Academic literature on the topic 'Translations from Himachali'

The new fragments of the Two Volume Lexicon (sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa), also known as Madhyavyutpatti, or the “Middle Vyutpatti” (bye brag tu rtogs byed ’bring po) which were discovered at Tabo monastery in Spiti, Himachal Pradesh, in northern India, suggest that the Lexicon was very likely composed in 783 CE during the reign of King Trisong Detsen (khri srong lde btsan, r. 755–797 CE). This article attempts to provide illustrations of each dharma-translation method (dharma bsgyur ba’i thabs) witnessed both in the first part of the Lexicon (imperial decree, 783) in the Tabo version and in the version (imperial decree, 814) stored in the Tibet Museum (bod ljongs rten rdzas bshams mdzod khang). It will illustrate how the historical Tibetan process of translating texts from the Indian language into Tibetan can help inform the current project of translating Buddhist texts from Tibetan into English, Chinese and other languages. རྒྱ་གར་བྱང་ཕྱོགས་ཧི་མ་ཅལ་མངའ་སྡེའི་སྤྱི་ཏི་ཁུལ་གྱི་ཏ་པོ་དགོན་པར་གསར་རྙེད་བྱུང་བའི་སྒྲ་སྦྱོར་བམ་གཉིས་(སྒྲ་སྦྱོར་བམ་པོ་གཉིས་པའམ་མ་དྷྱ་བྱུཏྤ་ཏ་ཞེས་ཀྱང་བྱ། བྱེ་བྲག་རྟོགས་བྱེད་འབྲིང་པོ།)དུམ་པ་གསར་མ་ཁག་གིས་ཚིག་མཛོད་དེ་རྒྱལ་པོ་ཁྲི་སྲོང་ལྡེའུ་བཙན་(༧༥༥-༧༩༧)གྱི་སྲིད་ལོ་སྤྱི་ལོ་༧༨༣ལོར་རྩོམ་སྒྲིག་བྱས་པར་བསྟན་ལ། རྩོམ་ཡིག་འདིར་ཏ་པོ་དགོན་པའི་པར་མ་(རྒྱལ་པོས་བཀས་བཅད་ལོ་༧༨༣)དང་བོད་ཀྱི་འགྲེམས་སྟོན་ཁང་(བོད་ལྗོངས་རྟེན་རྫས་བཤམས་མཛོད་ཁང་།)དུ་གསོག་ཉར་བྱས་པའི་པར་མ་(རྒྱལ་པོས་བཀས་བཅད་ལོ་༨༡༤)གཉིས་ཀའི་སྟོད་ཆ་ལས་དངོས་སུ་མཐོང་བའི་ཆོས་སྒྱུར་ཐབས་ཁག་གསལ་འདོན་བྱེད་ཐབས་བྱེད་པ་དང་། དེ་ལ་བརྟེན་ནས་རྒྱ་གར་གྱི་སྐད་ལས་བོད་དུ་བསྒྱུར་བའི་བོད་ཀྱི་ལོ་རྒྱུས་ཐོག་གི་བཀའ་བསྟན་བོད་བསྒྱུར་གྱི་རིམ་པ་ཡིས། ད་ལྟ་ནང་པའི་ཆོས་བོད་སྐད་ལས་ཨིན་ཡིག་དང་རྒྱ་ཡིག་སོགས་སྐད་ཡིག་གཞན་དང་གཞན་ལ་སྒྱུར་བའི་ལས་གཞི་ཁག་ལ་རོགས་འདེགས་ཇི་ལྟར་བྱ་ཐབས་སྐོར་གསལ་འདོན་བྱས་ཡོད།།

Himalayas are important for its influence on the climate of much of Asia, and ecosystem services, which serve some 1.3 billion people living in 10 river basins that originate from the region. The region is warming rapidly and is highly vulnerable to climate change. This review (i) sheds light on some fairly well established facts about climate change in Himalayas, (ii) makes an attempt to give an integrated picture of its impact on various components, and (iii) discusses complexities in generalizing the findings. Himalayas are warming at 2-3 time higher rates than global average rate, at least in some areas. The rate of warming is increasing in time and with elevation. As for rainfall, uncertainty is high, but generally predictions are for more violent events. According to an analysis based on 75 glaciers, 63 glaciers are showing shrinkage and 12 growth, however, their (growing ones) measurements are of low confidence level. The contribution of glacier and snow melt to total river discharge varies from 5-60% from west to east. Violent extreme events and glacier melt lakes are predicted to generate more disasters. The intensification of pre-monsoon drought is likely to be a critical climate change factor, affecting several ecological processes and social behaviour. Its examples are drying of water springs, suppression of treeline and desiccation of seeds of the species in which seeds remain lying on ground for a relatively longer period before conditions for germination become favourable, and spread of forest fires. The intensified water shortage is a threat even to tourism supporting capacity of the region. Apple cultivation in the state of Himachal Pradesh is getting adversely affected by the lack of sufficient winter-chilling. Some interventions are possible to undertake to address climate change impact. They include addressing data gaps, particularly with regard to changes in glacier ice mass, volumes and timing of river flows, frequency and duration of extreme events, transboundary cooperation, and development of translational ecology research in which scientists work in a close partnership with stakeholders and administrators. The Himalayan region is disproportionately affected by climate change induced disasters and miseries, though the region's per capita fossil fuel consumption is ridiculously low, raising a issue of climate change justice.

Abstract A seven-line Ṭākarī inscription on the doorjamb of the Hiḍimbā Devī temple at Manali has as yet remained undeciphered. However, the last line of the inscription was misread by J.Ph. Vogel in 1903–04, and Hirananda (1907–08) simply followed the date earlier suggested by Vogel. Neither has this historic document been translated in extenso by Vogel or Hirananda, or any other scholar. This article offers a complete translation of the inscription, its historical significance, and re-establishes the date of the temple from ad 1553 to ad 1551. This was during the reign of Bahādur Singh, the ruler of Kulu, who completed the present structure of the temple, and performed a yajña at the temple of the goddess Hiḍimbā during its consecration.

In this study, a new species Fusarium indicum belonging to the Fusarium concolor species complex is established to accommodate an endophytic fungus isolated from Bambusa sp. and collected from Himachal Pradesh. The identity of this isolate was confirmed based on the asexual morphs, its cultural characteristics, and phylogenetic analyses. This isolate revealed out to be distinct by showing less similarity with described species in the genus Fusarium based on molecular sequence data, approximately 93.9% similarity based on translation elongation factor 1-alpha, and 94.2% similarity based on RNA polymerase II subunit. Furthermore, to increase knowledge about this novel species, whole-genome sequencing was carried out. The results displayed that Fusarium indicum NFCCI 5145 possesses a 40.2 Mb genome and 48.39% of GC content. Approximately 12,963 functional protein-coding genes were carefully predicted and annotated using different BLAST databases, such as Uniprot, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Ontology (GO), Pathogen Host Interactions (PHI), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Carbohydrate-Active enzymes (CAZy). The orthologous proteins were identified using OrthoFinder and used for the phylogenetic analysis. ANIb confirmed that the isolate is closely related to the F. concolor species complex. It is known that Fusarium strains can produce a wide range of bioactive secondary metabolites. Therefore, in-depth mining for biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolite biosynthesis of Fusarium indicum NFCCI 5145 was investigated using Antibiotics and Secondary Metabolites Analysis Shell (AntiSMASH) annotation. AntiSMASH results displayed that this isolate possesses 45 secondary metabolites of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). These findings significantly improved our understanding of the strain Fusarium indicum NFCCI 5145 and its possible applications in different sectors including industry for the secondary metabolites and enzymes it can produce.

Sowa-Rigpa” commonly known as Tibetan system of medicine is one of the oldest, Living and well documented medical tradition of the world. It has been originated from Tibet and popularly practice in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Mongolia and Russia. The majority of theory and practice of Sowa-Rigpa is similar to “Ayurveda”. The first Ayurvedic influence came to Tibet during 3rd century AD but it became popular only after 7th centuries with the approach of Buddhism to Tibet. There after this trend of exportation of Indian medical literature, along with Buddhism and other Indian art and sciences were continued till early 19th century. India being the birth place of Buddha and Buddhism has always been favorite place for learning Buddhist art and culture for Tibetan students; lots of Indian scholars were also invited to Tibet for prorogation of Buddhism and other Indian art and sciences. This long association with India had resulted in translation and preservation of thousands of Indian literature on various subjects like religion, sciences, arts, culture and language etc. in Tibetan language. Out of these around twenty-five text related to medicine are also preserved in both canonical and non-canonical forms of Tibetan literatures. Many of these knowledge were further enriched in Tibet with the knowledge and skills of neighboring countries and their own ethnic knowledge. “Sowa-Rigpa” (Science of healing) is one of the classic examples of it. rGyud-bZhi (four tantra) the fundamental text book of this medicine was composed by Yuthog Yonten Gonpo who is believed to be the father of Sowa Rigpa. rGyud-bZhi which is based on indigenous medicine of Tibet enriched with Ayurveda, Chinese and Greek Medicine. The impact of Sowa-Rigpa along with Buddhism and other Tibetan art and sciences were spread in neighboring Himalayan regions. In India, this system is widely practice in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Darjeeling (West Bengal), Dharamsala, Lahaul and Spiti(Himachal Pradesh) and Ladakh region of Jammu & Kashmir.