stathi, Aggeliki, Michael Mamais, Evangelia D. Chrysina, and Thanasis Gimisis. "Anomeric Spironucleosides of β-d-Glucopyranosyl Uracil as Potential Inhibitors of Glycogen Phosphorylase." Molecules 24, no. 12 (June 25, 2019): 2327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122327.

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In the case of type 2 diabetes, inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) may prevent unwanted glycogenolysis under high glucose conditions and thus aim at the reduction of excessive glucose production by the liver. Anomeric spironucleosides, such as hydantocidin, present a rich synthetic chemistry and important biological function (e.g., inhibition of GP). For this study, the Suárez radical methodology was successfully applied to synthesize the first example of a 1,6-dioxa-4-azaspiro[4.5]decane system, not previously constructed via a radical pathway, starting from 6-hydroxymethyl-β-d-glucopyranosyluracil. It was shown that, in the rigid pyranosyl conformation, the required [1,5]-radical translocation was a minor process. The stereochemistry of the spirocycles obtained was unequivocally determined based on the chemical shifts of key sugar protons in the 1H-NMR spectra. The two spirocycles were found to be modest inhibitors of RMGPb.
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48

Pariante, CM, BD Pearce, TL Pisell, C. Su, and AH Miller. "The steroid receptor antagonists RU40555 and RU486 activate glucocorticoid receptor translocation and are not excreted by the steroid hormones transporter in L929 cells." Journal of Endocrinology 169, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1690309.

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RU40555 is a recently available glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist that differs from RU486 by a methyl radical. We have used the mouse fibroblast cell line L929 to study the in vitro effects of RU40555 on GR translocation and function and on the membrane steroid hormones transporter. The results showed that: 1) RU40555 competed for the binding of labelled dexamethasone (Dex) with a K(i) of 2.4 nM; 2) both RU40555 and RU486 were equally potent inhibitors of Dex-induced GR-mediated gene transcription; 3) maximum GR translocation induced by micromolar concentrations of Dex and the GR antagonists was approximately 30-55% loss in the cytoplasmic GR and approximately 40-90% increase in the nuclear GR (assessed by GR immunostaining in cytoplasm and nucleus and western blots of immunoprecipitated GR protein in cytosolic and nuclear fractions) and was similar for the two antagonists; 4) at nanomolar concentrations, RU40555 and RU486 induced more GR translocation than Dex (assessed by [(3)H]Dex binding and western blot of immunoreactive GR in the same cytosolic homogenates); 5) blocking the steroids membrane transporter with verapamil (100 microM) in the presence of Dex (10 nM) increased GR translocation to levels similar to those induced by RU40555 (10 nM) and RU486 (10 nM) alone; 6) verapamil did not affect GR translocation in the presence of RU40555 or RU486. These data demonstrate similar quantitative effects on GR translocation by RU486 and the new GR antagonist, RU40555. Moreover, RU40555, like RU486, is an effective GR antagonist. Finally, there is no evidence that the intracellular concentrations of RU40555 or RU486 are regulated by the steroids membrane transporter in L929 cells.
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49

Hou, Qi, and Yi-Te Hsu. "Bax translocates from cytosol to mitochondria in cardiac cells during apoptosis: development of a GFP-Bax-stable H9c2 cell line for apoptosis analysis." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 289, no. 1 (July 2005): H477—H487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00879.2004.

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The proapoptotic protein Bax plays an important role in cardiomyocytic cell death. Ablation of this protein has been shown to diminish cardiac damage in Bax-knockout mice during ischemia-reperfusion. Presently, studies of Bax-mediated cardiac cell death examined primarily the expression levels of Bax and its prosurvival factor Bcl-2 rather than the localization of this protein, which dictates its function. Using immunofluorescence labeling, we have shown that in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, Bax translocates from cytosol to mitochondria upon the induction of apoptosis by hypoxia-reoxygenation-serum withdrawal and by the presence of the free-radical inducer menadione. Also, we found that Bax translocation to mitochondria was associated with the exposure of an NH2-terminal epitope, and that this translocation could be partially blocked by the prosurvival factors Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. To visualize the translocation of Bax in living cells, we have developed an H9c2 cell line that stably expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Bax. This cell line has GFP-Bax localized primarily in the cytosol in the absence of apoptotic inducers. Upon induction of apoptosis by a number of stimuli, including menadione, staurosporine, sodium nitroprusside, and hypoxia-reoxygenation-serum withdrawal, we could observe the translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria. This translocation was not affected by retinoic acid-induced differentiation of H9c2 cells. Additionally, this translocation was associated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, and fragmentation of nuclei. Finally, using a tetramethylrhodamine-based dye, we have shown that a rapid screening process based on the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential could be developed to monitor GFP-Bax translocation to mitochondria. Overall, the GFP-Bax-stable H9c2 cell line that we have developed represents a unique tool for examining Bax-mediated apoptosis, and it could be of great importance in screening therapeutic compounds that could block Bax translocation to mitochondria to attenuate apoptosis.
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Brixius, Klara, Wilhelm Bloch, Christoph Ziskoven, Birgit Bölck, Andreas Napp, Christian Pott, Dirk Steinritz, et al. "β3-Adrenergic eNOS stimulation in left ventricular murine myocardium." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 84, no. 10 (October 2006): 1051–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y06-033.

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This study investigates mechanisms underlying β3-adrenergic activation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in myocardial tissue of wild-type (WT) and β3-adrenoceptor knockout (β3-KNO) mice, in the absence and presence of BRL 37344 (BRL), the preferential β3-adrenoceptor selective agonist. Nitric oxide (NO)-liberation was measured after the application of BRL (10 µmol/L), using fluorescence dye diaminofluorescein (DAF), in left ventricular cardiac preparations. Phosphorylation of eNOSSer1177, eNOSThr495, eNOSSer114, and eNOS translocation, and alterations of 8-isoprostaglandin F2α (a parameter for reactive oxygen radical generation), after application of BRL (10 µmol/L), were studied using immunohistochemical stainings in isolated, electrically stimulated (1 Hz) right atrial (RA) and left ventricular (LV) myocardium. An increased NO release after BRL application (10 µmol/L) was observed in the RA and LV myocardial tissue of WT mice, but not in β3-KNO mice. This NO liberation in WT mice was paralleled by an increased eNOSSer1177, but not eNOSThr495, phosphorylation. A cytosolic eNOS translocation was observed after the application of BRL (10 µmol/L) only in the RA myocardial tissue of WT mice. A BRL (10 µmol/L)-dependent increase in eNOSSer114 phosphorylation was observed only in the LV myocardial tissue of WT mice; this was paralleled by an increase in 8-isoprostaglandin F2α. In murine myocardium, 3 β3-adrenoceptor-dependent activation pathways for eNOS exist (i.e., a translocation and phosphorylation of eNOSSer1177 and eNOSSer114). These pathways are used in a regional-dependent manner. β3-adrenergic oxygen-derived free radical production might be important in situations of enhanced β3-adrenoceptor activation, as has been described in human heart failure.
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