Academic literature on the topic 'Translation-related aspect'

The purpose of the article is to study problems of translation equivalence in machine translation, which is based on a sequence of invariable actions (algorithms) with a text to identify linguistic equivalents in a pair of languages at a given direction of translation by means of a computer, in respect of the pragmatic aspect. Translation equivalence is understood as a specific type of equivalence, which is fundamentally different from other types, since it does not correlate with the phenomena that have a special place in the structure of a language, but the phenomena that currently exist in a language correlation or are equivalent to the text content. The translation is formalized, but allows getting an idea of the text content at the introductory level, since it is not an accurate, adequate translation, but performs the function of rendering basic information. Machine translation is not able to render nuances of an original text, not only at the lexical level. When translating, it is necessary to take peculiarities of syntax and semantics into account. Adequate computer translation is almost impossible in this case. This fact is recognized by all scholars who study possibilities of this type of translation only when rendering main content of a document without taking language nuances and features into account. Machine translation can be carried out on a basis of the translation equivalence (objective and dynamic) model. The model in terms of linguistic technology provides an optimal solution of problems of independent linguistic description and algorithm. The system of translation equivalence, which can be implemented within the model of translation equivalence, allows providing sufficient quality of machine translation at the pre-editing stage. When creating a machine translation program, in addition to solving linguistic problems, a program of their implementation is also necessary, since a translation program is a tool for studying and finding information in a foreign language, and the prospects of a machine translation are related to the further development of translation theory and practice in general.

The article illustrates some methodological principles for translation research and for writing theory-related research papers. A number of postulates are formulated with respect to basic structural dimensions of organizing research papers (working hypothesis, ‘state of the art’ in research, solution proposal and validity test). Examples for norm-compliant behavior are given. Since the problem of writing the ‘state of the art’ of research seems to be one of the major problems facing young scholars, particular emphasis is given to this aspect.

<p>This study aims to describe the role of learning translation with enhancing multi-culture understanding to reduce social conflict in society. This study used descriptive qualitative method by using documentation technique in collecting data. The source of the data are documentations in the form of intralingual and interlingual translation. The result of the study reveals that translation has four aspects, there are meaning, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context. Besides, translation is closely related to cultural context aspect because translation contains at least cultural aspect from source language and target language. The researchers conclude that learning translation can enhance multi-culture in order to reduce social conflicts. The language used by one society automatically shows its language user or its social identity. The researcher concludes that by mastering language and culture of one society as a part of learning translation, we can reduce social conflict which mainly caused by misunderstanding toward the used language and culture. </p>

Research deployed translation issues, mainly concerning from semantic and pragmatic aspects. Discussion was started by stating the importance of linguistic aspects comprehended and applied by a translator, such as grammar, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics. Research presented six meaning problems in translation, those related to lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, contextual meaning or situational meaning, textual meaning, socio-cultural meaning, and idiomatic meaning. It can be concluded that the ability to apply linguistic aspect both from the source and targeted languages take important role to produce a good translation.

The focus of the study conducted by the researcher this time is on the translator section, the product, and the public's response to the translation. As for the translator, the writer terms it with the genetic aspect, the researcher's product is the objective aspect, while the response of the research community is termed the affective aspect. So that the problem formulations built by the researcher include (1) How is the method of translating the Qur'an and its translation: Javanese Banyumasan?, (2) What is the quality of the translation of the Al-Qur'an and its translation: Javanese Banyumasan ?, (3) How Banyumas community response with the presence of the Qur’an and its translation: Javanese Banyumasan ?. The results of this study are; First, related to the method, this translation is a type of tafsiriah translation or communicative translation. The Banyumas language, which basically does not recognize upload-upload or karmic system, is feared that it will damage the sacred and trenendental nuances of the Qur’an, therefore the translator uses a compromise decision, namely the Banyumas language which adapts ethics. Second, related to the quality of the translation, this translation falls into the fair category. The trend used in this translation is domestication. Third, regarding the public's response to this translation, many have chosen an "easy" level of readability, meaning that the level of acceptance in the community is also "accepted".

This study is devoted to the norms of audiovisual translation (AVT), analysis, and evaluation of the translation of audiovisual texts documentaries about wildlife. In recent decades the demand for documentary films by the audience has been gaining momentum. To a large extent, the volume of the release of foreign documentaries. Among the clear leaders in the market of cinematographic production can be identified such giants as the BBC, Discovery, Netflix, and NBO. Viewers’ interest in the products produced by these companies’ production is growing. Against this background, more than ever, it becomes in apparent that audiovisual translation of documentaries broadcast on the air television and on large screens is impossible without adaptation to the recipient. In this regard, the quality of the translation of foreign media content into the target language plays a paramount role. The degree of development of the research, related to the translation of film/video materials, was engaged by domestic and foreign scientists. However, the approach to studying this problem is heterogeneous. Our research focuses on the norms of translation of audiovisual texts of documentary films about wildlife, their analysis in a diachronic aspect, systematization, and identification of stable and mobile norms. Special attention is paid to the study paradigm of audiovisual translation documentaries. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the fact that today’s audiovisual translation is a little-explored area in domestic translation studies. In addition, the steady trend towards the rapid development of computer technology and the popularity of the world wide web in the media sphere implies a constant increase in the volume of foreign audiovisual products that need to be translated into the target audience’s language. During the research, it was decided to focus on the study of audiovisual translation, particularly the translation of documentaries about wildlife. Previously, when studying audiovisual translation, issues related to film translation standards and criteria for evaluating the translation of documentary films were not covered. In this study, an attempt was made to analyze and evaluate AVTs of wildlife documentaries. Based on the data obtained, we identify and systematize the norms of audiovisual translation of documentaries, which took shape over several periods.

The objective of this study is to analyze the aspects of clarity and correctness in Google Translate’s ability in translating an Indonesian article from English into Indonesian. This research refers to qualitative research. Data used in this research is a published Indonesian article which is translated into English by using Google Translate. Based on the analysis, the researcher concludes that Google Translate is a machine translator, but there is always going to be potentially less clarity and correctness at the end of the translation product such as in Indonesian articles into English. Because English grammar is a complicated thing to be learned, people perhaps cannot expect more that machine translator understands every aspect of the way human beings communicate with each other. That is why the answer about the clarity and the correctness of Google Translate is that it still has a way to go before it can consistently, clearly, and correctly translate the language without errors. In the clarity aspect, there is still no clarity in English translation by Google Translate, even it translated the language word-for-word. In the correctness aspect, it refers to the mechanical rule in writing which is related to grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Some examples of non-correctness are related to grammar and punctuation errors. Machine translators have come a long way in a short amount of time, but some features still lack good translation such as in aspects of grammar and punctuation.

Abstract An underexplored aspect of the use of translation in the L2 classroom is its potential to foster in-class communication. This article explores the efficacy of translation tasks as compared to monolingual writing tasks in engendering language-related discussions in class. The study is longitudinal and includes two experiments carried out in an EFL college setting. Data were collected over two semesters and a comparatively stronger presence of language-related episodes (LREs) was found among those who worked on translation tasks. This higher level of engagement in L2 class discussions suggests that translation tasks are advantageous in engendering student-initiated LREs, drawing learners’ attention to lexis and grammar, and fostering communication in the classroom.

The present study aimed to test the applicability of Nida’s theory of translation to an English translation of surah Ash-Shams of the Holy Qur’an. Towards that general aim, the study provided an overview of Nida’s theory of translation and the aspects whose applicability to the English translation of surah Ash-Shams would be tested. In addition, the study examined the Editor’s Preface to the English translation of the Holy Qur’an from which surah Ash-Shams was selected. A contrastive analysis was also devised and provided to help match the source text with the target text and measure the applicability of Nida’s theory of translation to both texts. The study revealed that, in general, Nida’s theory was applicable with the exception of one aspect related to word order. It is, therefore, recommended that large-scale research be conducted on the applicability of Nida’s theory to an English translation of the whole Holy Qur’an to either confirm the findings of this study or challenge them.

Abstract General properties of the translation relation are of interest to translators, translatologists and machine translation system designers. As translation is somehow related to the intuitive notion “equivalence”, one wonders whether it has the properties of strict mathematical equivalence. Symmetry is one of these. The paper starts out with some definitions, so that the question can he treated in a meaningful way. The answer turns out to be positive for “perfect” but negative for “imperfect” translation#x2009;; the latter because of a tendency of translators to “weaken” claims made in texts. This asymmetric aspect of imperfect translation is explained by relating it to a “monotonie” view of the organization of discourse. The paper ends with a description of a machine translation system designed to produce perfect translation, and draws conclusions about machine translation design.

Магістерська дисертація складається зі вступу, трьох розділів, висновків до кожного з них, загальних висновків, та списку використаної літератури, який налічує 100 джерел, 4 додатки. Загальний обсяг роботи 223 сторінок. Однією з актуальних проблем сучасного мовознавства залишається дослідження співвідношення мови та культури, оскільки мова є дзеркалом культури, в якому відбивається суспільна самосвідомість, спосіб життя, традиції, мораль, система цінностей і світогляд. Протягом останніх десятиліть в світі, зокрема в англомовних країнах, надзвичайної популярності набув новий культурний і мовний феномен «політична коректність». Актуальність теми роботи зумовлена інтересом до дослідження політкоректної лексики в сучасній англійській мові, що, своєю чергою, пояснюється зростаючими процесами глобалізації та міжнародної інтеграції і співпраці в суспільстві. Теоретичною основою нашого дослідження є теорії та положення, розроблені сучасними вітчизняними та закордонними мовознавцями та перекладознавцями: М. Бауманом, С. Г. Тер-Мінасовою, О. Б. Сінькевичем, В. Б. Великородою, Т. Р. Кияком, О. В. Завадською, З. С. Трофімовою, Я. С. Бондарук, Р. Й. Вишнівським, Т. Лоусоном, Д. Герродом, М. Г. Комлєвим та Ф. Беквітом. Об’єктом дослідження є політкоректна лексика в англомовних медійних текстах. Предметом дослідження виступають лінгвокультурологічні та прагматичні особливості функціонування та перекладу політкоректної лексики в англомовних медійних текстах. Мета роботи полягає у вивченні функціональних особливостей політкоректної лексики в англомовних медійних текстах та шляхів її відтворення українською мовою з огляду на лінгвокультурологічні розбіжності. Досягнення поставленої мети передбачає вирішення таких завдань: 1) з’ясувати соціокультурні передумови виникнення явища політкоректності та розглянути політкоректність як лінгвістичний феномен; 2) вивчити особливості загального поняття «медійний текст»; 3) обґрунтувати вживання політкоректної мови в англомовному медійному тексті; 4) дослідити класифікації політкоректних одиниць та їхнє функціональне призначення в англомовних медійних текстах; 5) проаналізувати шляхи відтворення англомовних політкоректних термінів українською мовою. Наукова новизна дисертаційного дослідження полягає в комплексному описі політкоректних одиниць медійних текстів, зокрема в детальному аналізі їх перекладу. Вперше досліджено прагматичний потенціал політкоректної лексики за допомогою корпусного методу. Практичне значення здобутих результатів полягає у тому, що дисертація збагачує дослідницький досвід сучасної германістики новими знаннями про політкоректність її репрезентацію в сучасній англійській мові. Отримані результати поглиблюють уявлення про закономірність функціонування англомовних політкоректних одиниць, особливості їх перекладу українською мовою та можуть бути використані в освітньому процесі, зокрема в теоретичних та практичних курсах теорії та практики перекладу, мовної комунікації та лінгвокультурології (розділ ІІІ. Шляхи перекладу політкоректної лексики сучасних англомовних медійних текстів українською мовою). Матеріалом дослідження є 470 політкоректних дібраних методом суцільної вибірки з 90 медіатекстів, зокрема видань The Economist, The Guardian, The Daily Mail, Princeton Info, The Washington Post, The American Prospect, The Bolton News та текстів BBC та СNN. Методи дослідження. У роботі застосовано загальнонаукові (аналіз, синтез, індукція, дедукція, узагальнення) та власне лінгвістичні методи. За допомогою методу суцільної вибірки були виокремлені одиниці аналізу. Описовий метод дозволив здійснити таксономію та інтерпретацію політкоректних одиниць. Контекстуальний метод допоміг у визначенні лінгвальних і позалінгвальних особливостей мовних одиниць; кількісний аналіз – у встановленні частотності застосування перекладацьких трансформацій; корпусний – в обґрунтуванні прагматичного потенціалу політкоректної мови в медійному тексті, визначенні лексичних та семантичних особливостей політкоректних термінів та встановленні сучасних тенденцій вживання політкоректних слів. Апробація результатів дослідження. Основні методологічні, теоретичні результати і концептуальні положення дослідження обговорювалися на: ІІ Всеукраїнській студентській науково-практичній конференції «Наука ХХІ століття: виклики, пріоритети, перспективи досліджень»; IV Всеукраїнській студентській науково-практичній конференції «Студент як суб’єкт процесу модернізації вищої освіти ХХІ століття: візії, цінності, пріоритетні завдання». Публікації. Основні положення і результати дисертаційного дослідження висвітлено в 3 публікаціях, з яких: 1 стаття у науковому фаховому виданні України, 2 – у збірниках матеріалів всеукраїнських науково-практичних конференцій.
The master's dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusions to each chapter, general conclusions, and list of references that includes 100 points and 4 applications. The paper amounts to 223 pages. One of the current issues of modern linguistics is the study of the relation of a language and culture since the language is a mirror of the culture, which reflects the social consciousness, lifestyle, traditions, morals, the system of values and worldview. In the world, particularly in the English-speaking countries, a new cultural and linguistic phenomenon "political correctness" has gained immense popularity over the last decades. The significant topicality is presented by the interest in the study of politically correct vocabulary in modern English, which, in its turn, is explained by the fast-growing processes of globalization and international integration and cooperation in society. The theoretical basis of our research includes the theories and statements developed by modern domestic and foreign linguists and translators: M. Bauman, S. G. Ter-Minasova, O. B. Sinkevich, V. B. Velikoroda, T. R. Kiyak, O. V. Zavadskaya, S. S. Trofimova, J. S. Bondaruk, R. Y. Vishnevsky, T. Lewisohn, D. Gerrod, M. G. Komlev, and F. Beckwith. The object of the study is politically correct terms in English media texts. The subject of the study is linguocultural and pragmatic peculiarities of the functioning and translation of politically correct terms in English media texts. The aim of the research is to study the functional features of politically correct terms in English media texts and ways of their translation in Ukrainian with regard to the linguocultural differences. Achieving this goal involves the solution of the following tasks: 1) to determine socio-cultural preconditions of occurrence of the phenomenon of political correctness and consider political correctness as a linguistic phenomenon; 2) to study the features of the general notion of "media text"; 3) to substantiate the use of politically correct language in the English media text; 4) to classify the politically correct units and their functional purpose in English media texts; 5) to analyze the ways of English politically correct terms translation in Ukrainian. The scientific novelty of the dissertation research lies in the comprehensive description of the politically correct units of media texts, in a detailed analysis of their translation in particular. For the first time, the pragmatic potential of the politically correct vocabulary is studied with the application of the corpus method. The practical value of the obtained results is that the dissertation enriches the research of contemporary Germanic literature with new knowledge about political correctness and its representation in modern English. The obtained results deepen the comprehension of the functioning pattern of English politically correct terms and the peculiarities of their translation into Ukrainian and can be used in the educational process, particularly in the theoretical and practical courses of the theory and practice of translation, communication and linguocultural studies (Chapter III. The Ways of translation of the politically correct terms of modern English media texts in Ukrainian). The research material amounts to 470 politically correct terms selected from 90 media texts, including The Economist, The Guardian, The Daily Mail, Princeton Info, The Washington Post, The American Prospect, The Bolton News and BBC and CNN, by a multistage sampling approach. Research methods. In this work, general (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, generalization) and linguistic methods are applied. Units of analysis were determined by means of a continuous sampling method. The descriptive method allowed to present the taxonomy and interpretation of politically correct units. The contextual method helped in the determination of the linguistic and extra-linguistic features of politically correct units; quantitative analysis - in the determination of the frequency of translation transformations application; corpusmethod facilitated the study of the pragmatic potential of the politically correct language in the media text, determining the lexical and semantic peculiarities of politically correct terms, and establishing modern trends in the politically correctness. The main methodological and theoretical results and conceptualities of the study were discussed at: II All-Ukrainian Student Scientific and Practical Conference "The Science of the 21st Century: Challenges, Priorities, Perspectives of Research"; IV All-Ukrainian student scientific and practical conference "Student as a subject of the process of modernization of higher education of the XXI century: visions, values, priority tasks". Publications. The main statements and results of the dissertation research are presented in 3 publications, of which: 1 article in the scientific professional edition of Ukraine, 2 - in collections of materials of all-Ukrainian scientific and practical conferences.

Les aminoacyl-ARNt synthetases (aaRS) sont impliquées dans le mécanismes de la traduction. Dans les cellules humaines, il existe deux jeux de gènes nucléaires codant pour les aaRS : un pour les aaRS cytosolique (cyt), le second pour les aaRS mitochondriales (mt). Les aaRS mt sont traduites dans le cytosole, adressées et importées dans la mitochondrie.Mutations dans 9 gènes d’aaRS mt ont été démontrées comme responsables de pathologies mitochondriales. Certaines des mutations n’affectent pas la propriété originelle d’aminoacylation. Il a été proposé que certaines de ces mutations puissent affecter des propriétés alternatives.Alors l’organisation des aaRS cyt est bien étudiée et que des implications dans des fonctions alternatives établies pour certaines d’entre elles, les connaissances quant aux aaRS mt restent parcimonieuses. L’objectif principal de ce manuscrit de thèse est: (i) révéler d’organisation sous-mt de l’AspRS mt; (ii) étendre l’analyse de l’organisation sous-mt à l’ensemble des aaRS mt; et (iii) contribuer à la compréhension de mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents à certaines pathologies. Ces travaux ouvrent la porte vers d’autres investigations de l’organisation des aaRS à l’intérieur de la mitochondrie. Ces contributions seront utiles à la meilleure compréhension de mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents à pathologies mitochondriales
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are housekeeping enzymes involved in translation. In human cells, 2 different sets of nuclear genes code for aaRSs. One codes for cytosolic (cyt) aaRSs, and the second one codes for aaRSs of mitochondrial (mt) location. Mt-aaRSs are translated in the cytosol, targeted and imported into mitochondria.Mutations in 9 mt-aaRSs have been described. Some of the mutations do not display significant influence on the housekeeping aminoacylation activity. It has been proposed that those mutations affect alternative functions.Alternate functions have been described for cyt-aaRSs. While the organization of cyt-aaRSs is explored and their involvement into alternate functions established, the properties of the human mt-aaRSs remain unknown. On one site, this thesis integrate mt-AspRS into new functional networks (sub-mitochondrial localization and partnership). On the other site, it expand the view of the sub-mitochondrial organization to the full set of mt-aaRSs and should ultimately shed light into the molecular mechanisms underlying some of the pathologies. These results open the door for additional investigations to gain a complete view about the sub-mitochondrial organization of aaRSs. Those contributions will be of help for the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying some mitochondrial disorders

Les aminoacyl-ARNt synthétases mitochondriales humaines (aaRS mt) sont des enzymes clés de la traduction mitochondriale. Elles catalysent l'aminoacylation des ARNt par les acides aminés correspondent. Des mutations dans leurs gènes sont corrélées à des pathologies avec un large spectre de phénotypes cliniques, mais aux mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents encore incompris. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse s'intègre dans les axes scientifiques du laboratoire, mais élargit l'intérêt et les connaissance à un système encore peu exploré: l'arginyl-ARNt synthétase mitochondriale (ArgRS mt). Des mutations dans la ArgRS sont liées à une hypoplasie Pontocérébelleuse (PCH6), une pathologie neurodéveloppementale sévère. Le travail de cette thèse s’articule autour de 3 axes : (I) L’analyse des phénotypes cliniques des pathologies liées aux mutations dans les aaRS mt, (II) La caractérisation des propriétéscellulaires de l’ArgRS mt, et (III) L'étude de l’impact de mutations « pathologiques » sur diverses propriétés de l’ArgRS mt. Combinés avec les travaux précédents, les résultats obtenus sont une contribution importante à l'élargissement des connaissances fondamentales des mt aaRSs, et apportent un nouvel éclairage sur le lien entre les mt-aaRSs-mutations et la maladie
Human mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (mt-aaRSs) are housekeeping enzymes involved in the mitochondrial translation. They catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Mutations in their nuclear genes are correlated with pathologies with a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes, but with so far no clear explanations about the underlying molecular mechanism(s). The aim of this PhD work follows the long-standing efforts of the host laboratory but expand the interest and knowledge to an unexplored system: the human mitochondrial arginyl-tRNA synthetase (mt-ArgRS). Mutations in the mt-ArgRS lead to Pontocebellar hypoplasia type 6, a severe neuro-developmental pathology. I thus contributed to i) comprehensively analyze the clinical data reported in pathologies related to mutations on mt-aaRSs, resulting in a categorization according to the affected anatomical system; ii) decipher some cellular properties of the mt-ArgRS; and iii) investigate to impact of disease-associated mutations on mt-aaRSs properties. Combined with previous works, the present results expand the knowledge of the mt-aaRSs, shedding new light on the link between mt-aaRSs-mutations and disease

The paper presents Istat activity with the institutional glossary. Methods and implementation of the glossary are described, given the peculiarity of official statistics terminology, which is actually official and binding given the link and interrelations with regulations and international official guidelines. The work of a specific structure called “Metadata harmonization group” set at Istat to meet the requirements of terms producers (surveys experts) and terms users (methodologists, communication and dissemination experts). Space is then given to the terminological procedures adopted to set new terms and validate existing (mostly the results of surveys, sometimes the variables). A proposal aimed at the glossary translation is then presented, as a complementary aspect of the terminological work; a short analysis of the problems related with the institutional translation is given in the last paraghraphs.

This concluding chapter goes beyond summing up the main issues addressed in the volume. It emphasises how its methodology was designed to foster an awareness of the significant stakes of film translation history for film history in general. It provides further leads to expand and deepen our knowledge of translated films as essential elements of film history and the film-going experience. A core element of the volume, key archival issues include the accurate identification and cataloguing of prints of translated films: silent films with localised intertitles, dubbed and subtitled versions of talking films. The editors remind the readers how they intend the volume to be a first step in identifying the material aspect of film translation history, and sharing the findings and related excitement with the general public.

In this chapter, the authors discuss several pertinent aspects of an automatic system that generates summaries in multiple languages for sets of topic-related news articles (multilingual multi-document summarisation), gathered by news aggregation systems. The discussion follows a framework based on Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) because LSA was shown to be a high-performing method across many different languages. Starting from a sentence-extractive approach, the authors show how domain-specific aspects can be used and how a compression and paraphrasing method can be plugged in. They also discuss the challenging problem of summarisation evaluation in different languages. In particular, the authors describe two approaches: the first uses a parallel corpus and the second statistical machine translation.

The need to create and implement fair and precise evaluation scales in Specialized Translation subjects is a current and controversial issue within translation pedagogy. In this chapter, a scale model to be used for the evaluation of different translation-related assignments in Scientific and Technical Translation subjects is presented. The scale takes into account most aspects discussed both by teachers and scholars as an attempt to minimize work and offer an exact, easy-to-use, and fast tool for Translation teachers. Firstly, the chapter offers a general overview on the evaluation of translations, particularly those made from scientific and technical texts in an educational context. Secondly, it deals with the authors' experience as Specialized Translation teachers and the advantages and inconveniences stemmed from the evaluation scales implemented so far. Thirdly, the chapter details the authors' evaluation scale proposal and how it is implemented in their classes, and finally, it offers some specific examples and some recommendations.

With the advent of dynamical omics technology, especially the transcriptome and proteome, a huge amount of data related to various diseases and approved drugs are available under multi global projects or researches with their interests. These omics data and new machine learning technology largely promote the translation of drug research into clinical trials. We will cover the following topics in this chapter. 1) An introduction to the basic discipline of gene signature-based drug repurposing; 2) databases of genes, drugs and diseases; 3) gene signature databases of the approved drugs; 4) gene signature databases of various diseases; 5) gene signature-based methods and tools for drug repositioning; 6) new omics technology for drug repositioning; 7) drug repositioning examples with reproducible code. And finally, discuss the future trends and conclude.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease that results from a complex and unknown interplay among environmental, genetic, and epidemiologic factors. Risk factors include aging, family history, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension, along with cigarette smoking, which is the most influential modifiable risk factor. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in numerous genes such as complement factor H (CFH) pose some of the known genetic risks. The pathophysiology in AMD is incompletely understood, but is known to involve oxidative stress, inflammation, dysregulated antioxidants, lipid metabolism, and angiogenesis. Animal models have been integral in expanding our knowledge of AMD pathology. AMD is classified as non-exudative or exudative. Because there is no perfect animal model that recapitulates all aspects of the human disease, rodents, rabbits, and non-human primates offer different advantages and disadvantages to serve as models for various aspects of the disease. Scientific advances have also allowed for the creation of polygenic pre-clinical models that may better represent the complexity of AMD, which will likely expand our knowledge of disease mechanisms and serve as platforms for testing new therapeutics. There have been, and there continues to be, many drugs in the pipeline to treat both exudative and non-exudative AMD. However, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies for exudative AMD that mainly target angiogenic growth factors are the only therapeutics currently being used in the clinics. There remains no FDA-approved therapy for the non-exudative form of this disease. This chapter contains a basic overview and classification of AMD and multiple animal models of AMD are highlighted. We include an overview of both current FDA-approved treatments and those in development. Lastly, we conclude with a summary of the important role of pre-clinical studies in the development of therapeutics for this highly prevalent disease.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the functioning of Turkish translations of Shakespeare's poetry and dramaturgy, the formation of a holistic picture of the stages of discovery of Shakespeare by the Turks. The aim of the study is to identify and present the main points related to the transfer of Shakespeare's word into Turkish culture through translations from European languages. The proposed study is focused on translation aspects, as translation has become the first link in the dialogue between English and Turkish literature during the contact and interaction of Turkish literature with the Western, the processes of familiarization of the Shakespeare with the Turks, the perception and reproduction of Shakespeare's creativity on Turkish soil. In this study we used such methods as the cultural-historical method, which focuses on the translation of Shakespeare's works in relation to the cultural-historical development of Turkish society; a comparative method aimed at comparing the original sonnets and dramas of Shakespeare with translations into Turkish; receptive-aesthetic method, focused on focusing on how the pictorial and expressive artistic means of Shakespeare's works in Turkish translations are projected on the recipient (reader), convey to him the author's idea. Particular attention is focused on the translation analysis of some sonnets and dramas. Working with factual material revealed the basic prerequisites for entry into the Turkish literature of Shakespeare's works (Divan literature, the period of reforms), made it possible to characterize the first stage of translation studies – namely, the translation of Shakespeare through the prism of the French language, and accordingly the translation from the French language. As a result, we conclude that no artistic translation, especially poetic one, can be definitive, since there are always unrealized reserves of the original hidden in the multifacetedness of its associative relations. And each translation is only a certain link, the voicing of voices in the process of functioning of the artistic image. This can be explained by the considerable number of translations in Turkish of both the poetic and dramatic works of Shakespeare from the second half of the 19th century to the present. Also the great potential of the Turkish youth in the translation field has been revealed, which is certainly facilitated by the popularity of English and literature in higher education. institutions.

In eighteenth-century Russia, Latin was the main language of tuition in Church seminaries and the grammatical approach played a very important role. In schools for nobility, the word ‘grammar’ was hardly used for living languages. Early grammar teaching was combined with translation, dialogue memorization, reading, etc. The shift in focus towards more grammar in French and German classes had likely begun by the middle of the century, and was related to the general proliferation of the grammatical approach. A greater emphasis was placed on analysing grammatical form. These changes mark a shift away from the syncretic language learning approach of the Age of Enlightenment towards a new age characterised by the increasing separation of the aspects of language learning and the erosion of the links between them.

This chapter considers the early, community-oriented wing of New Thought movement and the Mindfulness movement side by side and identifies several characteristics they have in common, as well as significant differences between them. The Mindfulness movement is similar in various ways to Individualist New Thought. This analysis reveals some of the problems and limitations inherent in the Mindfulness movement’s approach to meditation, from both Buddhist and scientific perspectives. By extracting meditation from its religious contexts and meanings and turning it into an individual technique for reducing stress, several important resources get “lost in translation.” These include the social and spiritual benefits of religious community; fundamental aspects of Buddhist and neo-Vedanta spiritual paths, particularly the ethical foundations of meditation and yoga; and systemic analyses of the causes of suffering and stress-related illness, including racism, sexism, and poverty.

D-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (Vitamin E TPGS) has been approved as a safe pharmaceutical adjuvant by FDA, and several drug delivery systems (DDS) based on TPGS have been developed. TPGS properties as a P-gp inhibitor, solubilizer/absorption and permeation enhancer in drug delivery and TPGS-related formulations such as nanocrystals, nanosuspensions, tablets/solid dispersions, vaccine system adjuvant, nutritional supplement, film plasticizer, anticancer reagent, and so on, are discussed in this review. Consequenly, TPGS can inhibit ATP-dependent P-glycoprotein activity and act as a potent excipient that promotes the efficiency of delivery and the therapeutic effect of drugs. Inhibition of P-gp occurs through mitochondria-dependent inhibition of the P-gp pump. Many of the latest studies address the use of TPGS for many poorly water-soluble or permeable drugs in the manufacture of nanodrugs or other formulations. In addition, it has been reported that TPGS shows a robust improvement in chylomicron secretion at low concentrations and improves intestinal lymphatic transport, which would also boost the potential of drug absorption. It also indicates that there are still many problems facing clinical translation of TPGS-based nanomedicines, requiring a more deep evaluation of TPGS properties and a future-based delivery method.

Suction foundations are widely used in deep sea and their ultimate bearing capacity which is closely related with failure modes of suction anchor at limit equilibrium state is a key technology in offshore engineering practice. Based on Coulomb friction theory, an exact finite element model is presented in this paper. On the basis of this FEM model, by use of the finite element analysis software ABAQUS, the effect of mooring point and aspect ratio of a suction anchor on the ultimate bearing capacity and its stability are researched in detail. The results show that the ultimate bearing capacity and stability of the suction anchor are affected vastly by the position of mooring point, and the variation of mooring point on the suction anchor can lead to different failure modes. Simultaneously, the results also shows that tilted rotation of the soil along the direction of the mooring force will occur when the mooring point is near the top of the suction anchor, and the soil near the bottom of the fixed anchor rotates around the center of a circle, so the failure mode is called forward-tilted rotation in this paper; A general translation slip of the soil in front of the anchor along the direction of the mooring force will occur when mooring point is below midpoint of suction anchor, so the failure mode is called the translation slip failure mode in this paper. Anticlockwise tilted rotation of the soil along the direction of mooting force will occur when the mooring point is near the bottom of the anchor, and the soil at the top of the anchor rotates around the center of a circle, so the failure mode is called backward-tilted rotation in this paper.

Currently, a set of technologies has been developed with the aim of reducing barriers to access to information for deaf people, such as machine tools for sign languages. However, these technologies have some limitations related to the difficult of handling some specific grammatical aspects of the sign languages, which can make the translations less fluent, and influence the deaf users experience. To address this problem, this study analyzes the machine translation of contents from Brazilian Portuguese (Pt-br) into Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) performed by three machine translators: ProDeaf, HandTalk and VLibras. More specifically, we performed an experiment with some Brazilian human interpreters that evaluate the treatment of some specific grammatical aspects in these three applications. As a result, we observed a significant weakness in the evaluation regarding the adequacy treatment of homonymous words, denial adverbs and directional verbs in the translations performed by the applications, which indicates the need for these tools to improve in the treatment of these grammatical aspects.

Tecnatom has been performing Human Factors Engineering Verification and Validation (HFE V&V) from the mid-eighties. This activity started as one of the various activities of the post TMI requirements followed also in Spain: performing detailed Control Room Design Reviews (DCRDRs). All the existing Spanish Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) were reviewed to identify Human Engineering Discrepancies (HEDs). DCRDRs were completed by the mid-nineties, and the following V&V activities have been related to new designs and plant modifications as part of the activities described in the Human Factors Program Review Model (HFE PRM), included in NUREG-0711 since 1994. The NRC recommends following the HFE PRM or an acceptable alternative method in the case of the HFE activities and the Spanish Regulatory Body (CSN) recommend the same approach for new designs, design modifications and even for conventional plants. The activities embedded in a HFE V&V process are Task Support Verification (TSV), HFE Design Verification (HFE DV) using NUREG-0700 HFE Guidelines, and Integrated System Validation (ISV), with the execution of performance based tests, mainly in simulator facilities. This paper describes some of the experience of Tecnatom during the past years regarding the execution of these V&V activities previously mentioned, and in relation to the applicability and methodological aspects of each of these activities. Methodological aspects regarding TSV are related to its execution when there is a no Task Analysis to use. Methodological aspects regarding the HFE DV are related to the type of HSI to verify (small or large), its development status (paper design or implemented), the selection and translation of applicable HFE guidelines, and the HED preparation. Methodological aspects regarding the ISV are related to the necessary crews, training, number of scenarios, issues to test, data collection and performance measures. The experience is mainly related to Tecnatom’s work is Spanish NPP like Jose´ Cabrera, Almaraz and Vandello´s and in the case of foreign plants Beznau and an advanced NPP in Taiwan amongst others.

Airflow over/under/around a vehicle can affect many important aspects of vehicle performance including vehicle drag (and through this vehicle fuel economy) and cooling/heat exchange for the vehicle powertrain and A/C systems. The vast majority of known devices in current use to control airflow over/under/around the vehicle are of fixed geometry, location, orientation, and stiffness. The project whose performance requirements, design, and build phases are described in this paper was successful in developing an SMA actuator based approach to the on-demand reversible deployment of an air dam through vertical translation. Beyond feasibility, the initial bench top working models demonstrated an active materials based approach which would add little weight to the existing stationary system, and could potentially perform well in the harsh under vehicle environment due to a lack of exposed bearings and pivots. This demonstration showed that actuation speed, force, and cyclic stability all could meet the application requirements. The solution, a dual point balanced actuation approach based on shape memory alloy wires, uses straight linear actuation to produce a reversible height change of 50 mm. Key technical issues with regard to design remaining to be resolved given the harsh under vehicle environment are in most part related to improved system robustness, a prime example being mechanism sealing.