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1
Marsden, Richard. "Old Latin Intervention in the Old English Heptateuch." Anglo-Saxon England 23 (December 1994): 229–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100004555.
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The Old Testament translations in the compilation known as the Old English Hexateuch or Heptateuch are based on good Vulgate exemplars. That is to say, where variation can be demonstrated between the version associated with Jerome's late fourth-century revision and the pre-Hieronymian ‘Old Latin’ versions, the Old English translations can be shown to derive from exemplars carrying the former. The opening of Genesis–‘On angynne gesceop God heofonan 7 eorðan. seo eorðe soðlice was idel 7 æmti’–illustrates this general rule. Behind it is the Vulgate ‘in principio creauit Deus caelum et terram. terra autem erat inanis et uacua”, not a version with the characteristic ‘old’ readings, such as fecit for creauit and inuisibilis et inconpositas for inani et vacua. Indeed, much of the Old English translation, especially in Genesis, is sufficiently full and faithful for the identification of specific Vulgate variants in the exemplar text to be made with some confidence and for the influence on it of the important Carolingian revisions asssociated with Orléans and Tours to be demonstrated. There is, however, a small number of Old English readings throughout the Heptateuch for which Latin parallels in the thirty or so collated Vulgate manuscripts are unknown or hardly known. Instead, they appear to derive from models available in pre-Hieronymian texts. Uncertainty often surrounds their identification, owing to the complexities both of the translation process and the history of the Latin Bible. Understanding their origins involves consideration of the influence of patristic literature and the liturgy, as well as the availability of ‘contaminated’ exemplar texts.
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Discenza, Nicole Guenther. "The Old English Bede and the construction of Anglo-Saxon authority." Anglo-Saxon England 31 (December 2002): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675102000042.
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The translator of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica faced a daunting task. His source text had behind it the authority of a well-known, learned English saint, and a translation of the work would inevitably be a step removed from that saint. How could the translator convince the audience that his translation possessed authority? Alfred's prefaces to his translations and Wærferth's preface to the Dialogues gain the confidence of the readers or hearers through their explicit discussion of motives and methods of translation. By contrast, the Old English Bede authorizes itself not through any overt claims in an original preface but through strategic translations of the Latin preface and of the text itself. The Alfredian prefaces thus provide valuable points of comparison and contrast for the Old English Bede. All the translations assert continuity between source text and translation while replacing the source text in different ways. Alfred and Wærferth reveal their identities as translators and make claims for their own authority while the translator of the Old English Bede relies on the authority of Bede himself; Alfred and Wærferth argue for the ability of Old English to render Latin, while the translator of the Old English Bede simply provides a text in Old English.
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Gunn, Nikolas. "Translating the Gospel in Viking Age England: The Evidence from Two Old Norse Loan Translations from Old English." Anglia 137, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 527–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2019-0052.
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Abstract A recent resurgence of interest in Old Norse linguistic borrowings in Old English has greatly expanded our knowledge of the contact situation between these two speech communities in the early medieval period and beyond. However, there are a significant number of words that have been considered borrowings in the “other” direction, i. e. from Old English to Old Norse, which have not attracted the same amount of attention in current scholarship. Much of this material requires reassessment and this paper provides a case study of two parallel compound formations in both languages – OE bærsynnig [mann]/ON bersynðugr [maðr] (‘one who is openly sinful; publican’), and OE healsbōc/ON hálsbók (‘phylactery, amulet’, lit. ‘neck-book’) – that have traditionally been considered loan translations from Old English to Old Norse with little evidence other than their formation from cognate elements. In the absence of clear-cut linguistic criteria for identifying loan translations between these two closely related languages, this paper draws on a range of literary evidence to argue for a strong likelihood of a relationship between the two compounds. Both words offer important evidence for biblical translation practices, and contribute to our knowledge about the Christianisation of Norse speaking peoples and Anglo-Norse language contact in Viking Age England.
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Gumaa Siddiek, Ahmed. "Linguistic Precautions that to be Considered when Translating the Holy Quran." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.2p.103.
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The present study is an attempt to raise some points that should be considered when translating the Quranic Text into English. We have looked into some samples of translations, selected from well known English translations of the Holy Quran and critically examined them. There were some errors in those translations, due to linguistic factors, owing to the differences between the Arabic and the English Language systems. Some errors were due to the cultural background of the translator which intentionally or unintentionally has affected the translation. Many samples were discussed and suggestions for corrections were made. Then further recommendations were given to be used as guidelines for similar future attempts. We concluded that the simulation of old words in drafting a translation does not fit with the English language as a target language. As this use of archaic stylistics would lead to further complications, which makes the language of translation look strange and complicated
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SLAVOVA, Liudmyla, and Maryna VOZNA. "ETHNIC AND CULTURAL NATURE OF HISTORICAL – TERMINOLOGY: THE COMPARATIVE AND TRANSLATION ASPECTS (based on historical terms of antiquity and Old Rus period)." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 71(1) (2022): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2022.1.10.
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The article looks into the comparative and translational aspects of historical terms as a group of special professional words used by historians in both English and Ukrainian academic texts to describe one particular period in Ukrainian history, that of antiquity and Old Rus. Different groups of historical terminology were identified in original Ukrainian and English texts on this period, such as proper names, names to denote items of material culture, social and military status, rank at the royal court, social and religious processes and phenomena. Particular attention was given to those names that denote culture- and period-specific concepts of the described time-period in Ukrainian history. English translations of Ukrainian historical terminology were studied based on non-numerous existing translations from Ukrainian, which were then compared to the approaches used by native English-speaking academics. For those concepts where no equivalents could be found, the authors have offered their own translations. Conclusions were made about the prevailing methods of rendering different classes of historical terms into English, including culture-specific terms which were found in each terminological group. Such culture-specific Ukrainian terminology is rendered into English redominantly via combined renomination, which combines phonological and/or orthographic adaptation and description or via description only. Other methods have been discussed, such as translation by equivalent, loan translation and analogous translation, which were applied to both non-culture specific and culture-specific terminology. Identifying a lexical unit as belonging to one of those groups helps with determining its translation method. Conclusions have been drawn about the general nature of historical terminology, which from the translation point of view can be divided into two big groups: terms denoting universal historical notions and culture-specific historical terms.
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Aritonang, Yuni Haryati, and Yokhebed Tampone. "AN ANALYSIS OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES IN NOVEL “THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA” into the Indonesian Language." JEELL (Journal of English Education, Linguistics and Literature) English Department of STKIP PGRI Jombang 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32682/jeell.v8i2.2158.
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This research is an attempt to describe and analyze English and Indonesian focused on interrogative sentences of the novel “The Old Man and The Sea” by considering the similarities and differences in the shape and function of sentences in both languages. This research, including research on the translation and accuracy of English question sentences to Indonesian. This research aims to (1) to find out the differences and similarities between the form and function of the question sentence in English and the form and function of the question sentence in Indonesian, (2) To find out the results of the analysis of question sentences according to the “QUASM” pattern and (3) to find out the types of question sentences from the novel above. The research method used is qualitatively descriptive. Data was collected from English novels and their Indonesian translations. The number of question sentence data is 99 sentences of which only 24 sentences correspond to the structure and components of “QUASM”. In English the question word has 3 forms, namely: yes/ no question, tag question, and wh-question while in Indonesian only have one form that is to uses the question words what, who, when, why, where, and how. The results of the data analysis showed that not all question sentences in English have the right translation when viewed from the Indonesian translation. Some translations of question sentences in English novels are seen in Indonesian novels will be turned into statement sentences and otherwise
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Hudson, Marc. "A Somber Glory: Two Books of Translations from the Old English." Sewanee Review 121, no. 2 (2013): 294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sew.2013.0035.
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Markiewka, Tomasz. "Przepisywanie Beowulfa: J.R.R. Tolkiena meandry przekładu." Między Oryginałem a Przekładem 24, no. 40 (June 30, 2018): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/moap.24.2018.40.03.
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Rewriting Boewulf: J.R.R. Tolkien’s Meandering Translation J.R.R. Tolkien’s works related to translation include both translations and adaptations in the form of pastiche. All of them have been published as posthumous editions, equipped with detailed critical commentaries and edited by the writer’s son, Christopher Tolkien. Among recent publications in English and Polish, one that deserves particular attention is a 1926 prose translation of the Old English poem Beowulf (2014, Polish ed. 2015). This edition presents Tolkien performing a few roles, acting as a translator, translation critic, editor, commentator, literary scholar, linguist, and creative writer. In fact, “translation” becomes a textual hybrid in which one can observe the work of a translator from the initial phase of close reading of a source text through three variants of prose translation (two from 1926 and one from 1942); alternative fragmentar translations in alliterative verse; a detailed philological and cultural commentary composed of lecture notes; original literary works inspired by Beowulf, which include the short story Sellic Spell (in two English versions and as a back translation into Old English); and two versions of the original poem The Lay of Beowulf. As a result, the 2014 edition of Tolkien’s Beowulf realizes the ideal of a translation once described by Vladimir Nabokov: the text of translation emerges from multilayered commentary, which, in Tolkien’s work, crosses the boundaries of languages and genres.
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Solopova, Elizabeth. "From Bede to Wyclif: The Knowledge of Old English within the Context of Late Middle English Biblical Translation and Beyond." Review of English Studies 71, no. 302 (December 10, 2019): 805–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgz134.
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Abstract The continuity between Old and Middle English periods has been a matter of interest and debate in the field of medieval studies. Though it is widely accepted that Old English texts continued to be copied and used in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the possibility that they were collected, read and studied, and influenced scholars and religious thinkers in late medieval England is often rejected as implausible. The reason most commonly given is the difficulty of understanding the Old English language in the late Middle Ages. The present article aims to reassess this view and re-examine evidence for the reading and use of Old English texts in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries with a primary focus on biblical translation. The article explores the possibility that Middle English glosses that occur in Old English sermon and biblical manuscripts reflect a scholarly interest in these texts, rather than a struggle to understand their language. The article also examines evidence that the translators of the Wycliffite Bible may have had some familiarity with Old English biblical translations, possibly as a result of study of biblical and sermon manuscripts.
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Sekret, Iryna. "Strategies of conveying metaphors in political discourse: analysis of the Turkish translations of George Orwell's “Animal Farm”." International journal of linguistics, literature and culture 6, no. 4 (May 18, 2020): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v6n4.911.
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Translating metaphor and metaphoric expressions is one of the disputable problems in translation studies due to the conceptual discrepancies which exist between the source culture and the target readership, moreover, if the metaphor plays a crucial role in creating an appeal to the reader as in the political text. In this respect, it is under the discussion of how to deal with a metaphor when translating political discourse, and what are the dominating strategies and traditions of translating metaphoric units in Turkish translations. Caused by the theoretical and practical urgency of the problem, this paper is aimed to analyze strategies of conveying metaphors from English to Turkish based on the novel “Animal Farm” by George Orwell and its Turkish translations by Sedat Demir and Celal Üster. To achieve the aims of the research the efforts were undertaken to compare the original text with its two different translations. For the precise analysis, Old Major’s speech was thoroughly scrutinized on the point of the metaphoric expressions in the text and their correspondences in the Turkish translations.
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Gillhammer, Cosima Clara. "Non-Wycliffite Bible Translation in Oxford, Trinity College, 29 and Universal History Writing in Late Medieval England." Anglia 138, no. 4 (November 11, 2020): 649–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2020-0052.
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AbstractThe late-fifteenth-century Middle English manuscript Oxford, Trinity College, 29 contains a universal history of the world, compiled from diverse religious and secular source texts and written by a single compiler-scribe. A great part of the text is focused on Old Testament history and uses the Vulgate as a key source, thus offering an opportunity to examine in detail the compiler’s strategies of translating the text of the Bible into the vernacular. The Bible translations in this manuscript are unconnected to the Wycliffite translations, and are non-reformist in their interpretative framework, implications, and use. This evidence is of particular interest as an example of the range of approaches to biblical translation and scholarship in the vernacular found in late medieval English texts, despite the restrictive legislation concerning Bible translation in fifteenth-century England. The strategies of translating the biblical text found in this manuscript include close word-by-word translation (seemingly unencumbered by anxieties about censorship), as well as other modes of interaction, such as summary, and exegesis. This article situates these modes of engagement with the Bible within a wider European textual tradition of including biblical material in universal history writing.
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Byrne, Aisling. "From Hólar to Lisbon: Middle English Literature in Medieval Translation, c.1286–c.1550." Review of English Studies 71, no. 300 (September 9, 2019): 433–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgz085.
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Abstract This paper offers the first survey of evidence for the translation of Middle English literature beyond the English-speaking world in the medieval period. It identifies and discusses translations in five vernaculars: Welsh, Irish, Old Norse-Icelandic, Dutch, and Portuguese. The paper examines the contexts in which such translation took place and considers the role played by colonial, dynastic, trading, and ecclesiastical networks in the transmission of these works. It argues that English is in the curious position of being a vernacular with a reasonable international reach in translation, but often with relatively low literary and cultural prestige. It is evident that most texts translated from English in this period are works which themselves are based on sources in other languages, and it seems probable that English-language texts are often convenient intermediaries for courtly or devotional works more usually transmitted in French or Latin.
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Smith, Ross. "J. R. R. Tolkien and the art of translating English into English." English Today 25, no. 3 (July 30, 2009): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078409990216.
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ABSTRACTTranslation techniques favoured by Tolkien in rendering Beowulf and other medieval poetry into modern English. J. R. R. Tolkien was a prolific translator, although most of his translation work was not actually published during his lifetime, as occurred with the greater part of his fiction. He never did any serious translation from modern foreign languages into English, but rather devoted himself to the task of turning Old English and Middle English poetry into something that could be readily understood by speakers of the modern idiom. His largest and best-known published translation is of the anonymous 14th Century poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which was published posthumously with two other translations from Middle English in the volume Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo (Allen & Unwin 1975). The translation of Middle English texts constitutes the bulk of his output in this field, both in the above volume and in the fragments that appear in his lectures and essays. However, his heart really lay in the older, pre-Norman form of the language, and particularly in the greatest piece of literature to come down to us from the Old English period, the epic poem Beowulf.
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Taylor, Ann. "Contact effects of translation: Distinguishing two kinds of influence in Old English." Language Variation and Change 20, no. 2 (July 2008): 341–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394508000100.
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ABSTRACTMany of our surviving Old English (OE) texts are translations from Latin originals. Given that the syntax of Latin and OE differ in a number of ways, the possibility of transference in the process of translation is an important issue for studies of OE syntax. This article examines one syntactic structure where the syntax of the languages differ: the prepositional phrase (PP) with pronominal complement. In Latin, PPs with pronominal complements are essentially head-initial, while in OE they vary between head-initial and head-final. I show that two distinct translation effects can be distinguished, one direct and one indirect, and that these effects apply differentially to two different types of translation, biblical and nonbiblical. I relate these different translation effects to the different strategies of OE translators when faced with biblical and nonbiblical texts.
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Soleymani Yazdi, Sajad. "Dis-contenting Khayyam in the Context of Comparative Literature: An Invitation to Translating Rubaiyat with a Focal Shift from Content to Form." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.7n.1p.24.
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Since its conception in France in 1877, Comparative Literature, always subject to a critique of Eurocentrism, has been in a state of perpetual crisis. In “The Old/New Question of Comparison in Literary Studies: A Post-European Perspective” (2004), Ray Chow argued for a Post-European perspective in which comparatists begin with the home culture and look outwards to the European cultures, contrary to the dominant approach of doing just otherwise. Missing in Chow’s argument is the position of translation in this post-European perspective. In the 14 years between 2004 and 2018, the grandiose claims of comparative literature have been problematized and addressed; the lay of the land, however, remains predominantly Eurocentric, as it still focuses on content disproportionately. In this paper, through a study of English translations of Khayyam’s Rubaiyat, and taking Chow’s argument further, I argue that with its commitment to transfer the form of a text as much as the content, translation studies can further help comparative literature to distance itself from Europe. To exemplify the implication of this, I suggest that a translation of Khayyam’s Rubaiyat from Farsi to English would be more faithful to the original if its translations were to focus on the poem’s form rather than the content. I argue that translating with a focus on form would foreignize Khayyam’s poetry, hence an act of resistance against cultural hegemony.
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LIGHT, CAITLIN, and JOEL WALLENBERG. "The expression of impersonals in Middle English." English Language and Linguistics 19, no. 2 (July 2015): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674315000076.
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This article contributes to continuing work on the information structural function of passivization, and how quantitative changes in the implementation of a syntactic strategy may be tied in with the acquisition or loss of comparable strategies. Seoane (2006) outlines a proposal that suggests that the passive construction is used more extensively in English than in the other Germanic languages in order to compensate for the lack of unmarked object topicalization found in languages with verb-seconding (V2). We reconsider this hypothesis from a quantitative perspective and find that, upon further examination, the claim does not hold.We compare parallel New Testament translations along two dimensions: one set across three stages of historical English, and one set across three Germanic languages. We find that the reported change in the rate of passivization between stages of English, and between English and other Germanic languages, is in fact not directly related to the presence or absence of a V2 grammar, but rather due to the availability (or absence) of different strategies of forming impersonal clauses.The current article focuses in more detail on one of the findings of an ongoing study into phenomena linked to the change in passivization in English. While the New Testament translations provide evidence that the overall rate of passivization remains stable across the history of English in one context, we find, in contrast, a significant difference in the rate of passivization between three translations of the Rule of St Benedict. These translations represent an Old English (OE) translation and two Middle English (ME) translations: one Northern, and one Southern. The data reveal a dialect distinction in ME: the Northern translation passivizes at a significantly lower rate.Unlike the New Testament, which is primarily a narrative, the Rule of St Benedict text is written as a set of instructions, and passivization is primarily a strategy for expressing clauses in which no agent can be specified. We find that where the Southern translation of the Rule of St Benedict uses a passive, the Northern translation frequently expresses the same content via an active clause with impersonal man in the subject position. While clauses with impersonal man can be found in both the Northern ME and OE translations of this text, it is wholly absent from the Southern ME translation.This reveals a dialect difference in the ME period: the Southern dialect appears to entirely lack a historically attested strategy for forming impersonal clauses. This, in turn, becomes one factor leading to a rise in the rate of passivization, as passive clauses are used to compensate for the missing strategy.
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Kilpatrick, Hilary. "From Venice to Aleppo: Early Printing of Scripture in the Orthodox World." Chronos 30 (January 10, 2019): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v30i0.329.
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The Bible, as the etymology of the word indicates, refers not to one book but to many. The Christian Bible is made up of the Old Testament, that is, the Jewish Scriptures, and the New Testament; moreover, for some Churches, among them the Orthodox, certain books commonly called the Apocrypha , which were added to the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament, also fonn part of the Bible. The Bible is thus a small library, and as is common in libraries, some books are more popular than others. Long before the introduction of printing, the varying degrees of importance accorded to different books of the Bible led to some of them being translated before others. For instance, in Anglo-Saxon England, interlinear glosses (i.e. crude word-by-word translations) were made of the Gospels and Psalms, and separate portions of the Bible, including the Gospels, were rendered into Old English (Anonymous 1997: 200). Likewise, the earliest known written translations of parts of the Bible into Arabic are of the Gospels and Psalms; they can be dated to the 8th century. Oral translations are older, going back to pre-Islamic times (Graf 1944: 114-115, 138; Griffith 2012: 123-126). By contrast, the first attempt to produce a complete Bible in Arabic occurred only in the l 61h century (Graf 1944: 89-90).
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Casas-Tost, Helena, and Sandra Bustins. "role of pivot translations in Asian film festivals in Catalonia." Journal of Audiovisual Translation 4, no. 1 (June 4, 2021): 96–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.47476/jat.v4i1.2021.85.
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Pivot translations are very often used in film festivals, but have been granted little consideration from an academic viewpoint. This article analyses the role of pivot languages in audiovisual translation within the framework of Asian film festivals held in Catalonia. There are three aims of this paper: (i) to examine to what extent pivot translations are part of the translation process in films screened in such festivals, (ii) to determine the justifications for their use, and (iii) to analyse the effects of their use from a qualitative perspective. In order to do so, the answers from a questionnaire distributed among the most relevant agents in Asian film festivals in Catalonia will be analysed. Additionally, the Chinese film Old Stone by Johnny Ma that has been translated into and subtitled in Catalan through English as its pivot language, will be presented as a case study. Lay abstract The use of a third language or pivot translation is widespread in film festivals, although very few studies focus on this practice, which usually remains unnoticed by the average spectator. This article seeks to examine just how common this phenomenon is in film festivals and to analyse its impact with a case study, taking the Chinese film Old Stone by Johnny Ma and its translation into Catalan as an example. More precisely, the article aims to answer two questions regarding the use of pivot languages in audiovisual translation. Firstly, to what extent and for what exact purpose are pivot translations currently being used in Asian film festivals in Catalonia? Secondly, how does using a pivot language, in our case English, affect quality?
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HAEBERLI, ERIC. "Syntactic effects of contact in translations: evidence from object pronoun placement in Middle English." English Language and Linguistics 22, no. 2 (July 2018): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674318000151.
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Whereas object pronouns regularly occurred before the main verb in Old and early Middle English, such word orders were to a large extent lost in Middle English prose by the end of the thirteenth century. Nevertheless, some isolated later texts still show regular preverbal occurrences of object pronouns. Such word orders are most frequent with three texts that are translations of French sources. This article closely examines one of these texts, the Middle English prose Brut, and its source, and argues that contact influence is the most plausible explanation for its distinct behaviour with respect to object pronoun placement. It is also shown that the translator does not slavishly follow his source and that the contact effects are mainly of the statistical type in that word orders occurring very marginally in other texts appear with high frequencies in the Brut while such a contrast is not found for a word order that is unattested elsewhere. These observations are compatible with the equally exceptional but slightly different distribution of object pronouns in another translation from French, the Ayenbite of Inwyt. The findings of this article show that translation-induced contact and, possibly, contact in bilingual language use more generally can have important quantitative effects and that these have to be seriously considered in any syntactic analysis of historical texts based on a foreign source text.
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Gretsch, Mechthild. "The Taunton Fragment: a new text from Anglo-Saxon England." Anglo-Saxon England 33 (December 2004): 145–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675104000067.
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The Taunton Fragment (now Taunton, Somerset, Somerset County Record Office, DD/SAS C/1193/77) consists of four leaves containing portions of brief expositions or homilies on the pericopes for four successive Sundays after Pentecost. In the Fragment, brief passages in Latin regularly alternate with the Old English translations of these passages. The manuscript to which the four leaves once belonged was written probably at some point around or after the middle of the eleventh century in an unknown (presumably minor) centre in Anglo-Saxon England. Until recently, the existence of the Taunton leaves had escaped the notice of Anglo-Saxonists; the texts which they contain are printed here for the first time. It will be obvious that eight pages, half of which are in Old English prose, add in no negligible way to the corpus of Old English. Through analysis of the texts in the second part of this article, I hope to show that their contribution to our knowledge of various kinds of literary activity in Anglo-Saxon England is significant indeed, and that the linguistic evidence they present has no parallel elsewhere in the corpus of Old English.
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Cameron, M. L. "Bald's Leechbook and cultural interactions in Anglo-Saxon England." Anglo-Saxon England 19 (December 1990): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100001563.
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The Old English medical records are rich in materials which contain evidence for contacts between the Anglo-Saxons and other cultures. For example, in 1945 Howard Meroney collected the various loan translations of Irish words found in the medical charms in the Leechbook, Lacnunga and other Old English texts. It is an interesting exercise to speculate on how Irish charms such as these, in Old Irish, got into the Old English medical repertory in their pristine form, whereas most of the Latin medical charms were translated straightway into English. It is customary to suppose that the Anglo-Saxons picked them up from Irish teachers in their monasteries, but there may be other explanations. Recently, while I was reading the Hisperica famina (in Michael Herren's translation), I came across references to young ‘visitors’, students who wandered about the Irish countryside begging for food and shelter among the country people, with whom they had difficulty communicating; as one of them is made to say:Who will ask these possessorsto grant us their sweet abundance?For an Ausonian chain binds me;hence I do not utter good Irish speech.
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Breeze, Andrew. "Dan Veach, Beowulf and Beyond: Classic Anglo-Saxon Poems, Stories, Sayings, Spells, and Riddles. Atlanta: Lockwood, 2021, x, 223 pp." Mediaevistik 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 409–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2021.01.87.
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A neat anthology of translations presents familiar items of Old English, plus snippets from the Anglo-Latin of Bede. It parallels the hundreds of volumes (some in Russian or Japanese or Turkish) listed in Hans Sauer’s 205 Years of “Beowulf”: Translations and Adaptations (Trier: WVT, 2011). It is another worthy attempt to open windows on England’s earliest literature.
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Hiebert, Theodore. "Retranslating Genesis 1–2: Reconnecting Biblical Thought and Contemporary Experience." Bible Translator 70, no. 3 (December 2019): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2051677019877229.
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Some traditional translations of Genesis represent the text in ways that are excessively anthropocentric, masking the awareness of the nonhuman other in the text, silencing the nonhuman voice, and wrongly subordinating the nonhuman to the human. Selected translations in Genesis 1–2 from the Common English Bible illustrate a more integrative understanding of the human and nonhuman, recognize the presence of nonhuman agency, and capture a more accurate representation of the human place in the world as Genesis’s authors conceived it (Gen 1.9-12; 1.26-28; 2.7). A tradition of translation has inscribed the dualistic, anthropocentric, and hierarchical cast of Western philosophy and theology into the biblical text. Careful attention to the world of the text, and translations that reflect that world authentically, can open up new (“old”) readings that are more ecologically sound and sensitive.
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Bueno Alonso, Jorge Luis. "“Scealcas of sceaðum scirmæled swyrd”: Analysing Judith’s Language and style in translation through a key sample case (161b-166a) and a twin coda (23 & 230)." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 26 (November 15, 2013): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2013.26.15.
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Among the extant texts from the Old English poetic corpus that have survived up till now –Beowulf aside–, Judith constitutes a poem in which the poet “wrinkles up” the text outstandingly in order to, as Griffith (1997: 85) stated, show a new purpose for commonplace aspects of Old English poetic style. By considering a key sample case (lines 161b-166a) and a further two specific examples (lines 23 & 230), the aim of this article is to revise and analyze how Judith’s poetic and textual wrinkles –especially those affecting language and style, so important to explain the poem’s singular status– have been dealt with in several translations into English that cover a wide array of translation types: pioneer/philological [Cook 1889, through Barber 2008, and Gordon 1926], classic/academic [Hamer 1970 & Bradley 1982], recent/updated both complete [North, Allard and Gillies 2011 & Treharne 2010] and fragmentary [Constantine 2011]. I will always offer my own solutions to the problems raised by the text as presented in my alliterative verse translation into Spanish (Bueno & Torrado 2012).
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Štrmelj, Lidija, and Milenko Lončar. "The Present and Past Participles in the Medieval English Translations of St. John’s Gospel from Latin." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 8, no. 2 (October 10, 2011): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.8.2.19-42.
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The present participle and past participle, together with the infinitive, have a long history in English; this is quite contrary to finite verb forms, which mostly developed during the Middle English period. Participles were already in use in the earliest stages of the language and performed functions similar to those of the present active participle and perfect passive participle in Latin. Therefore, one may assume that Latin participles are rendered into Old English and Middle English mostly by means of their English equivalents. It appears, however, that this was not the case. The data provided in our research lead us to the conclusion that the implementation of participles in English was rather difficult and slow, at least when it comes to the Gospel translations. This paper shows what was used instead – for example, various types of clauses; it also shows the reasons for this (such as ambiguity hidden sometimes in participles).
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Remein, Daniel C. "Auden, Translation, Betrayal: Radical Poetics and Translation from Old English." Literature Compass 8, no. 11 (November 2011): 811–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4113.2011.00855.x.
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Kalaba Karlica, Jovanka D. "PREGLED MOGUĆIH TUMAČENjA I PREVODNIH REŠENjA STAROENGLESKE ELEGIJE „ŽENINA TUGOVANKA”." Nasledje Kragujevac XIX, no. 52 (2022): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/naskg2252.161k.
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The paper offers a translation of the Old English elegy ‘The Wife’s Lament’ or ‘The Wife’s Complaint’ into Serbian, as well as the explanations of translation solutions based on different interpretations of the poem, which arose from grammatical ambiguities of the Old English language and the composition of the elegy. Given the inevitable speculation that the inter- pretation of such a poem entails, the paper also attempts to move away from the speculation about the concrete events in the poem and focuses on the stylistic and formal aspects of the elegy and the atmosphere it produces, as well as the ideological significance of revisiting a piece of literature such as ‘The Wife’s Lament’ in contemporary literary research. This elegy is a rare example of Old English poetry in which a female voice speaks of human suffering and the transience of earthly things, which raises the question of a ‘female’ standpoint as well as the sexuality and spiritual nature of women, which certain critics see as extremely important and insufficiently emphasized in the overall study of the Old English literature. Regardless of the number of possible translations and thus more interpretive options, the touching lyricism that permeates ‘The Wife’s Lament’ is a strong critique of a heroic society in which a deprived woman manages to articulate her rebellion as a muffled voice of an antihero and outcast from a warrior community. In such circumstances, the essentially passive Anglo-Saxon woman in captivity affirms her own personality, thoughts and feelings with her uninhibited speech.
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Mohamed, Entesar Alsir Abu-ALgasim. "Semantic Problems of the Usage of Archaic Morphological Features: Surat Al-Humza (Traducer) as a Model." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.2.17.
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This study presents a comparative analysis of the translation of the holy Qur'anic verses by Pickthall and Yusuf Ali from one hand, and the translation of Sahih International from the other. By tracing the first translation style, it had been found that they tend to use archaism or old words to a large extent as they trying to make their translation sound like 'scripture' to an English- speaking audience, and this results in loss of meaning pose semantic difficulty in translating the Holy verses. Abdalati M. Ali in his paper (Lexical and Semantic Problems in Translating Quran) proves that Pickthall and Yusuf Ali tend to use archaism in their translation, as he puts that ‘'the translations of Pickthall and Ali appear to be written in an archaic form of English''. In contrast to the first style the Sahih International translation aims to provide a literal rendering of the Arabic of the Qur’an into “plain” English. It has become popular as a more contemporary translation, but focuses more on providing a literal meaning of the Arabic than on providing smooth English. This makes it a useful resource for students who are seeking to learn the literal meaning of the Arabic of the Qur’an. Being a text at the highest degree of eloquence, the Qur’ān, as a whole, poses a serious challenge for translators and linguists alike. The challenging areas within the Qur'anic text are indeed too numerous to count. This paper investigates one of the major problem areas when translating the Qur’ān, namely, archaic words. This linguistic feature is intrinsic to the Qur'anic text and, in turn, has an impact on its translation leading to ambiguity. In this regards the rendition of qur'anic verses is considered as a difficult mission, this is due to Quran is written in a highly symbolic and classical form of the Arabic language, therefore, rendering it requires a deep knowledge and grasping of its meanings in addition to that translators should be able to reflect those meanings into the target language. Based on the mentioned facts usage of archaic and old words will constitute obstacle because it increases the complexities of target text, thus, it will distort the implicit meaning, and confuse target readers. Analytical descriptive method of data collection has been followed which comprises tools, samples, procedures.
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Serdiuk, Victoria, Anna Kotova, and Oksana Bieliayeva. "Continuous Forms of the English Verb: Origin, Stages of Development." 93, no. 93 (September 12, 2021): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2227-8877-2021-93-04.
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The article deals with the study of the Old English syntactic construction «beon/wesan + Participle with the ending ‑ende» and the Middle English combination be with preposition on(a) and verbal noun in terms of their origin; the consideration of the process of formation of continuous forms in Old English, Middle English and Early New English periods on the basis of the Gospel translations: Anglo-Saxon translation 995; Wycliffe 1389; Tyndale 1526; Authorized Version of King Jacob 1611. Different views on the origin of continuous forms in English are analyzed. The process of formation of continuous forms is traced taking into account their functional load in language. The role of verbal nouns with the preposition on(a) in certain communicative situations is defined. The development of continuous forms is considered from the point of view of functionality of the existing variants, emerging as a result of the influence of linguistic and extralinguistic factors. Contacts with Celtic languages and the result of their influence on continuous forms of English verbs are studied in the periods under consideration. The conclusion is made that the Old English construction «beon/wesan + Participle with the ending ‑ende» can be considered as the prototype of modern continuous forms, but there is a possibility of its merging with the Middle English combination «be + preposition on(a) + verbal noun». Widespread in oral language, this combination only accelerated the development of continuous forms in English. Prospects for researching continuous forms of the English verb provide its further consideration from the point of view of system-functional approach that is a base of historical sociolinguistics
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Orel, Irena. "Prepositional phrases with verba dicendi from Dalmatin's translation of the Bible (1584) in relation to foreign language translations." Linguistica 46, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.46.1.173-179.
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In a diachronic perspective from the 16th century to the present, this article inves tigates translated interlinguistic agreement and difference in the use of the temporally marked Slovenian prepositional phrases that appeared in the semantic group of verba dicendi in the first two books of the Old Testament and the New Testament of the old est Slovenian translation of the Bible, from 1584, and that were replaced in the mod em literary language in the 19th century by the introduction of prepositionless or other prepositional patterns. A comparison is made on the basis of Internet publications of parallel sections of six foreign language translations (Latin, German, two English [17th century and modem], French and Russian), and the extent to which these preposition al phrases are covered by older or modem literary Slovenian syntactic patterns is deter mined .
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BELLEVILLE, LINDA. "Ιουνιαν … επισημοι εν τοις αποστολοις: A Re-examination of Romans 16.7 in Light of Primary Source Materials." New Testament Studies 51, no. 2 (April 2005): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688505000135.
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Church tradition from the Old Latin and Vulgate versions and the early Greek and Latin fathers onwards affirms and lauds a female apostle. Yet modern scholarship has not been comfortable with the attribution, as the masculine circumflex of the Erwin Nestle and United Bible Societies' Greek editions from 1927 to 2001 and the masculine Junias in translations from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s show. More recently, the New English Translation (NET) and the English Standard Version (ESV) concede a feminine but change the attribution from the time-honored ‘of note among’ to ‘well-known to the apostles’. However, an examination of primary usage in the computer databases of Hellenistic Greek literary works, papyri, inscriptions, and artifacts confirms the feminine Ιουνια and shows επισημοι εν plus the plural dative bears without exception the inclusive sense ‘notable among’.
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Abakoka, Loreta. "Salīdzinājumu tulkojuma kvalitāte Noras Ikstenas „Soviet Milk” un „Молоко матери”." Scriptus Manet: humanitāro un mākslas zinātņu žurnāls = Scriptus Manet: Journal of Humanities and Arts, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/sm.2020.12.079.
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Nora Ikstena’s “Mātes piens” (Mother’s Milk; published in English as Soviet Milk) is one of the novels in the book series “MĒS. Latvija, XX gadsimts” (We. Latvia. The 20th Century). It describes the difficulties that can arise in the mother-daughter relationship, describes the Soviet time’s environment and its impact on everyday life. The historical novel “Mātes piens” has been published in 25 countries, which means that this novel has been translated into many different cultures, which are less familiar with the mentality of the Latvian people and the USSR times in Latvia. Therefore, it is crucial how the text is translated or whether the style and the particular poetics of Nora Ikstena’s language in this novel are accurately reproduced. Therefore, the scientific research work “Quality of Translated Comparisons of Nora Ikstena’s “Soviet Milk” and “Молоко матери”” was developed. Comparisons requiring the translator to take into account both the content and the meaning of the words were analysed, as well as the aspect of language imagery and culture. The novel was translated into English by Margita Gailīts, and into Russian by Ludmila Nukņeviča. The events of the novel “Soviet Milk” take place from the end of the Second World War until the 1980s. The main character is a daughter, whose story is intertwined with the life stories of her mother and grandmother. The novel portrays the daughter’s struggle with her mother’s depression, which has deprived her of emotional intimacy with her mother since birth; the daughter continues to hope and gain her mother’s love, helping in times of crisis and ignoring several rejections. Although the translation process is very old, the question about the translation quality is still relevant. Using sources of information and gaining theoretical knowledge of the translation process, an error estimation method was developed that allows the word “quality” to be quantified. Literary translation is mostly separated from other translation types and put into a separate category, usually because the meaning of a literary work cannot be clarified in simple terms presented today. It is also difficult to analyse what the reader expects from the translation. Since there cannot be one right way of translating literature, the sense of the translator’s ethical duty to the author is the most important. However, this is very limited by how well the translator understands the author’s intentions and what is said and how much freedom the translator is given to change the text to find the most appropriate way to express the idea in the language. (Sager 1994) Four groups were divided by Juliane House’s theory (House 2014; House 2017) about overt errors. Text translation errors are divided into 2 categories – covert and overt. Covert errors are difficult to notice because, superficially, from a grammatical point of view, the sentence is correct, but its content is not logical or acceptable. The overt errors detected are obvious, constitute a systematic error. Overt errors are divided into 7 groups: 1 – not translated; 2 – a slight change in meaning; 3 – a significant change in meaning; 4 – distortion of meaning; 5 – breach of SL system; 6 – creative translation; 7 – cultural filtering. 64 comparisons in Latvian, 64 equivalents in Russian, and 55 equivalents in English were excerpted (9 comparisons were not translated). Translations of comparisons were divided into 4 groups: 1) accurately translated, 2) translations with minor changes, 3) culturally harmonized translations, 4) untranslated comparisons. Translations of comparisons that scored 5 points or more are considered qualitatively translated, given that there are no significant errors. There is no single fundamental criterion for the quality of a translation against which all translated texts can be judged. There are several definitions of quality translation, and quality is affected by many factors. The translations of comparisons in both foreign languages (English and Russian) are of high quality; they received high marks if they were analysed according to the error evaluation table because the maximum number of points that could be obtained was 6 points and no comparative translation was lower than 5 points. The Russian translation is more successful (comparative translations more often scored 6 points) than the English translation, which can be justified by the fact that the Russian language is historically and geographically a neighbor of the Latvian language, but the English language and culture are remote. Phraseological comparisons are translated literally and also more accurately into Russian; there are more of the same equivalents in the target culture. When evaluating comparisons that use the concepts of biblical story motifs or images of Greek mythology, they are mostly accurately translated into the target languages, as the target cultures are well acquainted with this religion and Greek mythology. One of the most important findings – not only literal translations are of high quality; it is much more important to express them in a way that is understandable to the target culture while maintaining the author’s writing style and the text’s main idea, paying attention to details.
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Bjork, Robert E. "The reception history of Beowulf." SELIM. Journal of the Spanish Society for Medieval English Language and Literature. 25, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/selim.25.2020.1-19.
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This paper traces both the scholarly and popular reception of the Old English epic Beowulf from the publication of the first edition of the poem in 1815 to the most recent English novel based on it from 2019. Once the work was first made available to the scholarly community, numerous editions in various languages began to appear, the most recent being in English from 2008; once editions were published, Old English scholars around the world could translate the text into their native languages beginning with Danish in 1820. Translations, in their turn, made the poem available to a general audience, which responded to the poem through an array of media: music, art, poetry, prose fiction, plays, film, television, video games, comic books, and graphic novels. The enduring, widespread appeal of the poem remains great and universal.
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Elster, Jon. "Tocqueville in English." European Journal of Sociology 40, no. 1 (May 1999): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000397560000730x.
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Tocqueville's two major works, Democracy in America and The Old regime and the revolution, have fared very differently in English translation. The Lawrence translation of Democracy in America is essentially accurate, except for a handful of mistakes. The classical translation by Gilbert of The Old Regime was excessively free and rhetorical, but did not betray lack of understanding of French language or history. A new translation published by University of Chicago Press suffers from the opposite flaws. While trying to follow the original very closely, the translator got many things wrong because of a demonstrable lack of proficiency in French.
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Bortoncello, Cristiane Flôres, Analise Vivan, Juliana Braga Gomes, and Aristides Volpato Cordioli. "Translation and adaptation into Brazilian Portuguese of the Obsessional Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44)." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 34, no. 1 (2012): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2237-60892012000100007.
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INTRODUCTION: The Obsessional Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44) is a self-administered instrument comprised of 44 items, designed to assess the beliefs of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The objective of this study was to describe the process of translation and adaption of the questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese. METHOD: For the translation and adaptation of the OBQ-44, we first obtained authorization from the authors of the original scale to use the instrument. Subsequently, the scale was independently translated from English into Brazilian Portuguese by two health professionals with proficiency in English. Following comparison of the two translations, a preliminary version was obtained and tried out on a sample of 20 patients with a primary diagnosis of OCD. This pretest aimed to assess the patients' understanding of the items and to make any necessary language adaptations. Then, the scale was independently back-translated by two psychiatrists, also with proficiency in English. Following comparison of the two back-translations, a final version in English was developed; this version was evaluated and approved by the authors of the original instrument. RESULTS: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the OBQ-44, after the process of translation and adaptation here described, showed to be of easy interpretation by patients with different educational levels. The instrument can therefore be used to assess patients from different Brazilian socioeconomic contexts. CONCLUSION: OBQ-44 is a self-administered instrument of easy application. Therefore, it can be useful in the identification of dysfunctional beliefs in OCD patients, contributing toward a better understanding of the role played by such beliefs in the onset and maintenance of the disorder.
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Vogt, Bjoern, Jana Fresen, Georg Gosheger, Harpreet Chhina, Carolin Sophie Brune, Gregor Toporowski, Adrien Frommer, et al. "LIMB-Q Kids—German Translation and Cultural Adaptation." Children 9, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9091405.
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(1) Purpose: Lower limb deformities can have a severe impact on health-related quality of life (HRQL). LIMB-Q Kids is a new patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) aiming to elucidate the experience of 8–18-year-old patients before, during and after treatment, and to measure the different aspects of HRQL. The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt LIMB-Q Kids to German. (2) Methods: The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) guidelines were followed. Three forward translations, a backward translation, an expert panel meeting with eight participants, and twenty cognitive debriefing interviews led to the final German version of LIMB-Q Kids. (3) Results: In the forward translations, 4/159 items were difficult to translate, and 2/159 items in the backward translation differed from the original English version. Cognitive debriefing interviews with 20 patients identified 7/159 items that were difficult to comprehend/answer, and 2 of these items were changed. (4) Conclusions: Lower limb deformities can have a great impact on children, and it is important to measure and consider the impact on HRQL. In order to be able to use PROMs in different countries, conceptually equivalent translations and cultural adaptations should be performed in order to ensure comprehensibility. The final German version of LIMB-Q Kids is ready for use in an international field test.
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Lutz, Angelika. "Æthelweard's Chronicon and Old English poetry." Anglo-Saxon England 29 (January 2000): 177–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100002453.
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The author of the Chronicon Æthelweardi is commonly identified with the ealdor-man of the western shires who signed charters from 973–98 and played an important political role particularly in King Æthelred's England. Ealdorman Æthelweard is also known as the patron of Abbot Ælfric, as the addressee of Ælfric's famous preface to his translation of Genesis and of his Old English preface to his Lives of Saints; that is, we know him as a person who took great interest in religious texts written in or translated into the vernacular. The Chronicon was written in Latin, although it was mainly based on the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The reason for his choice of language may be determined from the prologue to his Chronicon, from which it becomes clear that he wrote it for his kinswoman Mathilda (949–1011), abbess of Essen, whose grandmother Eadgyth, daughter of King Edward the Elder, had been married to Emperor Otto I. We may assume that Mathilda's native tongue was Old Saxon, a variety of Low German that was closely related to West Saxon English.
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Abaker, Ibrahim. "Translating Collocations from English into Arabic and vice versa: An Empirical Study." International Journal of Linguistics and Translation Studies 2, no. 3 (July 31, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlts.v2i3.130.
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Collocations are defined as ''the frequent co-occurrence of lexical items that naturally share the characteristics of semantic and grammatical dependencies"(Ibrahim, 2003: iii). In translation, collocations are considered a factor that makes translation more effective and powerful. However, translating collocations is an everlasting struggle for most students of translation. The present study aims at investigating the challenges that Sudanese EFL university students encounter when rendering English collocations into their Arabic equivalences and vice versa as well as the reasons behind these challenges. To this end, 26 Sudanese EFL students, between 20-30 years old, studying at Nahda College in Sudan, were selected. A diagnostic test composed of two questions is used as a tool for data collection. Frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation are used to analyse the collected data. The results of this study manifests that Sudanese EFL university students encounter difficulties in translating collocations from English into Arabic and vice versa; the causes of these difficulties are due to students’ unawareness of the linguistic and cultural differences between the two languages as well as their heavy reliance on literal translation strategy.
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Classen, Albrecht. "The Quest of the Holy Grail: From the Old French Lancelot-Grail Cycle, trans. and ed. by Judith Shoaf. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Editions, 2018, 363 pp., 12 b/w ill." Mediaevistik 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2019.01.100.
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Broadview Editions produces really attractive modern English translations of medieval texts, such as this one, which offers an excellent modern translation of the Quest of the Holy Grail contained in the Lancelot-Grail Cycle. Judith Shoaf is not the first, and will probably not be the last to try her hand at this complex and intriguing narrative, but she clearly stands above previous efforts by Pauline Matarasso (1969) and E. J. Burns (2010), making here available one of the greatest medieval texts for the modern classroom without some archaisms or stilted expressions in Matarasso’s version. However, it does not become clear what the real differences might be, and not having the older translation directly available, the argument that this is a better translation remains a bit obscure. On the other hand, Shoaf has taken great care to draw from the best critical editions (Albert Pauphilet, ed., 1965, H. Oskar Sommer, ed. 1913) and offers a smooth text, maybe so smooth that it removes us already a bit too much from the original. Comparing her rendering with those offered by others, Shoaf reached the conclusion that some of her decisions, which are based on an examination of some of the original manuscripts and her “personal taste” (69) should be trusted by the reader. This is somewhat speculative and maybe even biased. Here we are given only the English translation and no original text to compare with. In the footnotes, however, we find much valuable information about how she chose what version for what reason, and additional comments about sources and references.
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Liljegren, Lars. "A "Shocking" or a "Moving" Scene?" Educare - vetenskapliga skrifter, no. 3 (October 4, 2020): 77–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/educare.2020.3.3.
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I argue that there needs to be a greater critical awareness in parts of the academic world as regards the use of literary translations published at a time of state censorship. Using the first English translations of August Strindberg’s Giftas (1884; 1886) and I havsbandet(1890) as a case in point, this paper demonstrates the extent to which translations of books whose content clashed with the British Obscene Publications Act 1857 deviated from their source texts, often on the very points that made the books and their authors famous. Although there are more recent and uncensored translations available today, the old and censored translations of “provocative” authors such as Strindberg, Zola and Flaubert often outnumber more recent ones on the market, sometimes under the guise of being “Scholar’s Choice” editions. I will demonstrate that several literary scholars quote and refer to censored translations, even to the censored passages themselves, and that some use them in academic courses focussing on the very aspects that were censored. I therefore suggest that it should be made mandatory for all courses dealing with translated literature to include critical discussions on the use of translations.
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Catanzaro, Andrea. "Homer like Thucydides? Hobbes and the Translation of the Homeric Poems as an Educational Tool." TTR 34, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 47–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1081495ar.
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Thomas Hobbes had a deep and, to some extent, controversial relationship with both the classics and the classical world. At the beginning of his career as a political thinker, for example, he translated from Greek into English the History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. Despite this initial involvement, the philosopher subsequently stopped translating, although, several decades later, in the final period of his life, he decided to return to this activity, translating the Iliad and the Odyssey, apparently for his own amusement, nothing more. However, recent literature has suggested that these works, as in the case of his translation of Thucydides’s work, hid another motive: he wanted to continue spreading his political thought in a period when he no longer able to do it in the usual way because of old age, illness, and, above all, censorship. By offering a comparison of the original Greek texts and Hobbes’s translations, this essay aims to show how he handled the political elements of the Iliad and the Odyssey that did not fit his political theory and ran the risk of undermining his attempt to teach moral and political virtue. It focuses in particular on the political question of overlapping sovereignties, with a view to explaining some systematic uses of translation choices that clearly deviate from the Greek.
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Khukhuni, Georgy T., Irina I. Valuitseva, and Anna A. Osipova. "Cultural Words in Sacral Text and their Translation: Linguistic and Extra-Linguistic Factors." Russian Journal of Linguistics 23, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 487–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9182-2019-23-2-487-508.
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The purpose of this article is to study the issue of key features of the so-called cultural words (realia) in sacred texts (the Bible is taken as an example) as well as a distinctive nature of their cross-language transfer. This problem is essential not only for the Bible translation as such but it also enables to clarify some aspects related to the representation of the vocabulary with cultural identity in the target language that is explained by the very nature of the Old and New Testaments containing a wide variety of the realia that refer directly to a religious cult and to the everyday life of Palestinian people and their neighborhood in the Bible times. The material for the present research includes versions of the Holy Writ created in different periods in a number of languages (Latin, Church Slavonic, Russian and English). While analyzing, the classical translations labelled often as “national” ones have been used (the King James Bible, Synodal Translation), as well and the versions created in the 20th and 21st centuries. The main approach applied herein is the identifying of the corresponding units in the said Bible texts, the ascertainment of the possibility of their ambivalent interpretation, the correlation within the considered versions of translation, the determination of translation strategies used for representing the realia and their comparative analysis. When considering the options presented, special attention has been paid to extra-linguistic factors, since they often play a decisive role in solving the said task. The key results of the made survey can be formulated as follows: 1) since translations could have been made from different versions of the source text, there are cases when certain realia are available in some translations but are missing in others; 2) the use of transcription / transliteration of the realia in Russian versions of the Old Testament in some cases is determined by their representation in the Greek and Church Slavonic texts of the Bible and therefore in both the Synodal and the new translations they can be presented in a form different from that available in European languages; 3) the representation of the Greek word diopetês ( fallen from heaven ) as the proper name Diopet in the Synodal Translation is usually qualified as an elementary mistake, but it could have been also provoked by an intention to follow Greek and Church Slavonic traditions; 4) the existence of the so-called ‘undefined realia’ in the source text, an exact meaning of which is not known, causes their various interpretations in the target language; 5) during the analysis of the units of the target language used in the translation of the Holy Writ, the diachronic aspect must be taken into account considering, on the one hand, the possibility of losing or changing the meaning in the course of linguistic evolution, and on the other hand, avoiding vesting the reality with the meaning that it could not have; 6) a number of translations made in recent decades are characterized by a pronounced pragmatic orientation, in some cases causing a significant neutralization of the national-cultural specificity or its adaptation to the corresponding cultural environment, the degree of admissibility of which in some cases is controversial. The above items enable to clarify a number of aspects related to the methods of translating the realia and the importance of such aspects for attaining the translation adequacy.
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Majhad, Khalid, Chakib Bnini, and Mohammed Kandoussi. "Pursuit of naturalness in translation: The case of the English translations of two francophone Maghrebian novels." International Journal of Linguistics and Translation Studies 1, no. 2 (July 23, 2020): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlts.v1i2.43.
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The fact that certain systemic differences exist between languages means that each language possesses a set of natural ways of expression specific to it, and ones that may sound odd in other languages. In other words, what is called ‘the genius’ of a language implies the existence of different ways of seeing and describing the world. Findings from comparative linguistics assert that languages ‘behave’ differently in manners revealing distinct mental pictures of the world events they describe. Naturalness is a central principle relating to proper language use and currency of usage from the perspectives of native users. This paper reviews the systemic differences between French and English and looks into the ways translators ensure naturalness by means of a strategy of equivalence in difference. A sign of success is the degree to which the translator manages to ‘free himself from the interference of the foreign language’. The corpus investigated consists of random samples of parallel excerpts from two francophone Maghrebian novels and their translations into English.
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O'Connor, Patricia. "Marginalised Texts: The Old English Marginalia and the Old English Bede in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 41." Boolean: Snapshots of Doctoral Research at University College Cork, no. 2015 (January 1, 2015): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/boolean.2015.31.
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Bede was a prolific writer in Anglo-Saxon England who, over the course of his prodigious literary career, produced a diverse range of Latin texts encompassing educational and scientific treatises as well as Biblical commentaries. Out of all his Latin works, Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People) is regarded as his greatest achievement, as it provides significant insights into a largely undocumented period in English history. The Historia Ecclesiastica was translated into the vernacular sometime in the late ninth or early tenth century and this translation is commonly referred to as the Old English Bede. The Old English Bede survives in five extant manuscripts, dating from the mid tenth and late eleventh century: Oxford, Bodleian Library, Tanner 10; London, British Library, Cotton Otho B. xi; Oxford, Corpus Christi College, 279; Cambridge, University Library Kk. 3.18 and Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 41, the last of which ...
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Afros, Elena. "The Old English Translation of the Homiliary of Angers." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 82, no. 2 (April 12, 2022): 151–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340255.
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Abstract Over the past decade, steady progress has been made in identifying the Latin witnesses to the Homiliary of Angers; however, no new copies of its Old English rendition have surfaced. The singular source of information about the vernacular adaptation and dissemination of this important preaching resource in Anglo-Saxon England remains the Taunton Fragment (Taunton, Somerset County Record Office, DD/SAS C/1193/77), two bifolia of unknown origin and uncertain date. The previous discussions, which centered around orthography, morphology, and morphosyntax, determined that the Taunton Fragment is a copy produced towards the end of the Old English period, probably deriving from an Anglian archetype. To complement these findings, the present study focuses on lexis. A close examination of the two layers of the Taunton Fragment’s vocabulary—the lexemes which primarily occur in texts of Anglian origin or exhibiting the influence of Anglian works and the lexemes which typically replace obsolescent lexis in late copies of Old English material—supports the hypothesis that the Old English translation preserved in the Taunton Fragment is a copy descending from an Anglian archetype produced in a scriptorium dominated by the late West-Saxon writing tradition in the second half of the eleventh century.
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Griffith, Mark. "Ælfric's Preface to Genesis: genre, rhetoric and the origins of the ars dictaminis." Anglo-Saxon England 29 (January 2000): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100002465.
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The preface by Ælfric occurs in complete form in two manuscripts and in part in a third. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Laud Miscellany 509 (s. xi2) contains the preface (fols. 1–3, headed with the words Incipit prefatio genesis anglice), together with the Old English Hexateuch (fols. 3–107) and Ælfric's selections from Judges (fols. 108–15). Cambridge, University Library, Ii. 1. 33 (s. xii2) has the preface, without tide, followed by Ælfric's partial translation of Genesis (fols. 2–24). London, British Library, Cotton Claudius B. iv (St Augustine's, Canterbury, s. xi1), having lost its first leaf, now preserves only the second half of the preface followed by an illustrated text of the Old English Hexateuch, but a sixteenth-century transcript by Robert Talbot, Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 379, preserves some of its missing text, along with the same tide as Laud 509. Both Laud 509 and Claudius B. iv give slightly different compilations of the translations by Ælfric with the more extensive work of the anonymous scriptural translator (or translators). The differing rubrics and contents of the manuscripts affect the way we read the preface that they share: the Cambridge manuscript presents it as a preface to half of Genesis only, Laud 509 and the transcript label it a preface at least to the whole of Genesis. If, however, the incipit is scribal, it could be taken as a prologue to the Hexateuch. Was the preface, then, intended by Ælfric to introduce just the first half of Genesis, or a larger work? Sisam is of the first view: ‘no preface to the Pentateuch (or Hexateuch) survives, and evidendy the compiler of the extant Old English version did not know of one, since he used Ælfric's inappropriate English preface to the first part of Genesis.’
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Kretzschmar, William A. "Adaptation and anweald in the Old English Orosius." Anglo-Saxon England 16 (December 1987): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100003872.
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After Janet Bately's several articles and her recent edition of the Old English Orosius there is little need to analyse further what the Anglo-Saxon translator did to his source. The translator made substantial cuts in the Latin text: he deleted much of Orosius's commentary on the events he narrated, made a number of minor, probably accidental, omissions, rather surprisingly left out some details which should have interested the Anglo-Saxon audience, and carried out a wholesale chopping of events and entire sections, reducing his translation to perhaps one-fifth the length of its source. He also made some additions, primarily explanations of institutions and details which would have been obscure to his audience, but also circumstances and rationalizations taken from secondary sources or from his own whimsy. Finally, he made some changes in the organization of his source and altered Orosius's polemical tone to that of a more objective but still Christian world history. Given the large number of changes, it is important now to ask why the translator might have made such a thorough redaction, and to consider how his translation could have been an appropriate vehicle for the transmission of this standard authority to an Anglo-Saxon readership. We are not unfamiliar today with historical revisionism and the motives for it, and the practice reveals the culture of its modern practitioners; the present study seeks similar information about the culture of Alfred's age.
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Koster, Loes. "Woorden Leren in Een Vreemde Taal." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 35 (January 1, 1989): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.35.07kos.
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In an experiment two hypotheses were tested: 1. learning new words by extracting their meaning from context and by rehearsing them in context, facilitates the use of these words in situations involving the foreign language (e.g. a cloze test) 2. learning new words by linking them to mother tongue equivalents and rehearsing them in isolation, facilitates the use of these words involving the mother tongue ( e.g. an isolated word test). Two methods of learning English words by 13 year old Dutch pupils were contrasted. All subjects were presented several English texts containing unfa-miliar word. In one condition they received with every unfamiliar word three English sentences containing the target word. The meaning of the word was to be extracted from the text and the sentences. In the other condition they received with every unfamiliar word the entry from a bilingual dictionary. The translation which best fitted the text was to be chosen. Subjects performed the task individually and at their own speed. Afterwards the teacher provided the translation of each target word. Next the words were rehearsed. In one condition the subjects rehearsed the target words in English sentences. In the other condition they linked the target words to mother tongue equivalents. Two tests were administered. One was a cloze test. Subjects had to fill in the target words in several unfamiliar English texts. The other was an isolated word test. Subjects had to provide the target words, cued by translations. Both hypotheses were confirmed. Type of learning activity and kind of test interacted. Looking for the best method to teach words therefore seems futile. Learning words in a foreign language is a task in which several factors must be taken into account: learner, learning activities, material and test.
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Albright, Michael Andrew. "Modern, yet “full of forms, figures, shapes, objects”." Early Modern Culture Online 7 (January 26, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/emco.v7i1.2833.
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With over four hundred years separating today’s millennials from Shakespeare’s plays, it is little wonder that students and teachers have pegged Elizabethan English as difficult—if not impossible—to understand. Generally, the motivation for students who seek such resources or for teachers who furnish them comes from a shared assumption that Shakespeare’s language is indecipherable to today’s audiences—or, just too difficult to grasp. There are even some students (and, teachers) who operate under the false premise that Shakespeare’s plays are composed in Old English, a language that thrived centuries prior to Shakespeare’s earliest works. To make visible the troubling implications of so-called “modern” or “contemporary” translations of Shakespeare’s works, I will look to Shakespeare’s most academic play, Love’s Labour’s Lost, to propose how today’s students are complicit in dismissing Shakespeare for his words as much as audiences of Shakespeare’s time laughed away Holofernes. In addition to surveying a critical history of supplementary resources designed to ease the burden of Shakespeare’s language, an analysis of Holofernes’ stage presence will offer a natural opportunity to explore what happens if we willingly replace Shakespeare’s English for English that is perceived as easier—or, according to some outlets, even truer. This article sets out to complicate the facility and pervasiveness of such contemporary translations by calling attention to the language lessons Holofernes teaches through his folly, revealing that such work is, “not generous, not gentle, not humble” (Love’s Labour’s V.ii.617).
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Fulk, R. D. "Passive Constructions in Old English Translations from Latin, with Special Reference to the OE Bede and the "Pastoral Care.". Matti Kilpiö." Speculum 67, no. 1 (January 1992): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2863786.
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