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Journal articles on the topic 'Transitional warfare'
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Tahir, Irfan Ahmad, and Manzoor Khan Afridi. "Fifth Generations Warfare (5GW)-The New Dimensions of Enemies Launched Warfare and Security Concern of Pakistan." Global Regional Review IV, no. I (March 31, 2019): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-i).27.
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The advent of internet, its confluence with Communication and Information Technology (C&IT) has given an exponential rise to generate waves of hyper information thus providing an opportunity to the enemies to launch transitional level of Fifth Generation Warfare (5GW) from various platforms. The present internet dominated age coupled with Mediasine qua non usage of deceitful information, baffled news and fabricated themes launched through hostile think tanks and hostile intelligence agencies through their spoofing agents under cover of Media imposters, Media Memes and scintillating campaigns with covert commercial clientele. Such slanderers aim to undermine State capacity and capability to act and react during odds/under tense situations. The enemy hired slanderers, their tittle tale imposters propagate the sugar coated lethal contents to the masses especially the youth has many varying dimension and blatant angles corroborated into 5GW
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Regele, Lindsay Schakenbach. "Industrial Manifest Destiny: American Firearms Manufacturing and Antebellum Expansion." Business History Review 92, no. 1 (2018): 57–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000768051800034x.
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The years surrounding the origins of the term “Manifest Destiny” were a transitional period in the history of industrialization. Historians have done much to analyze the impact of major technological shifts on business structure and management, and to connect eastern markets and westward expansion. They have paid less attention, however, to the relationship among continental geopolitics, industrial development, and frontier warfare. This article uses War Department papers, congressional reports, and manufacturers’ records to examine how the arms industry developed in response to military conflict on the frontier. As public and private manufacturers altered production methods, product features, and their relationships to one another, they contributed to the industrial developments of the mid-nineteenth century.
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Horváth, Tünde. "Harcosnők klubja? – Specializált társadalmi helyzetű nők a késő rézkor időszakában Magyarországon." Kaposvári Rippl-Rónai Múzeum Közleményei, no. 5 (2018): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26080/krrmkozl.2018.5.79.
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This article focus on the status of the woman in the main cultures (Baden complex and Yamna) of the Late Copper Age (3600–2800 BC) and the transitional period (2800–2600 BC). Although the Bell Beaker complex belongs to the Early Bronze Age in Hungary (2500–1900 BC), in European terminologies it is a Late Neolithic culture and belongs to the Reinecke A0 horizon in its late phase, which is why I included it into my research. I identify charismatic people displaying signs of agression in these three culture complexes, whose personalities are associated with warfare. In all three cultures there were women with specialised status: their knowledge, property and profession raised them above the average man and woman.
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van Roekel, Eva, and Valentina Salvi. "Unbecoming Veteranship." Conflict and Society 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2019.050108.
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In post-authoritarian Argentina, veterans who participated in the brutal counterinsurgency of the last dictatorship (1976–1983) inhabit an extremely inconsistent citizenship, alternatively violating and respecting legal rights and entitlements. This article looks at how alternating transitional justice practices and the ever-changing moral discourses about warfare and accountability create highly unstable access to rights, resources, and entitlements for these veterans in Argentina. Th e recent shift toward retribution for crimes against humanity in Argentina has legally consolidated their moral downfall. From being untouchable and exemplary officers until the early 1980s, the now convicted military officers have been demoted twice by the state and the military institution. Based on long-term fieldwork with the convicted officers and their kin, this article traces the contingent relation between the moral and legal practices that underlie this double downfall that constitutes a fluctuating process of un/becoming veteranship for these veterans. Their veteranship, for that matter, depends on highly conflictive and transformative sociopolitical processes that speak to broader moral dispositions surrounding legal rights, entitlements, and worthiness for veterans.
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Lech, Marcin. "Modern Jus Post Bellum – Finding a New Branch of International Justice and Law." Polish Review of International and European Law 9, no. 2 (November 13, 2020): 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/priel.2020.9.2.01.
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The arguments put forward in this article concern ideas about jus post bellum as an urgently needed and hopefully emerging branch of a new international legal order based on fully reasoned ethical principles. The presented views refer to justifying this new international legal order with respect to the necessary parallel transformation of the utility of armed response and, particularly, lethal force to meet modern-day and future conflicts. While it is possible to find at least partial answers, many more questions for future development will emerge in order to truly establish what promotes and fulfils the actual achievement of a stable, safe, lasting, and just peace. Therefore, the object of this research into the legal and ethical possibilities is primarily to assess the quality of a new conceptualisation of international justice and law. This allows for the formation of new law jus post bellum and the nature of peace, which might induce the necessary sociopolitical transformation to sustain a just peace. The exclusive reference to moral obligations in the theorisation of the transition from conflictto peace too often fails to recognise the existing framework of the legal rules and principles involved. While analysed from the perspective of International humanitarian Law and the perspective of the independence of nation-states, it characterises asymmetric warfare and the question about the causes driving states’ and other communities’ actions, particularly casus belli. The new interdisciplinary rethinking exposed below can only result in a complex conclusion because jus post bellum in the age of global transitional justice could prepare new judicial frameworks, as well as true and real justice after the end of war.
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Mitter, Rana. "Picturing Victory The Visual Imaginary of the War of Resistance, 1937–1947." European Journal of East Asian Studies 7, no. 2 (2008): 167–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156805808x372412.
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AbstractThe Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1947 has not been sufficiently understood as a narrative in its own right, but rather, as a transitional conflict between Nationalist and Communist rule. The examination of the visual imagery of warfare disseminated through newsprint and books is one way to reinterpret the history of this period. Through a close reading of images printed in a Shanghai newspaper, Zhonghua ribao, during the final days of the battle for the city in 1937, we see how the news was shaped to impose a narrative of order with a positive teleology at a time when China was plunged into chaos with no guarantee of the eventual outcome of the war. The nature of this narrative is explored through examination of images of the body, as well as the positioning of images in the context of the printed page. The conclusion then contrasts these images with a pictorial history of the Sino-Japanese War published during the Civil War, in 1947. It suggests that although this book is able to bring narrative closure to the earlier conflict, its own narrative is imbued with an unease caused by the reality of the new war that had broken out within months of the ending of the war against Japan, and suggests that narrative closure is never truly obtained.
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Woodhouse, Ashley, Madeline Burke, and Anne Misher. "Direct Oral Anticoagulant (DOAC) to Warfarin Transitions in a Pharmacist-led Anticoagulation Clinic." Journal of Contemporary Pharmacy Practice 66, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37901/jcphp17-00024.
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Purpose Patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation or venous thromboembolism have historically been treated with vitamin-k antagonist therapy; however, due to well-documented limitations, direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) use has been increasing.(1)(2) The convenience and clinical utility of DOACs is not applicable to all patients, and some must be transitioned to warfarin therapy. Despite practice recommendations, suggestions from package inserts, and clinical trial evidence, there remains a lack of literature describing real-word examples of patient transition from DOACs to warfarin.(3–11) Summary All patients who were transitioned from a DOAC to warfarin from January to December 2016 and were managed by the clinic were included. Patients were excluded if the transition to warfarin did not include ≥ 2 days of DOAC overlap or if DOAC therapy was used as a bridge to surgery or procedure. St. Joseph's/Candler Health System IRB granted expedited approval and waived informed consent. Four elderly, Caucasian patients met the inclusion criteria. Four patients were successfully transitioned from a DOAC to warfarin for their atrial fibrillation, 3 were transitioned from apixaban and 1 was transitioned from rivaroxaban. Conclusion Overall the purpose of this retrospective, observational study was to highlight real-world management of the transition of DOACs to warfarin in an outpatient, pharmacist-led clinic.
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Hecht, Hannah, Allison B. Riendeau, Jillian Kolasinski, Cheryl Ray, and Moniba Nazeef. "Clinical Impact of COVID-19 on Anticoagulation Management at the William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-141310.
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BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has extensively impacted the delivery of routine medical care including anticoagulation management. The Veterans Affairs Clinical Pharmacy Practice Office (VA CPPO) has provided guidance to assist anticoagulation clinic providers in developing action plans to determine the risk vs benefit of delaying routine monitoring to reduce patient risk of COVID-19 exposure in the health care system. Frequent laboratory monitoring of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) is needed to reduce the risk of bleeding and thromboembolic events for patients on warfarin. The Madison VA standard of care (SOC) includes routine INR monitoring at least every 6 weeks for stable patients taking warfarin. Alternatively, the benefit of routine laboratory monitoring for direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) is less clear. Currently, the Madison VA recommends a complete blood count (CBC), serum creatinine (SCr), and liver function tests (LFTs) within 30 days prior to DOAC initiation, repeat CBC +/- SCr 1-3 months after DOAC initiation, then CBC/SCr every 6-12 months, monitored via the VA DOAC population management tool (PMT). Per the 2012 American Society of Hematology (ASH) and the American College of Chest Physicians (CHEST) guidelines, for warfarin, 12-week follow-up may be considered in patients with chronically stable INRs (Kearon et. al. Chest 2012). Additionally, the Madison VA completed a prior prospective study of 12-week INR follow-up for patients taking warfarin which demonstrated safety of extended follow-up intervals. However, the number of participants able to achieve (56%) and maintain (34%) a 12-week INR follow-up were lower than anticipated (Porter et. al. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2016). As of 3/30/2020, the Madison VA anticoagulation clinic followed 783 patients for warfarin management and 1742 patients for DOAC management. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A retrospective chart review to assess practice changes during the COVID-19 pandemic was conducted on anticoagulation patients with visits from 3/16/20 and 6/18/20 who were either on warfarin, transitioned to a DOAC, or newly initiated on DOAC therapy. For patients on warfarin with 2 therapeutic INRs obtained at least 4 weeks apart, follow-up was extended to 8-12 weeks. Conversion to a DOAC was considered for eligible warfarin patients, excluding presence of mechanical heart valves, moderate to severe mitral valve stenosis, significant liver disease (Child Pugh C), or pregnancy/breastfeeding. As there are no accepted standards for DOAC laboratory monitoring, per the VA CPPO, stable baseline labs within the prior 6-12 months were acceptable. Routine laboratory monitoring after initiation could also be deferred and patients were transitioned to the DOAC PMT. The data collected in the retrospective study was analyzed using descriptive statistics. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess patient safety and INR stability using the proposed COVID-19 extended follow-up parameters. If patient safety and stability could be maintained, it may lead to long term practice changes to extend follow-up and improve the anticoagulation clinic workload efficiency. ENDPOINTS The primary endpoint of the warfarin intervention was to determine the percentage of warfarin patients with therapeutic INRs after an extended interval. Secondary endpoints included the average length of the extended interval, bleeding or thromboembolic events during extended interval or within 30 days after the extended INR result. Other secondary endpoints included review of patient misadventures during the extended interval (e.g. patient taking incorrect warfarin doses), the percentage of patients with phone follow-up between extended INRs, and clinic time in therapeutic range (TTR). The primary endpoint of the DOAC transition intervention was to determine the percentage of warfarin patients transitioned to DOACs during the specified timeframe. Secondary endpoints included the average time since last CBC/SCr for those transitioning from warfarin or newly initiating DOAC, percentage of patients without an INR at time of transition, and bleeding or thromboembolic events within 30 days of transition. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Hiscock, Jennifer R., Isabelle L. Kirby, Julie Herniman, G. John Langley, Alistair J. Clark, and Philip A. Gale. "Supramolecular gels for the remediation of reactive organophosphorus compounds." RSC Adv. 4, no. 85 (2014): 45517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07712a.
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Pyridine-based gels formed with a cyclohexyl diamide gelator have been shown to undergo a gel–sol transition upon addition of the organophosphorus (OP) chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulant diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP).
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Rollins, Amber R., Kathryn E. Smith, and Wesley R. Zemrak. "Implementation of a Simplistic Bivalirudin-Warfarin Transition Protocol Is Associated With Improved Achievement of INR Values Within the Therapeutic Range." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 50, no. 12 (August 5, 2016): 1001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028016660989.
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Background: Transition from bivalirudin to long-term warfarin therapy is often difficult to execute due to bivalirudin prolongation of the international normalized ratio (INR), and literature to help guide this transition is extremely limited. Objective: To assess the transition from bivalirudin to warfarin after implementation of an institution-wide transition protocol. Methods: In this retrospective quasiexperimental study, adult patients receiving bivalirudin directly followed by warfarin for nonprocedural systemic anticoagulation were evaluated to determine the frequency of successful transition to warfarin. Participants were compared before (preprotocol) and after (postprotocol) the implementation of the transition protocol. Results: A total of 39 patients met inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis (preprotocol = 19; postprotocol = 20). The percentage of patients achieving a successful transition was significantly higher in the postprotocol group compared with the preprotocol group (80.0% vs 42.1%, P = 0.015). Bleeding events were similar between the 2 groups (23.1% vs 16.7%, P = 0.689). Withholding of warfarin doses or the use of anticoagulant reversal agents or blood transfusions for supratherapeutic INR levels, surgical procedures, or drop in hemoglobin was numerically lower in the postprotocol group compared with the preprotocol group (16.7% vs 46.2%, P = 0.202). Conclusion: Implementation of a simplistic bivalirudin-warfarin transition protocol significantly increased the frequency of therapeutic INR results on bivalirudin discontinuation. Additionally, patients treated according to this protocol were less likely to have warfarin doses withheld or require reversal agents. Larger studies testing this transition strategy are warranted.
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Barrett, Jason W., and Andrew K. Scherer. "STONES, BONES, AND CROWDED PLAZAS: Evidence for Terminal Classic Maya warfare at Colha, Belize." Ancient Mesoamerica 16, no. 1 (January 2005): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536105050091.
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This study provides a synthetic review of the Terminal Classic collapse of the Maya site of Colha, Belize, based on new data drawn from recent lithic and osteological studies and previously reported information. The well-known Colha skull pit has figured prominently in previous hypotheses of the site's collapse, which focus on either warfare or ritual termination. In this review, these two hypotheses are reexamined using data from: (1) shifts in settlement patterns; (2) transitions in lithic production; and (3) the death en masse of at least 55 individuals coincident with the site's abandonment. Based on the evidence presented here, we argue that warfare precipitated Colha's collapse. In light of Colha's role as a secondary site that functioned primarily as a lithic-production locality, the Terminal Classic destruction of the site illustrates the significance of material motivations in Maya warfare and accents the diversity of collapse processes in the Maya Lowlands.
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Sampaio, Antônio. "Before and after urban warfare: Conflict prevention and transitions in cities." International Review of the Red Cross 98, no. 901 (April 2016): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383117000145.
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AbstractThe rising pressures of urbanization in fragile and conflict-affected countries have increased concerns about the vulnerability of cities to armed threats. Changes in the character of armed conflict during the twenty-first century and its effects on cities in the developing world have exposed gaps in the planning and practice of peace and security, which retain a “nation-State bias” that circumvents local perspectives and agencies. Whereas full-scale use of military power in cities remains as destructive today as it has ever been, international organizations such as the United Nations have called for changed approaches to State tactics in urban areas. Mechanisms designed to prevent conflict or to help countries transition back to peace are particularly key if massive human and economic damages are to be avoided in a world of increasingly dense cities. Another key concern is the vulnerability of developing-world cities to low-intensity, if protracted, forms of violence by non-State actors, particularly in post-conflict contexts. Conflict prevention and peace transitions in cities (including mainstream international tools such as peacekeeping, stability and reconstruction aid) are affected by specifically urban pressures linked to rising populations, migration, ethnic tensions, institutional deterioration and the weakening of urban services. Therefore, the physical and social characteristics of cities interact with military and developmental policies in unique ways. An understanding of key local actors, services and institutions affecting urban drivers of armed conflict – an urban strategic environment – can help practitioners and strategists to craft comprehensive policies.
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Ward, Michael D., and Kristian S. Gleditsch. "Democratizing for Peace." American Political Science Review 92, no. 1 (March 1998): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2585928.
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The argument that democratization can bring about war is a powerful critique suggesting limits to the linkage between democracy and peace. This research examines this claim. Our findings demonstrate that democratizing polities are substantially less war prone than previously argued. By focusing on the characteristics of the transition process, we show that as contemporary polities become more democratic they reduce their overall chances of being involved in war by approximately half. We also find that rocky or especially rapid transitions or reversals are associated with a countervailing effect; namely, they increase the risk of being involved in warfare. Both in the long term and while societies undergo democratic change, the risks of war are reduced by democratization and exacerbated by reversals in the democratization process. To reach these conclusions, we developed and applied a logit model linking authority characteristics and war involvement using Polity III and Correlates of War databases.
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Harrington, Dominic, Sarah Underwood, Colin Morse, Martin Shearer, Edward Tuddenham, and Andrew Mumford. "Pharmacodynamic resistance to warfarin associated with a Val66Met substitution in vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 93, no. 01 (2005): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th04-08-0540.
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SummaryThe gene encoding vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1), a component of the enzyme that is the therapeutic target site for warfarin, has recently been identified. In order to investigate the relationship betweenVKORC1 and warfarin dose response, we studied theVKORC1 gene (VKORC1) in patients with warfarin resistance. From a study group of 820 patients, we identified 4 individuals who required more than 25 mg of warfarin daily for therapeutic anticoagulation.Three of these had serum warfarin concentrations within the therapeutic range of 0.7–2.3 mg/l and showed wild-type VKORC1 sequence. The fourth warfarin resistant individual had consistently high ( ≥ 5.7 mg/l) serum warfarin concentrations, yet had no clinically discernible cause for warfarin resistance. VKORC1 showed a heterozygous 196G→ A transition that predicted aVal66Met substitution in the VKORC1 polypeptide. This transition was also identified in 2 asymptomatic family members who had never received warfarin.These individuals had normal vitamin-K dependent coagulation factor activities and undetectable serum PIVKAII and vitamin K 1 2,3 epoxide suggesting that their basal vitamin K epoxide reductase activity was not adversely affected by the VKORC1 Val66Met substitution.The association between a nucleotide transition in VKORC1 and pharmacodynamic warfarin resistance supports the hypothesis that VKORC1 is the site of action of warfarin and indicates that VKORC1 sequence is an important determinant of the warfarin dose response.
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Searle, Alaric. "War Elephants and Early Tanks: A Transepochal Comparison of Ancient and Modern Warfare." Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift 77, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 37–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgzs-2018-0002.
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AbstractAlthough scholars have in the past dismissed the claim that war elephants were the »tanks of the ancient world«, a closer examination of the similarities between the two weapons reveals some remarkable parallels. In fact, a comparison shows that many of the counter-measures in anti-elephant warfare in antiquity had parallels in anti-tank warfare in the Great War. More importantly, the upward spiral of increased weapon power, followed by defensive countermeasures, then an increase in the protective armour added to the »weapons system«, is a process which can be observed in the evolution of both war elephants and early tanks. The comparison raises questions about the dominant narrative in the history of the tank, largely instigated by J. F. C. Fuller, namely, that its invention represented a revolution in the history of warfare since it spelled the transition from animal and human muscular power to machine power. This article seeks to explain why Fuller always avoided drawing comparisons between war elephants and tanks; and, it argues that specific types of military phenomena can be identified which recur in different historical epochs.
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Hursting, Marcie J., Bruce E. Lewis, and Donald E. Macfarlane. "Transitioning from Argatroban to Warfarin Therapy in Patients with Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia." Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 11, no. 3 (July 2005): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107602960501100306.
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Argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor used for thromboprophylaxis or treatment in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), is routinely monitored using the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) yet also prolongs the international normalized ratio (INR). Peritransitional INRs, aPTTs, anticoagulant dosing patterns, and outcomes were evaluated in 165 HIT patients who were transitioned, without guidelines, from argatroban to warfarin therapy. Argatroban (median doses: 1.5-2.0 mcg/kg/min) and warfarin (median dose: 5 mg initially with 3.8 mg/day thereafter) overlapped a median 4 days. Median (5-95th percentile) aPTTs (in seconds) and INRs, respectively, were 59.8 (38.8-82.9) and 3.2 (1.7-7.0) during argatroban monotherapy, 68.6 (44.5-104) and 5.3 (2.4-16) maximally during cotherapy, 59.9 (38.7-92.2) and 4.0 (2.2-11.6) immediately before argatroban cessation during cotherapy, and 36.0 (25.6-60.2) and 2.3 (1.3-7.3) within a median 10-12 hours after argatroban cessation. Major bleeding occurred in 1 (0.6%) patient pretransitionally and no patient during or after cotherapy. Eighteen (10.9%) patients experienced 19 peritransitional adverse outcomes (one death, two amputations, 16 new thromboses); these patients had more severe HIT than event-free patients (median baseline platelet count, 39 vs. 83 × 109/L). Of 108 patients with post-transitional INR data, 43 achieved a therapeutic INR (prospectively defined as 1.9-3.5), 34 were subtherapeutic, and 31 were supratherapeutic, with no across-group trend in new thrombosis. Hence in the absence of guidelines, physicians transfer patients from argatroban to warfarin therapy with acceptably low complication rates in HIT, without systematically over- or under-dosing warfarin. Furthermore, INRs greater than 5 commonly occur in HIT patients during argatroban monotherapy and argatroban/warfarin cotherapy, without major bleeding.
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Serebrov, S. N. "REWIEW OF: RAIMAN AL-HAMDANI AND HELEN LACKNER. WAR AND PIECES: POLITICAL DIVIDES IN SOUTHERN YEMEN (JANUARY 2020)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 1 (11) (2020): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-1-303-316.
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A 30-page article written by Raiman al-Hamdani and Helen Lackner titled “War and Pieces: Political Divides in Southern Yemen” appeared among publications of the influential think-tank — European Council on Foreign Relations in January, 2020. It is certainly a noticeable pivlication in the research studies of the five-year old war in Yemen. R. al-Hamdani is a researcher and consultant focusing on issues of security and development in the Middle East and North Africa. Dr. Helen Lackner is an expert of the European Council for Foreign Relations and research associate at SOAS University of London. She is the editor of the Journal of the British-Yemeni Society and a regular contributor to Open Democracy, Arab Digest, and Oxford Analytica. Her most recent book is ‘Yemen in Crisis: Autocracy, Neo-Liberalism and the Disintegration of a State’ (published by Saqi Books in 2017; by Verso in 2019; and in Arabic in 2020). The reviewed article reveal the hidden sides of the conflict by offering different angle of approach — the southern part of Yemen completely lacking the “houthi factor”, which used to monopolize the bulk of attention in writings on this topic since the war began in March, 2015. The military clashes within Arab coalition between its Saudi and Emirati wings in the South in August, 2019 brought to surface the deep antagonism among coalition’s Yemeni ‘friends’, represented by the Internationally Recognized Government of President A. M. Hadi (IRG) from the one side, and Southern Transitional Council (STC) supported by UAE, from the other. The resulted withdrawal of IRG structures from the temporary capital Aden turned the regime to the merely “exile government” located in Riyadh. The blow put the whole concept of KSA-led military intervention in Yemen in a rather fragile position. It’s dedication to the myth of civil war between IRG and houthi rebels representing the shi`a minority of the country was seriously compromised. The profound knowledge of the real country’s complicity and authors’ great professional experience helped them to reach the very roots of southern separatism and factualism, the core of “southern question” which they actually see as the real focal point of the crises and conflict in Yemen. The same phenomena laid the foundation for the further geopolitical moves of KSA and UAE towards South disintegration. Recent Saudi attempt to cure the devastating result of the August rivalry between IRG and STC by signing the Riyadh agreement on November 5th, 2019 is considered by the authors as nearly void. Therefore the article calls EU states and international community to change policies and enforce proactive role in both narrowing warfare and launching the carefully designed state and nation building programs aiming to keep Yemen united. The review attempts to evaluate the main arguments of this important article in a critical way while sharing the overall direction and goals to reach soonest solution to that largest manmade hotbed of humanitarian catastrophe on the planet.
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Zatserkovnyi, V., I. Pampukha, P. Savkov, and I. Syniavska. "ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES TO CREATE MODERN ARMED FORCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM." Collection of scientific works of the Military Institute of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, no. 66 (2019): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-481x/2020/66-02.
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Despite the development of information technology in the security and defense sector, the management of the Armed Forsec requires a fundamentaly new approach to meeting the challenges set. Network-centric warfare, as a form of conflict management with the use of network-based forms of organization, doctrine, strategies and technologies, adapted to the modern information age, allows to increase the combat capabilities of heterogeneous forces and means at the expense of synergistic effect and shortening of the management cycle. The main element of the network-centric warfare model is information, primarily intelligence (location of troops, strategic object, dynamic of change of operational environment in the area of warfare, land, surface, air targets). The overall concept of network-centric wars is to create a single information and communication spase that provide comprehensive integration of management, intelligence, communications, wich will be a primary element in the path to achieving a synergistic effect. A functional feature of the network-centric concept is the continuitly and ability to adapt to a dynamic environment and to transfer combat and operational control funcktions to any level vertically and horizontally in accordance to the emerging needs of operational planning and command of the troops. The poorpose of the article is to substantiate the feasibility and necessity of using a network-centric form of conflict management. The object of research is the information and technological component of modern armed forces (AF), wich contains questions about the role of IT in the military strategies of developed countries, especially the US, Russia and the transition to network-centric technologies, namely aspects of the use of IT, network technologies in the planning and conduct of modern combat. The purpose of the article is to research the role of IT in the current armed conflicts and military strategies of the states, rationale for the transition to network centric technology.
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Turker, Yasin, Ismail Ekinozu, Seda Aytekin, Yasemin Turker, Cengiz Basar, Davut Baltaci, and Ertugrul Kaya. "Comparison of Changes in Anxiety and Depression Level Between Dabigatran and Warfarin Use in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation." Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 23, no. 2 (July 9, 2016): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029615600792.
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We hypothesized that patients taking warfarin require frequent hospital follow-up and they are at higher risk for complications, so the incidence of depression and anxiety is higher in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) in the period of taking warfarin compared to the period of taking dabigatran. Fifty patients having AF without valvular diseases under treatment of warfarin in whom a transition to dabigatran was planned were consecutively enrolled in this study and followed up prospectively between July 2013 and July 2014. All patients completed Beck Depression Inventory and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS) at the initiation of study and 6 months after initiation of study. Of the patients enrolled in the study, age, gender, smoking status, and comorbidities were questioned. A total of 50 patients (28 women; mean age 74.6 ± 8.7 years) treated with warfarin in whom a transition to dabigatran was planned were included. Basal mean value of BDS (15.6 ± 7.8 vs 11.5 ± 4.8, P < .001) and HAS (16.8 ± 10.4 vs 12.6 ± 8.1, P < 0.001) was significantly higher in patients when they used warfarin than when they switched to dabigatran. In categorical analysis, frequency of patients with depression (mild, moderate, and severe) was significantly higher in period of warfarin use than after dabigatran transition (n = 24, 48% vs n = 14, 28%, P = .039). Our study demonstrates that patients with nonvalvular AF under treatment of dabigatran had lower BDS and HAS scores compared to warfarin. These findings suggest that dabigatran may increase quality of life and decrease morbidity and mortality due to reduction in anxiety and depression.
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Ramirez-de-Arellano, J. M., M. Canales, and L. F. Magaña. "Carbon Nanostructures Doped with Transition Metals for Pollutant Gas Adsorption Systems." Molecules 26, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 5346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175346.
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The adsorption of molecules usually increases capacity and/or strength with the doping of surfaces with transition metals; furthermore, carbon nanostructures, i.e., graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphdiyne, etc., have a large specific area for gas adsorption. This review focuses on the reports (experimental or theoretical) of systems using these structures decorated with transition metals for mainly pollutant molecules’ adsorption. Furthermore, we aim to present the expanding application of nanomaterials on environmental problems, mainly over the last 10 years. We found a wide range of pollutant molecules investigated for adsorption in carbon nanostructures, including greenhouse gases, anticancer drugs, and chemical warfare agents, among many more.
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Clark, Nathan P. "Role of the anticoagulant monitoring service in 2018: beyond warfarin." Hematology 2018, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.348.
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Abstract The direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have a wide therapeutic index, few drug interaction, no dietary interactions and do not require dose adjustment according to the results of routine coagulation testing. Despite these advantages over warfarin, the DOACs remain high risk medications. There is evidence that non-adherence, off-label dosing and inadequate care transitions during DOAC therapy increase the risk of bleeding and thromboembolic complications. Although DOACs are approved for a growing number of indications, there remain patient populations who are not good candidates. Existing expertise within an Anticoagulation Management Service (AMS) should be leveraged to optimize all anticoagulant therapies including the DOACs. The AMS can facilitate initial drug therapy selection and dose management, reinforce patient education and adherence as well as managing drug interactions and invasive procedures. In the event that a transition to warfarin is warranted, the AMS is already engaged which limits the risk of fragmented patient care and ensures that therapeutic anticoagulation is re-established in a timely manner. The AMS of the future will provide comprehensive management for all patients receiving anticoagulant medications and continue to provide anticoagulation expertise to the healthcare team.
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Guchua, Alika, and Thornike Zedelashvili. "Cyberwar as a Phenomenon of Asymmetric Threat and Cyber-Nuclear Security Threats." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 40 (December 15, 2019): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2019.40.50-57.
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The work deals with the topic of cyberwar as a phenomenon of asymmetric threat and cyber-nuclear security threats in modern world politics, potential threats to international politics and global security issues, counter-terrorism policies are discussed. The paper discusses the challenges facing cyber security worldwide and the phenomenon of cyber security against the backdrop of asymmetric threats. Cyberspace has already become a weapon of infinite capacity for the whole world. It has generated positive effect as well as has become the area of evil for terrorists, which are actively using modern technologies, computer systems. The facts are many and we are often in the center of events. With the development of technology in the 21st century, global changes are taking place in international security, the geopolitical transition and new threats and challenges, and international security issues are becoming increasingly important. The international security system is vulnerable to challenges such as the use of weapons of mass destruction and cyber terrorism. The article discusses the dangers and problems of hybrid warfare in international security, as well as the Russian-Georgian hybrid warfare.
Keywords: Cyberwar, asymmetric threat, hackers, attack, hybrid war, Russia-Georgia, NATO, EU, nuclear terrorism, nuclear security
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Korotayev, Andrey, Daniil Romanov, and Ilya Medvedev. "Echo of the Arab Spring in Eastern Europe: A Quantitative Analysis." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 18, no. 1 (March 2019): 56–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2019-1-56-106.
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The article analyzes the impact of the Arab Spring on destabilization processes in Eastern Europe. The authors show how the success of the Arab revolutions influenced the rise of protest activity in Eastern Europe in 2011. The similarities of the protests in Eastern Europe with the protests of the Arab Spring period are demonstrated. We also analyze ways of borrowing patterns of destabilization. The wave of protest activity after 2011 is compared with the previous wave of protest activity initiated by the global financial-economic crises of 2008–2009. In addition to the external factor of the Arab Spring, the article examines the internal factors of the protest activity of the second wave of the economic crisis associated with the economic crises in Portugal, Italy, Spain, and Greece. The authors define the most typical forms of destabilization for Eastern Europe: anti-government demonstrations, riots, terrorist actions, and guerrilla warfare. The contribution of the Ukrainian Revolution in 2014 to the dynamics of the most violent forms of protest in Eastern Europe is also analyzed. In explaining the special case of Ukraine which breaks with the general trend of Eastern Europe, the authors show that Ukraine experienced a transition from less-violent forms of destabilization (anti-government demonstrations and riots) to more violent ones (guerrilla warfare and terrorist attacks) in 2013–2014. The reasons for the growth of terrorist activity and guerrilla warfare as well as the role of the war in Donbass are discussed. It is shown that though the case of Ukraine is unique for Eastern Europe in the period under study, it has many parallels on a global scale.
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Dager, William E., Jeff H. King, Jennifer M. Branch, Stacey L. Chow, Ruby E. Ferrer, Sandy Pak, Patti Y. Togioka, and Richard H. White. "Tinzaparin in Outpatients with Pulmonary Embolism or Deep Vein Thrombosis." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39, no. 7-8 (July 2005): 1182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1e677.
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BACKGROUND The low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) have been shown to be effective in the outpatient treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Data regarding outpatient use of any LMWH in pulmonary embolism (PE) or tinzaparin in DVT while transitioning therapy to a vitamin K antagonist are limited. OBJECTIVE To determine the safety and efficacy of tinzaparin in patients with either DVT or PE being transitioned to warfarin during LMWH therapy in the outpatient setting. METHODS All patients who were treated with at least one outpatient dose of tinzaparin for venous thromboembolism (VTE) were identified. Charts of all patients followed within the University of California Davis healthcare system were reviewed. The incidence of bleeding and recurrent thromboembolism over a minimum of the first 4 weeks to a maximum of 12 weeks after initiating anticoagulation was assessed. RESULTS A total of 178 patients with acute VTE were treated with tinzaparin, and outcomes could be determined in 140 cases. Forty-seven percent of these patients had objectively documented PE. Only one (0.7%) case of recurrent VTE was observed. Major bleeding was documented in 5 (3.6%) and minor bleeding in 8 (5.8%) patients. Two bleeding events, both major, occurred during tinzaparin therapy. CONCLUSIONS Outpatient use of tinzaparin during transition to warfarin therapy in the treatment of VTE, including PE, appears to be feasible in patients who are judged candidates for home therapy.
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Winter, Elliot. "The compatibility of the use of autonomous weapons with the principle of precaution in the law of armed conflict." Military Law and the Law of War Review 58, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 240–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/mllwr.2020.02.18.
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The notion of ‘precautions in attack’ is an important concept in the law of armed conflict. It requires attackers to verify their targets, to ensure that only proportionate strikes are launched, to mitigate the potential for collateral damage in the selection of means and methods of warfare and, where possible, to issue warnings in advance of attacks. The emergence of ‘autonomous weapons’ requires us to review how these precautions might apply in a new era of delegated warfare in which the fulcrum around which the regime revolves – the human combatant – would be replaced by artificial intelligence-powered machines. This paper contends that technology is fast approaching the point at which the use of autonomous weapons will be compatible with the requirements of precaution. The author pushes further than most commentators in demonstrating just how capable the technology is becoming; in explaining how close it is to supplanting humans on the battlefield and in showing the potential for machines to discharge precautionary obligations better than humans in at least some areas. However, the article recognizes that technological innovations are still required before this transition comes to pass and so it also illuminates the way forward by identifying where remaining deficiencies linger.
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Abe, Ryoko. "The Brain of the Marine Corps: ALFRED M. GRAY ’S ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MARINE CORPS COMBAT DEVELOPMENT COMMAND." Marine Corps History 6, no. 1 (September 24, 2020): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35318/mch.2020060103.
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This article examines how 29th Commandant of the Marine Corps General Alfred M. Gray strengthened the Corps’ “brainpower” as a key element in his efforts to rehabilitate the Corps’ warfighting capabilities. Gray’s brainpower reform included both the establishment of the Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC)—to serve as a “skull”—and other educational reforms that would develop the Corps’ brain, which was expected to yield new warfighting concepts. This article stresses that the transition from the Marine Corps Development and Education Command to MCCDC was not just the establishment of a new organization but was Gray’s challenge to bring about fundamental change to how the Corps would prepare for future warfare. While his predecessors mainly focused on modernization of existing equipment and formations after the end of the Vietnam War, Gray intended to transform the Corps’ requirement system to produce new doctrine, education, training, equipment, and organization. The new requirement system was designed as a warfare-based, concept-based, and future-based system. This article also emphasizes that this new requirement system had been studied and designed by then-unknown colonels prior to Gray’s inauguration as Commandant. Although Gray did not see his new requirement system through to completion, his efforts were an important beginning to the new system.
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Yang, Shao-yun. "Letting the Troops Loose: Pillage, Massacres, and Enslavement in Early Tang Warfare." Journal of Chinese Military History 6, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341307.
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By analyzing examples ranging from the Sui-Tang transition to the An Lushan Rebellion, I argue that in a practice known as “letting the troops loose,” Tang generals frequently rewarded their officers and soldiers (and themselves) for a victory with the freedom to seize the wives, children, and property of the defeated with impunity, and to kill any who resisted. Attempts to censure or prosecute the generals responsible were rare and usually overruled, because military morale was seen as a higher priority than discipline or humaneness. Tang generals were also authorized to massacre surrendered enemy soldiers and conquered civilians for a range of strategic purposes. Moreover, taking slaves from a defeated population was a common prerogative among generals and officers even when an army was not “let loose.” When generals refrained from pillage, massacres, and enslavement, therefore, this was usually for reasons that were pragmatic and strategic, not moral or legal.
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Groetzinger, Lara M., Taylor J. Miller, Ryan M. Rivosecchi, Roy E. Smith, Mark T. Gladwin, and Belinda N. Rivera-Lebron. "Apixaban or Rivaroxaban Versus Warfarin for Treatment of Submassive Pulmonary Embolism After Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis." Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 24, no. 6 (February 18, 2018): 908–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029618755311.
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Background: Little data exist on the use of direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) factor Xa inhibitors for submassive pulmonary embolism (PE) after catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT). The objective of this evaluation was to determine whether the transition from parenteral anticoagulation to DOACs for submassive PE after CDT would decrease hospital length of stay (LOS) compared to warfarin. Methods: A retrospective review of patients diagnosed with submassive PE who underwent CDT was conducted from January 1, 2012, to February 28, 2017. Hospital LOS and major and minor bleeding events were recorded during hospitalization and at 90 days. Results: Sixty-two patients met the inclusion criteria, 36 in warfarin group and 26 in the DOAC group. Overall, patients receiving rivaroxaban or apixaban had a shorter median hospital LOS compared to warfarin (4.0 vs 6.1 days, P = .002). In the multivariate regression analysis, administration of DOAC was an independent predictor of decreased hospital LOS, β: −2.1, 95% confidence interval (−3.5 to −0.7). Conclusion: Among patients with submassive PE, initiation of a DOAC shortly after CDT may result in a decreased hospital LOS compared to parenterally bridged warfarin.
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Marsavelski, Aleksandar, and John Braithwaite. "The Best Way to Rob a Bank." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i1.466.
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Cohen and Machalek’s (1988) evolutionary ecological theory of crime explains why obscure forms of predation can be the most lucrative. Sutherland explained that it is better to rob a bank at the point of a pen than of a gun. The US Savings and Loans scandal of the 1980s suggested ‘the best way to rob a bank is to own one’. Lure constituted by the anomie of warfare and transition to capitalism in former Yugoslavia revealed that the best way to rob a bank is to control the regulatory system: that is, to control a central bank. This makes possible theft of all the people’s money in a society. The criminological imagination must attune to anomie created by capitalism, and to the evolutionary ecology of lure.
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Moul, William B. "Balances of Power and European Great Power War, 1815–1939: A Suggestion and Some Evidence." Canadian Journal of Political Science 18, no. 3 (September 1985): 481–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900032431.
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AbstractThree contrary theories of great power war are examined. The first is the common balance of power argument that parity preserves peace. The second is Organski's oft-cited alternative, “the power transition.” The third is a conflation of the first and second. Like the first, the inherent inability to measure power precisely is the basis of the conflated balance of power theory. Like the second, the conclusion is that parity encourages war. Unlike either the first or second theory, the third provides an explanation of the incidence and extent of warfare between great powers. The basic proposition tested is that nonseparated great powers fight as they approach parity in power capabilities. The evidence is from the relations between the European great powers during 1815–1939.
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Flores, David. "Politicization Beyond Politics." Armed Forces & Society 43, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 164–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x16642041.
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There is growing interest in the implications of military service for the political attitudes, behaviors, and activism of military veterans. This article considers how promission and antiwar veterans’ narrate their experiences of becoming political activists and the mechanisms that effect that transition. The research draws on narratives from 40 members of the antiwar organization Iraq Veterans against the War and 28 members of the promission organization Vets for Freedom. Using “exemplars” from opposing political groups, the article reveals the shared process of politicization for both groups of veterans, and how divergent promission and antiwar definitions of duty, service, patriotism, and narratives of experiences and interpretations of warfare activate meaning-making activities, mechanisms, and analytical frames that share more in common than surface political differences might suggest.
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Chernobrov, D. V. "Identity in contemporary international conflict: typology of the history of conflicts through the prism of an Other." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(30) (June 28, 2013): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-3-30-86-91.
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The problem of an Other and association with an identity in conflict are among the least explored areas of contemporary conflict studies which tends to regard conflict behaviour as rational. This article suggests several periods in the development and evolution of conflict depending on the role and function of the Other, thus adopting a historical-constructivist approach. From the spread of social application of self-other categories to conflict, to the technological and informational transition from traditional to ‘new’ and asymmetrical wars and counter-insurgency warfare, the Other changed form, function, and role in conflict. Supporting the argument with historical evidence, this article reconstructs the evolution of the Other and situates it in the context of social, political, and conflict-evolving realities.
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ZMĂDU, Răzvan. "PROTECTION OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE FROM EMERGING THREATS." STRATEGIES XXI - Command and Staff College 17, no. 1 (August 12, 2021): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-2028-21-49.
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Abstract: Today's society is in a continuous transformation towards a digitalized society. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated worldwide the transition from the physical to the online environment of services provided by both public and private institutions. With a digitized society in our defense types of risks, threats and risks to critical infrastructures that support digital evolution. Thus, opponents turn their attention to new forms of asymmetric attacks to generate states of terror against states or individuals or groups of people. Thus, among the newest and most developed threats are those that use cyberterrorism, network-based warfare or attacks using technologies imported from the military such as drones carrying improvised explosive devices. Countermeasures and resilient systems must be prepared against them.
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Chernonosov, Alexander. "Quantification of Warfarin in Dried Rat Plasma Spots by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Pharmaceutics 2016 (December 12, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6053295.
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This paper presents the development and validation of a novel method for quantification of the oral anticoagulant drug warfarin in dried plasma spots (DPS) by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Blood plasma was chosen as a biological fluid to preclude the influence of the hematocrit on the results of the analysis. A 30 μL sample of rat plasma was placed onto Whatman 903 Protein Saver Card and was allowed to dry. A single DPS is sufficient for preparing eight 3.2 mm discs, each containing approximately 1.5–1.6 μL of plasma. Warfarin extraction from one 3.2 mm disc was carried out by adding 200 μL of the acetonitrile : water mixture (1 : 1, v/v) containing 10 mM NH4COOH (pH 4.0), with incubation on a shaker at 1000 rpm for 1 h at 25°C. After chromatographic separation, warfarin and coumachlor (an internal standard) were measured using negative-ion multiple-reaction monitoring with ion transitions m/z 307 → 161 for warfarin and m/z 341 → 161 for the internal standard. The working range of this method is 10–10,000 ng/mL. Within this range, intra- and interday variability of precision and accuracy was <13% and recovery was 82–99%. The results indicate that the new method requires only small plasma samples and may be useful for pharmacokinetic research on warfarin.
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Bratko, Artem, Denys Zaharchuk, and Valentyn Zolka. "Hybrid warfare – a threat to the national security of the state." Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional 7, no. 1 (June 21, 2021): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18847/1.13.10.
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In the context of hybrid warfare, an urgent question arises as to the adequacy of responding to its challenges. Ukraine, the EU countries and NATO are facing new threats, which require democracies to make changes in military and political activities, to find new forms and methods of ensuring national security. Hybrid warfare as a form of undeclared war is conducted with the integrated use of military and non-military instruments (economic, political, informational and psychological, etc.), which fundamentally changes the nature of military struggle. Thus, the change in the nature of the current armed conflict and the hybrid aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine have created an impetus to accelerate transformations and structural changes in the security and defence sector of Ukraine. One of the priority areas of defence reform is the modernization of the management system of the security and defence sector in order to bring it in line with modern military conflicts, achieve interoperability of Ukraine’s defence forces, systematic transition to NATO standards (STANAG) in the organization, armament and training of troops (forces), as well as in the system of operational decision-making. Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has launched a process of destroying the system of European and transatlantic security. The Kremlin’s hybrid actions against Ukraine and other regional states are undermining stability in the area from the Baltic to the Black Sea, creating a serious challenge to peace and security in the region. Ukraine can become a powerful ally with significant military capabilities and invaluable practical experience, including in the field of combating hybrid threats, with successful reforms for NATO membership and a relevant consensus in NATO.
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Yang, Li, and Jingjing Wu. "Cost-effectiveness of rivaroxaban compared with enoxaparin plus warfarin for the treatment of hospitalised acute deep vein thrombosis in China." BMJ Open 10, no. 7 (July 2020): e038433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038433.
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ObjectiveLimited economic evaluation data for rivaroxaban compared with standard of care (SoC) exists in China. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of rivaroxaban compared with current SoC (enoxaparin overlapped with warfarin) for the treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in China.MethodsA Markov model was adapted from a payer’s perspective to evaluate the costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of patients with DVT treated with rivaroxaban or enoxaparin/warfarin. Clinical data from the EINSTEIN-DVT trial were obtained to estimate the transition probabilities. Data on Chinese health resource use, unit costs and utility parameters were collected from previously published literature and used to estimate the total costs and QALYs. The time horizon was set at 5 years and a 3-month cycle length was used in the model. A 5% discount rate was applied to the projected costs. One-way sensitivity analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were undertaken to assess the impact of uncertainty on results.ResultsRivaroxaban therapy resulted in an increase of 0.008 QALYs and was associated with lower total costs compared with enoxaparin/warfarin (US$4744.4 vs US$5572.4, respectively), demonstrating it to be a cost-saving treatment strategy. The results were mainly sensitive to length of hospitalisation due to DVT on enoxaparin/warfarin, cost per day of hospitalisation and the difference in length of stay of rivaroxaban-treated and enoxaparin/warfarin-treated patients.ConclusionRivaroxaban therapy resulted in a cost saving compared with enoxaparin/warfarin for the anticoagulation treatment of patients with hospitalised acute DVT in China.Trial registration numberNCT00440193; Post-results.
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Tanner, Harold M. "Big Army Groups, Standardization, and Assaulting Fortified Positions: Chinese “Ways of War” and the Transition from Guerrilla to Conventional War in China’s Northeast, 1945-1948." Journal of Chinese Military History 1, no. 2 (2012): 105–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341234.
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Abstract Western military historians often describe the Chinese “way of war” as emphasizing a gradualist military strategy, tending to avoid battle except when victory was assured, and preferring to use subterfuge, maneuver, or psychological means to defeat the enemy without actually fighting. The roots of this understanding of the Chinese way of war lie in selective readings of Sunzi’s Art of War and Mao Zedong’s writings on guerrilla warfare. The record of Chinese Communist operations in China’s Northeast (Manchuria) from 1945 through 1948 instead suggests a Chinese approach to war that is characterized not only by close attention to strategy and maneuver, but also by a preference for offensive operations leading to the ultimate destruction of the enemy in battles of annihilation. In the Northeast theater of China’s civil war we also see that the Communist forces had to go through a process of transformation before they were able to carry out large-scale maneuvers, deploy overwhelming firepower, and conduct large-scale operations or campaigns of annihilation. In order to gain victory, the Chinese Communist forces in the Northeast under Lin Biao’s command had to make the transition from guerrilla to conventional warfare, including the ability to attack cities. This transformation was achieved through a combination of factors: critical assessment of battlefield performance, incorporation of new weapons and equipment, and techniques of staff work. This suggests that any workable understanding of Chinese ways of war must go beyond cultural determinism to take account of the Chinese military’s flexibility and capacity for learning.
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Tanner, Harold M. "Learning Through Practice." Journal of Chinese Military History 3, no. 1 (May 14, 2014): 3–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341259.
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Abstract American scholars of Chinese history have generally explained the outcome of China’s civil war (1945-1949) by reference to social, economic, and political factors rather than by looking at the conduct of the war itself. Recently, military historians have begun to shift the focus to Communist strategy and operations. However, the question of how the Chinese Communist forces made the transition from guerrilla to conventional warfare has still not received sufficient attention. Using Mao Zedong’s theories of guerrilla warfare and Peter Senge’s model of the “learning organization” to analyze Lin Biao’s conduct of the war against the Nationalists in China’s Northeast (Manchuria), we can better understand how the Northeast People’s Liberation Army transformed itself from a force characterized by “guerrilla-ism” to the powerful army capable of defeating Jiang Jieshi’s best troops. The Communists performed poorly when they first encountered American-trained Nationalist units in the Northeast. Lin Biao and his staff responded to defeat by devising principles of tactics which they applied in a series of campaigns beginning with the “Three Expeditions/Four Defenses” (winter 1946-47). The Communist forces continued to derive lessons from their experience and to incorporate those lessons into programs of education and training. As a result, they made great strides forward in terms of the coordination of infantry, artillery, and armor in order to be able to pull off a conventional combined arms operation on the scale of the Liao-Shen Campaign. The Communist forces would bring these strengths with them when they entered the Korean War in 1950.
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Finch, Christopher, Amanda Howard, Sohail Minhas, and Bob Lobo. "Fondaparinux for the treatment of patients with acute heparininduced thrombocytopenia." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 99, no. 01 (2008): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th07-04-0252.
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SummaryHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a life-threatening immune response to heparin that is associated with a high risk of thromboembolic complications. We prospectively treated seven subjects with acute HIT with fondaparinux and compared the results to a similar historical control population from the same hospital. Six of the seven fondaparinux-treated subjects were transitioned to warfarin, beginning after platelet count recovery occurred. Ten historical controls were treated with a direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI), eight of which were transitioned to warfarin. The primary study outcome was platelet count recovery which was defined as an increase from baseline by at least 30% of nadir to greater than 100,000/mm3 by day seven. Seven subjects were prospectively treated with fondaparinux for a median of eight days. Six of the seven had HIT with thrombosis at the time of enrollment. All fondaparinux treated subjects had a complete platelet count recovery, and none experienced a new thromboembolic complication, major bleeding or death by week four. One subject underwent limb amputation. Ten historical controls were treated with a DTI for a median duration of eleven days. Platelet count recovery occurred in eight of the ten historical controls. No new thromboembolic complications or major bleeds occurred but limb gangrene occurred in four controls. The development of limb gangrene in the historical controls may have been a result of delayed recognition of HIT and/ or inappropriately early institution of warfarin in the historical controls. This pilot study suggests that fondaparinux may be useful in patients with acute HIT.
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D'Andrea, Giovanna, Rosa Lucia D'Ambrosio, Pasquale Di Perna, Massimiliano Chetta, Rosa Santacroce, Vincenzo Brancaccio, Elvira Grandone, and Maurizio Margaglione. "A polymorphism in the VKORC1 gene is associated with an interindividual variability in the dose-anticoagulant effect of warfarin." Blood 105, no. 2 (January 15, 2005): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-06-2111.
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AbstractPatients require different warfarin dosages to achieve the target therapeutic anticoagulation. The variability is largely genetically determined, and it can be only partly explained by genetic variability in the cytochrome CYP2C9 locus. In 147 patients followed from the start of anticoagulation with warfarin, we have investigated whether VKORC1 gene mutations have affected doses of drug prescribed to acquire the target anticoagulation intensity. Two synonymous mutations, 129C>T at Cys43 and 3462C>T at Leu120, and 2 missense mutations, Asp38Tyr and Arg151Gln, were identified. None of these mutations was found to affect the interindividual variability of warfarin prescribed. Finally, 2 common polymorphisms were found, 1173C>T in the intron 1 and 3730G>A transition in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR). Regardless of the presence of confounding variables, the mean adjusted dose required of warfarin was higher (6.2 mg) among patients with the VKORC1 1173CC genotype than those of patients carrying the CT (4.8 mg; P = .002) or the TT genotype (3.5 mg; P < .001). In the present setting, VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genetic variants investigated accounted for about a third (r2, 0.353) of the interindividual variability. Genetic variants of the VKORC1 gene locus modulate the mean daily dose of drug prescribed to acquire the target anticoagulation intensity.
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Hacker, Barton C. "Horse, Wheel, and Saddle." International Bibliography of Military History 32, no. 2 (2012): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22115757-03202004.
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Military revolutions are a normal consequence of the central role of military institutions in complex societies. They have everywhere occurred regularly, if infrequently; they are scarcely limited to Western Europe, or even to the modern world. This essay discusses recent writings on two military revolutions in the ancient world, both centered on the military horse: first, its domestication and its role in pulling war chariots; second, the transition from horse driving to horse riding in battle. The chariot revolution of the second millennium BC profoundly reshaped warfare and transformed polities all across Eurasia. The cavalry revolution of the first millennium BC proved equally transformative and far longer lasting. Despite the controversy that has come to surround the concept of military revolution, it may still be fruitfully applied to important aspects of the large-scale historical interactions between societies and their armed forces.
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Montaldo, Silvano. "La "fossa comune" del Museo Lombroso e il "lager" di Fenestrelle: il centocinquantenario dei neoborbonici." PASSATO E PRESENTE, no. 87 (October 2012): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pass2012-087006.
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The article reconstructs the transition from a perspective of cultural controversy to that of a political proposal that the varicoloured world of anti-Risorgimento revisionism encountered on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of Italian unification. Through the demonstrations against the reopening of the Lombroso Museum, unjustly seen as an uncritical return to the theories of the Veronese scientist, and the revival of the legend of Fenestrelle prison as a death camp for Neapolitan inmates, a functional controversy was launched in order to collocate the memory of the unification process within a context of a colonial warfare. This position was upheld by neo-Bourbon revisionist texts, while the celebration of bandits as a new symbol of identity materialised with a demand for the "return" of the exhibits from Lombroso's collections, an issue which has yet to be resolved.
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Makarenko, S. I., and A. S. Mamonchikova. "Dynamic plurilateral information conflict model with different participant strategies." Radio industry (Russia) 31, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2413-9599-2021-31-2-35-48.
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Problem setting. The development of the information theory conflicts is connected with the need to form new models that take into account new factors and features of real actions of conflicting parties in the information area. Currently, a fairly developed scientific and methodological apparatus for study of information conflict are models in the formalism of the Markov theory processes and game theory. At the same time, models based on dynamic systems are not sufficiently developed, and dynamic models of multilateral conflicts are not available in well-known publications.Target. The purpose of the work is to form a dynamic plurilateral information conflict model with different participant strategies.Results. The research results in a dynamic plurilateral information conflict model with different participant strategies. The elements of the model scientific novelty are: the conflict formalization in the form of differential equations system, which are based on the original modification of the Lotki-Voltera model equations; nine strategies for action by parties to a multilateral conflict with varying degrees of conflict; each strategy formalization in the form of coefficients or complex functions with the modeling possibility of their application and change in duel conflicts between each pair of sides.Practical significance. The model presented using in the article allows: to study the dynamic of changes in the conflict parties resources; identify local wins and losses in transition mode; to make conclusions about global wins and losses of the parties over the conflict duration; to make recommendations about party-specific strategies choice and parameters of their strategies usefulness for achieving global wins. These studies may be useful to those skilled special purpose information systems field, electronic warfare or information warfare.
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Church, WR, FH Bhushan, KG Mann, and EG Bovill. "Discrimination of normal and abnormal prothrombin and protein C in plasma using a calcium ion-inhibited monoclonal antibody to a common epitope on several vitamin K-dependent proteins." Blood 74, no. 7 (November 15, 1989): 2418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v74.7.2418.2418.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Vitamin K deficiency or administration of vitamin K antagonists results in the biosynthesis of abnormal des-gamma-carboxy forms of the vitamin K-dependent proteins. Monoclonal antibody H-11 binds several vitamin K- dependent proteins at a determinant that includes the first two residues of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. Antibody H-11 binds fully carboxylated prothrombin and protein C in the presence of EDTA but binding is inhibited by the divalent metal ions, calcium, magnesium, and manganese. By contrast, des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and protein C bind antibody H-11 the same in the presence of EDTA or calcium ion. Antibody H-11 thus appears to bind a conserved antigenic site containing gamma-carboxyglutamic acid that in the presence of divalent metal ion undergoes a conformational transition. This ability of antibody H-11 to bind des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and protein C in the presence of calcium ion allowed the development of an immunoassay for these proteins in plasma. Prothrombin and protein C from stably anticoagulated individuals receiving warfarin were characterized by their ability to bind antibody H-11 in the presence of calcium ion. Binding of prothrombin and protein C to antibody H-11 in the presence of calcium correlated temporally with warfarin administration. The inability of calcium ion to inhibit binding of antibody H-11 to abnormal prothrombin and protein C in plasma suggests that the circulating forms of both proteins following warfarin administration cannot undergo the metal ion-dependent conformational transition that includes sequence residues 1 through 12.
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Church, WR, FH Bhushan, KG Mann, and EG Bovill. "Discrimination of normal and abnormal prothrombin and protein C in plasma using a calcium ion-inhibited monoclonal antibody to a common epitope on several vitamin K-dependent proteins." Blood 74, no. 7 (November 15, 1989): 2418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v74.7.2418.bloodjournal7472418.
Full textAbstract:
Vitamin K deficiency or administration of vitamin K antagonists results in the biosynthesis of abnormal des-gamma-carboxy forms of the vitamin K-dependent proteins. Monoclonal antibody H-11 binds several vitamin K- dependent proteins at a determinant that includes the first two residues of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. Antibody H-11 binds fully carboxylated prothrombin and protein C in the presence of EDTA but binding is inhibited by the divalent metal ions, calcium, magnesium, and manganese. By contrast, des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and protein C bind antibody H-11 the same in the presence of EDTA or calcium ion. Antibody H-11 thus appears to bind a conserved antigenic site containing gamma-carboxyglutamic acid that in the presence of divalent metal ion undergoes a conformational transition. This ability of antibody H-11 to bind des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and protein C in the presence of calcium ion allowed the development of an immunoassay for these proteins in plasma. Prothrombin and protein C from stably anticoagulated individuals receiving warfarin were characterized by their ability to bind antibody H-11 in the presence of calcium ion. Binding of prothrombin and protein C to antibody H-11 in the presence of calcium correlated temporally with warfarin administration. The inability of calcium ion to inhibit binding of antibody H-11 to abnormal prothrombin and protein C in plasma suggests that the circulating forms of both proteins following warfarin administration cannot undergo the metal ion-dependent conformational transition that includes sequence residues 1 through 12.
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Fetea, Andrea, Brian E. Gulbis, and Andrea C. Hall. "Evaluation of Bivalirudin’s Effect on International Normalized Ratio to Determine an Appropriate Strategy for Transitioning to Warfarin." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 34, no. 3 (February 20, 2018): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755122518757973.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Direct thrombin inhibitors are recommended in confirmed or suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. False elevation of the international normalized ratio (INR) occurs with these agents making bridging to warfarin challenging. There is limited data regarding bivalirudin’s effect on INR. Objective: To evaluate bivalirudin’s effect on the INR and determine a strategy for transitioning to warfarin. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. Included patients were >18 years old receiving primary bridging therapy with overlapping bivalirudin and warfarin for at least 72 hours. Patients with administration of alternate anticoagulants during the transition interval or active major bleeding within 48 hours prior to bivalirudin initiation were excluded. The primary endpoint was to determine the effect on INR at first therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time after bivalirudin initiation and prior to warfarin initiation. Secondary endpoints included change in INR 12 and 24 hours after bivalirudin initiation, change in INR 4 hours after bivalirudin cessation, and incidence of major bleeding or new thrombotic events. Results: Thirty-four patients met study criteria. For the primary endpoint, the change in INR at first therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time was 0.37 (range = 0.28-0.48), which occurred at 8.4 hours (range = 4.6-14.2; n = 14). INR increased at 12 and 24 hours by a median of 0.55 and 0.5 from baseline, respectively. Median change in INR 4 to 8 hours post-bivalirudin cessation was −0.48. Conclusion: Targeting an INR > 2.5 when bridging to warfarin will account for this false elevation and maintain an INR above 2.0 on bivalirudin discontinuation.
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Schaefer, Jordan, Robert McBane, David Black, Lindsy Williams, Kevin Moder, and Waldemar Wysokinski. "Failure of dabigatran and rivaroxaban to prevent thromboembolism in antiphospholipid syndrome: a case series of three patients." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 112, no. 11 (2014): 947–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th14-03-0272.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryDirect oral factor inhibitors (DOFIs) are an attractive alternative to vitamin K antagonists (VKA) for the treatment of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). In the absence of prospective, randomised trial data, reports of therapeutic failures in clinical practice alert clinicians to potential limitations of DOFI therapy for this indication. Data for all cases were collected from a centralised system that contains complete medical records of all patients treated and followed at Mayo Medical Center. We present here three consecutive APS patients who had had no thromboembolism recurrence on warfarin but were switched to DOFIs. The diagnosis of APS was established according to currently recommended criteria. The three cases were as follows: A woman with primary APS developed thrombotic endocarditis with symptomatic cerebral emboli after transition to dabigatran. A second woman with primary APS experienced ischemic arterial strokes and right transverse-sigmoid sinus thrombosis after conversion to rivaroxaban. A man with secondary APS suffered porto-mesenteric venous thrombosis after switching to rivaroxaban. None of these patients had failed warfarin prior to the transition to DOFIs. Based on these three cases, we advocate caution in using DOFIs for APS patients outside of a clinical trial setting, until further data becomes available.
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Overholtzer, Lisa, and Kristin De Lucia. "A MULTISCALAR APPROACH TO MIGRATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE AT MIDDLE POSTCLASSIC XALTOCAN." Ancient Mesoamerica 27, no. 1 (2016): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536116000110.
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AbstractEthnohistoric documents characterize the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in central Mexico as an era of endemic warfare and mass migration, processes that archaeologists have causally related to the development of the Aztec Empire. In this paper, we explore a striking transition in this dynamic, but poorly understood period at the Otomi capital of Xaltocan. The archaeological record reveals that with the adoption of Aztec II Black-on-Orange pottery bya.d.1240, Xaltocan witnessed the expansion of the island to accommodate more residents, construction of thechinampaagricultural system, and the emergence of two subpopulations with distinct household organization, consumption, and funerary practices. We link a microscale examination of domestic activities with contextual understanding of macrolevel population dynamics, ethnic politics, and political-economic processes, and argue that this shift is due to an influx of migrants. These findings have significant implications for shifting conceptions of identity associated with the emergence of large polities.
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Chung, Yan Hon Michael. "The Introduction of European-Style Artillery and the Reform of Siege Tactics in 17th Century China—a Case Study of the Tragedy of Jiangyin (1645)." Journal of Chinese Military History 9, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-bja10001.
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Abstract While the importance of European-style artillery, also called “red-barbarian cannon” by the people of the time, to the Ming-Qing transition (1618-1683) is generally recognized, much less is known about the actual performance of the weapon on the battlefield. Such a dearth of knowledge hinders historians from evaluating the extent of its impact on the Manchu conquest of China. Hoping to fill this gap, this article examines the actual performance of red-barbarian cannon through reconstructing the siege of Jiangyin (1645). Close examination of this episode reveals that, although the Qing army possessed abundant European-style artillery, the absence of appropriate and effective artillery siege tactics greatly constrained the effectiveness of these weapons in siege warfare. Hence, the importance of artillery in the early stage of the Ming-Qing transition (1618-1645) is likely to have been minimal. However, the siege of Jiangyin witnessed a reform of siege tactics in the Qing artillery corps. These newly devised siege tactics enabled the Qing army to capture the city with efficiency by fully utilizing the red-barbarian cannon. The reform greatly enhanced the siege ability of the Qing forces and paved the way for the Qing conquest of China.
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Lu, Jianhua, Yanli Tang, and Bin Tang. "A Dynamic Conflict Analysis Method for EW Effectiveness Evaluation Based on Conditional State Space." Electronics 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10010024.
Full textAbstract:
An Electronic Warfare (EW) system is a highly complex and highly uncertain dynamic system. With a change of environment conditions, EW systems present different states and exhibit the characteristics of a Markov chain, which also directly affects and determines the effectiveness of EW systems. In order to describe and solve the problem of evaluating the effectiveness of EW, based on the definition of EW conflict system, this paper analyses the dynamic relationship of state between target unit and task unit of an EW system, studies the measurability of state, obtains measurable state space, then introduces randomness into state space and gives the theory, properties and applications of the state random process, state Markov process. Finally, the dynamic conflict analysis model of EW effectiveness is constructed and used to analyze the state transition process in the dynamic conflict process of an EW system, which is of great value to improve the theoretical system of EW effectiveness evaluation.