Journal articles on the topic 'Translation of Coran'
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1
Drira, Abdelhamid. "L’orientalisme en Europe de l’Est : l’aventure du Coran des Philomathes." Arabist: Budapest Studies in Arabic 46 (2024): 17–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.58513/arabist.2024.46.2.
Abstract:
The Koran of the Philomaths is a fascinating adventure led by brilliant patriotic students, mainly Polish. They spent several years in Lithuania at the beginning of the 19th century, writing the first Polish translation of the Koran using the Latin alphabet. Numerous articles were devoted to this Koran, as well as several books on the Tatars of Northern Europe. However, those papers emphasize the political patriotic goals behind that translation. This long article, based on a doctoral thesis at the Sorbonne, follows another path and demonstrates that the translation of the Philomaths was first a scientific and literary project motivated by the great interest in Orientalism shown by the Philomaths. To support this, the first part of the article is dedicated to demonstrating the importance of the Orientalist movement in Poland and Vilnius in general, and among several members of the Philomaths and the Philarets. The question of rehabilitation of Polish Orientalists who lived in Russia in the 19th century is also included. The second part of this research addresses essential questions about the Koran of the Philomaths, such as who the real authors are, their sources, their level of Arabic and their work methodology. Some of these practical questions have never been addressed. This article also focuses on what happened to the manuscript of the Philomaths after their condemnation in 1823. It is true that the first printed Polish translation of Buczacki in Warsaw in 1858 is linked to that of the Philomaths. Nevertheless, the article firmly rejects the accusations of usurpation, which are very popular today. Finally, this research shows the lesser-known contribution of other important authors, such as Andrzej Potocki and Albert de Biberstein Kazimirski.
2
Ali, Salah Salim. "Misrepresentation of Some Ellipted Structures in the Translation of the Qur’ān (Analytical Study)." Meta 37, no. 3 (September 30, 2002): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/001871ar.
Abstract:
Résumé L'auteur analyse les vers du Coran à structures elliptiques et leur traduction anglaise ; il montre que des connaissances étymologiques, lexicographiques et sémantiques ainsi que des compétences idiomatiques et grammaticales de la langue arabe sont essentielles pour arriver à une traduction un tant soit peu fidèle du livre sacré.
3
AL-TRAIF, Hamad bin Ibrahim. "Révision de la Traduction Coranique de Hamidullah par le Complexe du Roi Fahd (CRF) : (Sourate Al-Hajj en tant que modèle)." ALTRALANG Journal 3, no. 01 (July 31, 2021): 26–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/altralang.v3i01.100.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT: The translation of the Holy Qur'an has not ceased to cause ink to flow. Since the first drafts of the French translations of the Celestial Book of the Islamic Religion by Du Ryer, Antoine Galland, Savary or Kazimirski, translations made by Muslims have multiplied. That of the eminent Indian scholar Mohammed Hamidullah has been a landmark. It was taken up and revised by the King Fahd Complex for the printing of the Holy Qur'an in the holy city of Medina, cradle of Islam. This amended version, which proposed to focus on the dogmatic dimension of the text and to rid it of all deviations from pure monotheism, was intended to provide a well-known product, but this was not always the case, either at the ideological level or at the level of translation faithful to the original text. We took a sample of this revised translation, in the form of the Qur’anic Sura No. 22 Al-Hajj to carry out a comparative study between hamidullah’s version and the revised Saudi version, King Fahd Complex for the printing of the Holy Qur'an, in order to see at close what this latest version brings to that of the Indian scholar and in what way it wrongs him, while referring to three other famous Koranic translations, including that, the latest, of our gifted colleague, Dr. Nebil Radhouane, to make the distinction.
RÉSUMÉ : La traduction du Saint-Coran n’a pas cessé de faire couler de l’encre. Depuis les premières ébauches des traductions françaises du Livre Céleste de la religion islamique par Du Ryer, Antoine Galland, Savary ou Kazimirski, les traductions faites par des musulmans se sont multipliées. Celle de l’éminent érudit indien Mohammed Hamidullah a fait date. Elle fut reprise et révisée par le Complexe du Roi Fahd pour l’impression du Saint Coran dans la sainte ville de Médine, berceau de l’Islam. Cette version amendée qui s’est proposé de focaliser sur la dimension dogmatique du texte et de le débarrasser de toutes les entorses au monothéisme pur devait apporter un produit bien fignolé mais ce ne fut pas toujours le cas, que ce soit au niveau idéologique ou au niveau de la traduction fidèle au texte de départ. Nous avons pris un échantillon de cette traduction révisée, sous forme de la sourate coranique N° 22 Al-Hajj pour procéder à une étude comparative entre la version de Hamidullah et la version saoudienne, du Comlexe du Roi Fahd, révisée, en vue de voir de près ce que cette dernière version apporte à celle de l’érudit indien et en quoi, elle lui porte tort, tout en se référant à trois autres traductions coraniques célèbres, dont celle, la dernière en date, de notre collègue doué, Dr. Nebil Radhouane, pour faire la part des choses.
4
Agoes, Farida. "AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION OF IDIOMS USED IN CONAN DOYLE’S NOVEL “A STUDY IN SCARLET”." Jurnal Bahasa Inggris Terapan 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35313/jbit.v2i2.1287.
Abstract:
The article is about an analysis of translation of idioms in the novel by Conan Doyle entitled A Study in Scarlet. Translating idioms is often problematic for a translator because idioms are specific to a single language and rarely have the equivalent in other languages. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out the types of idioms used in the English version of the novel, to find out the strategies used by the translator of the Indonesian version of the novel in translating the English idioms, and to find out the accuracy, acceptability and readability of the translation of the idioms in the novel. In analysing the idioms and their translation, qualitative method was used, and the theories by Fernando (1996), Baker (2011) and Nababan, Nuraini, and Sumardiono (2012) were also used. The finding of the analysis shows that from 60 idioms found, semi-idiom is the type of idioms which is frequently found in the novel (31 idioms or 52%). Besides, it is revealed that translating the idioms by paraphrasing is the strategy which is mostly used by the translator in translating the idioms (38 idioms or 63%). In addition, it is revealed that the translation of idioms in the novel is accurate and acceptable although it is less readable. So, the quality of translation of idioms in the novel is good although it can be still improved.Keywords: accuracy, acceptability and readability of translation, idiom, translation, translation strategies
5
Saifullayeva, Nazerke, Kaiyrbek Kemenger, and Cemile Kinaci. "THE POETICS OF KAZAKH TRANSLATION OF ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE’S STORY «THE RED-HEADED LEAGUE»." Bulletin of the Eurasian Humanities Institute, Philology Series, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55808/1999-4214.2023-2.23.
Abstract:
The article considers peculiar features found in Kazakh translation of Arthur Conan Doyle’s detective short story «The Red-Headed League» done in 2011. Since the translator K.Karamanuly interpreted the works of Conan Doyle from Russian into Kazakh, the article considers the original in comparison with the translation of two languages. The analysis of the translations under study clearly shows various approaches to conveying the content of the fiction works, aimed at adapting the detective stories to the Kazakh environment. The article explains the reasons for the existence of the different approaches and peculiarities in the Kazakh translation. The paper provides a successive analysis of how the key elements of Conan Doyle’s poetics – from the story title to the image of the narrator, characteristics of the main heroes, as well as space-time settings of the story – are delivered into the Kazakh language.
6
Streltsov, Alexis A. "Reproduction of encrypted messages in fiction from English into Russian." RESEARCH RESULT Theoretical and Applied Linguistics 7, no. 3 (October 1, 2021): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18413/2313-8912-2021-7-3-0-5.
Abstract:
This article examines cases where translators are confronted with messagesm whose meaning is obscured by a simple cipher. Russian translators had to overcome certain difficulties while translating certain passages in the works of British (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie) and American (Edgar Allan Poe, Dan Brown) fiction writers. Substitution code (―The Gold-Bug‖, ―The Adventure of the Dancing Men‖), anagrams (―The da Vinci Code‖), as well as different kinds of text steganography (―The Gloria Scott‖, ―The Four Suspects‖) can be used to encrypt the information. Each case is illustrated with two examples. The translator has to depict not only the very process of deciphering a message, but also render its cryptic nature with the means of a target language (Russian). We show, that in half of the cases it is a mere translation of the deciphered text. It is a simpler way, because there is no need to create an analogue thereof. The grand purpose, however, remains unachieved. In two instances there were multiple translations of the same text (6 of ―The Gold-Bug‖ by E.A Poe and 9 of ―The Four Suspects‖ by A. Christie). This phenomenon can be explained not only by the popularity of the stories, but by the relatively small circulation of certain editions. We have undertaken a comparative analysis of these translations and have revealed discrepancies, concerning more and less significant translation units and, in some cases minor errors.
7
Streltsov, Alexis A. "Reproduction of encrypted messages in fiction from English into Russian." RESEARCH RESULT Theoretical and Applied Linguistics 7, no. 3 (October 1, 2021): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18413/2313-8912-2021-7-3-0-5.
Abstract:
This article examines cases where translators are confronted with messagesm whose meaning is obscured by a simple cipher. Russian translators had to overcome certain difficulties while translating certain passages in the works of British (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie) and American (Edgar Allan Poe, Dan Brown) fiction writers. Substitution code (―The Gold-Bug‖, ―The Adventure of the Dancing Men‖), anagrams (―The da Vinci Code‖), as well as different kinds of text steganography (―The Gloria Scott‖, ―The Four Suspects‖) can be used to encrypt the information. Each case is illustrated with two examples. The translator has to depict not only the very process of deciphering a message, but also render its cryptic nature with the means of a target language (Russian). We show, that in half of the cases it is a mere translation of the deciphered text. It is a simpler way, because there is no need to create an analogue thereof. The grand purpose, however, remains unachieved. In two instances there were multiple translations of the same text (6 of ―The Gold-Bug‖ by E.A Poe and 9 of ―The Four Suspects‖ by A. Christie). This phenomenon can be explained not only by the popularity of the stories, but by the relatively small circulation of certain editions. We have undertaken a comparative analysis of these translations and have revealed discrepancies, concerning more and less significant translation units and, in some cases minor errors.
8
Pavlenko, Olena. "Translating selves of Mykola Dmytrenko." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 12, no. 21 (2019): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2019-12-21-75-83.
Abstract:
This paper reflects on the key issues of literary translation approaches suggested by Mykola Dmytrenko, an outstanding Ukrainian prose translator. Despite the vast research made by Ukrainian and foreign scholars regarding the translation (A. Bennet, S. Bassnet, M. Strykha) little is known about the contribution made by Ukrainian translators to the promotion of the Ukrainian literature on the international arena. Mykola Dmytrenko’s original arguments coming from value-based interview questions reveal the nature of translating process in terms of cultural transfer with a special emphasis on the literary standards and the distinctive nature of translation paradigm. As many translation theorists and researchers claim, there has been an accepted recognition of the fact that the use of the strategies and techniques of contemporary linguistics shift away to cultural studies. This article attempts to outline the scope of translation as a process by syndicating various extralinguistic phenomena as they occur in Mykola Dmytrenko’s translation project. Firstly, his translation programme embraces the issues of self with their close relation to the problems of cultural identity and the ones connected with tracing the target text within its new sociocultural context. Secondly, Mykola Dmytrenko’s translations provide his exceptional position in developing general principles through which he adequately clarifies the algorithm of choosing literary texts for translation and sheds light on the author selection as well as the ways literary translation networks function in a number of respects. Furthermore, the translator aims his works to be viewed in a broader context of building up the relations with the author of the original on the equal basis so that the target reader would feel he deals with the original text, not with the translation. With this purpose, Mykola Dmytrenko claims that he not only aspires to getting Ukrainian readers acquainted with the masterpieces of world literature, but also aims to develop the ability of cultivating their deductive skills as well as sharpening observation and forming the power of imagination. These explicate the reasons for the translator’s selection of literary texts by A. C. Doyle («A Scandal in Bohemia», «The Red-headed League», «A Case of Identity», «Boscombe Valley Mystery», «Thе Five Orange Pips», etc.). All these have been illustrated by the examples from A. Conan Doyle’s collection of detective stories «The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes» («The Reigate Puzzle»). So, the translator’s pragmatic view comes to be both from an inborn talent and a professional skill to produce the target text of the highest quality.
9
Halim, Suwarni Wijaya. "Translator Style: An Analysis on Two Indonesian Translations of “A Scandal in Bohemia”." Celt: A Journal of Culture, English Language Teaching & Literature 20, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.24167/celt.v20i2.2506.
Abstract:
Abstract: For many years, it is believed that a good translator should be invisible in conducting his or her work. The more transparent and invisible the translator is, the better the quality of translation becomes. However, many experts argued that it is actually impossible for the translators to translate without leaving their thumbprints behind. Thus, the notion of translator style appeared. Studying and exploring the topic of translator style would provide more corroborative support on the view that translators are not merely a mirror of the original author; in fact, they are creative individuals with distinct linguistic characteristics and behaviors, and that translation is not inferior to writing. The objective of this study is to analyze the style of two Indonesian translators of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “A Scandal in Bohemia.” Moreover, this research also aims to enrich the literature of translator style in the Indonesian context since there are only a few studies about this particular topic in the Indonesian context. This research is qualitative in nature and utilized both corpus-assisted methodology and manual text analysis to gain the data. The findings show that the two Indonesian translators had fundamental differences in their translation. Translator A’s style in translating is more oriented to target text and target readers whereas Translators B are more inclined to adhere to the style of the original author and the source text.Key words: translator style, literary work, short storyAbstrak: Selama bertahun-tahun, banyak pihak yang meyakini bahwa seorang penerjemah yang baik seharusnya transparan dalam melakukan pekerjaannya. Semakin transparan penerjemahnya, semakin baik kualitas terjemahannya. Namun, banyak ahli berpendapat bahwa sebenarnya tidak mungkin penerjemah menerjemahkan tanpa meninggalkan jejak. Oleh karena itu, gagasan mengenai gaya penerjemah muncul. Mempelajari dan mengeksplorasi topik mengenai gaya penerjemah akan memberikan dukungan yang lebih kuat pada pandangan bahwa penerjemah bukan sekadar cermin dari penulis asli; pada kenyataannya, mereka adalah individu yang kreatif dengan karakteristik dan perilaku linguistik yang berbeda, dan kegiatan penerjemahan itu tidak kalah penting dengan kegiatan menulis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis gaya dua penerjemah karya Sir Arthur Conan Doyle yang berjudul "A Scandal in Bohemia" dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk memperkaya literature mengenai gaya penerjemah dalam konteks Indonesia karena hanya ada beberapa studi tentang topik ini dalam konteks Indonesia. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dan menggunakan metodologi berbasis korpus dan analisis teks secara manual untuk mendapatkan data. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua penerjemah memiliki perbedaan mendasar dalam terjemahan mereka. Gaya Penerjemah A dalam menerjemahkan lebih berorientasi pada teks target dan target pembaca sedangkan Penerjemah B lebih cenderung untuk mematuhi gaya penulis asli dan teks sumber.Kata kunci: gaya penerjemah, karya sastra, cerita pendek
10
Idrus, Idrus. "The Translation of Japanese Manga Meitantei Conan to Indonesian: The Similarities and Differences between The Original Japanese Version and the Indonesian Translated Version." IZUMI 10, no. 1 (May 2, 2021): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.10.1.98-108.
Abstract:
Japanese comics or manga have caught the world’s attention in recent years. It conveys stories through words and images in a specific order resulting in beautiful works. Now, manga is translated into various languages in the world, including Indonesian. The following study entailed a comparative analysis of the manga Meitantei Conan into Indonesia, primarily concentrating on: the format, for example, the arrangement of pages, lettering, and typography, what was translated what was not. In translating Japanese manga into Indonesian, it was found that there were similarities (retained elements) and differences (adjusted elements). We can found similarities between the original Japanese version and the Indonesian translated version of manga in the writing composition on the chapter title and onomatopoeia. Besides, there are also similarities in cultural terms because the translator maintains terms in Japanese as a translation strategy. The main difference between Original Japanese comics and the Indonesian translated version is the binding system of using, the type of font, and the use of Indonesian cultural elements so that the dialogue of the story characters is more communicative and easy to understand.
11
Zornytskyi, A. "The Peculiarities of Re-Creating the Adjective "Bohemian" while Working at a Literary Translation (Based on A. Conan Doyle’s Short Story "A Scandal in Bohemia")." Вісник Житомирського державного університету імені Івана Франка. Філологічні науки, no. 1(87) (May 13, 2018): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/philology.1(87).2018.80-84.
Abstract:
The article deals with the analysis of culturally and contextually determined aspects of the meaning of the English adjective "Bohemian" as well as the peculiarities of their re-creation while translating works of literature. As illustrative materials employed are the opening fragment of the well-known short story "A Scandal in Bohemia" by A. Conan Doyle and its translations into German, French, Russian, and Ukrainian. Discussed in detail are both linguistic and extralinguistic factors which historically contributed to the evolution of the corresponding set of meanings which make up the semantic structure of the lexeme in question. Considering the etymology of the lexeme at hand and the comparative reception of the underlying notion by different national audiences, the author arrives at the conclusion that there was a marked difference between its etymological and current modern meaning, on the one hand, as well as between the connotative shades of the former depending on a cultural surrounding.
Following the data thus accumulated, critically assessed are the translators’ decisions concerning their choice of the most contextually justified one among the meanings in question and an alternative variant of translation is proposed. It is recognized that the exact meaning of "Bohemian" as used by Conan Doyle has indeed to do with the notion of 'Gypsy', but solely in its Western European interpretation, free from the associations it connotes to the Slavic ear.
12
Wan Omar, Wan Abdul Hayyi, and Idris Mansor. "PEMERHATIAN TERHADAP TERJEMAHAN TEKS SEJARAH ISLAM KE DALAM BAHASA MELAYU." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp265-281.
Abstract:
Teks sejarah Islam merupakan nadi penting yang menyimpan khazanah arkeologi sejarah ketamadunan Islam yang terbina. Catatan yang terkandung dalam teks ini menjadi sumber yang penting untuk dihayati oleh seluruh umat Islam kerana pemahaman sejarah yang baik mampu membina kepercayaan keagamaan yang kukuh. Hal ini demikian kerana segala catatan ajaran, asbab dan perkembangan Islam yang berlaku termasuk perihal berkaitan asbab al-nuzul dan asbab al-wurud sesuatu ajaran dicitrakan dalam genre teks ini. Namun begitu, tidak semua penganut Islam mampu memahaminya disebabkan ketidakmampuan mereka dalam menguasai bahasa Arab. Lantaran itu, mereka perlu bergantung kepada teks sejarah terjemahan sebagai wadah sandaran. Sungguhpun begitu, kewujudannya amat sukar ditemui walaupun aktiviti penterjemahan teks agama Islam seperti fikah, usul fiqah, tasawuf, aqidah, tafsir, al-Quran dan hadis ke dalam bahasa Melayu di Nusantara telah berlaku sejak kurun ke-15 Masihi. Untuk itu, kajian ini dijalankan dengan memberi fokus terhadap senario perkembangan aktiviti terjemahan teks sejarah Islam sedia ada serta meneliti corak terjemahan yang digunakan. Kajian ini dijalankan dengan mengimplikasi pendekatan kajian kepustakaan dan penilaian ke atas dua teks terjemahan, iaitu Sirah Nabawiyyah hasil terjemahan Muhammad Ramzi Omar (2017) dan Sirah Rasulullah s.a.w Keagungan Seorang Nabi Bongsu hasil terjemahan Senawi Ali (2014) dan dibandingkan dengan teks sumber yang berjudul al-Raheeq al-Makhtum oleh Al-Mubarakpuri (1987). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan keterbatasan dalam aktiviti penterjemahan teks genre sejarah Islam berbanding dengan teks Islam daripada genre yang lain. Kebanyakan teks terjemahan sejarah Islam lebih berbentuk saduran dan pendekatan terjemahan yang digunakan lebih cenderung kepada pendekatan semantik. Situasi ini menyebabkan hasil terjemahan lebih cenderung ke arah bahasa dan budaya teks sumber berbanding kecenderungan kepada bahasa dan budaya sasaran.
Kata kunci: Corak terjemahan, teks agama, teks sejarah Islam, terjemahan Arab-Melayu
ABSTRACT
Texts on the history of Islam are priceless treasures as they contain archaeological information on the history of Islamic civilisation. The records in the texts serve as integral resources for Muslims all over the world because good understanding of the history could help develop strong foundation of religious belief. This is because all records on the teachings, explanations, and development of Islam including the occasions or circumstances of revelation (asbab al-nuzul) and circumstances of utterance (asbab al-wurud) are kept in this genre. However, not all Muslims can understand the texts as they do not understand Arabic. Therefore, they need to rely on the translations of historical texts as their source of information. Still, translations of historical texts are hard to find although translations of Islamic texts such as fiqh, usul al-fiqh, tasawuf, aqidah, tafsir, al-Quran and hadith into Malay began as early as the 15th AD in the Malay Archipelago. As such, this study is focused on the existing activities of translating texts on Islamic history. The study also investigates the patterns in the translations carried out. The study involved library research and a close observation on two translated texts which are Sirah Nabawiyyah translated by Omar (2017) and Sirah Rasulullah s.a.w Keagungan Seorang Nabi Bongsu translated by Senawi Ali (2014) and compared with the source text entitled al-Raheeq al-Makhtum by Al-Mubarakpuri (1987). Findings from the study show that there are limitations in the activities of translating Islamic historical texts compared to other genres of Islamic texts. Most of the translated texts on the history of Islam are in the form of adaptations and the translations are more inclined towards the semantic approach. This situation, therefore, produced translation products which tended more towards the source language and culture rather than the target language and culture.
Keywords: Arabic-Malay translation, Islamic historical, religious text, text, translation patterns
Cite as: Wan Omar, W. A. H., & Mansor, I. (2019). Pemerhatian terhadap terjemahan teks sejarah Islam ke dalam Bahasa Melayu [An observation on the translated Islamic historical texts into Malay]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 4(2), 265-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp265-281
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Tapodi, Zsuzsa. "Translation and Transtextuality." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausp-2015-0005.
Abstract:
AbstractUmberto Eco’s novel The Name of the Rose as a postmodern literary work is extensively based on transtextuality. There are series of quotations from the Bible, Petrus Abelardus, St. Bernard, Petrarch, Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie, Jorge L. Borges, Nietzsche, and other classic authors interwoven into the novel’s narrative. The text is a result of multiple translations, a truly intercultural adventure: Adso, a 14th-century German monk from the Melk monastery provides a Northern Italian travel experience in Latin language, this memoir is translated by the publishing narrator into the Italian language of the 20th century. The characters of the story come from different areas of Europe, as there are monks from England, Spain, Norway, Germany, and other countries. This paper sheds light on the problems that occurred during the novel’s translation.
14
Guzmán Mora, Jesús. "La venganza de Jefferson Hope como castigo: el sistema de censura franquista en la traducción de "A Study in Scarlet" (Arthur Conan Doyle), por Amando Lázaro Ros." Hikma 18, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/hikma.v18i1.11177.
Abstract:
El primer volumen de las Obras completas de Arthur Conan Doyle fue publicado en España en 1953 por la Editorial Aguilar. Amando Lázaro Ros, uno de los traductores principales de la compañía, realizó la traducción. La primera novela del canon holmesiano es A Study in Scarlet. La historia narra el asesinato de dos hombres a manos de Jefferson Hope, quien se venga así de la muerte de su futuro suegro y su prometida. Sin embargo, en esta traducción encontramos que el motivo del asesinato es el castigo en lugar de la venganza. La razón de este cambio se encuentra en la denegación de la publicación por parte del sistema de censura franquista.El objetivo de este artículo es doble. En primer lugar, queremos revisar la intervención del sistema de censura en la traducción de A Study in Scarlet por Amando Lázaro Ros. En segundo lugar, mostraremos cómo esta traducción es publicada en la actualidad con los mismos cambios propuestos durante la dictadura. The first volumen of Arthur Conan Doyle complete works was published in Spain in 1953 by the publisher Aguilar. Amando Lázaro Ros, one of the main translator of the company, did the translation. The first novel of the Canon of Sherlock Holmes is A Study in Scarlet. The story of the book is the murder of two men by Jefferson Hope, who takes revenge with these crimes of the death of his future father-in-law and his fiancée. Nonetheless, in this translation we find that the motive for the killing is punishment instead of revenge. The reason for this change was the denial of its publication by Franco’s Censorship System.The aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly, we want to review the intervention of the Franco’s Censorship System in the translation of A Study in Scarlet by Amando Lázaro Ros. Secondly, we show how this translation is currently published with the same changes proposed during the dictatorship.
15
Т. В. ДОБРОШТАН. "“ENGLISH HUMOR IN THE TRANSLATION”: VERBAL MEANS OF MODELLING THE HUMOR CONTEXTS IN RUSSIAN TRANSLATIONS OF ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE’S DETECTIVE STORIES ABOUT SHERLOCK HOLMES." MESSENGER of Kyiv National Linguistic University. Series Philology 22, no. 2 (December 26, 2019): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32589/2311-0821.2.2019.192579.
Abstract:
Introduction. Many works in philology are devoted to the study of nationally specific characteristics of humor and irony in communicative cultures of the different languages’ native speakers. Contemporary linguistics is characterized by investigation the linguistic means of expressing the irony in the English literary works and their translations.Purpose. This paper focuses on the linguistic features of English humorous contexts’ expression in Russian translations of Arthur Conan Doyle’s detective stories about Sherlock Holmes.Methods. Some linguistic methods are applied in our research: descriptive, component analysis method, quantitative and calculative method.Results. The paper illustrates that the range of the linguistic means of expressing the irony in Arthur Conan Doyle’s translations is very wide and variegated. Arthur Conan Doyle’s novels about Sherlock Holmes are analyzed in the paper. Humorous contexts have been selected and categorized. 110 objectifications are presented there. Connection of ironic contexts with human emotions and evaluations has been investigated and illustrated in the paper. Nationally specific characteristics of English humor have been described. The ways of comic effect’s formation and mechanisms of irony demonstration are suggested. The linguistic features of creation the irony are examined and classified. Humor’s and irony’s functions in English communicative cultures are described. Ironic masks of communication acts’ participants have been characterized. Quantitative and semantic analyses are applied in the work.Conclusion. The English humor is very intelligent, intellectual, exquisite, covert, deep self-ironic and sarcastic. Ironic masks of interlocutors are found in Doyle’s detective stories: “smart” and “stupid”. Among the ways of comic effect’s formation hyperbole / litotes, irony, self-irony, sarcasm, black humor, the cheated expectation device has been used. There are a lot of mechanisms of expressing the irony in Doyle’s texts: double digit irony, nonobservance of communicative expectations, explication of the obviosity and absurd. The linguistic features of irony creation in detective stories about Sherlock Holmes are characterized by variety and intensity. The paper concludes that such emotions as fear, anger, sad, shame, disgust, amazement, gratification, gladness and others are objectivized in the text under investigation. Morphologic, syntactic, lexical, phraseological means, phonological characteristics and literature citations have been systematized. Special attention has been paid to the ironic contexts with emotional and evaluative markers. Doyle’s texts are rich in self-ironic reflections, ironic reflections, which can be directed to another participants of communication, ironic reflections, which imply human’s emotions and comparative or metaphoric verbalization.
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Stella, Federico. "A Nineteenth-Century Catholic Translation of the Qur’an into Italian by Vincenzo Calza, Pontifical Consul General of Algiers." Journal of Qur'anic Studies 24, no. 3 (October 2022): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2022.0516.
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This article addresses the first complete Italian translation of the Qur’an, Il Corano, versione italiana con commento e una notizia biografica di Macometto, which was authored by Vincenzo Calza, the first Pontifical General Consul in Algiers, and published in 1847. After contextualising the author and his work with a brief biographical introduction, the article identifies the origins of Calza’s interest in his study of Islam and the Qur’anic text, as well as his objective in engaging with these subjects. It then turns to his translation, Il Corano, and traces back the sources used by Calza in his introduction to and translation of the Qur’anic text, and the critical apparatus he employed. Calza himself claimed that his Qur’an translation was based on the original Arabic text with the help of Kazimisrki’s translation, Le Koran, and Carlo Alfonso Nallino has stated that Calza’s translation relied heavily on Kazimirski’s first flawed edition of Le Koran (1840), which was, in turn, based on Claude-Étienne Savary’s 1783 translation. Through textual analysis and comparison, in this article we find that, in fact, Calza relied entirely on the second, 1841, edition of Kazimirski's Le Koran, in which Kazimirski corrected many errors that were present in the first edition. Calza also selectively adopted elements from Kazimirski's introduction to his translation, and, through this, much of his methodological apparatus.
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Boll, Tom. "Abstract and Concrete: Translating Coral Bracho." Modern Language Review 103, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20467783.
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Boll, Tom. "Abstract and Concrete: Translating Coral Bracho." Modern Language Review 103, no. 2 (2008): 438–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mlr.2008.0014.
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Poshi, Ilda, and Ilirjana Kaceli. "Translating Literariness: Allen Ginsberg’s “Howl” Vs Ukë Zenel Buçpapaj’s “Kujë”." European Journal of Language and Literature 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v4i1.p128-137.
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Prior to being accepted as a real and systematic discipline translation has been lengthily considered a multi-sided driving force used to enable multi-cultural/linguistic communication. As experience shows, translation was born as a practical endeavour to convey social, historical and cultural disparities between countries and only in the 1960s, thanks to Holmes, it was recognised as a solid discipline inexorably intertwined with other disciplines. Moreover, and above all, translation is not just science, it is not a mere process of decoding the encoded – it is an art. Such categorisation is what made Otokar Fischer and other scholars faithfully promote translation as an interface between science and art. This is what this research will try to encompass. We will see how in literary translation, the art of translating marries the theory so that to explain the uniqueness of this discipline. In addition, we will see the concept of literariness as an element of paramount importance in literary translation and especially in poetry, the most sublime aka most problematic genre of literature. As P.B Shelley confesses in A Defence of Poetry: “Poetry ... awakens and enlarges the mind itself by rendering it the receptacle of a thousand unapprehended combinations of thought. Poetry lifts the veil from the hidden beauty of the world, and makes familiar objects be as if they were not familiar; it reproduces all that it represents, and the impersonations clothed in its Elysian light stand thenceforward in the minds of those who have once contemplated them, as memorials of that gentle and exalted content which extends itself over all thoughts and actions with which it coexists. (P.B. Shelley, 1904, 33). Dynamic equivalence is the key to achieve the explanation of complex phenomena through simpler phenomena happening in literary translation and especially in poetry. Through an inductive-descriptive method we aim at bringing light to how and to what extent literariness can be translated by analysing coram Allen Ginsberg’s Howl and its translation in Albanian Kujë by Ukë Zenel Buçpapaj. This way we will see the essential and irreplaceable niche literariness occupies in poetry translation.
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Ayubi, Sholahuddin Al. "AL-QUR'AN: A CONTEMPORARY TRANSLATION." ALQALAM 24, no. 3 (December 31, 2007): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/alqalam.v24i3.1667.
Abstract:
Ahmed Ali adalah salah seorang penerjemah al-Qur'an ke dalam bahasa Inggris. Beliau merupakan salah seorang sastrawan terkemuka Asia Selatan yang produktif menulis. Salah satu karyanya yang cukup dikenal adalah penerjemahan al-Qur'an dalam bahasa Inggris, yaitu Al-Qur'an: A Contemporary Translation.Karya terjemahan dan tafsir al-Qur'an yang ditulisnya ini dimaksukan untuk mendekatkan umat Islam dan memperkenal al-Qur'an kepada non-Muslim di Barat. Tafsir ini berisi tentang penjelasan Islam secara filosofis yang diperuntukan bagi para pembaca yang ingin berdialog dengan al-Quran, sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan permasalahan yang dihadapinya. Karya terjemahan ini tergolong salah satu yang istimewa dari karya-karyanya yang lain. Karena itu, karya ini, selain memiliki bahasa yang mudah dan indah, corak tafsirnya juga lebih banyak menggunakan tafsir bil ma'tsur dan tafsir ilmy.
Kata Kunci : Metode Penerjemahan al-Qur'an, tafsir al-Qur'an, Ahmed Ali
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Holden, Heather, and Ellsworth LeDrew. "The scientific issues surrounding remote detection of submerged coral ecosystems." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 22, no. 2 (June 1998): 190–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339802200203.
Abstract:
According to the 1993 colloquium on the ‘Global status of coral reefs', our understanding of the global role of coral reefs is inadequate. To increase our understanding, an accurate large-scale mapping and monitoring programme is necessary. Historically, coastal zones have been mapped using traditional surveying tools such as topographic maps, nautical charts, existing aerial photographs and direct observations. Although less expensive than digital imagery, exclusive use of these traditional tools may not be practical for monitoring large or remote coral reef ecosystems accurately. Researchers are attempting to develop an adequate coral reef mapping system based on digital remote sensing, but are impeded by issues such as effects of the intervening water column and spectral distinction of bottom types. The two variables discussed, which will contribute to our understanding of the global role of coral reefs, are: 1) remote sensing of submerged coral reefs in general; and 2) remote sensing of coral bleaching in particular. A summary of radiative transfer theory is presented and case studies of attempts at mapping remotely the geographic extent and health of submerged ecosystems, as well as a discussion of the remote estimation of water depth and quality. Problems in the translation and delivery of information to the end user are presented, and possible solutions suggested.
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Flutur, Ionela Gabriela. "Traduire la peur dans les contes." Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature 44, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/lsmll.2020.44.1.61-69.
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<p>In this article, we undergo a comparative analysis of emotions in translation, particularly fear, in a Romanian tale rendered into French. The apparent simplicity of children's literature and its translation hides several difficulties as well on the linguistic level, as on the socio-cultural one. Our corpus is composed of a tale of Ion Creangă, a writer known for Romanian children's literature<em>, Capra cu trei iezi [The goat and her three kids</em>], and the collaborative version of M. Stanciu Stoian and Ode de Chateauvieux Lebel (1931) and the version of Mariana Cojan Negulescu (1996).</p><p> </p>
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Lapshin, Grigory, Anya Salih, Peter Kolosov, Maria Golovkina, Yuri Zavorotnyi, Tatyana Ivashina, Leonid Vinokurov, Victor Bagratashvili, and Alexander Savitsky. "Fluorescence color diversity of great barrier reef corals." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 08, no. 04 (July 2015): 1550028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545815500285.
Abstract:
A group of variously colored proteins belonging to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family are responsible for coloring coral tissues. Corals of the Great Barrier Reef were studied with the custom-built fiber laser fluorescence spectrometers. Spectral analysis showed that most of the examined corals contained multiple fluorescent peaks ranging from 470 to 620 nm. This observation was attributed to the presence of multiple genes of GFP-like proteins in a single coral, as well as by the photo-induced post-translational modifications of certain GFP-like proteins. We isolated a novel photo-convertible fluorescent protein (FP) from one of the tested corals. We propose that two processes may explain the observed diversity of the fluorescent spectra in corals: (1) dark post-translational modification (maturation), and (2) color photo-conversion of certain maturated proteins in response to sunlight.
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Afanasyeva, Oxana V., and Kamilla F. Gereikhanova. "Sherlock Holmes and Erast Fandorin: the peculiarities of Akunin’s dialogue with Conan Doyle." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 25, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2020-25-3-479-486.
Abstract:
The article analyzes the receptions of A.С. Doyle’s masterpieces and the circle of novels “Fandorin” by Boris Akunin. Based on the analysis of the works “Azazel”, “Decorator”, “Scarpei Baskakovs”, “Prisoner of the Tower”, a number of conclusions are made about the specifics of B. Akunin’s intertextual strategy. It is shown that the intertextual dialogue between Akunin and Conan Doyle is carried out through character and narrative projections, in particular, structural stylization, the transposition of the plot on Russian soil, etc. The ambiguous role of Conan Doyle receptions, performing, firstly, the para-genre (detective) function of plot-semantic coding, secondly, the function of the transtextual riddle, the solution of which lies outside the work - in the Conan Doyle pretext, thirdly, the function of a parody imitation of the predecessor’s stylistic manner, including the specifics of Russian translations of short stories about Sherlock Holmes, is revealed.
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Sanditha, Agus Yuda Renanda, and I. Gusti Ayu Gede Sosiowati. "Borrowing in The Novel The Hound of The Baskervilleand Its Translation." Humanis 24, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jh.2020.v24.i02.p03.
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This study is aimed to find out the types of Borrowing that is used in translation of the novel The Hound of the Baskerville and the dominant type of borrowing in used. The data were taken from a novel entitled “The Hound of The Baskervilles” by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and its translation in Indonesia by Dina Begum. This study used library method to collected the data from the novel. To analyse the data, this study usedqualitative method. As for analysis of data presentation, this study used formal and in-formal method. The finding showed there are two type of borrowing used in the novelthey are Pure Borrowing and Naturalized Borrowing.The dominant type of borrowing is Naturalized Borrowing with 138data.
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Doyle, S., D. Winrow, T. Aregbesola, J. Martin, E. Pernevik, V. Kuzmenko, L. Howard, K. Thompson, M. Johnson, and C. Coleman. "FABRICATION OF A HIGH-THROUGHPUT 3D-PRINTED OSTEOGENIC CORAL-CONTAINING SCAFFOLD." Orthopaedic Proceedings 106-B, SUPP_1 (January 2, 2024): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2024.1.129.
Abstract:
In 2021 the bone grafting market was worth €2.72 billion globally. As allograft bone has a limited supply and risk of disease transmission, the demand for synthetic grafting substitutes (BGS) continues to grow while allograft bone grafts steadily decrease. Synthetic BGS are low in mechanical strength and bioactivity, inspiring the development of novel grafting materials, a traditionally laborious and expensive process. Here a novel BGS derived from sustainably grown coral was evaluated. Coral-derived scaffolds are a natural calcium carbonate bio-ceramic, which induces osteogenesis in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the cells responsible for maintaining bone homeostasis and orchestrating fracture repair. By 3D printing MSCs in coral-laden bioinks we utilise high throughput (HT) fabrication and evaluation of osteogenesis, overcoming the limitations of traditional screening methods.MSC and coral-laden GelXA (CELLINK) bioinks were 3D printed in square bottom 96 well plates using a CELLINK BIO X printer with pneumatic adapter Samples were non-destructively monitored during the culture period, evaluating both the sample and the culture media for metabolism (PrestoBlue), cytotoxicity (lactose dehydrogenase (LDH)) and osteogenic differentiation (alkaline phosphatase (ALP)). Endpoint, destructive assays used included qRT-PCR and SEM imaging.The inclusion of coral in the printed bioink was biocompatable with the MSCs, as reflected by maintained metabolism and low LDH release. The inclusion of coral induced osteogenic differentiation in the MSCs as seen by ALP secretion and increased RUNX2, collagen I and osteocalcin transcription.Sustainably grown coral was successfully incorporated into bioinks, reproducibly 3D printed, non-destructively monitored throughout culture and induced osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. This HT fabrication and monitoring workflow offers a faster, less labour-intensive system for the translation of bone substitute materials to clinic.Acknowledgements: This work was co-funded by Enterprise Ireland and Zoan Biomed through Innovation Partnership IP20221024.
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Sugiyama, Nawa, William L. Fash, and Christine A. M. France. "Creating the Cosmos, Reifying Power: A Zooarchaeological Investigation of Corporal Animal Forms in the Copan Valley." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 407–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774319000040.
Abstract:
Throughout Mesoamerica, corporal animal forms (a term encompassing living animals, animal-derived by-products and artifacts made from animal bodies) have long played essential roles in state-level ritualized activities. This paper focuses on three zooarchaeological assemblages from the Classic Period Maya kingdom of Copan, Honduras (ad 426–822), to describe how corporal animal forms were implemented to mediate power, express social identities and encapsulate contemporary socio-political circumstances. Two of these fundamental assemblages relate to world-creation myths associated with the Starry Deer-Crocodile, a mythological entity prominent in both contexts which was materialized into the ritual arena through a formalized process of commingling and translating animal body elements. The third context was deposited some three centuries later during the reign of Yax Pasaj, the last ruler of the Copan dynasty. This assemblage, extravagant with powerful felids conjuring the authority of the royal dynasty, reflects a period of acute socio-political struggle faced by the Copan dynasty. Detailed zooarchaeological analysis of corporal animal forms at Copan facilitates a more comprehensive reconstruction of some of the socio-political power negotiations in play.
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Haslun, Joshua A., Briana Hauff-Salas, Kevin B. Strychar, James M. Cervino, and Nathaniel E. Ostrom. "Variation in Immune-Related Gene Expression Provides Evidence of Local Adaptation in Porites astreoides (Lamarck, 1816) between Inshore and Offshore Meta-Populations Inhabiting the Lower Florida Reef Tract, USA." Water 13, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152107.
Abstract:
Coral communities of the Florida Reef Tract (FRT) have changed dramatically over the past 30 years. Coral cover throughout the FRT is disproportionately distributed; >70% of total coral cover is found within the inshore patch reef zone (<2 km from shore) compared to 30% found within the offshore bank reef zone (>5 km from shore). Coral mortality from disease has been differentially observed between inshore and offshore reefs along the FRT. Therefore, differences between the response of inshore and offshore coral populations to bacterial challenge may contribute to differences in coral cover. We examined immune system activation in Porites astreoides (Lamarck, 1816), a species common in both inshore and offshore reef environments in the FRT. Colonies from a representative inshore and offshore site were reciprocally transplanted and the expression of three genes monitored biannually for two years (two summer and two winter periods). Variation in the expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit H (eIF3H), an indicator of cellular stress in Porites astreoides, did not follow annual patterns of seawater temperatures (SWT) indicating the contribution of other stressors (e.g., irradiance). Greater expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor 3 (TRAF3), a signaling protein of the inflammatory response, was observed among corals transplanted to, or located within the offshore environment indicating that an increased immune response is associated with offshore coral more so than the inshore coral (p < 0.001). Corals collected from the offshore site also upregulated the expression of adenylyl cyclase associated protein 2 (ACAP2), increases which are associated with decreasing innate immune system inflammatory responses, indicating a counteractive response to increased stimulation of the innate immune system. Activation of the innate immune system is a metabolically costly survival strategy. Among the two reefs studied, the offshore population had a smaller mean colony size and decreased colony abundance compared to the inshore site. This correlation suggests that tradeoffs may exist between the activation of the innate immune system and survival and growth. Consequently, immune system activation may contribute to coral community dynamics and declines along the FRT.
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Kormann, Carolyn. "The Coral Is Not All Dead Yet." Daedalus 149, no. 4 (October 2020): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01826.
Abstract:
Reportage and essays are the first and most immediate way that citizens learn about climate change science, its causes and consequences, and the impacts that industry and consumerism have on ecosystems. For fifteen years, I have been reporting and writing stories on these topics. Growing up, I was drawn to the environment because I was fascinated by the diversity, the endless variety, of life on Earth. But early in my career, in my first reporting job for a newspaper in the Caribbean, I also saw the disastrous toll that contemporary civilization was taking on the natural world – specifically on coral reefs. And yet, the climate crisis was not widely reported as such in those days. That experience, and the dearth of mainstream climate reporting at the time, led me to seek out some of the leading thinkers on the subject, and made climate one of the central subjects of my work. Most often, in the field of journalism, the phrase “bearing witness” refers to war journalism, while my work, for years, had often felt like science translation, connection, and storytelling. But more recently, as the ecological and societal impacts of a changing climate have grown more extreme, widespread, and apparent, while greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, climate journalism has, too, become a form of bearing witness.
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Friedman, Alice T. "Poker Faces: Seeing Behind the Mask of Convention." Modern Housing. Patrimonio Vivo, no. 51 (2014): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/51.a.1l2klcwn.
Abstract:
“Poker Faces” interrogates the category of modernity in the history and criticism of domestic architecture, examining the relationship between formal innovation — typically used as our measure of originality — and planning innovation, in which new ways of living and experiencing the home are enabled through the translation of unconventional programs into interior spaces. Two examples of houses built for women clients — William Brainerd’s Colonial Revival “SCARAB” in Wellesley, Massachusetts (1907), built as a home for Professor Katharine Lee Bates and her life partner, Professor Katharine Coman; and Richard Neutra’s Constance Perkins House, in Pasadena, California (1955) — suggest that sometimes the most radical households lie behind self-protectively diffident façades.
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Barott, Katie L., Megan E. Barron, and Martin Tresguerres. "Identification of a molecular pH sensor in coral." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1866 (November 2017): 20171769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1769.
Abstract:
Maintaining stable intracellular pH (pHi) is essential for homeostasis, and requires the ability to both sense pH changes that may result from internal and external sources, and to regulate downstream compensatory pH pathways. Here we identified the cAMP-producing enzyme soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) as the first molecular pH sensor in corals. sAC protein was detected throughout coral tissues, including those involved in symbiosis and calcification. Application of a sAC-specific inhibitor caused significant and reversible pHi acidosis in isolated coral cells under both dark and light conditions, indicating sAC is essential for sensing and regulating pHi perturbations caused by respiration and photosynthesis. Furthermore, pHi regulation during external acidification was also dependent on sAC activity. Thus, sAC is a sensor and regulator of pH disturbances from both metabolic and external origin in corals. Since sAC is present in all coral cell types, and the cAMP pathway can regulate virtually every aspect of cell physiology through post-translational modifications of proteins, sAC is likely to trigger multiple homeostatic mechanisms in response to pH disturbances. This is also the first evidence that sAC modulates pHi in any non-mammalian animal. Since corals are basal metazoans, our results indicate this function is evolutionarily conserved across animals.
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Chung, Anne, Thomas Oliver, Jamison Gove, Kelvin Gorospe, Darla White, Kristine Davidson, and William Walsh. "Translating resilience-based management theory to practice for coral bleaching recovery in Hawai‘i." Marine Policy 99 (January 2019): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.10.013.
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Guzman, Christine, Michael Atrigenio, Chuya Shinzato, Porfirio Aliño, and Cecilia Conaco. "Warm seawater temperature promotes substrate colonization by the blue coral, Heliopora coerulea." PeerJ 7 (September 27, 2019): e7785. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7785.
Abstract:
Background Heliopora coerulea, the blue coral, is a reef building octocoral that is reported to have a higher optimum temperature for growth compared to most scleractinian corals. This octocoral has been observed to grow over both live and dead scleractinians and to dominate certain reefs in the Indo-Pacific region. The molecular mechanisms underlying the ability of H. coerulea to tolerate warmer seawater temperatures and to effectively compete for space on the substrate remain to be elucidated. Methods In this study, we subjected H. coerulea colonies to various temperatures for up to 3 weeks. The growth and photosynthetic efficiency rates of the coral colonies were measured. We then conducted pairwise comparisons of gene expression among the different coral tissue regions to identify genes and pathways that are expressed under different temperature conditions. Results A horizontal growth rate of 1.13 ± 0.25 mm per week was observed for corals subjected to 28 or 31 °C. This growth rate was significantly higher compared to corals exposed at 26 °C. This new growth was characterized by the extension of whitish tissue at the edges of the colony and was enriched for a matrix metallopeptidase, a calcium and integrin binding protein, and other transcripts with unknown function. Tissues at the growth margin and the adjacent calcified encrusting region were enriched for transcripts related to proline and riboflavin metabolism, nitrogen utilization, and organic cation transport. The calcified digitate regions, on the other hand, were enriched for transcripts encoding proteins involved in cell-matrix adhesion, translation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, photosynthesis, and ion transport. Functions related to lipid biosynthesis, extracellular matrix formation, cell migration, and oxidation-reduction processes were enriched at the growth margin in corals subjected for 3 weeks to 28 or 31 °C relative to corals at 26 °C. In the digitate region of the coral, transcripts encoding proteins that protect against oxidative stress, modify cell membrane composition, and mediate intercellular signaling pathways were enriched after just 24 h of exposure to 31 °C compared to corals at 28 °C. The overall downregulation of gene expression observed after 3 weeks of sustained exposure to 31 °C is likely compensated by symbiont metabolism. Discussion These findings reveal that the different regions of H. coerulea have variable gene expression profiles and responses to temperature variation. Under warmer conditions, the blue coral invests cellular resources toward extracellular matrix formation and cellular migration at the colony margins, which may promote rapid tissue growth and extension. This mechanism enables the coral to colonize adjacent reef substrates and successfully overgrow slower growing scleractinian corals that may already be more vulnerable to warming ocean waters.
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Xue, Teng, Tianchi Zhang, and Jing Zhang. "Research on Underwater Image Restoration Technology Based on Multi-Domain Translation." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 3 (March 22, 2023): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030674.
Abstract:
Underwater images are crucial in various underwater applications, including marine engineering, underwater robotics, and subsea coral farming. However, obtaining paired data for these images is challenging due to factors such as light absorption and scattering, suspended particles in the water, and camera angles. Underwater image recovery algorithms typically use real unpaired dataset or synthetic paired dataset. However, they often encounter image quality issues and noise labeling problems that can affect algorithm performance. To address these challenges and further improve the quality of underwater image restoration, this work proposes a multi-domain translation method based on domain partitioning. Firstly, this paper proposes an improved confidence estimation algorithm, which uses the number of times a sample is correctly predicted in a continuous period as a confidence estimate. The confidence value estimates are sorted and compared with the real probability to continuously optimize the confidence estimation and improve the classification performance of the algorithm. Secondly, a U-net structure is used to construct the underwater image restoration network, which can learn the relationship between the two domains. The discriminator uses full convolution to improve the performance of the discriminator by outputting the true and false images along with the category to which the true image belongs. Finally, the improved confidence estimation algorithm is combined with the discriminator in the image restoration network to invert the labels for images with low confidence values in the clean domain as images in the degraded domain. The next step of image restoration is then performed based on the new dataset that is divided. In this way, the multi-domain conversion of underwater images is achieved, which helps in the recovery of underwater images. Experimental results show that the proposed method effectively improves the quality and quantity of the images.
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Mironova, Veronika E. "Poetics of Russian Translations of Arthur Conan Doyle’s Detective Story “The Adventure of the Speckled Band”." Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 10, no. 1 (2018): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2037-6681-2018-1-125-133.
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Kidwai, A. R. "The Sublime Qur'an and Orientalism." American Journal of Islam and Society 8, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v8i1.2651.
Abstract:
The Qur'an, being central to both the Islamic faith and its practice, hasbeen studied in a plethora of orientalist writings-ranging from such a crudelypolemical one as Alexander Ross's English translation of the Qur'an entitledThe Alcoran of Mahomet . . . for the Satisfaction for all those who Desireto look into the Turkish Vanities (1649) to those with scholarly pretensionsand claiming to be "objective" studies, such as Noldeke's Geschichte des Qorans(1860), Goldziher's Die Richtungen der islamischen Koranauslesung (1920),Bell's The Quran translated with a Critical Rearrangement of the Surahs(1937-39), Wansbrough's Quranic Studies (1977), and Burton's The Collectionof the Quran (1977).The book under review, first published in 1983, recounts the full tockof the orientalists' misconceptions, down the ages, about the Qur'an-theiroutlandish theories about its authorship (pp. 7-18), their assaults on its textualhistory and its arrangement (pp. 52-63), their brazen attempts at twistingits meaning in their Qur'an translations (pp. 64-92), and their bizzare viewson abrogation in the Qur'an (pp. 93-104). Khalifa deserves every credit forassembling so much information. What is more remarkable is that it is followedby a stout refutation of these allegations about the form and contents of theQur'an and an extensive, authentic exposition of the Qur'anic teachings,concepts, and morals, all of which constitutes the second part of the book(pp. 111-205). In elucidating the Qur'anic worldview, Khalifa's discussion issubtle, in large part persuasive, tenaciously pursued, and well presented.Appended to the book are two highly informative appendices on the orderof the Qur'an's surahs.This well-intentioned and detailed scholarly study, however, does notreally succeed in delivering what its title promises. In discussing the orientalists'ventures into establishing the chronology of Qur'anic surahs, Khalifa sayslittle about Gustav Fli:lgel's Corani Textus Arabiscus (1834) and the theoriespropounded by Grimme and Hirschfield's New Researches in the Compositionand Exegesis of the Quran (1902). More serious is the lack of any referenceto a host of orientalists' writings on the philological and lexical aspects ofthe Qur'an, namely Baljon's Modern Muslim Quran Interpretation (1961),Torrey's The Commercial-Theological Terms in the Quran (1892), Watt's ...
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Ptak, Roderich. "References to the Coral Islands in Huang Zhong’s Hai yu 海語." Ming Qing Yanjiu 23, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 39–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340032.
Abstract:
Abstract There are many studies on the history of the islands in the South China Sea. The present article looks at the references to these islands in one source, Huang Zhong’s 黄衷 Hai yu 海語 (preface 1536). This mainly concerns two entries in that work. One entry bears the title Wanli shitang 萬里石塘, the other is called Wanli changsha 萬里長沙. The article presents English translations of these entries together with detailed comments. These comments are necessary because both entries contain several terms and passages that are difficult to understand. The comments investigate questions related to the geography and other phenoma of this area. This involves citations from contemporary sources as well as from some earlier and later works. In that sense the article may classify as a long philological note, or a collection of glosses, on a particular aspect described in one important mid-Ming text.
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Gupta, Vivek. "Arabic in Hindustan: Comparative Poetics in the Eighteenth Century and Azad Bilgrami’s The Coral Rosary." Journal of South Asian Intellectual History 4, no. 2 (December 9, 2022): 181–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25425552-12340034.
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Abstract This article examines the contributions of Ghulām ʿAlī “Āzād” Bilgrāmī (1704–1786) to our understanding of comparative poetics and Arabic in eighteenth-century Hindustan. It attends to Azad’s oeuvre through the lenses of translation, multilingualism, and literary science. Philological analysis reveals how Azad establishes analogues across these three literary languages that attest to the adaptive capacity of poetics. His sections on Hindi poetry in his Arabic work Subḥat al-marjān fī āthār Hindūstān (The Coral Rosary of Hindustan’s Traditions, 1763–64), and its later adaptation into Persian Ghizlān al-Hind (The Gazelles of India, 1764–65) anchor this study. The essay also establishes a Hindi inspiration for Azad’s Arabic poem Mir‘āt al-Jamāl (The Mirror of Beauty, 1773). By probing the intertextualities within and beyond Azad’s corpus, this study demonstrates how Arabic literary production in Hindustan benefits from a comparative method that accounts for a multilingual milieu. It thus considers the contributions of precolonial Hindi and Persian literatures to a reading of Arabic in Hindustan.
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Van Etten, Julia, Alexander Shumaker, Tali Mass, Hollie M. Putnam, and Debashish Bhattacharya. "Transcriptome analysis provides a blueprint of coral egg and sperm functions." PeerJ 8 (August 18, 2020): e9739. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9739.
Abstract:
Background Reproductive biology and the evolutionary constraints acting on dispersal stages are poorly understood in many stony coral species. A key piece of missing information is egg and sperm gene expression. This is critical for broadcast spawning corals, such as our model, the Hawaiian species Montipora capitata, because eggs and sperm are exposed to environmental stressors during dispersal. Furthermore, parental effects such as transcriptome investment may provide a means for cross- or trans-generational plasticity and be apparent in egg and sperm transcriptome data. Methods Here, we analyzed M. capitata egg and sperm transcriptomic data to address three questions: (1) Which pathways and functions are actively transcribed in these gametes? (2) How does sperm and egg gene expression differ from adult tissues? (3) Does gene expression differ between these gametes? Results We show that egg and sperm display surprisingly similar levels of gene expression and overlapping functional enrichment patterns. These results may reflect similar environmental constraints faced by these motile gametes. We find significant differences in differential expression of egg vs. adult and sperm vs. adult RNA-seq data, in contrast to very few examples of differential expression when comparing egg vs. sperm transcriptomes. Lastly, using gene ontology and KEGG orthology data we show that both egg and sperm have markedly repressed transcription and translation machinery compared to the adult, suggesting a dependence on parental transcripts. We speculate that cell motility and calcium ion binding genes may be involved in gamete to gamete recognition in the water column and thus, fertilization.
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Syarifah, Nurus. "TAFSIR AKADEMIK KARYA MAHMUD YUNUS: CORAK ILMIAH, SOSIAL DAN INTELEKTUAL DALAM TAFSIR AL-QUR’AN AL-KARIM." Jurnal At-Tibyan: Jurnal Ilmu Alqur'an dan Tafsir 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/at-tibyan.v5i1.1157.
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This article describes the academic aspects of the interpretation of Mahmud Yunus which is named Tafsir Al-Qur’an al-Karim. This interpretation is one of the pioneers of Indonesian-language interpretation works that are widely used by the majority of Muslims in Indonesia. He dared to introduce the use of Latin letters for translation and interpretation of the Qur'an. The method used in this research is descriptive method. The conclusion of this study is that the academic aspects of Mahmud Yunus' interpretation work include scientific, social and intellectual styles. The scientific style in its interpretation is a new style that is associated with developing science, so its interpretation seems to emphasize the close relationship between the Qur'an and the development of science and technology which are the main characteristics of modern thought. The social and intellectual patterns are more demonstrated by Mahmud Yunus through the use of elements of common expressions, as well as traditions, customs and socio-cultural phenomena in their interpretation.
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Syarifah, Nurus. "TAFSIR AKADEMIK KARYA MAHMUD YUNUS: CORAK ILMIAH, SOSIAL DAN INTELEKTUAL DALAM TAFSIR AL-QUR’AN AL-KARIM." JURNAL At-Tibyan Jurnal Ilmu Alquran dan Tafsir 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/tibyan.v5i1.1157.
Abstract:
This article describes the academic aspects of the interpretation of Mahmud Yunus which is named Tafsir Al-Qur’an al-Karim. This interpretation is one of the pioneers of Indonesian-language interpretation works that are widely used by the majority of Muslims in Indonesia. He dared to introduce the use of Latin letters for translation and interpretation of the Qur'an. The method used in this research is descriptive method. The conclusion of this study is that the academic aspects of Mahmud Yunus' interpretation work include scientific, social and intellectual styles. The scientific style in its interpretation is a new style that is associated with developing science, so its interpretation seems to emphasize the close relationship between the Qur'an and the development of science and technology which are the main characteristics of modern thought. The social and intellectual patterns are more demonstrated by Mahmud Yunus through the use of elements of common expressions, as well as traditions, customs and socio-cultural phenomena in their interpretation.
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Arum Sari, Femilia Kristian, and Setyo Yanuartuti. "Kajian Struktur Pertunjukan Tari Gandhong di Desa Bangun Kecamatan Munjungan Kabupaten Trenggalek." Gondang: Jurnal Seni dan Budaya 4, no. 2 (December 4, 2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/gondang.v4i2.20127.
Abstract:
Gandhong Dance is a dance that was created for the ritual procession at a ritual ceremony performed at Coban Wono Asri which is located in Bangun Village, Munjungan District, Trenggalek Regency. The focus of the problem in this paper is that Gandhong Dance has a performance structure that is unique and different from the others, so this paper aims to examine more deeply the performance structure of Gandhong Dance. In order to approach this problem, Ben Suharto's translation of Jackquline Smith (1985) is used as a theoretical reference, that the structure is a form consisting of forms and forming elements that are interrelated according to its function and are inseparable in a unified form. Data were collected through observation, interviews and documentation and were analyzed using a qualitative approach. This study concludes that Gandhong Dance, in one package of this Gandhong Dance performance there is a separate sub-theme in which there are only small themes forming the sub-theme.
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Ishak, Andi Putra. "CORAK PENAFSIRAN ISYARI DALAM TAFSIR JEMA’AT AHMADIYAH QADIYAN (Satu Analisa dalam Perspektif Ilmu Tafsir)." Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Mu'ashirah 13, no. 2 (November 29, 2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jim.v13i2.2245.
Abstract:
Ahmadiyah Qadiyan interpretation controversy has caused tremendous reaction from Muslims around the world, not only in his native land claimed as the Ahmadis non-Muslim minority, even in the Islamic world is considered heretical groups in and out of Islam. This fallacy stems from religious interpretations that do not comply with the disciplines of Islam, giving rise to different views in terms of religious principles. However, Ahmadiyah still claiming to be performer true religion of Islam, because in principle they still cling to the Qur'an and other Islamic scientific sources such as tradition, the views of prophet Muhammad companions and his followers. In addition they also have their own interpretation book is "THE HOLY QURAN ARABIC TEXT WITH ENGLISH TRANSLATION & SHORT COMMENTARY". Bayiruddin Mahmud Ahmad, the Ahmadiyya Caliph as the author of the commentary has made this interpretation tends to isyari patterns that seem to justify the prophetic claims of Ghulam Ahmad, by because it is necessary Overview of disciplines commentators to see the extent of the validity of the interpretation.
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MacRobert, Catherine Mary. "The Novgorod Antiphonal Psalters: Their Orthographical Peculiarities and Textological Significance." Slovene 2, no. 2 (2013): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2013.2.2.2.
Abstract:
The thirteenth-century Novgorod antiphonal psalters were written for liturgical use by two choirs or readers in alternation; consequently each of them contains an incomplete version of the psalms, and they complement each other only in part. Nevertheless, they are of interest both in relation to the development of Church Slavonic norms of orthography and orthoepy as well as from a textological standpoint. In one of them, the older of the two, the infiltration of dialect pronunciation into the Novgorod variety of Church Slavonic can be detected (a list of the various different examples of cokan′e in this manuscript is provided in the appendix). On the basis of an analysis of the variant readings found in both manuscripts or attested in either of the two sources, it is demonstrated that they belong to Redaction II of the Church Slavonic translation of the psalms, and that they are important witnesses to the dissemination of this redaction among the East Slavs up to the end of the thirteenth century.
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Torres Nila, Álvaro J. "Francisco Nayari hace una petición al obispo Juan Ruiz Colmenero (1649). Análisis y traducción de una carta escrita en náhuatl por un hablante de cora." Tlalocan 25 (September 7, 2020): 343–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.tlalocan.2020.0009.
Abstract:
The following text is the analysis, transcription, and translation of a letter written in Nahuatl by Francisco Nayari, the Cora tonati or leader of the Cora people, dated in 1649. Francisco Nayari writes to Bishop Juan Ruiz Colmenero in order to inform him that the Cora people maintain themselves within a Christian lifestyle. Nayari’s statement seems to respond to some accusation against the Coras, since he states that they are loyal to the Spanish crown, that it is the Tepehuanes, their neighbors, who do not exhibit Christian behavior. It is an insightful document because of the historical moment it reveals, and because the Nahuatl language written by Francisco Nayari is his second language. The “mistakes” the letter contains are very systematic. Francisco Nayari ends his letter including information that the bishop cannot overlook: Francisco Nayari was baptized by Miguel Caldera, the captain who negotiated peace between the Chichimec groups who rebelled for approximately fifty years, and the viceroy of New Spain. Bishop Ruiz Colmenero must believe what Nayari says.
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Han, Junlin, Mehrdad Shoeiby, Tim Malthus, Elizabeth Botha, Janet Anstee, Saeed Anwar, Ran Wei, Mohammad Ali Armin, Hongdong Li, and Lars Petersson. "Underwater Image Restoration via Contrastive Learning and a Real-World Dataset." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 4297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174297.
Abstract:
Underwater image restoration is of significant importance in unveiling the underwater world. Numerous techniques and algorithms have been developed in recent decades. However, due to fundamental difficulties associated with imaging/sensing, lighting, and refractive geometric distortions in capturing clear underwater images, no comprehensive evaluations have been conducted with regard to underwater image restoration. To address this gap, we constructed a large-scale real underwater image dataset, dubbed Heron Island Coral Reef Dataset (`HICRD’), for the purpose of benchmarking existing methods and supporting the development of new deep-learning based methods. We employed an accurate water parameter (diffuse attenuation coefficient) to generate the reference images. There are 2000 reference restored images and 6003 original underwater images in the unpaired training set. Furthermore, we present a novel method for underwater image restoration based on an unsupervised image-to-image translation framework. Our proposed method leveraged contrastive learning and generative adversarial networks to maximize the mutual information between raw and restored images. Extensive experiments with comparisons to recent approaches further demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method. Our code and dataset are both publicly available.
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Liang, Yu, Lin Xian, Jinmin Pan, Kecheng Zhu, Huayang Guo, Baosuo Liu, Nan Zhang, Yan Ou-Yang, Qin Zhang, and Dianchang Zhang. "De Novo Genome Assembly of the Whitespot Parrotfish (Scarus forsteni): A Valuable Scaridae Genomic Resource." Genes 15, no. 2 (February 17, 2024): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes15020249.
Abstract:
Scarus forsteni, a whitespot parrotfish from the Scaridae family, is a herbivorous fish inhabiting coral reef ecosystems. The deterioration of coral reefs has highly affected the habitats of the parrotfish. The decline in genetic diversity of parrotfish emphasizes the critical importance of conserving their genetic variability to ensure the resilience and sustainability of marine ecosystems for future generations. In this study, a genome of S. forsteni was assembled de novo through using Illumina and Nanopore sequencing. The 1.71-Gb genome of S. forsteni, was assembled into 544 contigs (assembly level: contig). It exhibited an N50 length of 17.97 Mb and a GC content percentage of 39.32%. Our BUSCO analysis revealed that the complete protein of the S. forsteni genome had 98.10% integrity. Combined with structure annotation data, 34,140 (74.81%) genes were functionally annotated out of 45,638 predicted protein-coding genes. Upon comparing the genome size and TE content of teleost fishes, a roughly linear relationship was observed between these two parameters. However, TE content is not a decisive factor in determining the genome size of S. forsteni. Population history analysis results indicate that S. forsteni experienced two major population expansions, both of which occurred before the last interglacial period. In addition, through a comparative genomic analysis of the evolutionary relationship of other species, it was found that S. forsteni had the closest relationship with Cheilinus undulatus, another member of the Labridae family. Our expansion and contraction analysis of the gene family showed that the expansion genes were mainly associated with immune diseases, organismal systems, and cellular processes. At the same time, cell transcription and translation, sex hormone regulation, and other related pathways were also more prominent in the positive selection genes. The genomic sequence of S. forsteni offers valuable resources for future investigations on the conservation, evolution, and behavior of fish species.
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Wahid, M. Abdurrahman. "CORAK DAN METODOLOGI TAFSIR ALQURAN AL-MADJID AN-NUR KARYA HASBI ASH-SHIDDIEQY." Rausyan Fikr: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Ushuluddin dan Filsafat 14, no. 2 (January 26, 2019): 395–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.24239/rsy.v14i2.361.
Abstract:
The interpretation of the Qur'an has begun since the Holy Qur'an was delivered by the prophet Muhammad SAW to his people, this is a historical reality that cannot be denied by anyone including western and eastern historians, both Muslim and non-Muslim. Then the interpretation of the Qur'an in Indonesia is an effort made to explain the contents of the Qur'an to the Indonesian people through the language used by the nation. In the study of the interpretation of the Qur'an in Indonesia's early period, the interpretation of the Qur'an in Indonesian was marked by the emergence of several translations and interpretations of juz uz amma. The interpretations that existed at that time were still partial and not yet a complete interpretation. Until later in the late 60's, Hamka began writing an interpretation which was later called the interpretation of al-Azhar. Besides that Hasbi ash-Shiddieqy also compiled an interpretation entitled al-Qur'an al-Madjid in several volumes and then gathered it into an-Nur's interpretation and refined it into al-Bayan's interpretation. This paper will try to discuss the interpretation of an-Nur by Hasbi ash-Shiddieqy. The method used in the interpretation is the method of tahlili (analytical) and muqaran (comparative) while the interpretation style is the interpretation of al-Adabi> wa al-Ijtima>'iy. An-Nur's interpretation is one of the major influential works in Indonesia, it is evident that this interpretation book is a reference for PTAIN in Indonesia, both in the Faculty of Islamic Education and in the Faculty of Sharia
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Mironova, Veronika Evgen'evna. "POETICS OF THE DETECTIVE STORY “THE ADVENTURE OF THE BLUE CARBUNCLE” BY ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE IN THE TRANSLATION BY G. A. CHARSKIY." Philological Sciences. Issues of Theory and Practice, no. 7-2 (July 2018): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2018-7-2.6.
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Weng, Jing-Ru, Chang-Fang Chiu, Jing-Lan Hu, Chia-Hsien Feng, Chiung-Yao Huang, Li-Yuan Bai, and Jyh-Horng Sheu. "A Sterol from Soft Coral Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells." Marine Drugs 16, no. 7 (July 17, 2018): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md16070238.
Abstract:
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor that plays a key role in regulating cellular metabolism, and is a therapeutic target for cancer therapy. To search for potential PPARγ activators, a compound library comprising 11 marine compounds was examined. Among them, a sterol, 3β,11-dihydroxy-9,11-secogorgost-5-en-9-one (compound 1), showed the highest PPARγ activity with an IC50 value of 8.3 μM for inhibiting human breast adenocarcinoma cell (MCF-7) growth. Western blotting experiments showed that compound 1 induces caspase activation and PARP cleavage. In addition, compound 1 modulated the expression of various PPARγ-regulated downstream biomarkers including cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)6, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), p38, and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Moreover, compound 1 increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, upregulated the phosphorylation and expression of H2AX, and induced autophagy. Interestingly, pre-treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine rescued cells from compound 1-induced growth inhibition, which indicates that the cytotoxic effect of compound 1 is, in part, attributable to its ability to induce autophagy. In conclusion, these findings suggest the translational potential of compound 1 in breast cancer therapy.