Journal articles on the topic 'Translating and interpreting – Testing'

Using deep sequencing technologies such as Illumina’s platform, it is possible to obtain reads from the viral RNA population revealing the viral genome diversity within a single host. A range of software tools and pipelines can transform raw deep sequencing reads into Sequence Alignment Mapping (SAM) files. We propose that interpretation tools should process these SAM files, directly translating individual reads to amino acids in order to extract statistics of interest such as the proportion of different amino acid residues at specific sites. This preserves per-read linkage between nucleotide variants at different positions within a codon location. The samReporter is a subsystem of the GLUE software toolkit which follows this direct read translation approach in its processing of SAM files. We test samReporter on a deep sequencing dataset obtained from a cohort of 241 UK HCV patients for whom prior treatment with direct-acting antivirals has failed; deep sequencing and resistance testing have been suggested to be of clinical use in this context. We compared the polymorphism interpretation results of the samReporter against an approach that does not preserve per-read linkage. We found that the samReporter was able to properly interpret the sequence data at resistance-associated locations in nine patients where the alternative approach was equivocal. In three cases, the samReporter confirmed that resistance or an atypical substitution was present at NS5A position 30. In three further cases, it confirmed that the sofosbuvir-resistant NS5B substitution S282T was absent. This suggests the direct read translation approach implemented is of value for interpreting viral deep sequencing data.

Given the increase in genomic testing in routine clinical use, there is a growing need for digital technology solutions to assist pathologists, oncologists, and researchers in translating variant calls into actionable knowledge to personalize patient management plans. In this article, we discuss the challenges facing molecular geneticists and medical oncologists in working with test results from next-generation sequencing for somatic oncology, and propose key considerations for implementing a decision support software to aid the interpretation of clinically important variants. In addition, we review results from an example decision support software, NAVIFY Mutation Profiler. NAVIFY Mutation Profiler is a cloud-based software that provides curation, annotation, interpretation, and reporting of somatic variants identified by next-generation sequencing. The software reports a tiered classification based on consensus recommendations from AMP, ASCO, CAP, and ACMG. Studies with NAVIFY Mutation Profiler demonstrated that the software provided timely updates and accurate curation, as well as interpretation of variant combinations, demonstrating that decision support tools can help advance implementation of precision oncology.

Based on a review of some of the most promising approaches to aptitude testing in the literature this paper proposes a novel task piloted at the Center for Translation Studies of the University of Vienna. The SynCloze test combines an auditory cloze exercise with a task requiring high expressional fluency, that is, rapidly finding contextually appropriate synonymic sentence completions. The rationale and design of the SynCloze test as well as the scoring method, which takes into account both the degree of accuracy and the speed of response, are described. The results of four rounds of testing involving some 120 students in the final stage of their undergraduate studies show that the test effectively discriminates between undergraduate novices and a control group of interpreting students, and students for whom the test language (German) is the A vs. the B language. Most significantly, the test scores correlate, albeit moderately, with students’ performance on an intralingual consecutive interpreting exam at the end of the course.

Over the last decade, the treatment of patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has become reliant on tissue and/or blood biomarkers to help guide treatment decisions. There are now multiple biomarker-defined patient subgroups, with evidence showing that treatment with targeted therapies has superior clinical outcomes when compared with traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, rapid change in the field of precision oncology brings with it the challenge of translating recommendations into clinical practice. In this review, we discuss the major guidelines recommending biomarker testing in NSCLC, as well the logistical challenges to applying these guidelines to patients with NSCLC both in the United States and worldwide. The techniques commonly used for biomarker testing will be discussed, both for tissue- and blood-based biomarkers. Finally, we discuss the challenge of interpreting the results of biomarker testing and using these results to guide treatment decisions.

“Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 212 NOTICIAS / NEWS (“transfer”, 2017) 1) CONGRESOS / CONFERENCES: 1. 8th Asian Translation Traditions Conference: Conflicting Ideologies and Cultural Mediation – Hearing, Interpreting, Translating Global Voices SOAS, University of London, UK (5-7 July 2017) www.translationstudies.net/joomla3/index.php 2. 8th International Conference of the Iberian Association of Translation and Interpreting (AIETI8), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain (8-10 March 2017) www.aieti8.com/es/presentation 3. MultiMeDialecTranslation 7 – Dialect translation in multimedia University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (17-20 May 2017) https://mmdtgroup.org 4. Texts and Contexts: The Phenomenon of Boundaries Vilnius University, Lithuania (27-28 April 2017) www.khf.vu.lt/aktualijos/skelbimai/220-renginiai/1853-texts-andcontexts- the-phenomenon-of-boundaries 5. 21st FIT World Congress: Disruption and Diversification Australian Institute of Interpreters and Translators (AUSIT), Brisbane, Australia (3-5 August 2017) www.fit2017.org/call-for-papers 6. 6th International Conference on PSIT (PSIT6) - Beyond Limits in Public Service Interpreting and Translating: Community Interpreting & Translation University of Alcalá, Spain (6-8 March 2017) www.tisp2017.com “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 213 7. International Conference: What Grammar Should Be Taught to Translators-to-be? University of Mons, Belgium (9-10 March 2017) Contact: gudrun.vanderbauwhede@umons.ac.be; indra.noel@umons.ac.be; adrien.kefer@umons.ac.be 8. The Australia Institute of Interpreters and Translators (AUSIT) 2016 National Conference Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (18-19 November 2017) www.ausit.org/AUSIT/Events/National_Miniconference_2016_Call_ for_Papers.aspx 9. 1st Congrès Mondial de la Traductologie – La traductologie : une discipline autonome Société Française de Traductologie, Université de Paris Ouest- Nanterre-La Défense, France (10-14 April 2017) www.societe-francaise-traductologie.com/congr-s-mondial 10. Working Our Core: for a Strong(er) Translation and Interpreting Profession Institute of Translation & Interpreting, Mercure Holland House Hotel, Cardiff (19-20 May 2017) www.iti-conference.org.uk 11. International conference T&R5 – Écrire, traduire le voyage / Writing, translating travel Antwerp , Belgium (31 May - 1 June 2018) winibert.segers@kuleuven.be 12. Retranslation in Context III - An international conference on retranslation Ghent University, Belgium (7-8 February 2017) www.cliv.be/en/retranslationincontext3 “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 214 13. 11th International Conference on Translation and Interpreting: Justice and Minorized Languages under a Postmonolingual Order Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain (10-12 May 2017) http://blogs.uji.es/itic11 14. 31è Congrès international d’études francophones (CIÉF) : Session de Traductologie – La francophonie à l’épreuve de l’étranger du dedans Martinique, France (26 June – 2 July 2017) https://secure.cief.org/wp/?page_id=913 15. Complexity Thinking in Translation Studies: In Search of Methodologies KU Leuven, Belgium (1-2 June 2017) www.ufs.ac.za/humanities/unlistedpages/ complexity/complexity/home-page 16. 1st International Conference on Dis/Ability Communication (ICDC): Perspectives & Challenges in 21st Century Mumbai University, India (9-11 January 2017) www.icdc2016-universityofmumbai.org 17. Lost and Found in Transcultural and Interlinguistic Translation Université de Moncton, Canada (2-4 November 2017) gillian lane-mercier@mcgill.ca; michel.mallet@umoncton.ca; denise.merkle@umoncton.ca 18. Translation and Cultural Memory (Conference Panel) American Comparative Literature Association's 2017 Annual Meeting University of Utrecht, The Netherlands (6-9 July 2017) www.acla.org/translation-and-cultural-memory 19. Media for All 7 – A Place in Between Hamad bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar (23-25 October 2017) http://tii.qa/en/7th-media-all-international-conference “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 215 20. Justice and Minorized Languages in a Postmonolingual Order. XI International Conference on Translation and Interpreting Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain (10-12 May 2017) monzo@uji.es http://blogs.uji.es/itic11/ 21. On the Unit(y) of Translation/Des unités de traduction à l'unité de la traduction Paris Diderot University, Université libre de Bruxelles and University of Geneva (7 July 2017 (Paris) / 21 October 2017 (Brussels) / 9 December 2017 (Geneva) www.eila.univ-paris-diderot.fr/recherche/conf/ciel/traductologieplein- champ/index?s[]=traductologie&s[]=plein&s[]=champ 22. The Translator Made Corporeal: Translation History and the Archive British Library Conference Centre, London, UK (8 May 2017) deborah.dawkin@bl.uk 23. V International Conference Translating Voices Translating Regions - Minority Languages, Risks, Disasters and Regional Crises Europe House and University College London, UK (13-15 December 2017) www.ucl.ac.uk/centras/translation-news-and-events/vtranslatingvoices 24. 8th Annual International Translation Conference - 21st Century Demands: Translators and Interpreters towards Human and Social Responsibilities Qatar National Convention Centre, Doha, Qatar (27-28 March 2017) http://tii.qa/en/8th-annual-international-translation-conference 25. Complexity Thinking in Translation Studies: In Search of Methodologies KU Leuven, Belgium (1-2 June 2017) www.ufs.ac.za/humanities/unlistedpages/ complexity/complexity/home-page “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 216 26. 15th International Pragmatics Conference (IPrA 2017) – Films in Translation – All is Lost: Pragmatics and Audiovisual Translation as Cross-cultural Mediation (Guillot, Desilla, Pavesi). Conference Panel. Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK (16-21 July 2017) http://ipra.ua.ac.be/main.aspx?c=*CONFERENCE2006&n=1296 2) CURSOS, SEMINARIOS, POSGRADOS / COURSES, SEMINARS, MA PROGRAMMES: 1. MA in Intercultural Communication in the Creative Industries University of Roehampton, London, UK www.roehampton.ac.uk/postgraduate-courses/Intercultural- Communication-in-the-Creative-Industries 2. Máster Universitario en Comunicación Intercultural, Interpretación y Traducción en los Servicios Públicos Universidad de Alcalá, Spain www3.uah.es/master-tisp-uah 3. Máster Universitario de Traducción Profesional Universidad de Granada, Spain http://masteres.ugr.es/traduccionprofesional/pages/master 4. Workshop: History of the Reception of Scientific Texts in Translation – Congrès mondial de traductologie Paris West University Nanterre-La Défense, France (10-14 April 2017) https://cmt.u-paris10.fr/submissions 5. MA programme: Traduzione audiovisiva, 2016-2017 University of Parma, Italy www.unipr.it/node/13980 “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 217 6. MA in the Politics of Translation Cairo University, Egypt http://edcu.edu.eg 7. Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting Studies University of Geneva, Switzerland (Online course) www.unige.ch/formcont/researchmethods-distance1 www.unige.ch/formcont/researchmethods-distance2 8. MA programme: Investigación en Traducción e Interpretation, 2016-2017 Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain monzo@uji.es www.mastertraduccion.uji.es 9. MA programme: Traduzione Giuridica - Master di Secondo Livello University of Trieste, Italy Italy http://apps.units.it/Sitedirectory/InformazioniSpecificheCdS /Default.aspx?cdsid=10374&ordinamento=2012&sede=1&int=web &lingua=15 10. Process-oriented Methods in Translation Studies and L2 Writing Research University of Giessen, Germany (3-4 April 2017) www.uni-giessen.de/gal-research-school-2017 11. Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting Studies (I): Foundations and Data Analysis (Distance Learning) www.unige.ch/formcont/researchmethods-distance1 Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting Studies (II): Specific Research and Scientific Communication Skills (Distance Learning) www.unige.ch/formcont/researchmethods-distance2 University of Geneva, Switzerland “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 218 3) LIBROS / BOOKS: 1. Carl, Michael, Srinivas Bangalore and Moritz Schaeffer (eds) 2016. New Directions in Empirical Translation Process Research: Exploring the CRITT TPR-DB. Cham: Springer. http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-20358-4 2. Antoni Oliver. 2016. Herramientas tecnológicas para traductores. Barcelona: UOC. www.editorialuoc.com/herramientas-tecnologicas-para-traductores 3. Rica Peromingo, Juan Pedro. 2016. Aspectos lingüísticos y técnicos de la traducción audiovisual (TAV). Frakfurt am Main: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com?432055 4.Takeda, Kayoko and Jesús Baigorri-Jalón (eds). 2016. New Insights in the History of Interpreting. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.122/main 5. Esser, Andrea, Iain Robert Smith & Miguel Á. Bernal-Merino (eds). 2016. Media across Borders: Localising TV, Film and Video Games. London: Routledge. www.routledge.com/products/9781138809451 6. Del Pozo Triviño, M., C. Toledano Buendía, D. Casado-Neira and D. Fernandes del Pozo (eds) 2015. Construir puentes de comunicación en el ámbito de la violencia de género/ Building Communication Bridges in Gender Violence. Granada: Comares. http://cuautla.uvigo.es/sos-vics/entradas/veruno.php?id=216 7. Ramos Caro, Marina. 2016. La traducción de los sentidos: audiodescripción y emociones. Munich: Lincom Academic Publishers. http://lincom-shop.eu/epages/57709feb-b889-4707-b2cec666fc88085d. sf/de_DE/?ObjectPath=%2FShops%2F57709feb“ Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 219 b889-4707-b2cec666fc88085d% 2FProducts%2F%22ISBN+9783862886616%22 8. Horváth , Ildikó (ed.) 216. The Modern Translator and Interpreter. Budapest: Eötvös University Press. www.eltereader.hu/media/2016/04/HorvathTheModernTranslator. pdf 9. Ye, Xin. 2016. Educated Youth. Translated by Jing Han. Artarmon: Giramondo. www.giramondopublishing.com/forthcoming/educated-youth 10. Martín de León, Celia and Víctor González-Ruiz (eds). 2016. From the Lab to the Classroom and Back Again: Perspectives on Translation and Interpreting Training. Oxford: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com?431985 11. FITISPos International Journal, 2016 vol.3: A Retrospective View on Public Service Translation and Interpreting over the Last Decade as well as the Progress and Challenges that Lie Ahead www3.uah.es/fitispos_ij 12. Dore, Margherita (ed.) 2016. Achieving Consilience. Translation Theories and Practice. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. www.cambridgescholars.com/achieving-consilience 13. Antonini, Rachele & Chiara Bucaria (eds). 2016. Nonprofessional Interpreting and Translation in the Media. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detai lseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=82359&cid=5&concordeid=265483 14. Álvarez de Morales, Cristina & Catalina Jiménez (eds). 2016. Patrimonio cultural para todos. Investigación aplicada en traducción accesible. Granada: Tragacanto. www.tragacanto.es/?stropcion=catalogo&CATALOGO_ID=22 “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 220 15. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, special issue on Language Processing in Translation, Volume 52, Issue 2, Jun 2016. www.degruyter.com/view/j/psicl.2016.52.issue-2/issuefiles/ psicl.2016.52.issue-2.xml?rskey=z4L1sf&result=6 16. Translation and Conflict: Narratives of the Spanish Civil War and the Dictatorship Contact: alicia.castillovillanueva@dcu.ie; lucia.pintado@dcu.ie 17. Cerezo Merchán, Beatriz, Frederic Chaume, Ximo Granell, José Luis Martí Ferriol, Juan José Martínez Sierra, Anna Marzà y Gloria Torralba Miralles. 2016. La traducción para el doblaje. Mapa de convenciones. Castelló de la Plana: Publicacions de la Universitat Jaume I. www.tenda.uji.es/pls/www/!GCPPA00.GCPPR0002?lg=CA&isbn=97 8-84-16356-00-3 18. Martínez Tejerina, Anjana. 2016. El doblaje de los juegos de palabras. Barcelona: Editorial UOC. www.editorialuoc.com/el-doblaje-de-los-juegos-de-palabras 19. Chica Núñez, Antonio Javier. 2016. La traducción de la imagen dinámica en contextos multimodales. Granada: Ediciones Tragacanto. www.tragacanto.es 20. Valero Garcés, Carmen (ed.) 2016. Public Service Interpreting and Translation (PSIT): Training, Testing and Accreditation. Alcalá: Universidad de Alcalá. www1.uah.es/publicaciones/novedades.asp 21. Rodríguez Muñoz, María Luisa and María Azahara Veroz González (Eds) 2016. Languages and Texts Translation and Interpreting in Cross Cultural Environments. Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba. www.uco.es/ucopress/index.php/es/catalogo/materias- 3/product/548-languages-and-texts-translation-and-interpreting“ Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 221 in-cross-cultural-environments 22. Mereu, Carla. 2016. The Politics of Dubbing. Film Censorship and State Intervention in the Translation of Foreign Cinema in Fascist Italy. Oxford: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com/view/product/46916 23. Venuti, Lawrence (ed.) 2017. Teaching Translation: Programs, Courses, Pedagogies. New York: Routledge. www.routledge.com/Teaching-Translation-Programs-coursespedagogies/ VENUTI/p/book/9781138654617 24. Jankowska, Anna. 2015. Translating Audio Description Scripts. Translation as a New Strategy of Creating Audio Description. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com/view/product/21517 25. Cadwell, Patrick and Sharon O'Brien. 2016. Language, culture, and translation in disaster ICT: an ecosystemic model of understanding. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology. www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0907676X. 2016.1142588 26. Baumgarten, Stefan and Chantal Gagnon (eds). 2016. Translating the European House - Discourse, Ideology and Politics (Selected Papers by Christina Schäffner). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. www.cambridgescholars.com/translating-the-european-house 27. Gambier, Yves and Luc van Doorslaer (eds) 2016. Border Crossings – Translation Studies and other disciplines. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. www.benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.126/main 28. Setton, Robin and Andrew Dawrant. 2016. Conference Interpreting – A Complete Course. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.120/main “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 222 29. Setton, Robin and Andrew Dawrant. 2016. Conference Interpreting – A Trainer’s Guide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.121/main 5) REVISTAS / JOURNALS: 1. Technology and Public Service Translation and Interpreting, Special Issue of Translation and Interpreting Studies 13(3) Contact: Nike Pokorn (nike.pokorn@ff.uni-lj.si) & Christopher Mellinger (cmellin2@kent.edu) www.atisa.org/tis-style-sheet 2. Translator Quality – Translation Quality: Empirical Approaches to Assessment and Evaluation, special issue of Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series (16/2017) Contact: Geoffrey S. Koby (gkoby@kent.edu); Isabel Lacruz (ilacruz@kent.edu) https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be/index.php/LANSTTS/ announcement 3. Special Issue of the Journal of Internationalization and Localization on Video Game Localisation: Ludic Landscapes in the Digital Age of Translation Studies Contacts: Xiaochun Zhang (xiaochun.zhang@univie.ac.at) and Samuel Strong (samuel.strong.13@ucl.ac.uk) 4. mTm Translation Journal: Non-thematic issue, Vol. 8, 2017 www.mtmjournal.gr Contacts: Anastasia Parianou (parianou@gmail.com) and Panayotis Kelandrias (kelandrias@ionio.gr) “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 223 5. CLINA - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Translation, Interpreting and Intercultural Communication, Special Issue on Interpreting in International Organisations. Research, Training and Practice, 2017 (2) revistaclina@usal.es http://diarium.usal.es/revistaclina/home/call-for-papers 6. Technology and Public Service Translation and Interpreting, Special Issue of Translation and Interpreting Studies, 2018, 13(3) www.atisa.org/call-for-papers 7. Literatura: teoría, historia, crítica, special issue on Literature and Translation www.literaturathc.unal.edu.co 8. Tradumàtica: Journal of Translation Technologies Issue 14 (2016): Translation and mobile devices www.tradumatica.net/revista/cfp.pdf 9. Ticontre. Teoria Testo Traduzione. Special issue on Narrating the Self in Self-translation www.ticontre.org/files/selftranslation-it_en.pdf 10. Terminology, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communication Thematic issue on Food and Terminology, 23(1), 2017 www.benjamins.com/series/term/call_for_papers_special_issue_23 -1.pdf 11. Cultus: the Journal of Intercultural Communication and Mediation. Thematic issue on Multilinguilism, Translation, ELF or What?, Vol. 10, 2017 www.cultusjournal.com/index.php/call-for-papers 12. Translation Spaces Special issue on No Hard Feelings? Exploring Translation as an Emotional Phenomenon “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 224 Contact: severine.hubscher-davidson@open.ac.uk 13. Revista electrónica de didáctica de la traducción y la interpretación (redit), Vol. 10 www.redit.uma.es/Proximo.php 14. Social Translation: New Roles, New Actors Special issue of Translation Studies 12(2) http://explore.tandfonline.com/cfp/ah/rtrs-si-cfp 15. Translation in the Creative Industries, special issue of The Journal of Specialised Translation 29, 2018 www.jostrans.org/Translation_creative_industries_Jostrans29.pdf 16. Translation and the Production of Knowledge(s), special issue of Alif 38, 2018 Contact: mona@monabaker.com,alifecl@aucegypt.edu, www.auceg ypt.edu/huss/eclt/alif/Pages/default.aspx 17. Revista de Llengua i Dret http://revistes.eapc.gencat.cat/index.php/rld/index 18. Call for proposals for thematic issues, Linguistica Antverpiensia New Series https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be/index.php/LANSTTS/ announcement/view/8 19. Journal On Corpus-based Dialogue Interpreting Studies, special issue of The Interpreters’ Newsletter 22, 2017 www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/handle/10077/2119 20. Díaz Cintas, Jorge, Ilaria Parini and Irene Ranzato (eds) 2016. Ideological Manipulation in Audiovisual Translation, special issue of “Altre Modernità”. http://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/AMonline/issue/view/888/show Toc “Transfer” XII: 1-2 (mayo 2017), pp. 212-225. ISSN: 1886-554 225 21. PUNCTUM- International Journal of Semiotics, special issue on Semiotics of Translation, Translation in Semiotics. Volume 1, Issue 2 (2015) http://punctum.gr 22. The Interpreters' Newsletter, Special Issue on Dialogue Interpreting, 2015, Vol. 20 www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/handle/10077/11848 23. Gallego-Hernández, Daniel & Patricia Rodríguez-Inés (eds.) 2016. Corpus Use and Learning to Translate, almost 20 Years on. Special Issue of Cadernos de Tradução 36(1). https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/traducao/issue/view/2383/s howToc 24. 2015. Special Issue of IberoSlavica on Translation in Iberian- Slavonic Cultural Exchange and beyond. https://issuu.com/clepul/docs/iberoslavica_special_issue 26. The AALITRA Review: A Journal of Literary Translation, 2016 (11) www.lib.latrobe.edu.au/ojs/index.php/AALITRA/index 27. Transcultural: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies 8.1 (2016): "Translation and Memory" https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/TC/issue/view/18 77/showToc 28. JoSTrans, The Journal of Specialised Translation, issue 26 www.jostrans.org 29. L’Écran traduit, 5 http://ataa.fr/revue/archives/4518

Abstract This article describes the results of the pilot testing phase of the first LangPerform dialogue interpreting simulations, which replicated authentic communication situations in a Finnish daycare center and consisted of interpreting and sight translation tasks. Five students with German and three with English as their B-language participated in the pilot testing. Afterwards, they were interviewed about their experience and thoughts about the simulations. They were positively surprised by the authenticity of the simulation and regarded the simulation as an excellent additional training method for self-training and self-evaluation. Negative feedback that drew away from authenticity mainly concerned the predetermined time reserved for interpreting, which resulted in there sometimes being long pauses or, on several occasions, not enough time to interpret.

Abstract In South Korea where there is no national accreditation system for translators and interpreters, it is left to the respective employers to devise and administer an assessment instrument for hiring translators and interpreters. While studies calling for reliable and valid testing and assessment in the field of Translation and Interpretation Studies have increased during the past decade, empirical research on how tests and assessments are carried out in the marketplace, especially outside of Europe and North America, remain scarce. This study closely examines how tests and assessments are carried out at hiring by tapping into questions of how tests are developed, by whom, and who rates the tests and on which criteria. Then, the soundness of the overall hiring process is evaluated based on the six qualities of Bachman and Palmer’s Test Usefulness Model; construct validity, reliability, authenticity, interactiveness, impact, and practicality. The study found that (1) the hiring process involves three stages of assessment: document screening, interpreting and translation tests, and one-on-one interview; (2) the interpreting and translation tests are developed, administered and rated by a combined group of experts: professors of interpreting and translation studies; professional interpreters/translators; subject-matter experts at the institutions; (3) the overall usefulness of the tests based on Bachman and Palmer’s Test Usefulness Model is medium to high; and (4) the employers of interpreter-translators look for qualities beyond interpreting/translation skills upon hiring. The implications of the findings on professional translators and interpreters and educators are discussed, followed by suggestions for future research.

Metal oxide nanoparticles (MO-NPs) are known to effectively inhibit the growth of a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They have emerged as promising candidates to challenge the rising global issue of antimicrobial resistance. However, a comprehensive understanding of their mechanism of action and identifying the most promising NP materials for future clinical translation remain a major challenge due to variations in NP preparation and testing methods. With various types of MO-NPs being rapidly developed, a robust, standardized, in vitro assessment protocol for evaluating the antibacterial potency and efficiency of these NPs is needed. Calculating the number of NPs that actively interact with each bacterial cell is critical for assessing the dose response for toxicity. Here we discuss methods to evaluate MO-NPs antibacterial efficiency with focus on issues related to NPs in these assays. We also highlight sources of experimental variability including NP preparation, initial bacterial concentration, bacterial strains tested, culture microenvironment, and reported dose.

Abstract: This paper focuses on public service interpreting in Australia, gives a brief overview of socio-historical features, which, like many predominantly Anglophone countries, had policies and practices that openly discouraged bi- and multi-lingualism and that marginalised translation and interpreting. A change to this occurred in the mid-1970s when social policy caught up with post-WWII reality and multiculturalism became a cornerstone of public policy at all levels.Virtually overnight, national policy required the establishment of a national body that registered suitably attributed interpreters and translators to service the needs of non-English-speaking residents. This has led to the development of T&I infrastructure that is responsive to larger and smaller, older and newer linguistic groups, but which encounters attendant difficulties in the harmonisation of standards of practice amongst interpreters across different languages.The relationship of testing to training is examined and this paper concludes with data on those currently entering the sector: statistics are provided from a sample of 50 trainees, attending an introductory, 40-hour course entitled ‘Entry-level Interpreting’ on their motivational and career-aspirational features, and on their views and experiences of interpreting practice.Resumen: Este artículo se enfoca en los servicios públicos de interpretación en Australia, y provee información general sobre elementos sociales e históricos de Australia. Australia, como muchos otros países angloparlantes, tenía políticas y procedimientos diseñados para desalentar el bilingüismo y poliglotismo, lo cual consecuentemente marginalizó la traducción e interpretación. Esto comenzó a cambiar a mediados de los años setenta, cuando la política social se puso al corriente de las realidades de la posguerra y el multiculturalismo se volvió una pieza clave de la política pública a todos niveles.Prácticamente de un día a otro, la política nacional requirió el establecimiento de una entidad que registrara intérpretes y traductores adecuadamente acreditados para satisfacer los servicios requeridos por aquellos residentes que no hablaban inglés. Esto llevo al desarrollo de una infraestructura de intérpretes y traductores capaz de responder a las necesidades de grupos lingüísticos grandes y pequeños, nuevos y viejos, pero que a la vez se encuentra con la constante dificultad de asegurar que sus intérpretes en diferentes idiomas mantengan los mismos estándares profesionales.Este artículo examina la relación entre capacitación y examinación, y concluye con información sobre estudiantes que se encuentran a punto de unirse a la industria. Las estadísticas provistas son de una muestra de cincuenta estudiantes, los cuales estudiaron un curso de introducción de cuarenta horas llamado “Curso de interpretación de nivel básico”. Así mismo, este artículo provee información sobre la motivación de los estudiantes, sus ambiciones profesionales, y sus opiniones y experiencias sobre la práctica de interpretación.

The purposes of this research were to analyze what situations teachers use translation (from English into Bahasa Indonesia and vice versa) in the Teacher Education Program classes and to describe how the teachers implement the translation in classroom. The research utilized descriptive qualitative method. The participants of the research were two English teachers in high school level in Jambi Province. The data were collected in the form of video recording and then the utterances were transcribed and analyzed based on the theory of situation of using translation proposed by Atkinson (1987), which consists of six situations namely: Eliciting Language, Checking Comprehension, Giving Instruction, Presentation, Checking for Sense, and Language Testing/Language Assessment. The result showed that there were five situations of using translation occurred in this study, they are eliciting language, checking comprehension, giving instruction, presentation and language testing/assessment. Further, pedagogical translation is very useful to facilitate the communication process in the classrooms by interpreting the information received in one language (L1) into another language (FL) and vice versa.

AbstractChild-brokering (MediAzioni 2010) lies on the continuum of ad-hoc translation/interpreting. Using various field-specific lenses, from educational linguistics, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, communication, and translation/interpreting studies, the case of bilingual youngsters and children who have interpreted for their families and immediate communities has been the focus of different studies (e.g. Bialystock & Hakuta 1999; Borrero 2006; Cline, Crafter and Prokopiou; Orellana 2003, Valdés, Chavez and Angelelli et al. 2000, Valdés, Chavez, Angelelli 2003) with different linguistic groups of various ages in different parts of the world. Focusing on Latinos who live on the US/Mexico border and using a mixed paradigm, in this study we analyze the ways in which Spanish/English bilinguals perceive, discuss and characterize their experiences as they continue to broker communication for their families and immediate communities. We focus on youngsters’ perceived agency and explanations of the relationship between child-language brokering and academic achievement. The findings reported here are part of a larger study that includes the adaptation of a valid and reliable instrument to measure bilingual youngsters’ perceptions about their role (Angelelli 2014 and 2015), its administration and results, and their recall during interviews. Since most/many of the public-service/community interpreters of today were interpreters in their late childhood and adolescence, understanding their life experiences and perceptions of their roles as family language brokers is important for interpreter educators (Angelelli 2010b). In addition, research on bilingual youngsters and children brokering communication for adults allows us to problematize the constructs of language access and language policies of the societies these bilinguals inhabit (Angelelli 2010a). The results have theoretical and practical implications for current conceptualizations of multilingual societies, border areas, community interpreting (interpreting in public services) and for teaching and testing of interpreters.

PURPOSE Although analyzing germline and tumor samples concurrently provides the best opportunity for differentiating between germline and somatic mutations, tumor-only sequencing is becoming increasingly common in clinical care. The purpose of this study is to assess how a multidisciplinary genomic tumor board (MGTB) evaluated patients’ tumor-only sequencing results and made genetics referrals. With limited professional society guidance on how to manage pathogenic mutations identified via tumor-only sequencing, this study contemplates the professional knowledge and skills necessary to have represented on an MGTB to interpret these results in context of potential germline findings. METHODS Qualitative interviews with MGTB members and an ethnographic case study of a breast cancer MGTB at a National Cancer Institute cancer center were examined. RESULTS This MGTB discussed 34 cases of women with advanced-stage breast cancer over 13 months. Interviews and observations of MGTB meetings indicated that members of the MGTB contemplated whether variants were germline or somatic and potential for identification of germline cancer predisposition. On the basis of existing professional society guidelines, 18 patients would be eligible for germline testing. However, the MGTB only referred 11 patients (61%) for additional germline testing, and the remaining seven patients (39%) were not referred, raising questions about the kind of genomic expertise needed on an MGTB to optimize results interpretation and referrals. CONCLUSION To ensure adequate interpretation, recommendation, and communication of tumor sequencing results, an MGTB should include professionals with knowledge and experience in clinical translation of tumor sequencing, testing methodology, molecular pathology, cancer biology, genomic pathways, germline variant interpretation, evaluation of family history, and application of professional recommendations for germline testing after tumor-only sequencing. These skills may not be held by a single professional on an MGTB.

The main part of a certification program is related to its exam, and it should be developed and assessed. For this purpose, two questions come to the mind: (1) Could the translators and interpreters accepted by the Certified Examination represent reasonable capabilities in doing certified translation and interpreting?; (2) What or Which type of test determines the best professional translators and interpreters possessing the best competence and skills? Finally, a variety of assessments can be followed to justify different kinds of testing systems or certification programs in order to design a general framework of a certification program.

There is growing research interest in learning the genetic basis of response and adverse effects with psychotropic medications, including antipsychotic drugs. However, the clinical utility of information from genetic studies is compromised by their controversial results, primarily due to relatively small effect and sample sizes. Clinical, demographic, and environmental differences in patient cohorts further explain the lack of consistent results from these genetic studies. Furthermore, the availability of psychopharmacological expertise in interpreting clinically meaningful results from genetic assays has been a challenge, one that often results in suboptimal use of genetic testing in clinical practice. These limitations explain the difficulties in the translation of psychopharmacological research in pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics from bench to bedside to manage increasingly treatment-refractory psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia. Although these shortcomings question the utility of genetic testing in the general population, the commercially available genetic assays are being increasingly utilized to optimize the effectiveness of psychotropic medications in the treatment-refractory patient population, including schizophrenia. In this context, patients with treatment-refractory schizophrenia are among of the most vulnerable patients to be exposed to the debilitating adverse effects from often irrational and high-dose antipsychotic polypharmacy without clinically meaningful benefits. The primary objective of this comprehensive review is to analyze and interpret replicated findings from the genetic studies to identify specific genetic biomarkers that could be utilized to enhance antipsychotic efficacy and tolerability in the treatment-refractory schizophrenia population.

<b><i>Background:</i></b> At least 10% of adults and most of the children who receive renal replacement therapy have inherited kidney diseases. These disorders substantially decrease their life quality and have a large effect on the health-care system. Multisystem complications, with typical challenges for rare disorders, including variable phenotypes and fragmented clinical and biological data, make genetic diagnosis of inherited kidney disorders difficult. In current clinical practice, genetic diagnosis is important for clinical management, estimating disease development, and applying personal treatment for patients. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Inherited kidney diseases comprise hundreds of different disorders. Here, we have summarized various monogenic kidney disorders. These disorders are caused by mutations in genes coding for a wide range of proteins including receptors, channels/transporters, enzymes, transcription factors, and structural components that might also have a role in extrarenal organs (bone, eyes, brain, skin, ear, etc.). With the development of next-generation sequencing technologies, genetic testing and analysis become more accessible, promoting our understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of inherited kidney diseases. However, challenges exist in interpreting the significance of genetic variants and translating them to guide clinical managements. Alport syndrome is chosen as an example to introduce the practical application of genetic testing and diagnosis on inherited kidney diseases, considering its clinical features, genetic backgrounds, and genetic testing for making a genetic diagnosis. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> Recent advances in genomics have highlighted the complexity of Mendelian disorders, which is due to allelic heterogeneity (distinct mutations in the same gene produce distinct phenotypes), locus heterogeneity (mutations in distinct genes result in similar phenotypes), reduced penetrance, variable expressivity, modifier genes, and/or environmental factors. Implementation of precision medicine in clinical nephrology can improve the clinical diagnostic rate and treatment efficiency of kidney diseases, which requires a good understanding of genetics for nephrologists.

China’s sudden emergence as a major player in the global economy has generated enormous new demand for translation and interpreting. With the development of formal training, certification and research activity, both mainland China and Taiwan are seeing the first signs of professionalization. This article reports the findings of a survey, the first of its kind, on patterns of professional practice, self-perceptions, job satisfaction and aspirations of translators and interpreters in Shanghai and Taipei and their perceptions of their role and contribution at a time when English and Chinese look set to become the languages of the twenty-first century. In terms of professional identity, most respondents choose the generic term 翻译 fanyi (‘translation’) to describe their main occupation, with slightly more specification among interpreters (as 口译 kouyi, ‘interpreter’). Only a small minority are members of professional associations. Job satisfaction is high, particularly among interpreters, who enjoy higher status. Views about training, testing and certification are mixed. Attitudes to loyalty, neutrality, toning-down and other role-related norms appear to be close to the international professional consensus, pending future contrastive studies; most respondents express a down-to-earth attitude to their role and contribution to society, downplaying ‘cultural mediation.’ The survey was planned and conducted as a practical introductory exercise in the methodologies of interpreting studies within the PhD program at the Graduate Institute of Interpretation and Translation (GIIT) of Shanghai International Studies University (SISU).

In vitro test methods are challenged by the multi-factorial nature of head-neck taper connection tribocorrosion due to the consequences of simplification. Incorrect study design and misinterpretation of results has led to contradictory findings regarding important factors affecting head-neck taper tribocorrosion. This review seeks to highlight important considerations when developing in vitro test methods, to help researchers strengthen their study design and analyze the implications of others’ design decisions. The advantages, disadvantages, limitations and procedural considerations for finite element analyses, electrochemical studies and in vitro simulations related to head-neck taper connection tribocorrosion are discussed. Finite element analysis offers an efficient method for studying large ranges of mechanical parameters. However, they are limited by neglecting electrochemical, biological and fluid flow factors. Electrochemical studies may be preferred if these factors are considered important. Care must be taken in interpreting data from electrochemical studies, particularly when different materials are compared. Differences in material valence and toxicity affect clinical translation of electrochemical studies’ results. At their most complex, electrochemical studies attempt to simulate all aspects of headneck taper connection tribocorrosion in a bench top study. Effective execution requires in-depth knowledge of the tribocorrosion phenomenon, the involved mechanisms, and their measures such that each study design decision is fully informed.

Over the centuries, interaction between people of different linguistic backgrounds has thriven on the process of translating and interpreting. Wherever people have lived, these language-based activities have continued to promote communication among them, the barrier which the multiplicity of language has caused notwithstanding. This paper takes a look at translating and interpreting within the context of their origin, status, audience, modus operandi, etc. Whereas translating involves the process of writing on paper and is based on a given text, interpreting takes place orally and is not based on any written text. Whereas translating allows for the documentation and preservation of material in a written form for future readers, interpreting takes place on the spot. Whereas translating calls for an audience of readers, interpreting calls for an audience of listeners. The paper argues that though approached differently, the overall aim of translating and interpreting is to build a linguistic bridge among people and nations; to reduce the communication gap among them. It concludes that in spite of the operational variations their singular aim has always been semantics – the search for meaning between different linguistic parties in different settings. The psycholinguistic model serves as methodology.

Abstract Immigration generates the need to acquire mastery of the English language for education, employment, citizenship, and other needs. Many immigrants bring with them unrecognized neuropsychological disabilities that hinder such learning. Neuropsychologists may be asked to evaluate such clients with respect to: Disability exemptions from mandatory language instructionInstructional strategies, compensations, and accommodationsStrategies, compensations, and accommodations to facilitate optimal communication and learning in the workplace, court, health care, and other settings. Immigrants often do not have remote medical or educational records documenting historical cognitive difficulties. Many speak languages for which pertinent language ability testing is not available. Furthermore, developmental language learning disorders often have distinctive presentations in different writing systems. When documented history and formal evaluation of native language abilities are not available, informal evaluations become the next best alternative. This poster will present a suite of techniques that can facilitate this process, including: Researching the linguistics and writing system of the native languageQuestions regarding personal history that can give indications of developmental disabilities, even in the uneducatedTechniques for testing and interpreting native language literacyTechniques for evaluating English knowledge and capacityTechniques for evaluating English phonemic aptitudeTechniques for evaluating English phonemic learning aptitudeTechniques for evaluating potential for using translation technologies The poster will also outline compensations and accommodations for learning and communication that neuropsychologists can recommend for such populations.

e22000 Background: Oncology professionals need to access a wide range of genetic tests, including tests for cancer biomarkers, predisposition to hereditary cancers, and pharmacogenetic tests. While pharmacogenetic testing is fundamental to personalized medicine, the adoption of testing has been slow, partly due to a lack of readily accessible information about new developments, such as gene activity scores. Methods: Medical Genetics Summaries (MGS) was created to bridge the translation gap between genetic test results and personalized treatment plans. MGS is a free, regularly updated, peer-reviewed pharmacogenetics resource. The complete set of summaries can be browsed online or saved as PDF (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/gtrbook). Excerpts of the summaries can be found via PubMed (www.pubmed.gov) and MedGen (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen). Results: Of the 45 drug-gene interactions included so far in MGS, 10 are commonly used cancer drugs. These include capecitabine (Xeloda) and fluorouracil (Adrucil), which are both fluoropyrimidines—antimetabolite drugs used in the treatment of colon cancer and breast cancer. The DPYD gene encodes the rate-limiting enzyme for the breakdown of fluoropyrimidines. Patients with specific variations in the DPYD gene (e.g., DPYD*2A, DPYD*13) have decreased or absent enzyme activity. In these patients, the standard recommended dose of fluoropyrimidine can cause life-threatening bone marrow suppression and neurotoxicity. MGS presents the dosing recommendation for each DPYD phenotype, which are clearly defined using the recently assigned DPYD activity scores, from authoritative professional guidelines such as the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC), in addition to the FDA. MGS also provides an overview of the drug (drug class, mechanism of action, adverse events), an introduction to the gene(s) and significant alleles, and guidance on genetic testing—along with links to the relevant tests in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr). Conclusions: This presentation will demonstrate how NIH precision medicine resources, with a focus on MGS, can simplify the process of ordering and interpreting pharmacogenetic tests and efficiently tailor care for your patient.

The research was intended to identify the differences between translating and interpreting process, in order to explain the similarities of translating and interpreting process, and describing how the process between translating and interpreting process. There were two main theories adopted in this study. The theory of translation by Nida (1974) and interpreting theory by Pohhacker (2004). Nida’s and Pohhcaker’s theories were used to find out the answer of problem in this study. They were also some supporting theories concerning the translation and interpreting. “Meaning Based Translation” by Larson (1998) and some other theory were used along discuss about the differences and similarities of translating process and interpreting process in this study.

Translators deploy a range of skills and draw on different types of knowledge in the exercise of their profession, but are some skills and knowledge types more important than others? What is the ideal combination nowadays? This study aims to investigate the relative importance of the different skills and knowledge that translators need in the specific context of translation at inter-governmental organizations. A survey was conducted of over 300 in-house translators and revisers working at over 20 inter-governmental organizations and with 24 different languages among them. The survey consisted of two questionnaires: one on the importance of different skills and knowledge, the other on the extent to which skills and knowledge are found lacking among new recruits. The results confirm that translators need more than language skills: in addition to general knowledge and in some instances specialized knowledge, they need analytical, research, technological, interpersonal and time-management skills. Correlating the findings of the two questionnaires produces a weighted list of skills and knowledge that can be used as a yardstick for adjusting training programmes and recruitment testing procedures in line with empirically identified priorities. The methodology should also be applicable to the identification of skill sets in other professions and contexts in which new recruits are closely observed, such as in-house interpreting.

While the area of I/T has had an ambivalent place in Australian language policy, the area of I/T is of interest because Australia serves as a model a kind if I?T which is becoming increasingly common throughout the world. The present summary article explores the particular place of I/T within language policy, identifies some of the significant issues confronted by I/T, and connects them to other areas of language policy.

Abstract This paper describes the development of interpreting and translating within the Health Services of New South Wales. Examples are provided of purposes and contexts in which translation and interpreting are used. Some of the difficulties involved in interpreting and translating in this context are described. Criteria for selecting material for various kinds of interpretation or translation are provided.

Simultaneous interpreting is a complex task where the interpreter is routinely involved in comprehending, translating and producing language at the same time. This study assessed two components that are likely to be major sources of complexity in SI: The simultaneity of comprehension and production, and transformation of the input. Furthermore, within the transformation component, we tried to separate reformulation from language-switching. We compared repeating sentences (shadowing), reformulating sentences in the same language (paraphrasing), and translating sentences (interpreting) of auditorily presented sentences, in a simultaneous and a delayed condition. Output performance and ear–voice span suggest that both the simultaneity of comprehension and production and the transformation component affect performance but that especially the combination of these components results in a marked drop in performance. General lower recall following a simultaneous condition than after a delayed condition suggests that articulation of speech may interfere with memory in SI.

This article analyzes evidence of translating and interpreting activities (indiscriminately referred to as yi (譯), which also denotes translators or interpreters in classical Chinese) in first-century China between the Latter Han (25–220 AD) Chinese administration and non-Han Chinese minority tribes along the then Southwestern frontier (modern Yunnan and Sichuan provinces). The importance of this archival record to the historical study of translation and interpreting is two-fold. First, it contains crucial details pertinent to translating and interpreting activities in China in antiquity. Second, it documents concepts of yi synchronically, as perceived by three main participants in the interpreting events: the emperor, the frontier inspector, and the frontier clerk cum interpreter. The presentation of what they actually wrote, said, and did in the first-century interpreting setting in China, with close reference to standard histories, objectively depicts the meanings of yi as perceived by these figures at the time.

Since the publication of the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 1989) and the Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (NCTM 1991). such phrases as “mathematics should be taught for understanding.” “teachers should facilitate the construction of mathematical concepts,” and “classrooms should be student centered” have become identified with a reformed mathematics pedagogy.

Abstract Police interview interpreting is a complex task, as interpreters make difficult choices under pressure and time constraints. The main dilemma of the interpreter is whether to remain faithful to the original text, with the risk of rendering non-idiomatic translations, or to give preference to more idiomatic versions that may entail an addition or an omission from the original text. This article presents an analysis of Spanish-English bilingual police interviews in California. The analysis is based on the discrepancies found between an interpreter present in the interrogation and a control interpreter who translates the whole interview post-hoc. This is an original methodology that can be used for future research in this and other contexts. The results show different types of inaccuracies in the interpretation, which can be attributed to contextual pressures and overall challenges of interpreting and to challenges related to typological differences between the two languages involved.

While most scholars stress that translation and interpreting essentially fulfil the same function, many-especially interpreters-consider that the two are incompatible professions. In a sense, translators deal with written language and have time to polish their work whereas interpreters deal with oral language and have no time to refine their output. Any supplementary knowledge, for example, terminological or world language, can be acquired during written translation but has to be acquired prior to interpreting. A number of experimental studies were conducted by psycholinguists such as Treisman, Oleron, Goldman-Eisler and Gerver (1976). Their primary interest was the effect on performance of variables such as source language, speed of delivery, ear-voice span, noise, pauses, false starts etc. Later advances during the 1970’s and early 1980’s concentrated on the theoretical aspects and culminated in the so-called théorie du sens. This paper tackles competence in English-Arabic translation and interpreting while highlighting similarities and differences at the textural and performance levels. It sets out by discussing the requirements of quality, audience reception, fluency and quantitative aspects of style such as output ratio and redundancy. A focal point of interest is performance constraints in simultaneous interpretation which include, among other things, personal and logistical factors, lack of a holistic approach, time lag, SL deficiencies, lexico-grammatical asymmetry as well as cultural and rhetorical divergence (including phatic communion). The study concludes with an overview of the compensation strategies employed by interpreters such as intonational clues, queuing, segmentation, approximation, syntactic adjustment, compression and ellipsis.

Misconception is students’ misunderstanding in interpreting a concept within scientific theory. Amongst the biological topics that often cause misconceptions is protein synthesis. Protein synthesis is considered as a topic with complex concepts. This research aims to describe the students’ misconceptions profile in protein synthesis topic and describe the causing factors of students’ misconception in protein synthesis topic. This research is descriptive quantitative using four-tier diagnostic test instrument which consisting of 4 tiers, 1st tier is the question with 5 possible answers, 2nd tier is the level of confidence of the answer, 3rd tier is the 5 possible reasons, and 4th tier is the level of confidence of the reason. This research was conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic, which made it impossible to meet directly, so the data was collected online via google form and google meet. The study subjects were 34 students of grade XII MIPA-4 SMA Negeri 1 Gresik. Results showed that 32.37% misconceptions occurred in the protein synthesis topic. The highest misconception was in the concept of RNA characteristics, with the percentage of 65%. Factors that cause misconceptions were the students’ lack of interest in protein synthesis topic, the teacher were too fast in explaining the information, limited selection of learning methods during Covid-19 pandemic, and the information in the textbook was incomplete and difficult to understand. Implementation testing of models, methods, or learning media can be done to reduce students' misconceptions in protein synthesis topic, especially in the concept of RNA characteristic, DNA replication, and translation process.

Digital tools are changing not only the process of translating and interpreting, but also the industry as a whole, societal perception and research in translation and interpreting. This Tradumàtica Special Issue collects research on some of these topics, highlighting the importance of furthering research on human-computer interaction in translation and interpreting studies.

This longitudinal study on the predictive value of ‘simultaneous’ Italian-to-Italian oral paraphrasing as an aptitude test for interpreting was conducted on 64 conference interpreting students at the University of Bologna (Forlì). All students completed their course with Italian as their ‘A’ language, having passed the entrance examination (which included a paraphrase test, recorded for evaluation) during the period 2004–2006. Using paraphrase as a pre-interpreting aptitude test in a smaller sample, Russo and Pippa (2004) found a significant correlation between course outcome measures (average interpreting exam mark and number of exam sessions needed to pass all interpreting exams) and two of the evaluation parameters for paraphrasing: ‘synonymic substitution’ (use of synonyms and equivalent expressions) and ‘loss of coherence’. The present study examined whether, in a different setting, these two parameters and the students’ actual admission test mark for paraphrase/recall testing correlated with the same outcome measures. Ability to use synonyms showed the highest validity in relation to the number of interpreting exam sessions, correctly classifying 48 out of 64 students (75%) as ‘slow’ (> 6 sessions: test sensitivity = 80%) or ‘fast’ (≤ 6 sessions: test specificity = 71%). Results thus indicate that an oral ‘real time’ paraphrasing test can help identify such prerequisites of effective interpreting as mental flexibility and expressive ability.

Identification of complications and control of comorbidities are essential in monitoring the patients with chronic disorders of consciousness and predicting their outcomes. The researchers of the Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences of the University of L'Aquila (Italy) developed the Comorbidities Coma Scale (CoCoS) for a comprehensive assessment of such patients. Lack of an officially validated version of the scale hampers its use in Russia, while using versions which have not been completely validated prevents clinicians from obtaining reliable results when examining patients with chronic disorders of consciousness. Aim. To develop the official Russian language version of the Comorbidities Coma Scale, considering various linguistic and cultural parameters, as a part of the 1st stage of the validation study. Material and methods. The first stage of validation was completed: direct and reverse translation of the scale was performed by two independent medical translators. The translated version was assessed by an expert board including an expert translator, neurologists, and critical care specialists. Pilot test and two meetings of the expert board, before and after testing, were arranged to assess the results and approve the final Russian version of the scale. Results. During the first meeting of the expert board, corrections were made in the Russian language version of the scale in terms of language and cultural adaptation. Pilot testing was carried out based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The researchers had no difficulties in understanding and interpreting the instructions for the scale. The second meeting of the expert board was held thereupon, and the final version of the Russian language version of the scale was adopted, which is available on the website of the Center for Validation of Health Status Questionnaires and Scales of the Research Center of Neurology. Conclusion. The first stage of validation, i. e., linguistic and cultural adaptation, was carried out at the Research Center of Neurology (Moscow, Russia). For the first time, the Russian version of the scale for assessing comorbidities in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness was presented and approved for the practical use. The future publications will address the psychometric results of the scale such as sensitivity, validity, reliability.

Abstract Based on the psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic research on bilingualism, this paper firstly discusses three fundamental models and relevant central issues involved in the bilingual processing of interpreting: the selective and non-selective feature of bilingual access and control, the serial and parallel view of bilingual processing, and the coordination view of serial and parallel procedure of bilingual information processing, with the dual purpose of explicating the bilingual processing and cognitive control mechanism in the interpreting process and paving the way for further explanation of the embodied nature of bilingual processing in interpreting from the embodied cognition perspective. Then with the two aspects of processing mechanism and neurolinguistic evidence, it elaborates how the interpreter’s embodied experience and skills in the profession, as a part of cognitive resources, play crucial roles in different levels of cognitive processing which coordinates the serial and parallel processing in the interpreting process. Lastly, this paper argues for viewing the translating process likewise as embodied bilingual processing using a brief comparison between translating and interpreting with a focus on the embodied nature of bilingual processing in their respective processes.