Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Translational agent'

Notre but a été de caractériser les phases micellaires que forment certains tensioactifs, des carboxylates de sodium, en solution aqueuse. Pour ce faire nous avons employé au mieux les ressources de la résonance magnétique nucléaire en phase liquide. Nous avons ainsi mis en œuvre des méthodes de spectroscopie conduisant à la détermination de paramètres de relaxation et de coefficients de diffusion translationnelle et conçu deux logiciels de traitement pour ordinateurs macintosh. En nous basant sur des mesures de relaxation longitudinale du proton, nous avons déterminé que la série homologue de tensioactifs étudiée forme effectivement des micelles que nous avons caractérisées ensuite à l'aide de la relaxation du carbone-13. Nous avons interprété ces dernières quantités en fonction de la fréquence en termes de paramètres dynamiques: temps de corrélation et paramètres d'ordre. Nous avons montré que les micelles d'oléate de sodium évoluent quand la concentration augmente, en associant des mesures de relaxation du proton et de diffusion translationnelle. À l'aide d'expériences de mesure d'effet overhauser hétéronucléaire, nous avons visualisé l'approche de l'eau des têtes polaires et évalué la distance moyenne eau-surface des micelles à 3-4 angströms

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation two relatively under-researched areas within the scope of translation studies are investigated: the production process of translations and the sociological and cognitive aspects involved in this production process (as opposed to only studying the translation product). Process and sociological studies are currently on the forefront of research in translation studies and this dissertation attempts to contribute to these fields. The current study investigates the role of the various agents (among others the publisher, reviser and editor) involved in the production process of translations to illustrate how this process involves more agents than only the translator. Translation is proven to be a process involving a network of agents who work together to produce the final product, i.e. the target text. In this dissertation this interaction between agents is examined by making use of Latour's Actor-Network-Theory (ANT), a sociological theory that focuses on the network and links between agents within a production process. The production processes of literary translations that are analysed in this dissertation are Niggie – To hell with Cronjé (Ingrid Winterbach), Vaselinetjie – My name is Vaselinetjie (Anoeschka von Meck) and a selection of the "Stoffel tales" – In bushveld and dessert: A game ranger's life (Christiaan Bakkes). These texts were all translated by the literary translator Elsa Silke and published by NB Publishers in 2007, 2009 and 2008, respectively. The versions of the texts analysed are the source text, the concept translation, any other preliminary versions (manuscripts) and the completed published target text. These texts are analysed along with all available correspondence between agents to reconstruct the production processes in order to determine how translations are produced by means of interaction between different agents. This study is therefore greatly exploratory by nature and aimed at revealing the "invisible" of the production process of literary translations in order to contribute to and promote research within this under-researched field of translation studies. The main focus of this study is to analyse how each agent's inputs have a sociological impact on other agents and the production processes, as well as how their interaction and decisions impact the target text. The results are predominantly presented descriptively (within the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies [DTS]) and concepts of Nord's Functionalism, Even-Zohar's Polysystem Theory, Bourdieu's theory on the field of cultural production, Sharpe and Gunther's editing principles and Mossop's theory on editing and revision of translated texts are used to analyse and discuss the production processes of the three literary translations mentioned above. In conclusion a model is presented, based on these analyses, depicting a possible optimal production process for literary translations. A possible chronology of steps in the production process and means of interaction between agents are depicted by this model. With this proposed model this dissertation contributes to theory development within the field of translation studies and editing and revision theory. This model can be applied to production processes of literary translations to test if it is viable to apply in practice to ensure a more effective production process as well as a successful product (target text). If this model proves to be effective, it can eventually serve as a guideline for literary translation practice.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie proefskrif word twee studieterreine ondersoek wat in die verlede min binne die vertaalwetenskap nagevors is: die bestudering van die produksieproses van vertalings en die bestudering van die sosiologiese en kognitiewe aspekte betrokke by hierdie produksieproses (teenoor slegs die vertaalproduk). Die ondersoek van hierdie terreine is op die oomblik op die voorgrond in die vertaalwetenskap en hierdie proefskrif dra daartoe by om hierdie studieveld te verbreed. In hierdie proefskrif word daar gekyk na die rol van die verskillende agente, onder andere die uitgewers, redigeerders en reviseurs in die produksieproses van drie literêre vertalings om te illustreer dat die produksieproses van literêre vertalings nie slegs die insette van een agent, naamlik die vertaler, behels nie, maar dat dit 'n proses is wat uit 'n netwerk van agente bestaan wat saamwerk om die eindproduk (naamlik die doelteks) te produseer. Hierdie netwerk van verhoudings tussen agente in die produksieproses word ondersoek na aanleiding van Latour se sosiologiese Actor-Network-Theory (ANT) wat op die netwerk en skakels tussen agente binne 'n produksieproses fokus. Die produksieprosesse van literêre vertalings wat in hierdie proefskrif ontleed word, is Niggie – To hell with Cronjé (Ingrid Winterbach), Vaselinetjie – My name is Vaselinetjie (Anoeschka von Meck) en 'n keur uit die Stoffel-verhale – In bushveld and desert: A game ranger's life (Afgekort as In bushveld and desert) (Christiaan Bakkes) – almal tekste wat onderskeidelik in 2007, 2009 en 2008 by NB-Uitgewers verskyn het en deur die literêre vertaler Elsa Silke vertaal is. Die bronteks, die konsepvertaling, enige ander voorlopige weergawes (manuskripte) en die uiteindelike gepubliseerde doelteks word telkens saam met die beskikbare korrespondensie tussen die onderskeie agente bestudeer om die produksieprosesse te rekonstrueer en te bepaal hoe die vertaalprodukte deur middel van wisselwerking tussen onderskeie agente tot stand gekom het. Hierdie studie is dus grootliks verkennend van aard en het dit ten doel gestel om die "onsigbare" van die produksieproses van literêre vertalings bloot te lê ten einde verdere navorsing in hierdie onderontwikkelde been van die vertaalwetenskap te bevorder. Daar word hoofsaaklik gekyk na die wyse waarop elke agent se insette 'n sosiologiese impak op die ander agente sowel as die produksieprosesse en/of 'n tekstuele impak op die doelteks gehad het. Die resultate word hoofsaaklik deskriptief (vergelyk deskriptiewe vertaalstudies, DTS) aangebied en bespreek en daar word van konsepte uit Nord se funksionalisme, Even-Zohar se polisisteemteorie, Bourdieu se veldteorie, Sharpe en Gunther se redigeerbeginsels en Mossop se teorie oor redigering en revisie van vertalings gebruik gemaak om die analises uiteen te sit en te bespreek. Na aanleiding van dié analises word 'n model in die laaste hoofstuk aangebied wat 'n moontlike optimale produksieproses vir literêre vertalings voorstel. Die aanbevole chronologie van stappe in die produksieproses en die wisselwerking tussen agente word deur hierdie model voorgestel. Met die daarstelling van dié model dra die proefskrif dus tot teorieontwikkeling in die vertaalwetenskap en op die gebied van redigeer- en revisieteorie by. Hierdie model kan op die produksieprosesse van literêre vertalings toegepas word om te toets of dit wel in die praktyk werk om 'n effektiewe produksieproses te bewerkstellig en 'n geslaagde vertaalproduk te produseer. Indien wel, kan dit uiteindelik as 'n riglyn vir die literêre vertaalpraktyk dien.

Le traducteur littéraire en Iran est le maillon principal d’une chaîne qui contribue à la création et au développement de nouvelles formes et de nouveaux thèmes dans la littérature nationale. Dans l’immense majorité des cas, c’est lui qui amorce le processus de production d’une traduction par la sélection de l’œuvre à traduire. Mais ce choix n’est pas anodin : il est tributaire de toute la trajectoire de la vie sociale du sujet traduisant, son habitus selon Bourdieu et son horizon selon Berman ; il est soumis à la position occupée par le traducteur en fonction du niveau de son capital symbolique, social et économique accumulé par ses prises de position, en l’occurrence ses traductions précédentes. Une fois l’œuvre sélectionnée, le choix de la stratégie traductive suit le même schéma, l’habitus et la position du traducteur peuvent l’orienter vers telle ou telle stratégie ou démarche. À cela s’ajoute la visée de la traduction selon le traducteur : veut-il gagner de l’argent ou la reconnaissance de ses pairs ? Cherche-t-il à subvertir les règles établies ou à les respecter dans sa traduction ?En analysant le cas des (re)traductions en persan de Caligula d’Albert Camus, avec une démarche pluridisciplinaire à la croisée de la sociologie et de la traductologie, la présente étude tente de définir le champ de la traduction littéraire en Iran et d’identifier le rôle des agents qui y interviennent activement tels que le traducteur, l’éditeur, les instances de contrôle comme les ministères culturels et les académies, ainsi que les libraires dont l’influence dans la réception des (re)traductions est souvent passée sous silence dans les études traductologiques portant sur le contexte iranien
The literary translator in Iran is the key link in the chain of translation that contributes to the creation and development of new forms and themes in national literature. For the most part, it is the translator who begins the process of producing a translation by selecting the source text. However, this choice is not insignificant: it is affected by the whole trajectory of the translator's social life, his habitus according to Bourdieu and his horizon according to Berman; it is subject to the position occupied by the translator, and depends on the level of his symbolic, social, and economic capital which the previous expression of his standpoints, in this case his translations, have accumulated. Once the source text has been selected, the choice of the translation strategy follows the same pattern. It is the habitus and the position of the translator, which can orient him towards a particular technique or approach. Furthermore, the aim of the translator is important: does he/she want to earn money or recognition from his/her peers? Does he/she choose to subvert the established rules or to respect them in his/her translation? By analyzing the case of (re)translations into Persian of Albert Camus' Caligula, using a multidisciplinary approach at the crossroads of sociology and translation studies, the present study attempts to provide an overview of the field of literary translation in Iran and to identify the role of the agents who play an active role in it such as the translator, the publisher, the controlling authorities and agencies such as cultural ministries and academies, as well as the booksellers whose influence on the reception of (re)translations has often been ignored in translation studies of the Iranian context

In response to DNA damage, cells initiate a complex DNA-damage response (DDR) that includes mechanisms of DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, or in the cases of irreparable damage, apoptosis. Although regulation of the DDR has been extensively studied at the level of post-translational modifications and transcription, less is known about the role played by translational regulation. The data presented in this study describes the translational response and genome-wide translational profiles of human cells exposed to the DNA-damaging agents, ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) and ionising radiation (IR). Exposure of HeLa cells to EMS caused a 60% decrease in global protein synthesis, mediated by phosphorylation of the a-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), whereas IR modulated global protein synthesis through changes in 4E-BP phosphorylation. Polysome profiling by cDNA micro array was used to identify on a genome-wide scale the differential translation of mRNAs following exposure to EMS or IR. Functional analysis of the data revealed translational regulation of distinct subsets of genes that, in the most part, were unique to EMS or IR exposure. An enrichment of genes involved in the ER stress response was identified following exposure to EMS, whereas genes involved in the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway were identified following exposure to IR. These data suggest that translation of distinct subsets of mRNAs may be necessary to initiate appropriate stress responses following exposure to different types of DNA-damaging agents, and in agreement with previous studies (powley et al., 2009) implicates translational control as an important mechanism of the DRR.

Translational efficiency is dictated in part by the availability of charged transfer RNA. Depletion of aminoacylated tRNAs (e.g. during recombinant protein expression) can increase translational errors and associated stress responses. Here, the role of tRNAs as regulators of gene expression was explored through development of synthetic, tRNA-regulated gene circuits, and through an investigation of the impact of tRNA aminoacylation on endogenous gene expression. Synthetic gene circuits initially explored the use of dominant negative alleles of the release factor eRF1 to modulate stop codon readthrough and translationally regulate gene expression. Mutant eRF1 proteins exhibited only a six-fold stimulatory effect on stop codon readthrough. The dominant negative phenotype was rescued partially by overexpression of eRF1, but not eRF3. Ultimately the severity of growth inhibition by these eRF1 alleles limited their utility in synthetic gene circuit design. A novel synthetic circuit was then implemented that utilised TetR interaction with a TetR-inducing peptide in order to control the expression of a suppressor tRNA, and thus a luciferase reporter gene. Using a parameterised mathematical model, the promoter configuration of the circuit was successfully optimised, allowing suppressor tRNAs to regulate the production of luciferase in both feedforward and positive feedback modes of operation. The effects of charged tRNA levels on the global translation network were dissected by regulating the S.cerevisiae glutamine tRNA synthetase gene GLN4 using a tet-off doxycyclineregulated promoter. tRNA synthetase depletion caused the activation of the Gcn4 amino acid starvation response due to accumulation of uncharged glutamine tRNAs. Doxycycline GLN4 shut-off caused increased amino acid production, and decreased ribosome biosynthesis at the transcriptomic and proteomic level, and further physiological changes proposed to result from compromised translation of glutamine-rich regulatory proteins. tRNA overexpression in the GLN4 depletion strain successfully caused altered competition between different isoacceptor tRNA types for their cognate synthetase resource. Together, these results support a growing understanding of tRNA as a key modulator of translation and gene expression in synthetic and natural systems.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the translation phenomenon of fantasy fiction in Taiwan, with the help of Pierre Bourdieu's sociological model. The application of a sociological approach to translation studies allows an examination of the social and cultural nature of translation by locating this activity within social structures. One of the aims of the thesis is to discover to what extent Bourdieu's sociological model can elucidate a translational phenomenon when compared with other models in translation studies. To fulfil this aim, the similarities and differences between Bourdieu's theoretical framework, Even-Zohar's polysystem model and Toury's concept of translational norms are discussed. It is postulated that the imposition of the concept of norms on Bourdieu's notion of habitus would reinforce the explanation of translation agents' practices in both the micro-structural and macro-structural investigation of the translation of fantasy fiction. The micro-structural investigation was conducted by employing a parallel corpus study of fantasy translations: J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit, C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, T. H. White's The Sword in the Stone and Philip Pullman's Northern Lights. The aim of this comparison is to examine translation agents' textual translatorial habitus when dealing with culture-specific items (CSIs). The results revealed a source-oriented tendency when translating CSIs. The evidence from the textual analysis was interpreted and discussed in terms of the interaction between the translatorial habitus and the constraints and opportunities determined by the literary field. This thesis also aims to understand the production mode of fantasy fiction translation in Taiwan by means of a macro-structural investigation. The focus in this phase of the research is on how translation agents tend to develop particular choices and directions for texts, and which socio-cultural determinants govern their decision-making process. Bourdieu's concepts of field, capital and habitus were deployed in placing the translation activity within the broader and complex social and institutional network in which translation agents operate. The strategies of the producers of fantasy fiction translations and the tensions exerted in this cultural field were examined through in-depth interviews with translation agents. The data indicated that the production of translation of fantasy fiction in the literary field in Taiwan was conditioned by the logic of the market which is inherited by the heteronomous struggles from other fields outside of the literary field, so that a tendency toward prioritising the profitability of the translated products emerged.

Published Article
This article argues that, whether she recognises it or not, the translator is an agent, i.e. someone with an active hand in the intercultural communication process. This position endows the translator with the responsibility to make decisions in intercultural communication that can have far-reaching ideological effects. For this reason, translators should be educated to be able to take up this responsibility. In this regard, the author proposes the notion of wisdom as the aim of translator education. The article also argues in favour of indigenising and even subverting translations in theAfrican context.

This research investigates the field of translation in an Egyptain context around the work of the Egyptian writer and Nobel Laureate Naguib Mahfouz by adopting Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological framework. Bourdieu’s framework is used to examine the relationship between the field of cultural production and its social agents. The thesis includes investigation in two areas: first, the role of social agents in structuring and restructuring the field of translation, taking Mahfouz’s works as a case study; their role in the production and reception of translations and their practices in the field; and second, the way the field, with its political and socio-cultural factors, has influenced translators’ behaviour and structured their practices. In this research, it is argued that there are important social agents who have contributed significantly to the structure of the field and its boundaries. These are key social agents in the field namely; the main English language publisher in Egypt, the American University in Cairo Press (AUCP); the translators: Denys Johnson-Davies, Roger Allen and Trevor Le Gassick; and the author, Naguib Mahfouz. Their roles and contributions are examined and discussed through the lens of Bourdieu’s sociology. Particular focus is given to the author Mahfouz and his award of the Nobel Prize, and how this award has influenced the field of cultural production and its social agents. Also, it is argued that socio-cultural factors in the field, in the period between 1960s and 2000s, affected the translators’ practices in terms of modes of production of Mahfouz’s works. To investigate the influence of these factors on translators’ practices in the field, empirical examination is conducted, at the textual level, on a corpus of six translated novels written by the same author, Mahfouz. It is shown that the translators have an increased tendency, over time, towards applying a foreignising approach in their translations of culture-specific items. The translators’ behaviour, which is a result of their habitus, is correlated to political and socio-cultural factors in the field of translation. That is, based on interviews conducted with the translators, it has been found that there are particular factors influenced their translational habitus and, thus, their practices during the production process of the translations.

Ce travail aborde la place de la littérature française en Chine en retraçant les parcours de traduction des romans français contemporains. Ce processus de traduction s’est vu transformé à partir de la fin 1992, lorsque la Chine a adhéré aux conventions internationales des droits d’auteur. Inspirée par l’approche sociologique de la traduction, cette thèse adopte les outils conceptuels de Pierre Bourdieu et propose une étude sur la base d’une recherche de terrain et de l’analyse quantitative des statistiques de première main. Il s’agit ainsi d’identifier les agents de la traduction d’œuvres romanesques françaises en Chine à travers un mécanisme façonné par la structure sociale, et de chercher à comprendre qui traduit et quoi dans ce processus conditionné. À travers une première partie qui retrace l’histoire de la traduction littéraire en Chine avec les outils bourdieusiens, nous constatons que peu importe qui domine la traduction – les écrivains, les traducteurs, l’État ou les académiques – la littérature traduite du français véhicule habituellement un riche capital symbolique en Chine. Nous argumentons dans une deuxième partie que l’introduction de la logique du marché depuis 1993 a refaçonné le rapport de force entre les différents agents, et a poussé l’éditeur à jouer un rôle relativement décisif – même si toujours sous contrôle de l’État. Par conséquent, la production commerciale est largement renforcée. Dans ce paysage, la situation des romans français semble en décalage. Nous dévoilons dans la troisième partie que sur le plan du processus, elle mobilise surtout des agents formés par le champ académique et qui ont pour vocation de se lancer plutôt dans la littérature de production restreinte que dans la littérature de grande production, comme l’étude du catalogue de l’éditeur le plus actif du domaine (Shanghai 99) en témoigne. Le panorama des auteurs contemporains traduits présenté dans la quatrième partie relativise la présomption que les œuvres françaises traduites sont concentrées dans le pôle de traduction restreinte :les best-sellers français sont également traduits, mais ils ne se vendent pas bien en Chine. Cependant, nous observons tout de même que les auteurs français au lectorat plus restreint ont pu trouver un éditeur chinois qui correspond à leur genre littéraire et faire traduire leurs œuvres systématiquement. En somme, nous argumentons qu’en Chine aujourd’hui, les romans français ne sont pas moins traduits, mais ils sont plutôt gérés par des agents qui se situent dans le sous-champ de production restreinte, dans un équilibre de force entre le champ académique et le champ économique.
This work addresses the place of French literature in China by tracing the translation routes of contemporary French novels. The translation process was transformed at the end of 1992, when China signed two important international conventions of copyright. Inspired by the sociological approach of Translation Studies, this thesis adopts the conceptual tools of Pierre Bourdieu and proposes a study based on field research and quantitative analysis of first-hand statistics. The goal is thus to illustrate the translation mechanism shaped by the social structure, to identify the agents and to understand who translates what in this conditioned process. In the first section which traces the history of literary translation in China with Bourdieu's tools, we note that no matter who dominates the translation - writers, translators, the State or academics - the French literature conveys usually a rich symbolic capital in China. We argue in the second part that the introduction of a market economy in 1993 has reshaped the power relation between the various agents, and pushed the editors and publishers to play a relatively decisive role - even if still under state control. Therefore, commercial production is greatly enhanced. In this landscape, the situation of French novels seems out of step. We reveal in the third part that in terms of working process, French novels mobilize special agents trained by the academic field whose vocation lies in the literature of small-scale production rather than the large-scale production, and this observation is testified by analyzing the catalog of the most active publisher in the field (Shanghai 99). The fourth part presents a panorama of contemporary French authors who’s been translated, and realizes the presumption that French translated works are concentrated in the restricted pole: French bestsellers are also translated, but they do not sell well in China. However, we still observe that French authors with a limited readership have been able to find a Chinese publisher who corresponds to their literary genre and have their works translated systematically. In short, we argue that in China today, French novels are no less translated, but they are rather managed by agents who are located in the sub-field of small-scale production, in a balance of power between academic field and economic field.
Doctorat en Langues, lettres et traductologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L’échographie est une technique d’imagerie médicale employant des ultrasons. Un examen classique se base sur deux modes principaux, le mode B pour l’imagerie anatomique et le mode Doppler pour l’imagerie des flux sanguins.Dans le contexte des maladies cérébro-vasculaires, l’échographie sert principalement à estimer les altérations du flux sanguin dans les artères cérébrales majeures au travers du Doppler transcranien. Cependant, la faible qualité des images à travers le crâne ne permet pas à l’échographie d’être aussi performante que l’imagerie par résonance magnétique.Les récents progrès en échographie ont permis l’émergence de nouveaux modes d’imagerie, en particulier une technique de super-résolution ultrasonore qui permet d’augmenter la résolution ainsi que le contraste de l’imagerie vasculaire. Elle se base sur l’imagerie rapide de microbulles couramment utilisées comme agents de contraste pour l’échographie. En utilisant cette méthode, il a été possible d’imager jusqu’aux plus petits vaisseaux et permettrait chez l’homme l’imagerie de la perfusion cérébrale de manière plus performante que le Doppler transcranien. Cela pourrait rendre possible une prise en charge plus précoce et plus efficace des patients victimes d’accidents vasculaires cérébraux. Avant d’être utilisée dans un contexte médical, la technique de super-résolution ultrasonore doit être mieux comprise, mieux réalisée, et adaptée au contexte particulier des accidents vasculaires cérébraux. En particulier, ce manuscrit discutera des meilleures méthodes de formation d’image, et se penchera sur les performances réelles de l’imagerie super résolue. Nous discuterons également des possibilités de corriger les artefacts dus aux mouvements physiologiques et des possibilités d’utiliser l’imagerie super résolue dans divers organes et en particulier les reins, les tumeurs et la moelle épinière. L’étude approfondie par imagerie super résolue de modèles d’ischémie cérébrale chez le rongeur permettra de construire des biomarqueurs vasculaires adaptés au diagnostic des pathologies cérébro-vasculaires et devrait aider la translation vers des patients humains
Ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses ultrasound. A typical examination is based on two main modes, B-mode for anatomical imaging and Doppler mode for blood flowimaging. In the context of cerebrovascular diseases, ultrasonography is used primarily to estimate alterations in blood flow in major cerebral arteries through transcranial Doppler. However, the low quality of the images through the skull does not allow ultrasound to be as efficient as magnetic resonance imaging. Recent advances in ultrasound have led to the emergence of new modes of imaging, particularly a super-resolution ultrasound technique that increases the resolution and contrast of vascular imaging. It is based on the rapid imaging of microbubbles commonly used as contrast agents for ultrasound. This method has shown that it can image even the smallest vessels and allows to perform cerebral perfusion imaging more effectively than Transcranial Doppler. This would allow earlier and more effective management of stroke patients. Before being used in a medical context, this ultrasound super-resolution technique must be better understood, better realized, and adapted to the particular context of cerebrovascular diseases. In particular, this manuscript will discuss how to best form images, and will look at the actual performance of super-resolved imaging. We will also discuss the possibilities of correcting artefacts due to physiological movements and the possibilities of using super-resolved imaging in various organs, particularly the kidneys, tumors and spinal cord. Finally, imaging of models of cerebral ischemia in rodents will enable the construction of vascular biomarkers suitable for the diagnosis of cerebrovascular pathologies and should aid translation into human patients

This thesis addresses the contribution of Francesc Payarols and Andreu Nin to the Catalan literary system between 1928 and 1937 via the introduction of unmediated translations from Russian into Catalan. This contribution has been studied by comparing it to previous translation activity from Russian into Catalan, to translations in literary systems that due to prestige and geographical proximity can be considered neighbouring systems to the Catalan system (the French, the British and the Spanish), and by reviewing some of the critical reception that these publications gathered in the Catalan press of the time. Selected terminology and theoretical concepts of Polysystem Theory (PST) have been used critically in the methodological framing. This study occupies the gap of knowledge in current scholarship around the work of Payarols, whilst also building on previous and contemporaneous research on Nin. The evolution of translation from Russian into Catalan is contextualised from its introduction in 1879 until the establishment of Edicions Proa in 1928, the platform from which Payarols and Nin published the majority of the texts studied. The role of the translators as agents of the system is particularly highlighted, given both the influence of their translations in creating examples of models of prose that autochthonous novelists could use, and the power of their textual choices outside of the primary authors (Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Chekhov). Joan Puig i Ferreter’s agency is also explored, as the figure behind Proa’s success and one of the main promoters of the reintroduction of novels into the literary repertoire in Catalan from the late 1920s. This research studies the unmediated Catalan translations of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Chekhov, and a selection of nineteenth and twentieth century authors carried out by Payarols and Nin, and reviews some of the impact that these had upon Catalan writers such as Mercè Rodoreda, Sebastià Juan Arbó and Joan Sales. Overall, these translations largely exceeded the previous available items of Russian literature in Catalan, and in cases such as Dostoevsky and Chekhov, they established a textual presence to go with their already existing literary fame. This process establishes that power dynamics were in operation between these translators, and that Nin had higher esteem from the literary milieu, which in turn affected the prestige of the texts he was commissioned to translate. I then contribute to the debate on the mythologisation of Nin’s work by suggesting a revision of his texts, supported by a comparison with the recently revised versions of some of Payarols translations.

It has been recognized that small molecules can affect a substantial proportion of the human transcriptome in ways that are currently unknown and difficult to predict. Working with the Broad Institute, using their Connectivity Map database, we have worked to identify compounds anticipated to modulate two diseases; myotonic dystrophy (DM1) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). DM1 stems from an expanded CTG repeat found in the DMPK gene. The down regulation of DMPK mRNA represents a valid therapeutic avenue. DMD is characterized by degeneration of muscle, caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. One therapeutic strategy for DMD is to increase the dystrophin homologue utrophin. We have identified a number of compounds capable of decreasing DMPK mRNA and others which increase utrophin mRNA and protein. We hope our success in compound identification not only leads to potential therapeutics for these diseases, but highlights the usefulness of using in silico screens.

4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) is the most abundant and toxic alfa,beta-unsaturated aldehyde generated through the beta-cleavage of hydroperoxides from omega-6 PUFAs, which plays a key role in a variety of pathophysiological processes, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson's diseases, liver fibrosis, glomerusclerosis, chronic obstructive bronco-pulmonary diseases and atherosclerosis. HNE reactivity is because of the conjugation of the double bond with the aldehyde function, which, by tautomeric equilibrium, makes the C-3 carbon a strong electrophilic center, able to react with cellular nucleophiles and in particular with the nucleophilic sites of protein (through a Michael addition mechanism), such as the sulfhydryl groups of cysteines, the imidazole moiety of histidines and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues. In plasma, HNE has been found to modify LDL proteins. However LDL proteins probably represents only a minor protein target of HNE, since only 15% of the total plasma HNE-pyrrole immunoreactivity is removed by immunoprecipitation of apo B, thus to suggest that most of the oxidative metabolites generated by lipid oxidation bind to plasma proteins other than LDL proteins. Since albumin is present at high concentration in serum and is characterized by several nucleophilic and accessible residues, it should represents a favourable target protein but no detailed studies on the reaction between human serum albumin (HSA) and HNE have been up to now reported, nor on the chemical characterization of the protein adduct. Hence, aim of the thesis was to give evidences that HNE forms covalent addition products with HSA and to identify and characterize by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and LC-ESI-MS/MS experiments the protein modification sites. As a first step, we found by HPLC analysis that HNE is rapidly quenched by HSA because of the covalent adduction to the different accessible nucleophilic residues of the protein, as demonstrated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) direct infusion experiments (one to nine HNE adducts, depending on the molar ratio used, from 1 : 0.25 to 1 : 5 HSA : HNE). An LC-ESI-MS/MS approach was then applied to enzymatically digested HNE-modified albumin, which permitted the identification of 11 different HNE adducts, 8 Michael adducts (MA) and 3 Schiff bases (SB), involving nine nucleophilic sites, namely: His67 (MA), His146 (MA), His242 (MA), His288 (MA), His510 (MA), Lys 195 (SB), Lys 199 (MA, SB), Lys525 (MA, SB) and Cys34 (MA). The most reactive HNE-adduction site was found to be Cys34 (MA) followed by Lys199, which primarily reacts through the formation of a Schiff base, and His146, giving the corresponding HNE Michael adduct. Albumin modified by HNE can be a promising biomarker of circulating HNE and a systemic oxidative stress index. In fact, aldehyde-protein adducts have a longer half-life than the corresponding free aldehydes, and the relative long half-life of albumin in human subjects (15-19 days) in respect to other plasma proteins, makes it an ideal biomarker of oxidative stress. In the present thesis we found that HNE-adducted peptides and in particular the HNE derivatives of Cys34, His146 and Lys199 containing peptides derived by proteolytic-enzymes digestion could be suitable tags of HNE-adducted albumin.

Por meio da elaboração de um estudo de caso envolvendo as traduções brasileiras de quatro obras em prosa de James Joyce, este trabalho descreve o papel e a história social dos tradutores brasileiros como agentes de inovação cultural por meio de suas traduções, teorias e produções no campo literário brasileiro. A tese destaca o papel individual dos tradutores das obras de Joyce que foram fundamentais na introdução e assimilação da literatura ocidental canônica no Brasil e que também são os responsáveis por incluir o país no centro da cultura moderna. A hipótese deste estudo de caso é que a escolha dos tradutores ao traduzirem obras de Joyce e as traduções produzidas no Brasil a partir de 1945 até o momento da escrita desta tese contribuíram para tornar possível uma teoria de tradução literária eclética, mas de características muito brasileiras e que esta foi sendo edificada a partir do trabalho desses agentes.
By building a case study of Brazilian translations of four works in prose by James Joyce this study describes the role and social history of Brazilian translators as agents of cultural innovation through their translations, theories and production in the Brazilian literary field. The thesis stresses the role of individual translators of Joyces works who have played a key role in the introduction and assimilation of canonical Western literature in Brazil and are also responsible for including the country at the center of modern culture. In my case study, the hypothesis is that the translators choice of translating Joyces works, and the translations produced in Brazil from 1945 until the time of this thesis have helped make possible an eclectic but also a very characteristic Brazilian theory of translation, and that it has been possible to be built from the work of these agents.

Informed by the theoretical framework mainly derived from Pierre Bourdieu’s cultural theory applied to translation, this thesis looks into the English and French translations of Alaa al-Aswany’s The Yacoubian Building. Addressing the issue of the author’s and the translator’s habitus, we argue that Alaa al-Aswany’s habitus as a left-wing Egyptian intellectual influenced the way he has handled his characters. We also explain how Humphrey Davies’s habitus as a professional American translator contracted by the American University in Cairo Press affects the way he renders the novel in English, and that Gilles Gauthier’s enjoyment of the novel finds, likewise, its explanation in his habitus in French. To probe yet another critical role in translation, we grapple with questions concerning the book industry and the power relations governing the international circulation of books. In this respect, we shed light on the role of the English version publishers- the American University in Cairo Press and Harper Perennial - and the French publisher Actes Sud, using the concepts of symbolic capital and field theory of Bourdieu. Since the context of reception determines the potential meaning(s) generated by a given literary work, we also look into the verbal and the non-verbal elements, such as illustrations, prefaces and footnotes that accompany the novel and study some articles/reviews of the work in the Western press to show how they were intended to shape the reader’s response.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
More than 20 million people have died of AIDS since the early eighties, while nearly 34 millions are currently infected with the HIV. Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) directed at key viral enzymes has changed AIDS from uniformly fatal to a manageable chronic disease. However, ART-associated drug resistance and toxicity have posed a great challenge for long-term management of the disease and have called for development of new therapeutics. In this study, we focused on the viral factor Nef and the host factor Sam68. Nef is a major pathogenic viral determinant for HIV-1, and no therapeutics have been targeted to this factor. Sam68 is indispensible for HIV-1 propagation. We revealed that Sam68 variants were very potent in preventing Nef expression. We found that these effects were associated with their ability to form a macromolecular structure called stress granules (SG). In addition, we demonstrated that these variants bound to nef mRNA in a sequence-specific manner. Furthermore, we showed that these variants co-localized with nef mRNA in SG. Importantly, we validated these findings in the context of HIV-1 infection of its natural target cells and found significant loss of Nef function in these cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SG induction and nef mRNA sequestration account for translational suppression of Nef expression and offer a new strategy for development of anti-HIV therapeutics. Sam68 is implicated in a variety of other important cellular processes. Our findings that Sam68 variants were able to induce SG formation prompted us to investigate whether wild-type Sam68 was also recruited to SG. We found that Sam68 was increasingly recruited into SG under oxidative stress, and that its specific domains were involved. However, Sam68 knockdown had no effects on SG assembly, suggesting that Sam68 is not a constitutive component of SG assembly. Lastly, we demonstrated that Sam68 complexed with TIA-1, an essential SG component. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence for the first time that Sam68 is recruited into SG through complexing with TIA-1, and suggest that SG recruitment of Sam68 and ensuing changes in Sam68 physiological functions are part of the host response to external stressful conditions.

Gold nanoparticles attain an intense focus in biomedical imaging applications due to their unique optical properties, facile conjugation with biomolecules, and biocompatibility. Although a considerable amount of work towards the development of gold nanoparticles has been completed, these promising contrast agents have not yet reached the clinic due to several challenges including efficient accumulation at the diseased site, sensitivity of detection in vivo, potential adverse effects, and clearance from the body. High signal-to-background ratio is required to enhance sensitivity of detection. Because near infrared (near-IR) light has the best tissue penetration, contrast agents designed to work in this range can significantly increase imaging sensitivity. Moreover, efficient targeting of the molecular biomarkers on diseased cells can decrease the required dosage, increase the site-specific accumulation, and enhance the imaging sensitivity. Molecular-specific contrast agents developed in this project use directional attachment of antibody molecules to the nanoparticle surface, enhancing the targeting efficacy. Additionally, cell-based delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents is gaining much interest due to the immune cells’ special access to the avascular, diseased regions. The contrast agents developed in this project enable detection of just a few cells per unit of imaging volume, enable multiplex imaging, and open up a possibility for tracking different cell populations with noninvasive photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging. Finally, the clearance of nanoparticles from the body dictates their clinical translation. The in vivo pharmacokinetics study along with the proposed in vitro model explored in this project will enable fast, reliable, and cost-efficient screening of promising agents and facilitate quick optimization of nanoparticles for their potential use in the clinic.
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A Lagrangian formalism presented by Hay, Ilinskii, Zabolotskaya, and Hamilton [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 132, 124--137 (2012)] to calculate the pulsation of a spherical bubble, immersed in liquid and near one or two viscoelastic layers, is extended here to include bubble translation. The method presented here is simplified from that given by Hay et al. in that only a single interface between a liquid and a viscoelastic half-space is considered. In the present approach the force on the bubble due to the presence of the liquid-solid interface is calculated using a Green's function that takes into account elastic waves and viscosity in the layer, and the viscous boundary layer within the liquid near the interface. Previous models and experiments have shown that the direction of bubble translation near a viscoelastic layer is correlated with the direction of a liquid jet often produced by the bubble during collapse. In this dissertation an attempt is made to model the pulsation and translation of a spherical bubble near a liquid-solid interface to infer the direction of bubble translation in reference to material parameters of the liquid and viscoelastic medium, and the standoff distance of the bubble from the interface. The analysis is simplified by demonstrating that the direction of bubble translation can be inferred from the phase of the component of the Green's function associated with the reverberant pressure gradient. For linear bubble pulsation it is shown that the domain of material properties of the viscoelastic medium which generally corresponds to bubble translation away from the interface occurs when the effective stiffness of the viscoelastic medium is greater than the effective damping for both itself and the liquid. The analysis is performed assuming the viscoelastic medium is similar to soft tissue, and its dynamics are described by a Voigt, Kelvin, or Maxwell model. The simulations are compared with existing experimental data. Effects of high-amplitude bubble pulsation are explored in terms of how the simulations differ as the pulsation amplitude increases. At higher pulsation amplitudes, it is shown that bubble translation is still described qualitatively by analyzing the phase of the reverberant pressure gradient.
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Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Biology.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-93). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11797

L’industrie de la publicité doit se renouveler sans cesse pour suivre la réalité en constante évolution des entreprises et de leurs consommateurs, afin de produire des messages qui toucheront, séduiront, puis convaincront les publics visés. Différents facteurs socioéconomiques, politiques mais également technologiques incitent les annonceurs à orchestrer de vastes campagnes multilingues et multiculturelles, où est présentée une idée unique, conforme à l’identité de la marque, qui sera adaptée dans différents marchés. Il s’agit d’une stratégie très différente de celle de la création de campagnes propres à chaque culture, par des agences locales. Le choix de l’adaptation, motivé par des raisons économiques bien sûr, mais également stratégiques, entraîne une évolution de la perception de l’acte traduisant et de ses acteurs au sein du milieu du marketing et de la publicité. Alors que nous assistons à un rapprochement des industries du marketing et de la traduction, principalement dans les marchés secondaires comme le Québec, ce projet doctoral propose une réflexion traductologique sur la place que peut occuper l’adaptation dans une stratégie en publicité marketing, et sur les différentes fonctions que peut remplir un traducteur intégré à une équipe de spécialistes de la communication. Par ailleurs, de la réception du mandat d’adaptation à l’agence de marketing jusqu’à la diffusion du message dans la culture cible, nous explorons dans notre travail les différentes avenues que peut prendre le processus d’adaptation publicitaire. Cette thèse par articles comprend six publications en traductologie, publiées ou acceptées par des comités scientifiques, qui étudient la question de l’adaptation publicitaire sous un angle traductologique, mais ce travail multidisciplinaire s’inspire aussi des contributions des experts des études sur l’adaptation, la culture ainsi que la communication publicitaire. D’abord, le premier chapitre définit les notions de traduction, d’adaptation et d’appropriation auxquelles nous référerons tout au long de la thèse, et les situe dans le contexte de la communication promotionnelle internationale, notamment. Le deuxième chapitre dresse un portrait pratique et théorique de l’adaptation publicitaire, et porte sur les relations de travail entre le traducteur et les autres professionnels de l’agence. Nous y énumérons notamment les raisons de la progression du marché mondial de l’adaptation, comparativement à celui des multiples créations locales. Ensuite, le chapitre 3 définit les défis variés de l’adaptation publicitaire, et en présente une classification inspirée par la taxonomie de la théorie fonctionnaliste en traductologie, formée de quatre problèmes et deux difficultés traductionnels. Le chapitre 4 présente une réflexion sur les mécanismes intellectuels de l’adaptation publicitaire et sur les différentes lectures que le traducteur doit faire du texte source pour produire un message efficace, respectivement la lecture analytique (rationnelle et raisonnée), puis la lecture empathique, où il anticipe la réaction émotive des cibles. Le cinquième chapitre se concentre sur un aspect de la traduction audiovisuelle presque exclusive à l’industrie publicitaire : la double version, où le traducteur traduit non pas des dialogues apposés à l’image originale, mais plutôt le scénario dans son entièreté, afin de produire un nouveau message vidéo avec des acteurs appartenant à la culture cible. Enfin, notre sixième chapitre est une étude de cas menée en agence de publicité, qui analyse la pratique professionnelle de traducteurs dans leur environnement de travail, les mandats qui leur sont confiés ainsi que les ressources dont ils disposent. Ensemble, ces six chapitres visent à mieux faire connaître la démarche intellectuelle de l’adaptation publicitaire, à comprendre comment différents facteurs influencent le rôle du traducteur au sein d’une agence, à déterminer comment mieux préparer les professionnels de demain à exceller dans le marché très prometteur du marketing international, et à contribuer à l’avancement de la réflexion traductologique par l’étude d’un type de traduction spécialisée qui se démarque par ses pratiques et ses défis aussi intéressants qu’uniques.
The advertisement industry needs to reinvent itself continually to keep up with the evolving realities of businesses and their consumers, so as to produce messages that touch, seduce and convince varied targets. Different socioeconomic, political and technological factors encourage advertisers to orchestrate vast multilingual and multicultural campaigns that present unique ideas, loyal to the brand identity, which are adapted to various markets. It is a very different strategy compared to the development of individual campaigns by local agencies for each target culture. The choice of adaptation, motivated of course by economic reasons but also strategic ones, leads to an evolution in the perception of the act of translating, and of translators who work in the marketing and advertisement sector. As the industries of translation and marketing are merging, especially in secondary markets such as Québec, this doctoral project proposes a reflection in translation studies on the place of adaptation within a marketing and advertising strategy, and on the different functions that a translator can fulfill amongst a team of communication specialist. Furthermore, this thesis explores the different avenues that the advertising adaptation process can take from the reception of an adaptation mandate in a marketing agency to the diffusion of the messages in the target culture. This article-based thesis is composed of six papers in the field of translation studies, published or accepted by scientific committees through a peer-review process, which study the question of advertising adaptation under the scope of translation studies. This multidisciplinary work also draws on contributions from adaptation studies experts, dealing with culture as well as communication and advertising. The first chapter defines the notions of translation, adaptation and appropriation (which we will refer to throughout the thesis) and places them in the context of international promotional communication, amongst others. The second chapter provides a theoretical and practical picture of advertising adaptation and focuses on the work relationship between the translator and other advertisement professionals. We list the reasons for the growth of the global adaptation market, as opposed to opting for multiple local creations. Chapter 3 lists the various challenges of advertising adaptation and presents a classification inspired by a taxonomy from the functionalist translation theory, illustrated by four translation problems and two translation difficulties. Chapter 4 presents a reflection on the intellectual mechanisms of advertising adaptation and the various readings that the translator must go through to produce an effective message. Respectively, these include an analytical reading – one based on rationality and reason, as well as an empathetic reading where the emotional reactions of the target audience are anticipated. The fifth chapter focuses on one aspect of audiovisual translation that is almost exclusive to the advertising industry: the double shooting, where the translator does not translate dialogues affixed to the original images, but rather the scenario in its entirety to produce a new video message with actors from the target culture. Together, these six chapters aim to provide a better knowledge of the intellectual approach of adaptation in advertising, to understand how different factors influence the role of the translator in an agency, to determine how to prepare tomorrow's professionals better so that they can excel in the promising market of international marketing and to contribute to the advancement of translation studies through by analyzing a specific field of specialized translation that stands out for its practices and challenges which are as interesting as they are unique.

The subject of this thesis is the analysis of English translation equivalents of the French pronoun on. This 'personal indefinite pronoun' is the typical means of expressing the general human agent in the French language. Unlike French, English does not have any special device for this purpose. It must employ linguistic devices which have other primary functions than the expression of the general human agent. These devices are explicit or implicit; they were described, for example, by Dušková (Dušková 1999) and Kratochvílová (Kratochvílová 2007). A short study of English translation equivalents of generic on was part of Tláskal's paper (Tláskal 2004). However, the pronoun on is not always generic; its reference can also be indefinite or definite. Since this thesis studies the English counterparts of all three types of on, translation devices were also collected of uses other than generic. This study analyses 200 sentences including the French on and their translation counterparts. The material was excerpted from 4 French novels and their translations into English. The 200 examples are divided into 4 groups according to the type of reference their on has: generic, indefinite, definite, or ambiguous. For each group, the English counterparts are studied. They are divided into 3 classes:...

Bien qu’elle ne constitue en rien une pratique marginale, la révision, en tant que relecture et modification d’une traduction existante dans le but d’une nouvelle édition, a suscité jusqu’à maintenant très peu d’intérêt en traductologie. La retraduction, activité avec laquelle elle entretient de nombreux liens, a quant à elle souvent été abordée comme le résultat de simples schémas monocausaux, fondés sur la défaillance ou sur l’évolution des normes. Le présent mémoire, à partir de l’analyse comparative de la trilogie Mémoire du feu (publiée pour la première fois chez Plon en 1985 et 1988) — traduction française de Memoria del fuego, d’Eduardo Galeano (1982, 1984 et 1986) — et de sa révision (publiée chez Lux en 2013), démontre plutôt la multiplicité des facteurs sous-tendant le processus de révision et la nécessité d’étudier leurs interactions. Notre étude de cas, alliant une analyse textuelle, une étude contextuelle et un travail de terrain, révèle l’influence significative des pratiques, des positions idéologiques et des conceptions des agents tant sur l’entreprise d’une révision que sur son déroulement.
Revision, conceived here as the rereading and modification of an existing translation prior to a new edition, although it does not constitute in any way a marginal practice, have received very little interest from translation studies scholars. Retranslation, with which it shares many characteristics, has generally been conceived as the mere result of monocausal models, either based on ‘ʻdéfaillanceʼʼ or the evolution of norms. This master’s thesis, based on a comparative analysis of the trilogy Mémoire du feu (first published by Plon in 1985 and 1988) — French translation of Memoria del fuego, written by Eduardo Galeano (1982, 1984 and 1986) — and its revised edition (published by Lux in 2013), reveals the multiplicity of factors shaping the revision’s process and the relevance of studying their interactions. Our case study, combining textual and contextual analysis as well as field work, demonstrates the significant influence of agent’s practices, ideological stances and conceptions on the undertaking and realisation of a revised edition.