Journal articles on the topic 'Transitional settlement'
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1
Bo, M. W., V. Choa, and K. S. Wong. "Compression tests on a slurry using a small-scale consolidometer." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 388–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t01-112.
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To understand the deformation of ultrasoft soil in a viscous state, compression tests were carried out using a small-scale consolidometer equipped with pore-pressure transducers at three locations. Deformation behavior was monitored with both settlement and pore-pressure measurements. The transitional points from slurry to soil were determined from the settlement rate, change in void ratio, change in permeability, and pore-pressure dissipation. It was found that the transitional void ratio determined from the settlement rate is smaller than that determined from the commencement of pore-pressure dissipation. The transitional void ratio varied slightly for samples with different initial moisture contents determined based on pore-pressure considerations. The variation was due to the difference in sample thickness which affected the initiation of pore-pressure dissipation at the bottom of sample. In reality, the void ratio at transition could be larger than those determined from both settlement and pore pressure.Key words: ultrasoft soil, deformation, compression, pore pressure, permeability.
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Wu, Ya Ping, Huan An Huang, Zhi Biao Xu, Jun Wang, Gang Wang, and E. Hui Peng. "Analysis of the Settlement of Roadbed-Culvert Transitional Section in the High Salinity Regions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 835 (May 2016): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.835.554.
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In this paper, the construction treatment technology for the transition section connecting road and culvert founded on the high salt saturated fine sand is carried out, in which an actual project of a new local railway from XieTieshan to North Hobson in China is the background. Meanwhile,the field monitoring and finite element analysis of the settlement law of the transition section are carried out under different load conditions. The results are of referential significance to the settlement law and design of roadbed-culvert transitional section in high salinity regions.
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Yau, Nie-Jia, Ming-Kuan Tsai, and Eryani Nurma Yulita. "Improving efficiency for post-disaster transitional housing in Indonesia." Disaster Prevention and Management 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-04-2013-0071.
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Purpose – Natural hazards occur frequently in Indonesia. When post-disaster recovery is prolonged and complicated, it is necessary to provide accommodations for homeless refugees in disaster areas. Since a transitional housing solution includes planning, design and execution phases, the design phase implements the decisions made in the planning phase and also affects the results of the execution phase. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to assist communities to effectively deal with various processes during the design phase involving transitional housing solutions. Design/methodology/approach – Based on eight factors associated with “building back better” and ten principles of transitional housing, the paper identified three problems in the design phase: inappropriate selection of settlement sites, improper representation of housing facilities and ineffective scheduling of construction projects. To resolve these problems, this study integrated a geographic information system (GIS), three-dimensional (3D) building models and construction project management tools to assess settlement sites, confirm housing facilities and configure construction projects, respectively. Findings – After this study tested conventional methods (e.g. paper-based maps, drawings, reports) and the proposed approach, the results revealed that communities can appropriately determine settlement sites based on the GIS. The 3D building models enabled the communities to understand the external and internal layouts of housing facilities. Through construction project management, the communities could consider construction activities immediately when preparing the execution phase for transitional housing solutions. Originality/value – This study offers a useful reference for similar applications in post-disaster reconstruction and management.
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Scranton, Margaret E. "Panama’s Democratic Transition." American Review of Politics 13 (April 1, 1992): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1992.13.0.107-128.
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Panama’s transition from military dictatorship to civilian government is considered in terms of stages of the democratization process. During the decline of the dictatorship (stage one), four transitions -- two electoral, and two negotiations for an elite settlement -- were attempted but failed. Consequently, Panama did not experience a normal second, transitional stage. Instead Panama’s transition was abrupt and unexpected: civilian government was installed during a U.S. invasion. Challenges and progress in consolidating democracy (the third stage) are assessed with special attention to restoration of civilian governance, democratic habits and values, and demilitarization-- a central priority of the new regime.
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Muhammed, Jemal Jibril, Priyantha W. Jayawickrama, and Stephen Ekwaro-Osire. "Uncertainty Analysis in Prediction of Settlements for Spatial Prefabricated Vertical Drains Improved Soft Soil Sites." Geosciences 10, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10020042.
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This paper presents the quantification of uncertainties in the prediction of settlements of embankments built on prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) improved soft soil deposits based on data collected from two well-documented projects, located in Karakore, Ethiopia, and Ballina, Australia. For this purpose, settlement prediction biases and settlement distributions were statistically computed based on analyses conducted on two Class A and Class C numerical predictions made using PLAXIS 2D finite element modelling. From the results of prediction bias, Class C predictions agreed well with the field measured settlements at both sites. In Class C predictions, the computed settlements were biased to the measured values. For Class A predictions, the calculated settlement values were in the range of mean and mean minus 3SD (standard deviations) for Karakore clay, and they were within mean and mean minus 2SD limit for the Ballina soil. The contributing factors to the settlement uncertainties of the Karakore site may include variability within the soil profile of the alluvial deposit, particularly the presence of interbedded granular layer within the soft layers, and the high embankment fills, and the limited number of samples available for laboratory testing. At the Ballina test embankment site, the uncertainties may have been associated with the presence of transitional layers at the bottom of estuarine clay and sensitivity of soft soil to sample disturbances and limitations in representing all the site conditions.
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Pantić, Marijana. "Considerations regarding a new settlement typology in Serbia." Arhitektura i urbanizam, no. 53 (2021): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/a-u0-31678.
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A division between urban and rural settlements/areas has been traditionally applied in statistical reporting worldwide. The reports applying these terms have been used to create and implement development policies and measures. However, international policies such as those featured by the European Union (EU), as well as national policies, also recognize, define and render transitional types of settlements. The Program of Implementation of the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia (2010) called for a new definition of the term "settlement" determined by new criteria for a settlement typology by the end of 2015. Except for theoretical contributions, this task has not been completed yet. At the same time, a trichotomous settlement typology has been recommended to Serbia by the EU as a result of the accession process. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze and discuss a new settlement categorization, taking into account considerations on the number of categories, number of variables, choice of variables and territorial level for data collection. These aspects are empirically tested on a data set collected through the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) in Serbia. The data are analyzed using two approaches: descriptive and cluster analysis. A parallel with other countries and theoretical recommendations is drawn in the discussion, based on which some recommendations are presented.
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Leon, Esteban, Ilan Kelman, James Kennedy, and Joseph Ashmore. "CAPACITY BUILDING LESSONS FROM A DECADE OF TRANSITIONAL SETTLEMENT AND SHELTER." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 247–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-715x.2009.13.247-265.
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This paper examines 23 recent case studies of post‐disaster settlement and shelter across Africa, Asia, and Latin America to provide examples of implementing transitional settlement and shelter as a process and how to build more capacity for such programmes. The case studies are examined by using a four‐part framework: (i) Safety, security, and livelihoods; (ii) the question “Transition to what?” in order to understand better how to connect post‐disaster programmes to permanent communities and housing; (iii) fairness and equity; and (iv) connecting relief and development, which also explores root causes of vulnerability. The main lessons identify six specific activities that should be highlighted for capacity building in transitional settlement and shelter: site selection, good governance, participatory and consultative processes, land ownership, logistics, and monitoring and evaluation. Santruka Šiame darbe analizuojami 23 neseniai atliktu nelaimes ištiktu žmoniu apgyvendinimo ir prieglaudu jiems suteikimo Afrikoje, Azijoje ir Lotynu Amerikoje tyrimu rezultatai, pateikiami efektyvaus aprūpinimo laikinosiomis gyvenamosiomis vietomis ir prieglaudomis programu igyvendinimo pavyzdžiai, patariama, kaip didinti šiu programu potenciala. Tyrimu rezultatai nagrinejami remiantis keturiu daliu struktūra: 1) saugumas, apsauga ir pragyvenimo šaltinis; 2) klausimas “Jei laikinas, tai kas po to?”, siekis ištikus nelaimei vykdomas apgyvendinimo programas susieti su pastoviomis bendruomenemis ir nuolatiniu būstu; 3) teisingumas ir lygybe; 4) paramos ir pletros sasaja, pagrindines pažeidžiamumo priežastys. Išskiriamos šešios konkrečios veiklos rūšys, kurias reiketu akcentuoti didinat aprūpinimo laikinosiomis gyvenamosiomis vietomis ir prieglaudu suteikimo potenciala: vietos parinkimas, geras valdymas, dalyvavimo ir konsultavimo procesai, žemes nuosavybe, logistika, stebejimas bei vertinimas.
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Guo, J. J., Z. Y. Yang, L. Cheng, X. Y. Li, and K. P. Chen. "Research on transitional pavement structures based on foundation settlement in goafs." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 304 (September 18, 2019): 042045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/304/4/042045.
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Deng, Justice Benjamin Baak. "Traditional Justice Methods and Their Possible Impact on Transitional Justice Models in South Sudan." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 21, no. 1 (October 10, 2018): 331–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13894633_021001011.
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This paper discusses the legal framework of the traditional justice methods in several African countries, with a focus on South Sudan; the objective of customary law, the role of traditional courts or the forum of elders, and the methods of settlement of disputes. These methods of settlement of disputes are by-products of the practices, customs and traditions of the people that were devised as ways of maintaining peace and tranquillity, and thereby uphold the rule of law.
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Veth, Peter. "Aridity and settlement in northwest Australia." Antiquity 69, no. 265 (1995): 733–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00082302.
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An element in the changing pattern of Australian archaeology has been the filling-in of great blanks on the archaeological map, once survey and excavation has begun to explore them. The dry lands of the great central and western deserts of Australia, a hard place for humans to this day, have in the last couple of decades come to find a large place in the transitional story.
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Bahinskyi, Andrii. "Mechanisms of transitional justice in overcoming the consequences of armed conflict." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 1(45) (December 14, 2020): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2020.1(45).226354.
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The article examines transitional justice as a set of post-conflict settlement measures. Today, transitional courts, truth commissions, amnesties, and reparations are transitional justice mechanisms that are widely and relatively effectively used to resolve conflicts around the world. Today, the mechanisms of transitional justice are also being improved to meet the needs of victims of armed conflict. Sociological research confirms that the combination of international and local dimensions of responsibility is an important demand on the part of victims of armed conflict.At the same time, the prosecution of perpetrators of crimes committed during armed conflict in modern conditions concerns individual prosecution, which often goes beyond public prosecution. The state retains the obligation to bring perpetrators of crimes to justice, but this can be done through mechanisms of international law.The practice of post-conflict settlement is due to the fact that not all courts are equally effective in punishing those guilty of crimes and criminal prosecution is not always successful. Formal truth-seeking processes involving the investigation of past violations involve truth commissions. Another important mechanism of transitional justice is the politics of memory. The politics of memory as an element of transitional justice encompasses the work of states with a historical past.The combination of transitional state justice measures with the use of ad-hoc institutions allows for the restoration of justice in the most controversial dimensions of armed conflict. Peace is accelerating in the direction of autonomy and expansion of the mandates of transitional justice institutions, organized memory policy, effective cooperation of national and international institutions to determine their jurisdiction in human rights, sociological research on the needs of victims of armed conflict. Evaluation of the effectiveness of transitional justice mechanisms is possible only if their interconnectedness, interaction with civil society and the state are taken into account.
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Boudebaba, Rabah. "The Social Consequences of Resettlement Programs in Algeria: Transitional Settlement in Constantine." Center for Migration Studies special issues 11, no. 4 (July 1994): 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-411x.1994.tb00793.x.
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Ikhsan, Fauzan Ali, Pratiwi Anjar Sari, K. N. Handayani, and T. S. Pitana. "Design performance of urban transition house towards livable urban settlement; a case study from Semanggi Surakarta Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1082, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1082/1/012007.
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Abstract Urban area rejuvenation efforts often face temporary relocation constrain. The Semanggi transition house is a house that functions as a temporary residence for communities affected by the structuring and rejuvenation of slums in Surakarta City. The Semanggi transition house is designed by applying the concept of a “Rumah Instan Sederhana Sehat” (RISHA). It was built using a modular system, one of the solutions for the procurement of housing for low-income people who are starting to apply to the handling of slum and dense settlements in Indonesia. This study aims to identify the design performance of the Semanggi transition house. The research location is on The Semanggi Sub-communal, one of the transition houses to temporarily accommodate residents affected by the slum area rejuvenation project on the banks of the Bengawan Solo River. The results of this study found that the performance of the transition house design can accommodate the activities of its occupants with several adjustments. The social and cultural background of the occupants influences the performance of the transitional house design. This study result is expected to be used as an evaluation and recommendation for the planning and design development of transitional housing complexes outside Surakarta.
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Sahambangun, Devy Sarah, and Dwars Soukotta. "KARAKTERISTIK DAN MAKNA TERITORI TERAS RUMAH BERLABUH MASYARAKAT SERUI ANSUS (Studi Kasus permukiman rumah berlabuh masyarakat Serui Ansus Kota Sorong, Papua Barat)." Jurnal Arsitektur ZONASI 4, no. 1 (February 6, 2021): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jaz.v4i1.30087.
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Terrace is a transitional space into the house in general which functions as a waiting room or a place to relax. However, at the rumah berlabuh settlement of Serui Ansus community, the terrace has more functionality than the lounge or waiting room because the houses are above sea level. The terrace functions as a central point for many activities. The shape of the territory as an area for different activities is an interesting point for further research. This builds upon the research of the Community Settlement Pattern of Serui Ansus (2014). This study Used a qualitative descriptive method, the data used is the result of case study observations with a sign language approach and open interviews in case studies on rumah berlabuh settlements of the Serui Ansus community in Klademak 2 Village, Sorong City. The results of this study indicate that the pattern of coastal settlements built on water forms a pattern of activities that occur on the space terrace with various activities, which form the characteristics and meaning of the terraced territorial spaces in the Serui Ansus settlement. There are 3 characteristics of the terrace shape with 3 models of boundary patterns with different meanings. Some of the terraces in some case studies are primary territories, but there are terraces that are secondary territories or are used by a group of people for socializing.
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Zhang, Limin. "Settlement patterns of soft soil foundations under embankments." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, no. 4 (November 22, 1999): 774–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-031.
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The settlement pattern of an embankment may not always be the typical one in which the maximum settlement occurs at the center. Other patterns may develop with changes of embankment width or surcharge arrangements, which will require special settlement calculation methods and engineering measures. This paper compares the characteristics of shear stress distributions and effective stress paths in foundations induced by several embankment loads. Based on the analyses, the patterns of foundation settlement are classified into four categories, i.e., one-dimensional, sagged, transitional, and typical basin types. A simplified procedure is presented to identify settlement patterns based on shear stress analyses, and a case study is reported to illustrate the procedure. Embankment width, embankment height, and foundation soil conditions are found to be most critical to settlement patterns. However, this paper does not purport to provide methods of estimating the magnitude of settlement.Key words: embankment, soft soil, settlement, lateral deformation, consolidation.
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TANAKA, Mari, Akira AKAZAWA, Shuji FUNO, and Masami KOBAYASHI. "TRANSITIONAL PROCESS OF THE COREHOUSES AT TUNG SONG HONG PLANNED SETTLEMENT IN BANGKOK." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 63, no. 512 (1998): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.63.93_3.
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Schachner, Gregson. "Corporate Group Formation and Differentiation in Early Puebloan Villages of the American Southwest." American Antiquity 75, no. 3 (July 2010): 473–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.75.3.473.
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The development of corporate groups and social differentiation has long been studied by scholars interested in the historic development of Puebloan societies in the American Southwest. Recent discussions of these issues have suggested that corporate group organization and differentiation were formalized during the transition from pithouse to pueblo architecture from A.D. 700 to 1000. In this article, I examine the history and process of the pithouse-to-pueblo transition in the northern San Juan region from A.D. 700 to 900. Unlike in most parts of the ancient Southwest, the architectural transition in this area was accompanied by a significant settlement change resulting in the founding of large, permanent villages housing hundreds of residents. I present an analysis of architectural differences within McPhee Village, one of the largest of these settlements, that documents variability in corporate group organization and socioeconomic power near the end of this transitional period. This study contributes to a growing body of archaeological literature that highlights the importance of internal social dynamics and corporate strategies within early village societies.
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Evseev, Aleksandr. "Transitional justice in Colombia: unrealized potential." Meždunarodnoe pravosudie 10, no. 4 (2020): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21128/2226-2059-2020-4-77-99.
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The article analyzes the theoretical and practical problems that arise during the construction of the Colombian model of transitional justice. The latter is viewed as a combination of judicial and quasi-judicial means, with the help of which it becomes possible to achieve a peaceful settlement after the end of the civil war of 1964–2016. Particular attention is paid to the socio-political context and mass sentiments prevailing in Colombian society regarding the legitimacy of transferring the Anglo-American construction of Transitional Justice to Latin America. The so-called “Integrated System of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Non-Repetition”, which is a consolidated version of the four main elements of transitional justice: criminal prosecution, truth seeking, reparations to the innocent victims and “deal with the past”, is being studied in detail. In particular, the author dwells on the issue of amnesties for participants in an armed conflict, the activities of the “truth commission” and compensation payments to victims of mass violence. In addition, the article examines the activities of the Colombian Special Jurisdiction for Peace, the relevant statistical data are provided. The “Santrich case” is mentioned as a marker of negative trends that continue to grow in the activities of a new jurisdiction. The conclusion is that the legal means of resolving the conflict are secondary, albeit of absolute importance, in comparison with political agreements, to which all participants of the process of national reconciliation sometimes are not ready organizationally and psychologically.
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Jovanović, Borislav. "Micro-regions of the Lepenski Vir culture: Padina in the Upper Gorge and Hajdučka Vodenica in the Lower Gorge of the Danube." Documenta Praehistorica 35 (December 31, 2008): 289–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.35.21.
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This paper was compelled into existence when confronting the fact that the most commonly discussed transitional period connecting the Late Mesolithic and the Early Neolithic in the Đerdap or the Iron Gates Gorges (present-day Serbia and Romania) is determined by the often emphasized lack of adequately published evidence, thus leaving this period largely unknown. We examine previous conclusions concerning the Lepenski Vir culture, or at the very least, try to put such discussions back in their archaeological context. We discuss the features that are essential for the organisation of the settlements, stratigraphy, and adaptability of architecture caused by geomorphology and climate, as well as the remarkable loss of settlement space due to different types of erosion.
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Černe, Andrej. "Dispersed and decentralised settlement system." Dela, no. 21 (December 1, 2004): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.21.83-95.
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In the process of reintegration of the urban system new settlements are emerging on the urban rim, transitional zones are reurbanised, derelict areas within the cities are being deve-loped and degraded urban areas of derelict industrial complexes are being renaturalised. In the periphery combined research and production parks are being set up, in the open land-scape integrated business, trade and recreational centres are springing up. Decentralisation and recentralisation of focal points of development accompany the contemporary processes of reurbanisation and suburbanisation – they are simultaneous and move in two-direction i. e. to and from the city. We understand them as manifestation of a dynamic balance among contradiction existing between the centre and the rim. Deindustrialisation and relocation of production and distribution from the centres of gravity to the periphery generate extensive degraded urban areas within cities and between the city and suburbs. The periphery is being urbanised with the creation of new, dispersed and nonhierachical poles of development, and the city and inner city is undergoing reurbanization. The general environmental conditions in the city and in the countryside are being equalised, the potentials of development are being sought in the comparative advantages of local conditions: be it attractive urban dis-tricts, be it suburban entities or countryside areas.
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Mylnikova, Lyudmila N. "Burials and Anthropology of the Linevo-1 Settlement, Bronze – Early Iron Age Transitional Period (Western Siberia)." Archaeology and Ethnography 20, no. 7 (2021): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-73-85.
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Purpose. This article presents the burials studied at the archaeological site of the Linevo-1 century. Similar finds were made at other sites of the late Irmenian culture: the settlement of Mylnikovo (Barnaul Ob region), Yeltsovskoe-2, Milovanovo 3 (Novosibirsk Ob region); Om-1, Chicha-1 (Baraba) settlement; ritual complex Siberian I (middle Irtysh region). Such burials have been known since the 1980s, but in Western Siberia the problem of ‘special burials’ in archaeology attracted the attention of researchers only at the beginning of the 21st century, especially the excavations of the Chicha-1 monument. Results. Three objects were recorded on Linevo-1. Burial 1 was found in chamber 2 of dwelling 15, a child 7–10 years old. There is no grave pit. Laid on the left side, with an unnaturally bent spinal column, on the ground it was located with the face of the skull. The burial was accompanied by stone structures with jaws and bones of animals, fish, fragments of ceramics, with the bottom part of the vessel and a vessel of late Irmen culture. Burial 2 was found on the floor of dwelling 16a. Burial 3 was studied in the zoly layer of the inter-dwelling space. Only skull fragments were found in two burials. In the third burial, signs of violence were recorded on the bones of the deceased. No accompanying material was found. Conclusions. An analysis of inventory, stratigraphy and planigraphy proves that the settlement is a monument of late Irmen culture and dates back to the 9th – 7th centuries BC. Near the settlement of Linevo-1, there is the Zarechnoye-1 burial ground, where objects of the Irmen and Late Irmen cultures are presented. Comparison of the funeral rite of both cultures shows that the latter demonstrates the continuity of many features of Irmen culture. However, there are also innovations. In funeral practice, these are burials on the territory of the living space. A comparison of the burial practice from Linevo-1 with the total odontometric series of populations of the Bronze Age was carried out. While not showing sharp differences from other groups, the buried from Linevo-1 do not show any similarities with them: a combination of Caucasoid and Mongoloid characters within the anthropological type was recorded for them, as well as the absence of similarities between those buried in Linevo-1 and those buried at the Chicha-1 site.
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Yerkes, Richard W., Attila Gyucha, and William Parkinson. "A Multiscalar Approach to Modeling the End of the Neolithic on the Great Hungarian Plain Using Calibrated Radiocarbon Dates." Radiocarbon 51, no. 3 (2009): 1071–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200034123.
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This article presents the results of a multiscalar analysis of 168 radiocarbon dates from Neolithic and Copper Age sites on the Great Hungarian Plain. We examined chronological patterns at different geographic scales to explore socioeconomic changes that occurred during the transition from the Neolithic to the Copper Age. The beginning and end of the Late Neolithic (5000–4500 cal BC) and Early Copper Age (4500–4000 cal BC) were modeled with 14C dates calibrated with the CALIB 5.01 program and IntCal04 calibration curve. Our attempts to identify chronological subphases within these 500-yr-long periods were confounded by multiple intercepts in the calibration curve. The analysis indicated that terminal Late Neolithic (4700–4300 cal BC) and “transitional” Proto-Tiszapolgár occupations (4600–4250 cal BC) at tell sites were contemporary with initial Early Copper Age habitations (4450–4250 cal BC). Calibrated dates from small Early Copper Age settlements at Vészto-Bikeri and Körösladány-Bikeri document changes in community and household organization that took place over several decades during the transition to the Copper Age. Bayesian analysis indicated that the small fortified sites were occupied contiguously in phases of 30–50 yr. The younger Körösladány-Bikeri site was established before the older Vészto-Bikeri site was abandoned. When large nucleated Late Neolithic communities dispersed and established small Early Copper Age settlements, the pattern of vertical accretion that had created the Late Neolithic tells gave way to a pattern of horizontal settlement accretion at the smaller settlements.
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Tutundžić, Andreja. "Landscape Architecture and the Quality of Life : The Story of Relativity within the Transitional Settlements." 4D Tájépítészeti és Kertművészeti Folyóirat, no. 52 (2019): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36249/52.1.
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The quality of life and human well-being is often perceived differently, dependable on individuals and groups, as well as within contrasting socio-political circumstances, varying from the many concepts such as respecting the living standard based primarily on income to the benefits that society receives from ecosystems. From the early beginnings as a professional discipline, landscape architecture has been respecting the quality of life and human well-being to a great extent, as a subject of professional interest and accordingly, through approaches used to address it. While those goals are mostly the same, the engagement in the scope and complexity of the discipline is significantly increasing over the years, but still targeting the traditional paradigm - to contribute to the improvement of the living conditions and quality of life. However, the majority of the projects are predominantly dealing with urban areas and the life of the urban population related to the upper- and middle-class social groups. Contrary to the above considerations, there is a layer of social groups of those who are forced to leave their homes in the times of crises, either caused by natural disasters, but even more of those seeking sanctuary due to the political turbulences and wars. The consequences of those tragic events can be found within different communities, including refugee camps or transitional settlements. Those places bring poor living conditions, lack of space, and numerous environmental problems, where even just the provisioning and supporting categories of ecosystem services are dependable on the input of external factors while regulating and cultural categories seems to be almost out of question. This paper describes the results of the “e-scape. Transitional settlement” Project, organized by the Department of Landscape Design and Ecosystem Management at American University in Beirut, in collaboration with the International Federation of Landscape Architecture. The goal of the project was to contribute to the improvement of the living conditions in the transitional settlements including the provision of even elementary ecosystem services in, at least, a bit greater extent. The additional intention was to broaden a methodology and guidelines of landscape architectural interventions within settlements resulting from conflict and natural disasters.
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Choi Cheol-young. "Introduction of Transitional Justice Model for the Settlement of History Disputes between Korea and Japan." SungKyunKwan Law Review 23, no. 2 (August 2011): 237–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17008/skklr.2011.23.2.010.
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Camadan, Ercüment, and Ibrahim Etem Erten. "An evaluation of the transitional Turkish electricity balancing and settlement market: Lessons for the future." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, no. 2 (February 2011): 1325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.10.010.
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Setiadi, Ahsan Hidayat, Lisa Dwi Wulandari, and Damayanti Asikin. "The Typology of Coastal House Functions in Bajo, Soropia Sub-District." Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology 9, no. 11 (December 24, 2021): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjet.2021.v09i11.004.
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Geographically, Soropia sub-district is located in Konawe district, Southeast Sulawesi, which consists of a large number of coastal areas which are transitional sites between land and sea. This condition has indirectly affected the shape of the area’s character caused by the relocation carried out by the government in an effort to build a tourist area in Bokori Island to move the coastal settlements in Bajoe Village, Soropia Sub-District. This coastal settlement is a form of reflection of the marine culture inherent in the Bajo people. One of the coastal settlements in the Soropia sub-district is a settlement in Bajoe Village with a building orientation towards land orientation. Due to this issue, in Bajo Village and its surroundings, there are three different site orientations in Luni coastal area including water-based buildings, semi-water buildings that tread on water and land, and land-based buildings. In addition, there is also a diversity of house functions in this coastal area which provide the characteristics of Bajo tribe’s coastal building identity in Bajo Village, Soropia Sub-District. To find out the diversity of the characteristics and identity of Bajo tribe’s coastal settlements in Bajo Village, a review of the typology is carried out. The discussion of the typology of this settlement can be visualized through the function of the house which elaborates the function and form of the floor plan of the house. Through the results of the analysis, it is found 5 typologies of functions in the existence of the coastal area of Bajo Village, Soropia Sub-District. Other than that, it is also found that (1) residential function houses with an elongated floor plan, (2) residential + trade function houses with elongated floor plans, (3) residential function houses with combined floor plans, (4) residential & rental function houses with elongated floor plans, and (5) houses residential function with a wide floor plan. The diversity of the types of functions .........
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Gavranović, Mario, and Daria Ložnjak Dizdar. "Sava Valley (Posavina) – a heritage of communication Some examples from the Late Bronze Age." Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja, no. 48 (January 6, 2022): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/godisnjak.cbi.anubih-48.122.
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Dolina na Savi is a settlement and cemetery dated to the younger phase of the Late Bronze Age and the transition to the Early Iron Age. It is situated across the well-known site of Donja Dolina in northern Bosnia. Ten years of excavations in Dolina yielded numerous traces of communication between the communities along and across the river Sava through the centuries. A similar concentration of Late Bronze Age sites on the Sava can be observed near the settlement of Topolovaca Bregovi, some 70 m downstream. The data collected by archaeological research sheds new light on the role of the River Sava in the communication network of the transitional area between the Carpathian Basin, western Balkans, the Danube, and south-eastern Alps. In contrast to the modern perception of the River Sava as a border, the archaeological record from the Late Bronze Age clearly points to Posavina Region as a coherent cultural territory with a strong communication network both on local and regional scales. The distribution of specific bronze objects found in graves and settlements, but also discovered frequently as single finds along the riverbank, indicate the integration of the Posavina communities from the younger phase of the Late Bronze Age (late 12th – 10th centuries BC) into the communication network spanning eastern Austria, Moravia, Bohemia, and western Hungary. Better knowledge of the local communication heritage on both sides of the river is therefore crucial for the understanding of the wider contexts in a diachronic perspective, especially in the important and dynamic area of the middle Sava valley.
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Farrall, Jeremy. "Recurring Dilemmas in a Recurring Conflict: Evaluating the UN Mission in Liberia (2003–2006)." Journal of International Peacekeeping 16, no. 3-4 (2012): 306–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-1604006.
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This article applies Diehl & Druckman’s peace operation evaluation framework to the activities of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) during the Liberian transitional peace process (2003-2006). It finds that in general UNMIL performed strongly during the transitional period, particularly in relation to the core mission goals of violence abatement, conflict containment, conflict settlement and organizational effectiveness. UNMIL’s achievements were less clear and less pronounced in relation to the more complex areas of non-traditional and peacebuilding mission goals. The article also provides critical reflections on the framework for evaluating peace operations, arguing that it is difficult to escape the politics that influence the activities of peacekeeping and peacebuilding.
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Mountjoy, P. A. "Thorikos Mine no. 3: the Mycenaean Pottery." Annual of the British School at Athens 90 (November 1995): 195–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400016154.
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The Transitional LH III B2/C early pottery from Thorikos mine No. 3 is of particular importance for the definition of this as yet little-known phase. It is also of interest for its context. The assemblage is unusual; its nature implies a specific function rather than the debris of normal settlement. It is suggested that it may have resulted from mining activity.
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Fan, Xin, Wenxu Luo, Haoran Yu, Yuejing Rong, Xinchen Gu, Yanjun Zheng, Shengya Ou, et al. "Landscape Evolution and Simulation of Rural Settlements around Wetland Park Based on MCCA Model and Landscape Theory: A Case Study of Chaohu Peninsula, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 13285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413285.
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As a transitional zone between urban and rural areas, the peri-urban areas are the areas with the most intense urban expansion and the most frequent spatial reconfiguration, and in this context, it is particularly important to reveal the evolution pattern of rural settlements in the peri-urban areas to provide reference for the rearrangement of rural settlements. The study takes five townships in the urban suburbs, and explores the scale, shape, spatial layout, and spatial characteristics of the urban suburbs of Hefei from 1980 to 2030 under the influence of urban-lake symbiosis based on spatial mathematical analysis and geographical simulation software. The study shows that: (1) the overall layout of rural settlements in the study area is randomly distributed due to the hilly terrain, but in small areas there is a high and low clustering phenomenon, and the spatial density shows the distribution characteristics of “high in the east and low in the west”; (2) since the reform and opening up, there are large spatial differences in the scale of rural settlements in the study area. (3) Different development scenarios have a strong impact on the future spatial pattern of rural settlement land use within the study area, which is a strong reflection of policy.
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Amir, Ruth. "Transitional Justice Accountability and Memorialisation: The Yemeni Children Affair and the Indian Residential Schools." Israel Law Review 47, no. 1 (February 11, 2014): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002122371300023x.
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This article outlines the building blocks of transitional justice in democracies. Grounded in the premises of Historical Institutionalism, the article analyses the institutions and processes established and their effect on the outcomes. It offers a comparative analysis of two cases of transitional justice processes in democracies. These are the investigations of the disappearance of Yemeni children in Israel and the Indian Residential Schools Settlement in Canada. There are important similarities and differences between the two cases. In both settler societies the transgressions were part of aggressive assimilation policies directed at children in an attempt to wipe out the particular cultural influences of the children's family and community. In both cases, children were isolated from the influences of their ethnic group in order to be resocialised into the dominant culture. The dire consequences of both these were suppressed, denied and forgotten in official narratives. The different outcomes of these processes are explained by the differences in the intent to redress, the types of institution and the processes implemented.
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Kostic, Roland. "Transitional justice and reconciliation in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Whose memories, whose justice?" Sociologija 54, no. 4 (2012): 649–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1204649k.
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This paper shows that transitional justice initiatives such as the trials at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Commission for Srebrenica and the establishment of accurate statistics on deaths during the conflict have had only a limited impact on inter-group reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Popular attitudes towards these initiatives are captured in surveys conducted in 2005 and 2010. The results are not surprising given that the absence, due to the level of external regulation and control, of a politics of post-Dayton state-building means that domestic politics takes place in an arena of dealing with the past. The international community legitimised the three prevalent conflict narratives as a way of achieving a peace settlement in Dayton. These communal narratives were used in the peace-building phase by the local elites to defend concessions gained during negotiations and to oppose changes imposed by external supervisors of the Dayton Peace Accords. This has transformed the debate over the recent conflict from a transitional process of coming to terms with the past to a permanent state of affairs. This process precludes reconciliation in terms of mutual acknowledgment of suffering and a nuanced understanding of the causes and dynamics of the violent conflict.
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Sfriso, Adriano, Alessandro Buosi, Abdul-Salam Juhmani, Yari Tomio, Michele Mistri, Cristina Munari, and Andrea Augusto Sfriso. "Sedimentation Rates: Anthropogenic Impacts and Environmental Changes in Transitional Water Systems." Water 14, no. 23 (November 26, 2022): 3843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14233843.
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The trophic evolution of the Venice lagoon was analyzed by studying the particulate collected monthly with sedimentation traps in many areas of the Venice lagoon since 1989, and at Goro in 2018–2019. Sedimentation rates were strongly related to the presence of macrophytes, which reduced sediment resuspension, and to anthropogenic pressures, such as clam harvesting and naval-boat traffic, that triggered sediment resuspension and loss. The highest mean annual sedimentation rates (from 2000 to over 4000 g DWT m−2 day−1) have been recorded in many areas of the Venice lagoon between 1998–1999 to 2001–2002, during the intense fishing activities of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. High values (daily peaks up to 5224 g DWT m−2 day−1) were also recorded in areas affected by marine and/or recreational traffic, due to the high wave motion. In contrast, the presence of high biomasses of macroalgae, or seagrasses, reduced significantly sediment resuspension and settlement, with mean annual sedimentation rates ranging between 40 and 140 g DWT m−2 day−1 and minimum values of 6–10 g DWT m−2 day−1. High sedimentation rates were strongly related to a lower sediment grain-size, with loss of the fine fraction and dispersion of nutrients and pollutants in the whole lagoon.
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Kim, Hyekyung. "Transitional Justice for Legacy of State Violence and Transformative Justice." Korean Association Of Victimology 30, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 151–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36220/kjv.2022.30.2.151.
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With the revision of the "Basic Act on the Settlement of Past History for Truth and Reconciliation" in 2020, the legal basis for the activities of the 2nd Truth and Reconciliation Committee was established. And based on this, the committee began investigating 328 cases, including the Brotherhood Welfare Support Case, on May 27, 2021, and began activities to investigate the past truth.
Apart from the historical causality after liberation, it cannot be denied that Korea has also undergone a transitional history of state violence and infringement of basic rights due to military dictatorship and anti-communist ideology. In addition, in this regard, There have already been tried to shed light on our history, such as the May 18 Democratic Movement, forced mobilization of Japanese colonial era, and the liquidation of Korea-Japan history in Japanese colonial era, from the perspective of the transitional justice. Even before the introduction of the international standard of liquidation of the implementation period in Korea, such historical events had been mentioned under the name of past liquidation or fact-finding for the purpose of truth finding, restoring honor, or compensation.
The definition of transitional justice is not completely unified and although the concept is not consistent, it can be understood as the process of securing responsibility by the state or society in the process of transition to a free democratic society after massive human rights violations by state power or state violence.
In other words, it would be appropriate to understand the transitional justice as a means of realizing the transition in the process of pursuing the social ideal of freedom and democracy, not as a society that realizes complete purpose like the term 'transitional'. In other words, past liquidation through compensation and honor recovery is not the direction in which society should ultimately proceed, but is itself a transitional definition. The international community also sees the direction that society should pursue after liquidation in the past as a transformative justice, which means realizing or pursuing justice through systematic transformation not only in law but also in all fields of society.
Regarding the activities of the 2nd Truth Reconciliation Committee and the direction of the committee, there would be first looked at the concept and background of the transitional justice in the international community, and then examine the relationship between transitional justice and transformative justice to realize social transformation after past liquidation.
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Macheridis, Stella. "Home, refuse, and reuse during the Early Helladic III to the Middle Helladic I transitional period. A social zooarchaeological study of the Asine bothroi." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 9 (November 2016): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-09-05.
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The practice of digging, using, and filling large pits, cut into the ground and sometimes lined with clay, was extensive from the Early Helladic III to the Middle Helladic Period I (c. 2,200–1,900 BC) in large parts of the Aegean area. This particular type of feature is called bothros and has been reported since the early 20th century from many settlements, mainly from the Greek mainland. Although the bothroi are numerous in the archaeological record, few studies of them have been made. During the excavations at Asine, a prehistoric coastal settlement in the Argolid, a number of bothroi were identified. This paper is a contribution to the study of bothroi, and in particular of the faunal remains found within these features. I propose that the bothros was an important part of the domestic organization at Asine. Not only did it reflect spatial boundaries but it was also vital in the construction of “home”. This is based on the zooarchaeological analysis and subsequent statistical processing of the faunal remains recovered from the features. New radiocarbon dates are presented which are used in establishing a chronology of the bothroi at Asine.
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Horváth, Tünde, S. éva Svingor, and Mihály Molnár. "New Radiocarbon Dates for the Baden Culture." Radiocarbon 50, no. 3 (2008): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200053546.
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In 2001–2002, a settlement of the Baden culture was excavated in the vicinity of Balatonoszöd. During the rescue excavation along the M7 highway, in an area of 100,000 m2, 2800 pits dug into the subsoil, 320 hearths, and cultural layers rich in material were discovered. The material of the Baden culture represents phases IB–IC (Boleraz), IIA (Transitional), IIB–III (Early Classical) according to Němejcová-Pavúková's (1981, 1998) typological system. We took 20 samples from the large number of human and animal skeletons for radiocarbon dating, of which 16 measurements were successful. These results provide absolute dates for a Baden culture settlement with the longest occupation and the largest excavated surface in Hungary. This provides an opportunity to review the chronological position of the Baden culture, with special emphasis on its beginning and end.
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Brown, Donald. "Towards a comparative research agenda on in situ urbanisation and rural governance transformation." International Development Planning Review: Volume 43, Issue 3 43, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 289–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2020.15.
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This article explores how rural settlements urbanise, and how rural governance transforms in the process. The question is motivated by the significant contribution that smaller urban centres are projected to make to the world’s future urban growth, the majority of which will occur in the global South. Many smaller centres are emerging through in situ urbanisation, wherein a rural settlement becomes urban. Given the importance of small town growth, the article proposes a comparative research agenda with the aim of exploring and comparing the institutional transformations occurring in ‘transitional spaces’, the governance complexities these transformations present and the consequences for establishing urban planning systems in historically rural settlements. The agenda is operationalised in sub-Saharan Africa through a case study of Karonga Town, an emerging urban centre in Malawi. The agenda draws on a varied body of case-study research on small town growth and rural transformation in sub-Saharan Africa generally and Malawi specifically. The agenda has the potential to make a significant contribution to the literature seeking to reveal the informality in different governance landscapes and the forms of urbanisation in which these landscapes are embedded in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond.
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Benkő, Elek, Lóránd Silye, Attila Tóth, Ilona Pál, Frink József Pál, and Gusztáv Jakab. "Emerging mediaeval heritage: Environmental history research at Băgău (c. Alba, Romania) and the Bottomless Lake (Tăul fără fund)." Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 73, no. 2 (October 27, 2022): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/072.2022.00015.
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Abstract The investigation of a 8.1 m long peat sequence from Tăul fără fund (“Bottomless Lake,” Transylvanian Basin, Northern Romania) offers a series representing wetland development since the Middle Holocene. The most striking feature of the sequence is a cca. 900 year-long hiatus caused by peatcutting in the 14th century AD. An artificial reservoir was constructed there in the Late Middle Ages by the excavation of the uppermost peat layer, afflicting a significant environmental impact on this remote location. One of the oldest documented Hungarian settlements from the time of the Hungarian Kingdom (11th century AD, presumably with previous history) in Transylvania was discovered in the vicinity of the former reservoir by an archaeological field survey. By harmonising historical data and the exact chronological sequence of the borehole, the creation of the reservoir was inserted into the local history of the developing mediaeval settlement network at the time when some of the early settlements had been abandoned and a permanent village was established, with a church and upscale landowners, in the area of present-day Băgău in the 13th to 14th century AD. Significant environmental impacts have emerged during this transitional period around the reservoir.
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Jha, Murari Kumar. "Migration, Settlement, and State Formation in the Ganga Plain: A Historical Geographic Perspective." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 57, no. 4 (September 26, 2014): 587–627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341359.
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By a consideration of geography and environment, this essay raises questions about migration, settlement, and state formation in the Ganga plain from the first millenniumbceto the early second millenniumce. It asks why Indo-Aryan speakers continued to migrate from north-western parts of South Asia towards the Ganga plain during the first millenniumbceand precisely what route they followed. To understand better these largely misunderstood historical problems related to migration and settlement, the essay casts doubt on the utility of geographers’ tripartite division of the Ganga plain, proposing instead a division based on aridity and rainfall. Such a division helps explain why the transitional zone between the drier and the more humid areas of the Ganga plain became the linchpin of migratory movements, state formation, and urban development since at least the middle of the first millenniumbce.
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Teplytska, Natalia. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STANDARDS FOR THE EQUITABLE PROVISION OF TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE." Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, no. 1-2(38-39) (November 21, 2022): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2022-1-2(38-39)-4.
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In a situation of transition from conflict or authoritarian rule, which has led to gross human rights violations or serious violations of international humanitarian law, the United Nations pays special attention to the measures taken by the relevant authorities to ensure truth, justice and reparation. International instruments define transitional justice as follows: «a set of processes and mechanisms related to society’s attempts to overcome the grave consequences of large-scale violations of the law in the past in order to ensure accountability, justice and reconciliation». The international community has a duty to take immediate steps to protect human rights and security in a situation where the internal system of law enforcement is destroyed or ceases to function as a result of the conflict. In the long run, no special, temporary or external measures can replace justice. Therefore, for decades, a number of United Nations agencies have been helping countries strengthen their national justice systems in line with international standards. Transitional justice is a set of measures related to systematic or mass human rights violations that compensates victims of violations, as well as enabling or facilitating the transformation of political systems, conflicts and other conditions that may be at the root of abuse. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights is increasingly recognizing the need to intensify its support for the United Nations system’s efforts to take swift and effective action in post-conflict settlement missions to restore the rule of law and restore justice. Countries emerging from conflicts and crises are often characterized by insufficient or no rule of law, inadequate capacity to administer and administer justice, and an increase in human rights violations. This situation is often exacerbated by a lack of public confidence in public authorities and a lack of resources. Key words: human rights, rule of law, transitional justice, international standards, conflict and post-conflict periods.
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Tsembalyuk, S. I., A. V. Kisagulov, and А. Е. Nekrasov. "Osteological complexes of the Bronze to Iron Age transitional period, and the Early Iron Age, in the hillfort of Maray 1 (Ishim River region)." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 4 (51) (November 27, 2020): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2020-51-4-9.
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The article deals with osteological complexes of the Maray 1 hillfort located in the forest-steppe area of the Ishim River region. The research materials were obtained from the excavations carried out in 2010 and 2019. The main periods of the site habitation recorded for the hillfort are the early chronological horizon represented by the settlement of the Krasnoozerka Culture of the Bronze to Iron Age transitional period (9th–7th c. BC), and the late cultural layer which is marked by the hillfort of the beginning of the Early Iron Age, left by the population of the Baitovo Culture (4th–2nd c. BC). From each layer associated with different periods of the site habitation, archaeo-zoological collections have been selected. The purpose of this work is to determine the type of economy of the Maray 1 population during the two major habitation phases. The essential research materials comprised of oste-ological collections obtained from the Krasnoozerka and Baitovo layers. The research technique included bone determinations based on comparison with the reference skeletal collections from the Museum of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Yekaterinburg), using anatomy atlases [Gromova, 1950]. Determination of subfossil bird bones was carried out in the same institute, and it in-cluded comparison of the bones from the settlement with the reference osteological collection of modern bird spe-cies. The species attribution was based on morphological structure of the bones and their fragments. The oste-ological collection of the Maray 1 hillfort is stored in the Museum under No. 2361. Analysis of the species compo-sition of osteological complexes from the two main habitation periods allowed distinguishing domestic and wild animals, including birds. The proportions of the number of bones and representatives of domestic and wild fauna have been analyzed. In the Krasnoozerka Culture materials, significant predominance of wild animal bones has been determined, which suggests that the economy of the Krasnoozerka settlement was dominated by the appropri-ating activities with a significant role of hunting (mainly elk). In the Baitovo layer, bones of domestic animals signifi-cantly prevail over those of wild fauna, suggesting that the economy was based on producing sectors.
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Ingram, Sue. "Building the wrong peace: Reviewing the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) through a political settlement lens." Political Science 64, no. 1 (June 2012): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032318712442918.
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Tellez, Juan Fernando. "Peace agreement design and public support for peace: Evidence from Colombia." Journal of Peace Research 56, no. 6 (July 1, 2019): 827–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319853603.
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Conflict negotiations are often met with backlash in the public sphere. A substantial literature has explored why civilians support or oppose peace agreements in general. Yet, the terms underlying peace agreements are often absent in this literature, even though (a) settlement negotiators must craft agreement provisions covering a host of issues that are complex, multidimensional, and vary across conflicts, and (b) civilian support is likely to vary depending on what peace agreements look like. As a result, we know much less about how settlement design molds overall public response, which settlement provisions are more or less controversial, or what citizens prioritize in conflict termination. In this article, I identify four key types of peace agreement provisions and derive expectations for how they might shape civilian attitudes toward conflict termination. Using novel conjoint experiments fielded during the Colombian peace process, I find evidence that citizens evaluate agreements based primarily on how provisions mete out justice to out-group combatants, and further that transitional justice provisions produced sharp divisions among urban voters in the 2016 referendum. Additional analysis suggests that material, distributive concerns were particularly salient for rural citizens. The results have implications for understanding the challenge of generating public buy-in for conflict termination and sheds light on the polarizing Colombian peace process.
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Molodin, V. I., and L. N. Mylnikova. "METHODS OF NATURAL SCIENCES IN THE STUDY OF ANCIENT CERAMICS (Transition Time from the Bronze Epoch to the Early Age. South Western Siberian Plain)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 27, no. 2 (June 22, 2018): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.02.27.
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The article publishes the results of studying the molding masses and the quality of firing ceramic vessels of the Linevo 1 site (transition time from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age). The research was carried out using the methods of natural sciences: petrographic, X-ray phase and thermal. Five groups of ceramics were identified in the ceramic complex of the site. The second — Late Irmenskaya culture is a continuation development of the autochthonous — Irmenskaya. Three others: Molchanovskaya, Samodelkinskaya and with features of the early Iron Age — are imported. Within the framework of one site Linevo 1, there were recorded the existence of two traditions of making molding masses: chamotte and granitoid. The second tradition has been singled out both for the Molchanovskaya ceramic group and for the Samodelkino group but they differ in the composition of rock fragments. It was calculated that most of the collection is made up of «transitional» forms, «forms of imitation». There are no identical or closely related products in terms of morphological features in the collection. Syncretism of the complex under consideration is evidence of the complex ethno-cultural composition of the inhabitants of the ancient settlement. It can be clearly traced as a local autochthonous component that grows on the Irmenskaya culture basis and the northern taiga, coming to the forest-steppe most likely from the southern taiga of the Ob River. Obviously the fifth group of ceramics is foreign. As for the Linevo settlement complex it generally confirms the tendency of the joint existence of various ceramic traditions of the forest-steppe, steppe and taiga circle of cultures already noted for the cultures of the transitional time of the West Siberian forest-steppe with the predominance of the Irmenskaya culture — Late Irmenskaya culture component. All the results obtained are objective in nature, since they are based not on visual definitions, but on petrographic, X-ray phase, thermal methods and mathematical miscalculations.
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Mortensen, Elin Berstad. "Not Just a Personal Decision." African Diaspora 7, no. 1 (2014): 15–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18725465-00701002.
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This article explores the interplay between individual decisions and wider collective pressures over return migration among Zimbabweans in the UK. What was perceived as a transitional moment in Zimbabwe opened up the possibility of return after exile, and has been characterized not only by hope but also uncertainty, fear and ambivalence about return. As such, it is a particularly interesting time to study return considerations, which are not simply personal, but are influenced by moral obligations and collective pressures, both within the diaspora and transnationally. The article analyses the intersection between the personal and communal domains in matters of return in relation to three aspects of the anticipated transition; economic change and uncertainty in Zimbabwe, the politics of asylum, and identity politics. I argue that emotions and decisions about settlement and return are complicated by collective influences on personal considerations and that questions of return are partly questions of identity.
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Braga, Cesar França, Colin Robert Beasley, and Victoria Judith Isaac. "Effects of plant cover on the macrofauna of Spartina marshes in northern Brazil." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, no. 6 (December 2009): 1409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000600013.
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Data on macrofauna density and diversity, and the height and density of Spartina brasiliensis, were obtained from salt marsh beds of a tropical estuary in northern Brazil. Sampling was carried out at four distinct times of the year, during the wet and dry seasons and in the transition periods between these. Sampling was also carried out in salt marshes of three size classes, small, medium and large. Variables were analyzed in relation to time of year and salt marsh size class. Overall, 46 taxa were found, with polychaetes, isopods and the gastropod Neritina virginea dominating the fauna. Macrofauna density and diversity were positively correlated with culm density, indicating a possible role in protection from predation. All the three variables were higher during the transitional periods between the wet and dry seasons and seasonal changes in rainfall, salinity and light availability may influence mortality, food availability and settlement of the macrofauna. There was no effect of salt marsh size on either the macrofauna or the vegetation.
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Yanes, Yurena, Rainer Hutterer, and Jörg Linstädter. "On the transition from hunting-gathering to food production in NE Morocco as inferred from archeological Phorcus turbinatus shells." Holocene 28, no. 8 (June 7, 2018): 1301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618771474.
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Processes behind the shift from hunting-gathering to food production lifestyle are multifaceted and not yet completely understood. The Mediterranean coast of NW Africa provides an eclectic transitional pattern, namely, a very hesitant transition to food production. The distribution and abundance of early Neolithic domesticated species is disparate and region specific. Climate and environmental change have been often considered as an important influencing factor for this transition. This hypothesis was tested using archeological shells of the rocky intertidal gastropod Phorcus turbinatus recovered from the Ifri Oudadane site in NE Morocco. The oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) of the shell was used to examine whether the hesitant transition to food production was linked to a local climate shift in the Mediterranean Maghreb. Intrashell δ18O values suggest a marked temperature increase from >7.6 to ~7.0 cal. ka BP, the time when Neolithic innovations first appear on site. An additional increase in temperature from ~7.0 to <6.8 cal. ka BP matches with the beginning of the main occupation phase and the doubtless breakthrough of cultivation at Ifri Oudadane. This apparent warming trend, although considered preliminary, seems to match well with warming tendency observed in several published regional climate proxies. Therefore, a temperature shift may have played a role in the timing and implementation of food production in the area. Last growth episode δ18O values suggest that shellfish were harvested throughout most of the year, with noticeable intensification during the cooler half of the year. This preliminary pattern was fairly consistent throughout the Epipaleolithic and early Neolithic phases, pointing to a probable near year-round site occupation rather than a single season settlement. Future research on Ifri Oudadane and other NW African archeological records are much needed to assess whether these patterns persist in Morocco and other Epipaleolithic and early Neolithic settlements in the western Mediterranean Maghreb.
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Petrocelli, Antonella, Marion A. Wolf, Ester Cecere, Katia Sciuto, and Adriano Sfriso. "Settlement and Spreading of the Introduced Seaweed Caulacanthus okamurae (Rhodophyta) in the Mediterranean Sea." Diversity 12, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12040129.
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In this study, we report the first finding of the non-indigenous seaweed Caulacanthus okamurae (Rhodophyta) in the Ionian and Adriatic Seas (Mediterranean). Specimens were identified through molecular analyses based on the plastid ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) marker. The sequences obtained during this study represent the first molecular evidence of the presence of this taxon in the Mediterranean Sea. Stable populations have been detected in some areas of the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Italy) and in the whole lagoon of Venice, forming dense patches of low turf that reach high biomasses. Turf-forming algae are common in the intertidal zones of tropical regions, but are rare in temperate ones. The particular environmental conditions of transitional water systems, such as the Mar Piccolo of Taranto and the Venice Lagoon, together with the water temperature increase observed in the last years could have favored the settlement and spread of this introduced species.
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Archambault, Josée. "The Status Shift of Refugee Children in Settlement: An Analysis of the Norwegian Context." International Journal of Children's Rights 18, no. 3 (2010): 437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181810x494344.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractDrawing on the Norwegian context of the settlement of refugee families who have been granted a residence permit after applying for asylum, this article looks at how the incorporation of children's rights into domestic immigration policies appears to offer asylum-seeking children a better entry as 'active citizens' than is offered to their parents in the early stages of asylum. Later on during the asylum process, once families obtain a residence permit along with the right to settle, the focus of welfare policies shifts toward the emancipation of adults' integration as active new citizens. The article explores the reasons for that shift and identifies how the special status of refugee children seems to go off at a tangent when their whole family officially settles in the country. This transitional process highlights the duality between the state's recognition of the responsibility of parents, and the recognition of the rights of children as individuals.
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Semprebon, Gerardo. "Design Driven Research for Countryside Revitalization of a Rural Settlement of the Fujian Province, China." Architecture 2, no. 2 (April 7, 2022): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/architecture2020015.
Full textAbstract:
Countryside development is receiving paramount attention in China, where political and cultural agendas promote rural revitalization as the core campaign to mitigate rural–urban disparities. The driving idea is that the rural can emancipate from its agricultural dependence to embrace more complex and integrated cycles of activities, such as leisure, health, productivity, market, and cultural services. The momentum reached by rural development in China has opened a new dimension for contemporary design culture, where the countryside has materialized as a frontier of architectural research. The paper synthesizes research by design experience carried out between 2017 and 2020 against the backdrop of the development program for a rural settlement of the Fujian Province, China. From the site reading to the experimental transformation proposal, the different phases offer sparks and arguments to put forward new understandings of designing in transitional rural contexts.