Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Transitional settlement'

A multitude of transitional water supply and distribution interventions are continually piloted in Kenya’s fast-growing urban settlements to meet national and global MDG targets, yet visible problems persist regardless of the investments made. This research evaluates the performance of four interventions led by public utilities and non- governmental organisations in the low-income settlements of Nairobi, Kisumu and Nakuru counties. To understand the service improvement received by the residents, this study used qualitative data from interviews and focus group discussions and quantitative data from 1,168 household surveys. Service level analysis results showed making water more affordable using pre-paid technology reduced the effective price by 75% and increased consumption per household by 20 litres per day, resulting in the highest service progress. Improving water accessibility for the very poor via hosepipe door-step delivery reduced the burden on women carrying water by 43% although efforts failed to reduce the pricing structure, limiting the progress. Subsidised ‘first-time’ metered plot connections to increase the utility customer base experienced shortages in water supply and reluctance from landlords, restricting development. Despite showing no positive change, 81% of residents continued to rely on expensive self-supplied boreholes which were all contaminated. Although the utilities have made positive strides in service improvement, in the context of universal service this study has shown that the very poor remain the most difficult to access, forming the target of discrete interventions that experience difficulties in influencing a reliable supply, sustained price reduction and/or good water quality – essentially what is needed most. In investigating the longer term supply and demand shortfall, this study concludes that the equitable supply and innovative distribution of point source groundwater, with a bias for the poorest, could be the most resilient transitional solution for the utility to promote in the foreseeable future, out of necessity rather than desire.

The majority of informal settlements in South Africa do not have access to reliable, safe, and clean energy. Infrastructural constraints, poor service delivery, the inapt application of policy, and the financial constraints of those living in informal settlements all contribute towards this problem of energy poverty. This dissertation argues that low carbon energy transitions, such as solar home systems, are a viable means for overcoming issues of energy poverty in informal settlements. This dissertation examines the role of urban experimentation in implementing low carbon energy transitions within informal settlements in South Africa, through exploring interactions between policy, technology and justice. The iShack Project (improved Shack) is used as a case study, to identify, analyse, and discuss the ways in which solar home systems have resulted in social and financial changes amongst the residents in Enkanini, Stellenbosch. These relate to changing fuel use patterns, reducing shack fire risk and addressing issues of access and affordability. Multilevel perspective (MLP) and the political ecology approach are the two analytical tools used to discuss the broader conditions that give rise to transitions, as well as providing a more in-depth look at the experiences of those making up the 'social' aspect of socio-technical transitions. These analytical tools informed a series of interviews, which is the primary method through which data was gathered, by highlighting prominent components of agency and power - providing greater understanding of the lived realities of the Enkanini residents. The interviewing process provided an opportunity for residents of Enkanini to voice their opinions on this urban experiment and discuss the impact iShack has had on their lives. Photographs accompany many of the findings in this dissertation and provide a valuable lens through which the lived reality of the Enkanini residents can be more accurately represented. Using the case study of the iShack Project in Enkanini, the findings of this dissertation highlight that policy, technology and justice come to positively reinforce one another in addressing the issue of energy poverty in South Africa. For example, the granting of the Free Basic Electricity (FBE) subsidy to the iShack Project has made it possible for the intermediary to address justice issues, such as the poor being able to access and afford reliable, safe, and clean electricity. Furthermore, iShack's technological innovations, such as "Flash" and the "Flash wallet" have brought about foundational changes in some values, goals, operational procedures and decision-making processes taking place in the community - especially around the notion of monetary savings. This also points to the fact that these technological innovations are physical manifestations of policy itself. The findings show that low carbon energy transitions can be a viable means of overcoming energy poverty in informal settlements and addressing issues of access and affordability for the poor. However, local government plays an important role in being able to adapt local policy in such a way that it creates an enabling environment for an intermediary to be supported or strengthened in this.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2010.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Jun. 23, 2010). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science." Discipline: Political Science; Department/School: Political Science.

In 1997, seven years after Namibian independence, which ended more than 100 years of colonial rule, local municipalities in some central Namibian townships undertook the development of ‘reception areas’. These reception areas became the first multi-ethnic settlements established since the partitioning of residential areas into ethnically homogenous sections under South African apartheid, and were created to secure both large numbers of recent migrants and long-term residents better access to resources and more favourable living conditions. Hakahana, the fieldsite of this study, is one such settlement and is located in the central township of Omaruru. Hakahana houses a growing number of migrants from Namibia’s northern regions and former central service areas, as well as long-term residents of Omaruru unable to obtain permanent housing within the township. Exploring the historical construction of ‘racial’, ‘ethnic’ and class-based differences, this study begins with an examination of the varied historical practices of migration enacted and experienced by Oshiwambo-, Damara- and Otjiherero-speaking Namibians (Hakahana’s and Namibia’s three most populous ‘ethnic groups’). It investigates shifting economic and cultural impetuses for migration in light of Namibian Independence, elucidating the importance of this form of mobility as a transitional force in the re-creation of Omaruru’s social and political landscapes. Beyond an investigation of ‘race’, ‘ethnicity’ or class, it poses the study of difference as a theoretical means to achieving greater understandings of the processes of identity formation undertaken by Hakahana’s residents. Through the examination of memory narratives it illustrates the divergent moral visions of community created and held by Hakahana’s residents and the importance of Namibia’s divided past in influencing people’s willingness and ability to appropriate ethnic and national identities. Focusing on the micro-level dynamics of life in Hakahana, this study considers this newly created settlement as a living ‘community’ in which the transitional struggles occurring Namibia’s social and political landscapes are manifested and played out.

Few attempts have been made to synthesise Late Bronze Age (LBA) and Iron Age trade patterns in the northern Levant on a regional scale, despite the availability of fine grained excavation data for individual sites. Even less attention has been given to the degree of continuity or change between the economic systems that obtained across the transition between these two periods, which was marked by a widespread destruction of sites across the Eastern Mediterranean. Long-distance trade was conducted at unprecedented levels in the Eastern Mediterranean at the close of the LBA. Ugarit was a strategic node between land and sea routes and its entrepreneurial merchants engaged in transactions for economic gain. Why Ugarit was never meaningfully resettled again after its destruction in the early 12th century BC is a question of regional importance with respect to gaining a better understanding of how and why the mechanisms of trade evolved at this critical time. That Phoenicia came to dominate maritime trade in the Mediterranean in the succeeding period is widely accepted, but the reasons behind this ascendancy are poorly understood. This thesis quantitatively examines contextualised imported ceramic data (Aegean and Cypriot wares) and the archaeological, textual and scientific evidence of the bronze industry and its supply chains. The evidence from the northern Levant is considered within its regional setting, with coastal Syro-Palestine divided into four zones of interaction in order to improve resolution on variations in long-distance trading relationships. The evidence from Cyprus is also assessed, given its importance as a leading supplier of both ceramics and copper to the Levant. A world-systems approach is then applied to this first stage of analysis to assess the intensity and directness of LBA trading contacts between producer and consumer and how these may have developed over time. Trading relationships between the Aegean and Cyprus with different parts of the Levant littoral were not uniform during the LBA, either in intensity or directness. Evidence for continuity in LBA trading relationships across the LBA/Iron Age transition is strongest between Phoenicia and Cyprus, particularly the west coast of the island. Interestingly, the former is not only the sole part of the Levantine littoral to escape destruction at the close of the LBA but also may well have had the most direct and intense LBA trading relationships with the Aegean.

The following paper focuses on the transitional period between the Middle Bronze Age (MBA) and the Late Bronze Age (LBA) in the Southern Urals, Russia. GIS-based analysis of Bronze Age settlement patterns in the Kyzil Area points to a number of important findings. The study concludes the demographic impossibility of an autonomous development scenario of the Sintashta – Srubnaya-Alakul cultural transformation, rejects the presence of ‘proto-city’ or urbanization developments in the region during the Bronze Age, and points to the shift to a more collective form of control over natural resources during the LBA period. The study also examines the spatial distribution of ‘kurgan’ cemeteries in the area. Among other things, this thesis illustrates how settlement pattern studies can add to and complement the heavily burial data - driven research, often relied upon in the archaeological analysis of the Eurasian Steppes.

Pendant les dernières trente années le centre historique de la ville Fossano (Coni, Piémont) a été intéressé par nombreuses fouilles et plusieurs sondages archéologiques à la suite des fréquents travaux de construction. Ces interventions, liées au développement de la ville, ont toujours eu un caractère d'urgence, de sauvetage, préventif, sans être jamais liées à une programmation précédente. L'étude de chaque site a imposé du début l’analyse approfondie des modalités d'intervention et de la méthodologie de fouille. Dans la plupart des cas, l'analyse stratigraphique a été liée à celle du mobilier archéologique, qui, en absence de structures protohistoriques ou de niveaux anthropiques en place, est le seul élément qui nous a permis de dater la première période d’occupation du site. Est possible dater au XIe siècle av. J.-C. (Ha B1 ancien du plateau suisse) le début d’une présence humaine permanente sur toute la surface sommitale du plateau de Fossano, avec son apogée pendant la transition Bronze/Fer italien. Le groupe céramique de Fossano se place dans un contexte culturel propre de la fin du l'âge du Bronze final du nord-ouest de l'Italie, intermédiaire entre la culture du Protogolasecca de la Lombardie et du Piémont orientale et la culture RSFO. Dans ces territoires au l'extrême nord-ouest de l’Italie les influences RSFO sont très profondes, surtout de la Suisse occidentale et des régions de l’est de la France. Les caractéristiques spécifiques du Piémont occidentale le rendant plus apparenté aux complexes nord alpins qu'à ceux de l'Italie péninsulaire, jouant un rôle fondamental dans le tableau des relations entre les deux versants alpins pendant toute la préhistoire
During the last thirty years the historic center of Fossano (Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy) has undergone numerous archaeological excavations and survey as a result of many construction works related to the development of the city. These operations have never been programmed, but always related to emergency situations or preventive archaeology. The study of each site imposed an early-depth analysis of the applied methods of intervention and excavation. In most cases, the stratigraphic analysis is linked to the archaeological material, which, in the absence of proper prehistorical levels or structures, is the only element that has allowed us to date the early moments of occupation of the site. The beginning of a permanent human presence on the Fossano plateau is Probably dated to the end of the 11th century BC (Ha B1 in the Swiss plateau), with its peak during the transition between the Italian Bronze age and Iron age. The ceramic group of Fossano is located in the final Italian Bronze age in the Northwest of Italy, intermediate between the culture of Protogolasecca of Lombardy and eastern Piedmont and the RSFO culture. In these territories, in the extreme north-west of Italy, the RSFO influences are very strong, especially from the western territories of Switzerland and the eastern regions of France. The specific characteristics of western Piedmont making it more similar to the northern Alpine complex as those of the Italian peninsula; playing a fundamental role in the relations between the two sides of the Alpes during the prehistory

La population - en son sens originel de processus de peuplement - est un sujet étonnamment absent de l'énorme volume d’études sur Adam Smith. Ce thème était au centre de la philosophie morale et de l'économie politique du 18e siècle, les deux domaines auxquels les contributions de Smith sont les plus connues. Son importance dans l’œuvre de Smith a été obscurcie au 20e siècle par une focalisation étroite sur les questions économiques dans la littérature secondaire. Pour une analyse intégrale de son œuvre, il est essentiel que la place centrale du peuplement soit révélée. Trois thèmes aujourd'hui considérés comme essentiels au projet de Smith sont ainsi intimement liés à la population : le lien entre division du travail et étendue du marché ; la théorie des quatre stades du progrès de la société ; et le lien entre développement rural et urbain, lui-même au centre du plaidoyer de Smith pour la liberté du commerce. Le marché est un concept aujourd'hui assimilé au fonctionnement du système économique capitaliste ; pour Smith, il décrivait la faculté de commercer, aux vecteurs essentiellement démographiques et géographiques. Le progrès de la société est à la fois cause et effet de la croissance de la population. En son sein se trouve l'interrelation symbiotique entre le développement rural et urbain que Smith appelait le «progrès naturel de l'opulence». Adopter l’optique smithienne plutôt que néo-malthusienne dans l'examen des dynamiques de population et de développement - y compris l'analyse de la transition démographique - conduit alors à une reconsidération fondamentale des interactions causales entre mortalité, fécondité, richesse et variables institutionnelles
Population - in its original sense of the process of peopling - is a topic surprisingly absent from the huge volume of scholarship on Adam Smith. This topic was central to 18th century moral philosophy and political economy, the two fields Smith most famously contributed to. Its importance in Smith’s work was obscured in the 20th century by a narrow focus on economic matters in the secondary literature. For an undivided analysis of Smith’s oeuvre it is crucial that the central position of the peopling process be brought to light. Three topics that are today recognised as essential to Smith’s project are thus intimately connected to population: the relation between the division of labour and the extent of the market; the stadial theory of progress; and the link between the development of town and country, itself central to Smith’s advocacy of the freedom of trade. The market is a concept read today through an institutional lens linking it to the functioning of the capitalist economic system; Smith conceived of it as facility for trade, with essentially demographic and geographic vectors. The progress of society is both cause and effect of the growth of population. At its core is the symbiotic interrelationship between rural and urban development that Smith called the “natural progress of opulence”. In turn, looking at dynamics of population and development - including the analysis of the demographic transition - through a Smithian rather than a neo-Malthusian lens leads to a fundamental reconsideration of causal interactions between mortality, fertility, wealth and institutional variables

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explored whether co-production of knowledge could contribute to shifting power from government to citizens in an incremental upgrading process. It is premised on the notion that such a shift is desirable. The title of the study Turning points: Exploring power transitions in an incremental upgrading process in Enkanini, Stellenbosch indicates the complex, transient and shifting power dynamics at play in the illegal settlement of Enkanini in Stellenbosch. The study was conducted within a larger transdisciplinary research framework seeking to implement socio-technical innovations, generated through a co-production of knowledge process with settlement residents, to move Enkanini towards becoming a sustainable human settlement. A case study provides an overview of engagement the residents have had with the local Stellenbosch Municipality, NGOs and academic researchers from the Sustainability Institute, Stellenbosch University. It is complemented by the personal narrative of one of the first residents who moved there in 2006. From personal observations, interaction with residents and coresearchers, meeting notes, the literature review and a grounded experience over the three-year study period, four turning points were identified. These four turning points, interpreted as bifurcations that could open up new ways of engaging with the present to determine alternative futures are explored dialectically. The initial problem for each is described, followed by the response and the resultant challenge that emerged. The four turning points were the initiation of the iShack concept, the start of the iShack Project, the iShack stakeholders meeting and the establishment of the Enkanini Research Centre. As power, in both visible and invisible forms, manifested itself in this volatile settlement and in awareness that the researchers role held power and that the researcher’s sets of knowledge, assumptions and prejudices could affect both research process and outcome, there was a need to find complementary methodologies to the main transdisciplinary research framework. Indigenous research methodologies spoke directly to power and the importance of capacity building and empowering research participants (shifting them to coresearchers), while reflexive research methodologies allowed the disciplined reflection and re-reflection to ameliorate influencing of process and outcome. In addition, each overcame the limitations of the other, in particular the limitation of transdisciplinary research that does not take power dynamics into account. This resulted in the creation of a methodological triad and a conceptual mechanism through which to view the results, termed co-arising. The three themes that had emerged during the process – understanding through knowledge co-production, capacity building through the awareness of power dynamics and engagement with the research space – are fused in this notion of coarising served by the methodological triad. The turning points, or bifurcations, were analysed through an “open” coding system used in grounded theory to minimise pre-conditions determining the outcome. Three dominant categories emerged – empowerment, identity and agency – as determinants for shifting power from government to citizens through effective coproduction of knowledge in an incremental upgrading process. The study concludes with recommendations for future research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie wou vasstel of die medeproduksie van kennis kan bydra tot ’n magsverskuiwing vanaf die regering na burgers in ’n trapsgewyse opgraderingsproses. Dit het van die veronderstelling uitgegaan dat so ’n verskuiwing wenslik sal wees. Die titel van die studie, Turning points: Exploring power transitions in an incremental upgrading process in Enkanini, Stellenbosch, dui op die komplekse, veranderlike en verskuiwende magsdinamiek in die onwettige nedersetting Enkanini op Stellenbosch. Die navorsing is binne ’n groter kruisdissiplinêre navorsingsraamwerk onderneem wat toegespits was op die inwerkingstelling van sosio-tegniese innovasies om Enkanini in ’n volhoubare menslike nedersetting te omskep. Die innovasies is deur medeproduksie van kennis in samewerking met inwoners van die nedersetting ontwikkel. ’n Gevallestudie bied ’n oorsig van skakeling tussen inwoners en die plaaslike Stellenbosch Munisipaliteit, nieregeringsorganisasies en akademiese navorsers van die Volhoubaarheidsinstituut aan die Universiteit Stellenbosch. Dit word aangevul deur die persoonlike verhaal van een van die eerste Enkaniniinwoners, wat in 2006 daar ingetrek het. Persoonlike waarnemings, interaksie met inwoners en medenavorsers, aantekeninge by vergaderings, die literatuuroorsig en praktiese ervaring oor die studietydperk van drie jaar het vier keerpunte na vore gebring. Hierdie vier keerpunte kan vertolk word as bifurkasies wat kan lei tot ’n nuwe benadering tot die hede vir die skep van ’n alternatiewe toekoms. ’n Dialektiese verkenning van die keerpunte is gevolglik onderneem. Die aanvanklike probleem word in elke geval beskryf, gevolg deur die reaksie en die uiteindelike uitdaging wat daaruit ontstaan het. Die vier keerpunte was die bekendstelling van die iShackkonsep, die aanvang van die iShack-projek, die vergadering van iShackbelanghebbendes, en die vestiging van die Enkanini-navorsingsentrum. Aangesien sowel sigbare as onsigbare vorme van mag in hierdie onstuimige nedersetting te sien was, en gedagtig daaraan dat die navorser oor ’n magsrol beskik het en die navorser se kennis, aannames en vooroordele die navorsingsproses sowel as -uitkoms kon beïnvloed, moes bykomende metodologieë ter aanvulling van die hoof- kruisdissiplinêre navorsingsraamwerk gevind word. In dié verband het inheemse navorsing direk betrekking gehad op mag en die belang van vermoëbou en bemagtiging onder navorsingsdeelnemers (om hulle as’t ware in medenavorsers te omskep). Oordenkingsnavorsing het weer ’n geleentheid gebied vir gedissiplineerde besinning en herbesinning om enige beïnvloeding van die proses en uitkoms te temper. Daarbenewens het elke benadering die beperkinge van die ander ondervang, veral die geneigdheid by kruisdissiplinêre navorsing om magsdinamiek buite rekening te laat. Sodoende is ’n metodologiese drietal en ’n konseptuele meganisme genaamd mede-ontstaan (“co-arising”) geskep, waarmee die resultate ondersoek kon word. Die drie temas wat gedurende die proses uitgewys is – begrip deur die medeproduksie van kennis, vermoëbou deur ’n bewustheid van magsdinamiek, en betrokkenheid by die navorsingsruimte – is byeengetrek onder die gedagte van mede-ontstaan, wat deur die metodologiese drietal onderstut is. Die keerpunte, of bifurkasies, is deur ’n ‘oop’ koderingstelsel uit gegronde teorie ontleed om die invloed van enige voorafbestaande toestande op die uitkoms te beperk. Hieruit is drie dominante kategorieë afgelei – bemagtiging, identiteit en vrye wil – synde bepalende faktore vir doeltreffende medeproduksie van kennis en die gevolglike verskuiwing van mag vanaf die regering na burgers in ’n trapsgewyse opgraderingsproses. Die studie sluit af met sekere aanbevelings vir verdere navorsing.

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This research aims to analyze the process of political-structural transition of Zumbi dos Palmares Itinerant School to Rural Education Municipal School, in order to identify contradictions in this process of moving from an itinerant camp school to a permanent settlement school, under management of the Prefeitura Municipal de Cascavel. Thus, this study proposed the following: to present the history of the struggle for land in the camps and settlements of MST, articulated to the struggle for education; to identify elements and pedagogical fundaments that are present in the political-educational proposal of the Municipal School of Zumbi dos Palmares – and that ensure the continuity of expression of its class commitment; and highlight the control mechanisms and instruments of State interference – as a school maintainer –, responsible for obstacles and contradictions in the school practice. Central problem was the need to understand the progress achieved and what remains as a challenge in the transition process from this itinerant camp school to a permanent settlement school, and particularly the State’s role in this transition. Bibliographic, documentary and field researches have been used as a research methodology. As a result, it was observed that the transition from the itinerant school model to the rural school, already in settlement, was constituted by a permanent and dialectical movement in which the participation and vigilance of the school community needs to be constant and conscious. In the same way, also the collective of educators must remain well trained and engaged in order to understand the historical process to make it an effective part of the transition.
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o processo de transição político-estrutural da Escola Itinerante Zumbi dos Palmares para Escola Municipal do Campo, com o intuito de identificar as contradições nesse processo de passagem de escola itinerante de acampamento para escola permanente de assentamento, sob a gestão da Prefeitura Municipal de Cascavel. Dessa forma, este estudo propôs-se a: apresentar a história da luta pela terra nos acampamentos e assentamentos do MST, articulada à luta pela educação; identificar os elementos e fundamentos pedagógicos que se fazem presentes na proposta político-pedagógica da Escola Municipal do Campo Zumbi dos Palmares, que assegurem a continuidade de expressão de seu comprometimento de classe; e evidenciar os mecanismos de controle e instrumentos de interferência do Estado – como mantenedor da escola –, responsáveis pelos entraves e contradições na prática escolar. A problemática central foi a da necessidade de compreensão dos avanços obtidos e do que permanece como desafio no processo de passagem dessa Escola Itinerante de acampamento para uma escola permanente de assentamento e, particularmente, do papel do Estado nesta transição. Como metodologia de pesquisa, foram utilizadas as pesquisas bibliográfica, documental e de campo. Como resultado, observou-se que a condução do modelo de escola itinerante para o de escola do campo em assentamento, constitui-se por um movimento dialético e permanente, em que a participação e vigilância da comunidade escolar necessita ser constante e consciente. Da mesma forma, também o coletivo de educadores deve manter-se bem capacitado e engajado, a fim de compreender o processo histórico para torná-lo parte efetiva da transição.

This article presents key data and discussion about the initial peopling of northwestern South America, highlighting its strategic significance in the continental context, cultural variability and landscape change over time. In Colombia there is very little relevant information regarding occupations prior to 12,000 BP; in contrast, the information is abundant relative to a number ofearly contexts during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. The variability among unifacial and bifacial lithic assemblages reported in different physiographic regions indicates alternative models on early settlement to regional level. Considering the importanceof the inter-Andean valley of the Magdalena River, this article emphasizes the archaeological contexts and paleoenvironmental information, highlighting environmental impacts associated not only to global climate change, but in particular of the effects ofvolcanism. The article stresses the findings and chronologies of bifacial lithic assemblages of the Magdalena Valley in relation to the early archaeology of northwestern South America.
En este artículo se presentan los principales datos y reflexiones asociados al poblamiento inicial del noroccidente de Sudamérica debido a su significado estratégico en el marco continental, se destacará la variabilidad cultural y se enfatizarán los cambios depaisajes en el transcurso del tiempo. En Colombia existe muy poca información relevante relacionada con las ocupaciones anterioresa 12.000 AP; en contraste, la información es abundante en cuanto al número de contextos tempranos durante la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno. La variabilidad entre los conjuntos líticos unifaciales y bifaciales reportados en distintas regiones fisiográficas plantea propuestas de modelos alternativos sobre el poblamiento temprano a escala regional. Considerando la importancia del valle interandino del río Magdalena, se recalcan los contextos arqueológicos e información paleoambiental. Asimismo, se destacan los impactos ambientales que demuestran por qué no perduraron las evidencias del Pleniglacial, lo que podría deberse a efectos asociados no solo al cambio climático global, sino, en particular, a causa del vulcanismo. Este trabajo resalta los hallazgos y cronologías de los conjuntos líticos bifaciales del valle del Magdalena en relación con la arqueología temprana del noroccidente de Sudamérica.

Cette thèse interroge les mutations de l’habitation dans le cadre des transitions socioécologiques. Ces transitions sont des processus de mutations des sociétés qui visent à diminuer leur empreinte écologique et s’initient par des niches, des transformations marginales. Ce travail s’intéresse ainsi à la transformation en marge de la production de l’habitat et porte sur des initiatives ascendantes impulsées par les habitants qui mettent en place de l’autopromotion ou qui sont impliqués dans des projets de pouvoirs publics. Les « habitats alternatifs » étudiés sont situés en marge du phénomène d’urbanisation, dans les territoires ruraux de moyenne montagne. En effet, dans ces territoires, de nouvelles ruralités émergent à travers l’arrivée de nouveaux habitants soutenue par des structures associatives et favorisée par des politiques publiques incitatives de développement des collectivités locales et des Parcs naturels régionaux. J’interroge ainsi dans ce travail la mise en place de l’habitation écologique dans les territoires ruraux de moyenne montagne dans le cadre des transitions socioécologiques.L’hypothèse générale de ce travail est la suivante : les projets d’ « habitat alternatif » sont le lieu privilégié de l’expérimentation de l’habitation écologique dans les territoires ruraux de moyenne montagne. Je propose ainsi de vérifier cette hypothèse par une approche globale des projets d’ « habitat alternatif » afin de comprendre le système d’habitation écologique mis en place. J’analyse d’abord l’articulation entre acteurs dans le processus de projet et l’utilisation des ressources matérielles, énergétiques et en eau dans la construction et l’usage de ces habitats. J’explore ensuite le déploiement des manières d’habiter dans l’organisation de l’habitat et dans l’espace local par les mobilités. Aborder différents types d’ « habitat alternatif », écohameaux, habitat participatif rural et écolotissement, permet d’abord d’interroger les mutations de l’aménagement des territoires ruraux à partir des initiatives habitantes. Par là même, je mets en évidence les articulations entre les démarches individuelles, les programmes d’accompagnement des réseaux associatifs et les politiques publiques incitatives. Ensuite, par l’approche des marges de la production de l’habitat, j’interroge la contribution des projets d’habitat alternatif à l’habitation écologique des territoires de dispersion bâtie. Je montre l’importance des stratégies collectives pour permettre une sobriété des modes de vie, une utilisation des ressources locales et une mutualisation de l’espace et des biens. Ce travail révèle ainsi une habitation écologique au sein de la dispersion bâtie qui s’appuie sur une autonomie locale et une intégration aux réseaux physiques et virtuels
This thesis examines the mutations of housing in the context of socio-ecological transitions. These society change processes aim to reduce ecological footprint and are initiated in niches by marginal changes. This work addresses the transformations in the margins of habitat production and it focuses of bottom-up initiatives driven by the inhabitants who set up self-promotion housing or that are involved in public authorities’ projects. The studied alternative housing projects are located in urbanization margins, in mid mountains rural areas. Indeed, in these territories, new ruralities have emerged based on the arrival of new residents supported by non-profit organization and promoted by local government policies and Parcs naturels régionaux. In this work, I thus question the organization of ecological housing in rural areas in the context of the socio-ecological transitions.The general hypothesis of this research is the following one: the alternative housing projects experiment ecological housing in mid mountain rural areas. I propose to test this hypothesis with a global approach to alternative housing projects in order to understand the ecological housing system organization. First, I analyze the relationship between actors in the project process and the use of material, energy and water resources in the construction and operation of these habitats. I then explore the deployment of the ways of living in the organization of the habitat and in the local space through the mobilities. Addressing different types of alternative housing, ecocommunity, rural cohousing and ecological estate, first allows to analyze the rural planning changes from inhabitants’ initiatives. In this way, I highlight the links between individual projects, support program of non-profit organizations and incentivizing public policies. Then, in the context of habitat production margins, I examine the contribution of alternative housing projects to the ecological housing of dispersedly built areas. I show the importance of collective strategies to allow a sober lifestyles, a use of local resources and mutualisation of space and goods. This work brings to light an ecological housing of dispersedly built areas between based on local autonomy and integration within physical and virtual networks

Depuis la découverte dans les années 1970 des premiers vestiges du IIème millénaire av. J.-C., cette période est considérée comme une phase d’effondrement des cultures préhistoriques de la péninsule omanaise. Appelés « période Wadi Suq » les trois premiers quarts du IIème millénaire av. J.-C. sont encore bien souvent perçus comme une période de Dark Ages faisant suite à la disparition de la culture Umm an-Nar du IIIème millénaire av. J.-C. Cette période se caractériserait par une diminution de la population, un abandon des sites et le retour à un mode de vie nomade. Pourtant les fouilles menées depuis une trentaine d’années, aussi bien dans les oasis du nord que le long du littoral au sud-est de la péninsule, ont livré les témoignages d’une culture plus complexe et sans doute moins hétéroclite qu’on ne l’envisage habituellement. Ces nouvelles données nous invitent à nuancer l’hypothèse d’un profond bouleversement entre les IIIème et IIème millénaires, de sorte qu’il est aujourd’hui nécessaire d’opérer une synthèse des connaissances sur la période afin de proposer de nouvelles approches des changements à la fois économiques, politiques et sociaux, survenus au cours du Bronze moyen et récent
Since the discovery in the 1970s of the first remains of the second millennium BC, this period has been considered a collapse phase of the prehistoric cultures of the Oman peninsula. Called “Wadi Suq period” the first three quarts of the second millennium BC are still often seen as a period of Dark Ages following the disappearance of the Umm an-Nar culture of the 3rd millenium BC. This period has been characterized by a decline in the population, the sites abandonment and a return to a nomadic lifestyle. Yet, excavations conducte dover the last thirty years, both in the oases of the north and along the southeast coast of the peninsula, have yielded evidence of a more complex culture and probably less heterogeneous than it is usually envisaged. These new data invite us to reine the hypothesis of a major upheaval between the 3rd and the 2nd millennia BC, so it is now necessary to make a synthesis of current knowledge about the period in order to propose new approaches to economic, political and social changes that occurred during the Middle and Late Bronze Age

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This thesis is the result of a study on the role of technical assistance in the process of agroecological transition, which are under way in rural settlements in the territory of Mato Grande, Rio Grande do Norte. Your goal is, from the Technical Assistance Program, Social and Environmental (ATES), launched in 2004 by INCRA understand to what extent this action accomplished their goal of doing a job with a focus on agroecology. To this end, we chose to work with a qualitative methodology, through interviews with settlers, advisors and representatives of INCRA. They also contributed to developing this thesis, the direct observations, which offer visits to settlements and advisory bodies in the Rede Pardal, apart from participation in meetings and activities in which they were being discussed the issues of advice, agroecology and rural settlements. The thesis is divided into five chapters, plus introduction and conclusion. The first three refer to a theoretical analysis and historical about the process of land reform, and as a result the establishment of rural settlements, the importance of peasant tradition for the design of agro-ecological design and the relationship between agricultural models and proposals advice to the countryside. In two subsequent chapters, there was a panoramic picture of the territory of Mato Grande, settlements and groups that make up this research, for then analyze the performance of advisory services in these settlements, with the parameter, agroecology. It was found that the advice in this perspective, suffers a series of constraints, causing a gap between the ideal proposed in the manual and the actual practiced in their daily lives. Still, it is concluded that the ATES has contributed to innovations in productive groups who are experiencing agroecological processes, which can be regarded as shoots for the transition to a new dynamic of development.
Esta tese ? resultado de um estudo sobre o papel da assessoria t?cnica nos processos de transi??o agroecol?gica, que est?o em curso em assentamentos rurais no territ?rio do Mato Grande, Rio Grande do Norte. Seu objetivo ?, a partir do Programa de Assessoria T?cnica, Social e Ambiental (ATES), lan?ada em 2004 pelo INCRA, entender at? que ponto essa a??o atinge seus objetivos de realizar um trabalho tendo como foco a agroecologia. Para tanto, optou-se por trabalhar com uma metodologia qualitativa, atrav?s de entrevistas com assentados, assessores e representantes do INCRA. Tamb?m contribu?ram para elabora??o desta tese as observa??es diretas, proporcionadas pelas visitas aos assentamentos e entidades de assessoria que integram a Rede Pardal, al?m da participa??o em encontros e atividades nas quais estivessem sendo discutidas as tem?ticas da assessoria, da agroecologia e dos assentamentos rurais. A tese est? dividida em cinco cap?tulos, al?m da introdu??o e conclus?o. Os tr?s primeiros referem-se a uma abordagem te?rica e hist?rica sobre o processo de luta pela reforma agr?ria, tendo como fruto a constitui??o dos assentamentos rurais; a import?ncia da tradi??o camponesa para o desenho da concep??o agroecol?gica e a rela??o entre os modelos agr?colas e as propostas de assessoria para o rural. Nos dois cap?tulos subseq?entes, fez-se um retrato panor?mico do territ?rio do Mato Grande, dos assentamentos e dos grupos que integram esta pesquisa, para, posteriormente, analisar o desempenho da assessoria nesses assentamentos, tendo como par?metro a agroecologia. Foi visto que a assessoria, nessa perspectiva, sofre uma s?rie de constrangimentos, provocando um hiato entre o ideal proposto no Manual e o real praticado no seu cotidiano. Mesmo assim, conclui-se que a ATES tem contribu?do para inova??es nos grupos produtivos que est?o experimentando processos agroecol?gicos, que podem ser consideradas como brotos para a transi??o de uma nova din?mica de desenvolvimento rural

This thesis is based on an ethnographic study of the inhabitants of Whiddy Island, and focuses on the change from one form of societal organisation to another on this island. The thesis is not an ethnography proper, but an attempt to link the local perceptions of change and the changes in the islanders' daily lives, to the wider political economy. Throughout the course of the study my original intention of exploring the tension between technology and community was replaced with the wider hypothesis that there is tension between modernity and community. Technology was revealed as both a product and producer of modernity, and modern state capitalist societies as the antonym not the synonym of community. The 40 remaining islanders represent the last of the transient phase in which community disappears and is replaced by society. The changes in the daily lives of the islanders were not total nor revolutionary. Rather the products of modernity - both policies and artefacts, were absorbed into the islanders' daily lives, and once absorbed the products of modernity promoted modernity in the daily lives of those using them. Modernity is thus a circular process, yet it settled on the island in layers. Each layer produced a new set of paradoxes and reformed the old practices and the old ideology to fit the new setting. The settlement of modernity culminated in the replacement of community members with state citizens. By focusing on the interrelationship and dialogue between modernity, the state and the citizen the processes by which modernity settled on this small island are revealed. It settled both as a result of the direct intervention of state policies on education, emigration and employment, and as a result of local decisions to embrace mechanised transport, domestic technologies and the mass media. By accepting the policies and the artefacts of modernity, the islanders were prohibited from resisting their transformation from community members to state citizens. The island citizen, like all citizens to-day, has a direct dialogue with, and relationship to modernity, and an indirect one mediated by the state.

El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es el análisis de las preferencias en la selección de los lugares de asentamiento por parte de las sociedades de cazadores-recolectores de la transición Pleistoceno Final - Holoceno (es decir, Magdaleniense y Aziliense) de la mitad oriental de la Cornisa Cantábrica. Más concretamente, se trata de de analizar, calculando una serie de características y variables, la localización de una serie de yacimientos asignados a este periodo, para tratar de identificar un patrón o patrones concretos en el tipo de lugares elegidos por las comunidades humanas para situar sus lugares de hábitat, si pueden diferenciarse distintos tipos de asentamientos en función de su localización, y si existe un cambio en las preferencias en la selección de los lugares de ocupación con respecto a momentos anteriores. Para llevar a cabo estos análisis, se emplea un Sistema de Información Geográfica.
The objective of this thesis is the analysis of preferences in the choice of settlement sites by the hunter-gatherers of Final Pleistocene - Holocene transition (i.e., Magdalenian and Azilian) from eastern Cantabrian coast. More specifically, the location of a number of sites is analyzed by calculating different characteristics and variables, to try to identify a specific pattern or patterns in the type of sites selected by human communities to bring their places of habitat, to differentiate different types of settlements based on their location, and whether a change in preferences in the selection of places of employment with respect to earlier periods. To perform these tests, a Geographic Information System is used to calculate the variables considered.

L’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre comment des facteurs d’ordre social et environnemental ont influencé, en Amazonie brésilienne, le peuplement, l’appropriation et l’usage conjugué des ressouces naturelles, dans une région de transition entre des écosystèmes de plaines d’inondation et de terre ferme. L’approche adoptée est historique et ethnographique, afin d’examiner comment les relations de pouvoir et les pratiques sociales sont articulées au régime hydraulique de crues et d’étiages. Le lieu de l’étude est la région du Lago Grande do Curuai, dans la commune de Santarém (État du Pará), au croisement des communes d’Óbidos et Juruti. Je me suis interrogé sur de possibles continuités et ruptures entre les relations de pouvoir actuelles et celles de l’époque coloniale – relations qui influencent la circulation des hommes entre ces deux écosystèmes. Je conclue que les plaines d’inondation (várzeas) sont, aujourd’hui encore, contrôlées par des segments sociaux issus de l’élite locale, formés de propriétaires terriens et d’éleveurs de bovins. Ceux-ci ont construit leur pouvoir pendant la colonie portugaise et ont graditativement impulsé un mouvement vers des terres situées de plus en plus loin dans la terre ferme, avançant sur la forêt. Depuis 1950, l’élevage est la principale activité économique à l’origine de cette expansion, au moyen des pratiques liées à la transhumance du bétail. Parmi les facteurs qui induisent la circulation saisonnière entre la várzea et la terre ferme, la transhumance a reçu une attention particulière dans ce travail. Initialement réservée aux grands fazendeiros, cette pratique s’est popularisée dès les années 1970 parmi les différents profiles d’éleveurs, avec une intensification dans les années 1990. L’élevage repose sur trois pratiques locales qui favorisent la transumance : les « sociétés », les « permissions » et les locations de terrain (arrendamentos). Leur analyse conjointe m’a permis de montrer que les « sociétés » entre grands et petits éleveurs sont à l’origine de l’expansion de l’élevage. Cette activité va bien au-delà d’un « livret d’épargne » ; elle confère du prestige et une opportunité d’accéder régulièrement aux plaines d’inondation. Lors de la création, en 2005, d’un projet d’établissement agro-extractiviste – le PAE Lago Grande – afin de régulariser l’occupation foncière des populations régionales, seuls les terrains de terre ferme ont été intégrés dans la nouvelle unité territoriale. Ceux de várzea en ont été exclus. Les données disponibles permettent de montrer qu’au fond, la structure foncière n’a pas été modifiée. Dès lors, les relations de pouvoir historiquement inscrites dans ce paysage restent relativement inchangées. Enfin, la circulation des populations régionales entre ces deux écosystèmes ainsi que les pratiques de transhumance n’ont pas été prises en compte lors de la mise en œuvre des politiques de gestion territoriale en Amazonie
The aim of this study is to understand the role of the social and environmental order influenced the peopling, land appropriation and the seasonal use of natural resources between floodplains (várzea) and firm land (terra firme) ecosystems in the Brazilian Amazon. I follow an historical and ethnographical approach to examine how social practices and the local power relations influenced the interrelated dynamic between social life and water movements (floods and droughts). The study area is Lago Grande, located in the city of Santarem, Pará State bordering the towns of Óbidos and Juruti. The main question is to investigate if power relations among social groups established and inherited during the colonial living in Lago Grande region are still operating in current times, and how this situation affects the control of transhumance between várzea and terra firme ecosystems. I conclude that the Amazon floodplains are still controlled by local elites, represented by land and livestock owners. The local elite established their socio-political power during colonial times, dominating an increasing process of entering from várzea to terra firme areas (i.e. deforestation). Since 1950, the main economical activity responsible for the expansion of land use from várzea to terra firme was cattle raising through transhumance between both ecosystems. Transumance has received a specific attention in this study, for it is among the main factors encouraging the circulation of local population between várzea and terra firme environments. From 1970’s, large farmers started the transhumance which was later followed by smaller farmers, and intensified through the 1990’s. Cattle ranching builds on three local practices which promote transhumance: “societies”, “permissions” and land rentals (arrendamentos). A joint analysis allowed me to demonstrate that “societies” between large and small farmers sustain the cattle ranching growth. This activity is lucrative and bestows prestige and opportunities to access the floodplains more regularly. In 2005, an Agro-extractivist Settlement was created (PAE Lago Grande) to favor land distribution and better economical opportunities among local populations. Though, the territorial unit included terra firme but not the areas of the várzea ecosystem, vital for the local economy part of the year. Additionally, the PAE also did not alter the land tenure, keeping the same historically constructed power structures it aimed to deconstruct
O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi compreender como fatores de ordem social e ambientalinfluenciaram o povoamento, a apropriação e o uso conjugado dos recursos naturais em umaregião de transição entre os ecossistemas de várzea e de terra firme na Amazônia brasileira.Adotei uma abordagem histórica e etnográfica para examinar como relações de poder e práticassociais mediaram a articulação da vida social ao regime de cheias e vazantes. A área eleita paraa realização da pesquisa foi a região do Lago Grande, localizada no município de Santarém-PA, na confluência com os municípios de Óbidos e Juruti. Questionei se seria possível, naatualidade, enxergar nas relações entre os segmentos sociais que coabitam a região do LagoGrande continuidades e rupturas com as relações de poder herdadas do período colonial e comotais relações poderiam estar intervindo na circulação humana entre os dois ecossistemas.Conclui-se que as várzeas ainda são controladas por segmentos das elites locais, formadas porproprietários de terras e gado. Estes fundaram seu poder no período colonial e lentamentecomandaram o processo de ampliação dos sistemas de uso da terra para os interiores da terrafirme. Desde 1950, a principal atividade econômica a impulsionar esta expansão tem sido apecuária, por meio da prática da transumância. Entre os diversos fatores que sustentam acirculação sazonal entre a várzea e a terra firme pela população local, a transumância recebeuatenção especial da pesquisa. Iniciada pelos grandes fazendeiros, a transumância se popularizouentre os diversos perfis de criadores a partir das décadas de 1970 e foi intensificada na décadade 1990. Três instituições comandam a atividade pecuária e logo sustentam a transumância: as“sociedades”, as permissões e os arrendamentos. Analisados em conjunto estes institutospermitiram que a pesquisa chegasse à conclusão de que as “sociedades” entre grandes epequenos criadores sustentam o crescimento da pecuária, atividade que muito mais do que umasimples poupança é sinônimo de prestígio e oportunidade de acesso regular a várzea. A criaçãode um projeto de assentamento agroextrativista em 2005, o PAE Lago Grande, anexou apenasa faixa de terra firme da região do Lago Grande, deixando as várzeas de fora. O PAE não anexouas várzeas e não alterou a estrutura fundiária em terra firme. Desta forma, pouco alterou asrelações de poder historicamente construídas. Por fim, considera-se que a circulação realizadaentre as populações regionais entre os dois ecossistemas, de maneira geral, e a transumância,em particular, não vem sendo levada em consideração nas políticas de ordenamento territorialna Amazônia

Pour l’extrême ouest eurasiatique, le problème demeure de savoir selon quelles modalités anthropologiques Neandertal et l’Homme d’Anatomie Moderne (HAM) se sont succédés, lors d’une sous-époque artificiellement qualifiée de « Transition ». Une solution pourrait selon nous venir d’une approche globale du système techno-économique nomade, là où l’approche technologique des industries lithiques, mise en oeuvre de façon privilégiée jusqu’à aujourd’hui, a montré ses limites. Notre thèse applique cette échelle systémique aux industries lithiques châtelperroniennes,depuis le nord de la France jusque dans la corniche vasco-cantabrique. Le Châtelperronien est pa railleurs une culture emblématique du problème évoqué. Nous avons placé la tracéologie lithiqueainsi que l’expérimentation au coeur de notre méthodologie analytique, afin de cerner à la fois les stratégies industrielles et les activités outillées des communautés châtelperroniennes. Tandis que nous nous sommes basé sur des modèles théoriques explicites pour appréhender plus généralement leur système de fonctionnement économique relativement à leur mode de nomadisme. Nous avons également utilisé la tracéologie afin d’éclaircir la problématique taphonomique spécifique au Châtelperronien.Nos observations sur l’état de surface des collections nous pousse finalement à suggérer que la dichotomie entre «sites à indices de passage » et « sites à dépôt archéologique » ne serait pas le résultat taphonomique d’évènements climatiques induisant une érosion à géométrie variable(i.e. intersites et/ou intrasites), comme nos prédécesseurs concevaient habituellement cette problématique spécifique. Au contraire, elles témoigneraient bien d’un mode d’occupation très contrasté du territoire. L’analyse fonctionnelle des industries, de son côté, abonde également dans ce sens en révélant que les stratégies industrielles reflètent une double partition, à la fois humaine et économique.En effet, d’une part, le « support de Châtelperron » équipe notamment des individus missionnés sur des sites logistiques tels que des haltes de chasse, afin qu’ils fabriquent et utilisent tour à tour des armatures de sagaie ou des couteaux de boucherie. D’autre part, d’autres haltes logistiques sont conçues comme la conjonction entre le renouvellement de l’industrie lithique et la réalisation d’activités spécialisées à caractère vivrier (boucherie) et artisanal (peausserie, et très probablement industrie osseuse). Quant aux campements résidentiels, manifestement très rares et alors sous abris rocheux, ils accueillent l’ensemble du groupe et sont le lieu où sont mis en oeuvre l’ensemble des industries lithique et osseuse, ainsi que la parure, reflétant le panel probablement complet des activités de ces communautés.En somme, il ressort une spécialisation des outils au Châtelperronien, et plus généralement une spécialisation cynégétique du système technique lithique, couplées à un mode logistique de nomadisme sur de vastes territoires. Ceci pourrait refléter une segmentation du groupe par spécialistes, et notamment une partition sociologique dans laquelle la figure du chasseur occupe une place majeure.Enfin, la confrontation de notre modèle châtelperronien spécifique avec les principales cultures de la Transition sur notre aire géographique fait ressortir une définition restrictive du Paléolithique supérieur. En effet, la spécialisation cynégétique du système technique lithique et, corrélativement,celle du statut de chasseur parmi les membres du groupe, représentent selon nous deux traits singularisant les communautés du Paléolithique supérieur
At the far west of Eurasia, questions persist regarding what factors led anatomically modernhuman groups to succeed Neanderthals during the so called “Middle to Upper PaleolithicTransition.” Technological approaches to lithic analysis, which have until recently been the principal mean used to investigate these questions, have now shown their limitations. Instead, we suggest amore global approach, which examines both techno-economic and settlement systems.Here, we apply this mode of analysis to the Châtelperronian industry, which is found from northernFrance to the Vasco-Cantabrian region of northern Spain and is emblematic of the above-mentionedproblems. Methodologically, we approach this lithic industry by way of use wear analysis andexperimental archaeology. Our aim is to understand both overarching industry strategies and theways in which specific tools were used. We use theoretical models to investigate the relationshipbetween Châtelperronian functional economy and their mode of nomadism, and use traceology to clarify taphonomic problems specific to the Châtelperronian.We observed, using different levels of magnification, that the natural texture of most lithic artifacts appears to be surprisingly well preserved. This leads us to the conclusion that contrary to previous understandings, the perceived dichotomy between “sites à indices de passage” (i.e. coarse grained assemblages) and “sites à dépôt archéologique” (i.e. fine grained assemblages), cannot be the resultof climatic events resulting in different degrees of intersite and/or intrasite erosion. Instead, we suggest that this be the result of different pattern of movement of Châtelperronian groups. Additionally,the results of our use wear analysis suggest that Châtelperronian industrial strategies were the resultof a division in both human and economic terms.We hypothesize that individuals carried lithic blanks to logistical sites (e.g. hunting camps), manufactured so called “Châtelperronian points”, and used these tools as both projectile points and knives for butchery. This type of specialized activity hints at segmentation within a given group. Different type of logistical sites can be associated with different combinations of activities performed at them including the rejuvenation of lithic tools (i.e. flint knapping), the production of food (i.e.butchery), and other craft activities (i.e. hide working and the production of bone and antler tools).In contrast, residential sites were likely home to entire groups. These are rare in the archaeological record, and are always associated with rock shelters. These sites contain lithic and bone tools, as well as personal ornaments, which were manufactured on site. These residential sites can be considered good representations of the Châtelperronian industry as a whole, and likely reflect nearly the entire range of daily activities performed.In sum, Châtelperronian tools were specialized elements of a lithic industry focused on hunting within a system of logistical mobility spanning vast territories. This could reflect a social division of Châtelperronian groups into specialists, with the role of the hunter occupying a primary position. Finally, a comparison of our model of the Châtelperronian to that of other “transitional” cultures of western Eurasia leads us to propose a more restrictive definition of the Upper Paleolithic. We posit that hunting specialization, both in terms of lithic technology and the status of the hunter relativeto other members of the group, represent the only traits which set apart Upper Paleolithic societies
En el caso del extremo occidental de Eurasia, la cuestión reside en establecer los factores antropológicos que llevaron a la sucesión Neanderthal-“Humanos Anatómicamente Modernos”durante la transición entre el Paleolítico Medio y el Superior. Estimamos que una vía de acercamiento puede derivar de un análisis más global del sistema tecnoeconómico nómada, alejándose deuna perspectiva tecnológica sobre la industria lítica demasiado restringida.Nuestra perspectiva se ha aplicado al estudio de una cultura característica del periodo, el Chatelperroniense,introduciendo un énfasis particular en el análisis funcional de los utillajes líticos y en elestudio de los patrones territoriales de los asentamientos. Para abordar los patrones territoriales,hemos recurrido a modelos teóricos explícitos que los relacionan con sistemas económicos específicos.En el caso del análisis funcional, hemos situado la observación de las huellas de uso y unimportante referencial experimental como núcleo de la metodología desarrollada. En este caso el objetivo es doble ya que se trata de reconocer las estrategias técnicas aplicadas a los propios utillajesde piedra y de reconocer también estas estrategias en los procesos técnicos en los que estos utillajeshan participado. El estudio traceológico ha servido asimismo para abordar cuestiones tafonómicasrelativas a la conservación de los yacimientos estudiados gracias a la lectura de las alteraciones sufridas por las superficies de los utillajes de piedra. Estas evidencias sugieren una conservación inesperadamente buena de los contextos arqueológicos. Ello viene a demostrar que las diferencias entre tipos de yacimientos que se habían observado –que se atribuían a alteraciones tafonómicas diferenciales- son en realidad el resultado de comportamientos y modos de ocupación diferentes ybien contrastados en cada uno de ellos.Por otra parte, los resultados generales del análisis funcional redundan en esta percepción, la deuna partición doble –humana y económica- en el seno de las estrategias técnicas. Nuestros resultadossugieren que existe una primera estrategia que implica una circulación en el territorio depuntas-cuchillos de chatelperron, probablemente transportados por individuos que se desplazana ocupaciones especializadas, como los campamentos de caza; estos instrumentos se utilizarían como cuchillos de carnicería y también como parte de elementos de proyectil. Algunas de estas ocupaciones especializadas reunirían un conjunto algo más complejo de funciones incluyendo larenovación del utillaje lítico agotado y algunos trabajos especializados relacionados con la subsistencia–carnicería- o actividades de elaboración de algunos productos (en piel y materias óseas). Los campamentos residenciales son muy escasos, casi siempre en abrigos y cuevas, y en ellos se llevarían a cabo el conjunto de tareas necesarias para estas comunidades y, en este sentido, puedenconsiderarse representativas de los comportamientos generales durante el periodo.En conjunto, se aprecia una especialización del utillaje durante el Chatelperroniense, muy orientada hacia las actividades cazadores en el marco de un sistema territorial que implica una gran movilidad logística. Ello podría reflejar una segmentación social interna de las comunidades con la apariciónde especialistas entre los que jugaría un papel importante la figura del cazador.Como conclusión, la comparación del modelo que emerge acerca de los comportamientos chatelperronienses con los propios de otras culturas de este periodo de transición en torno al 40.000nos lleva a proponer una definición más restrictiva para caracterizar al conjunto del Paleolítico Superior.En este sentido, planteamos que la especialización cazadora, tanto en lo que afecta al sistema técnico lítico como al estatus del cazador respecto a los otros miembros del grupo, representa el rasgo diferencial esencial que define a las comunidades humanas del Paleolítico superior

On present evidence, the transition from mobile hunter-gatherer societies to Neolithic sedentary agricultural communities occurred approximately 5000 to 3000 years ago in Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA). Archaeological evidence of this transition principally derives from the excavation of burial contexts. In contrast, settlement contexts are not well researched and are the 'missing factor' (Higham 2017: 369) in MSEA prehistory. The unbalanced nature of archaeological enquiry has important repercussions for hermeneutic traditions in the region. Cemeteries and settlements form through different depositional practices and across different temporalities, and thus encapsulate different aspects of prehistoric lifeways. Research in this thesis applies microstratigraphic investigations of site formation processes to understand the settlement experience and social context of communities during the MSEA Neolithic. A conceptual life history approach to archaeological settlement is integrated with a methodological approach combining geoarchaeology and microarchaeology to reconstruct temporal rhythms of dwelling at three occupation sites spanning the Neolithic transition in Vietnam. The sites investigated are: Thach Lac, a mid-to-late Holocene (c. 5100-4150 cal BP) coastal shell midden; Loc Giang, a mounded Neolithic (c. 3950-3250 cal BP) settlement; and, Lo Gach, a Neolithic (c. 3200-3000 cal BP) and Bronze Age (c. 2800-2500 cal BP) settlement. The principle analytical technique used is archaeological micromorphology, the study of thin sections of archaeological sediments. Supplementary analyses provide compositional information to assist in the interpretation of archaeological deposits; they include Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Automated Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (QEM-EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), phytolith concentrations, pH and particle size analysis. For each site, the multiproxy data are used to reconstruct a microstratigraphic sequence of site formation that provides rich insight into the materiality and temporality of social life within each settlement. Thach Lac was occupied by three distinct cultural groups, each with different settlement dynamics, across a millennium of significant environment and cultural changes. At Loc Giang, the construction of lime mortar surfaces and pile dwellings and the development of waste management strategies reflect continuity in social practices over time. At Lo Gach, intensified plant processing activities and structured waste disposal practices were performed recurrently across the life of the settlement. Material depositional patterns at the micro-scale can be linked to the organisation of social and economic activities within settlements, which in turn can be linked to macro-scale 'transitions' of sedentism and agriculture that are often associated with the MSEA Neolithic. Each site tells a unique narrative of occupation, involving specific social practices and use of space. The differing temporal patterns of the material world of the mid-to-late Holocene in MSEA suggest a rich, multivalent past that defies simplistic notions of a single, homogenous Neolithic. Site formation is demonstrated to be a robust tool for understanding the material world of archaeology, as well as a critical lens to interrogate the ways in which pasts are made meaningful. This research offers a fresh, contextual perspective on the lived experience of the Neolithic and negotiates uncharted space between a 'Neolithic of the living' and a 'Neolithic of the dead'.

碩士
國立高雄大學
都市發展與建築研究所
97
Abstract Settlement is a historical domain that consists of its constitution and the regulations of development. Under the influence of natural, economical and social conditions, the structure as well as the functions of human settlement is thus unceasingly changing. The space development of human settlements in Taiwan went along with the different policies from the Japanese occupation period to the republican era. The primitive human settlements are gradually brought into the entirety of the national development. However, the settlements became subsequently unvaried without their own identity when the authority imposed the rigid policies of development with uniform logic. In fact, the change of the space of human settlements always reflects the different influencing factors when facing immigration, location, and development. This study focus on what are the critical influencing factors of the transition of human settlements. The further purpose of is to propose and to establish an appropriate model for developing or for revitalizing the settlements. This study undertakes the different approaches such as documentation analysis, field survey and inductive method basing on different theories of spatial and environmental planning. Moreover, two important tribes in southern Taiwan, Paiwan and Rukai including four settlements are chosen for studying and for proving the developed conclusions. Some new visions and viewpoints are also presented through the analysis of documentation where the different events and transition processes are described. Besides, this study uses the theory of Man-Land Relationship to observe the circumstance and the transition of the human settlement. The weight of influencing factors is thus classified and is compared after analyzing and inducing the various causes and consequences. The traditional visions on human settlement without taking care of the history and the identity of human settlement itself will lead to the mediocre planning models lacking of its own characteristics and essence. The results of this study are finally expected to be applied on the further discussion of models for urban planning and settlement development. Keywords: Human Settlement, Transition Factors, Development Models, Identity

碩士
國立臺南大學
台灣文化研究所
105
The formation of Taiwanese settlement could be related to the following factors - the convenience of transportation, the advancement of farmland and suitable living environment. Since late Ming Dynasty, agriculture has been the main target of the settlement development. In Qing Dynasty, farmland was concentrated reclaim by the groups of local residents. These residents were also called tenant farmer. They recruit huge amount of labors from Fujian and Guangdong region by the name of resident who came from same residential village or people who came from same Chinese kinship family. Undoubtedly, it is imagined that the formatting of tenant farmers represents the prototype of the Taiwanese settlement, many traditional Taiwanese place name such as “Liao” “Tsuo” was named by this case. In addition, Wushulin settlement has been developed at this period. During the period of Japanese occupation, Taiwan Sotokufu has agreed with the basic economic policy as “Industry for Japan, Agriculture for Taiwan”. This policy positioned Taiwan as a “tropical agriculture and grain production base”. At the same time, Japanese government established agriculture research institute and farmer organization, which also investigated hydraulic engineering to support the field irrigation. These determinations helped Japanese government to begin green revolution and approved the agriculture-based colonial economy plan. The crops of Wushulin region and surrounded settlement are mainly grains and rice. In 1901, the father of sugar industry – Inazo Nitobe has presented“sugar improvement opinion form” to adjust unsuitable rice field to sugar cane field and promote modernization for sugar industry. One year later, Taiwan Sotokufu published “bonus rules for sugar industry”.Famous sugar companies such as Taiwan, Meiji, Ensuiko, Dainippon, Nitaka,Donggang were established in this period and benefited from these policies. Wushulin sugar industry, as the new type of sugar cane mill in Houbi region, was founded by Toyo sugar refining cooperation in 1909. In the early period, Wushulin sugar industry was named as“Toyo sugar refining cooperation’s second industry”. In 1927, Toyo sugar refining cooperation was merged to Dainippon sugar cooperation; Wushulin sugar industry was merged to Meiji sugar cooperation. At the same time, Wushulin sugar industry expanded its production efficiency and recruit huge amount of nonlocal employees entered this industry, which forms agricultural and industrial settlement. After World War II, Wushulin sugar industry was managed by Taiwan sugar cooperation. Well preserved living place such as employee’s dormitory and sufficient resources could literally generate an independent living circle for local resident. However, due to world economic transition and the competitive of sugar industry becomes weaken. The policy of purchasing sugar has importantly changed in 1983. This forced Wushulin sugar industry to terminate its sugar production. Wushulin sugar industry has rebuilt to low manpower requirement orchid research center and Wushulin recreation park. Traditional agriculture restructured to quality agriculture, sugar industrial village collapsed and made residents lived difficultly. This issue caused youth unemployment and demolished the old factory and employee’s dormitory; serious outflow of young people degenerated Wushulin region to agriculture settlement. Additionally, unbalanced average age transformed the popularity structure to M-shaped society. With the above issues, lack of new element injection has stopped the development of Wushulin region. The concept of this paper will explore and discuss following aspects from the perspective of settlement - the renovation of settlement, the influence by industrial transition, difficulties and further solutions, suggestions of reforming settlement with current resources. These discussions are expected to energize the circumstance of settlement and fulfill specific culture.

M.A.
It has been proven that all over the world informal settlements have come about as a result of housing shortage. Housing crisis is directly associated with rapid population growth which in turn leads to rapid urbanisation. Rapid urbanisation which puts tremendous stress in infrastructure available in the cities, is a process which cannot be reversed or stopped. It needs to be managed by the city authorities. That also is problematic because cities do not always have the resources to cope with this demand. This thesis puts forward suggestions that could be used to alleviate the dilemma facing the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council, with the cum of throwing light on how informal settlements can be dealt with in the changing economy of South Africa. In order to address the research problem and fulfil the research objectives, a literature study was done, which gave various strategies that have been adopted in other countries. The literature study has been largely used to compare South Africa with other countries such as Brazil, Peru, Kenya, etc. who are faced with rapid urbanisation. A historical overview of urbanisation in South Africa, beginning in the early twentieth century has been given. This was done to illustrate the evolution of the South African legal system in an attempt to cope with events emanating from the discovery of gold in the Johannesburg area. Attempts by the new government to support the local authorities, particularly the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council have been acknowledged. For example, the establishment of the Development Facilitation Act, the Botshabelo. Accord, the repeal of laws which made it impossible for people to take control of their destinies, are a few of these attempts. The emphasis in this study a placed on the involvement of people as a management tool in the development process.

There has been a gradual shift in informal settlement intervention policies across the world, with In situ upgrading being considered an ideal approach as it addresses poor conditions in settlements without negatively impacting on beneficiaries’ lives. However, despite policy and programme shifts, implementation outcomes have remained limited. This study focused on the gap between informal settlement policy intents and implementation outcomes in Johannesburg, South Africa and Nairobi, Kenya. It draws from implementation experiences from the two case studies, building contextual accounts of this challenge into a comparative study. Implementation gaps in the two cities were attributed to a number of issues, including: how policies were designed; tensions and challenges within and between implementing agencies; politics of beneficiaries and other stakeholders; among others. The study’s key argument is that policy has given insufficient regard to the context of implementation and the means of implementation before coming into effect.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
90
This paper investigates the development and evolution of the street layout in old Feng-Shan walled-city（Tzuoying）. The flow of time and the shifting political power – from the military-stationed settlement of late Ming Dynasty, the establishment and flourishing growth of the City in Chin Dynasty, being designated as military district in Japanese Colonial Period, to the influx of the Navy and their families after Taiwan was repossessed by KMT, change and shape the spatial structure of Old Fend-Shan walled-City. This paper is therefore divided into three parts: the reclaiming and establishment of Hsing-lung-chuang（興隆庄） from 1661 to 1995, the spaces of the Old City under the Colonial governance from 1895 to 1945, and the change of the Old City’s spatial structure and settlement forms. The studies investigate and piece up the original figure of Old Fen-Shan through historical data collection and analysis, and map overlays of street layout. In addition to the advantage of being located near the coasts and readily to guard the ports, old Feng-Shan walled-city (Tzuoying) has mountains surrounded, with Gui (Turtle) and She (Snake) Mountains on the inland side and Panping-Shan (半屏) and Takukang (打鼓) Mountains on the shore side. The natural fortress of both northern and southern sides makes the Old Feng-Shan an important military base since late Ming Dynasty, and thus the development of its street spatial structure has been deeply influenced by the governors. At the firstly establishment of the City in late Ming Dynasty, it was settled with higher class, and became the military district accommodating troops and equipments in Japanese Colonial Period. Its form of street spaces later changed again when the large number of Navy and the families immigrated into the City. While the development of spaces is profoundly determined by governors’ policies, the evolution of the old streets outside the Old City’s north gate, which was an important gateway between Pi-Tou（埤頭）and Tainan with the water resources from Lian-Chi-Tan（蓮池潭） for agriculture, still goes along its historical pattern. The development of the streets declares, from its origins to the present, that the various roles it has been played affected how the street structure was evolved and interacted and thus formed extremely different street layout.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
建築與城鄉研究所
95
When settlements of military servicemen had to be reconstructed, we frequently discovered in the news reports that a lot of senior veterans or residents living in settlements were forced to move out. The government arranged temporarily occupies for those residents simultaneously but casually, and ignored the inner existing relationship of interpersonal network inside. Researcher is prompted by the issues including the government used the simplified assignment without concerning about the primary social network, and the space types in renovated residence community from settlements of military servicemen were so identical that it couldn’t meet substantially with habitants’ physical and psychological needs. Those inquiries evoke researcher attempting to discuss the effects about the changes of living space and environmental context upon original residents of military servicemen''s settlements. This research based on the spatial observation, participant observation, field investigation and in-depth interviews of the nine residents living in military servicemen''s settlements in Taipei. Since the researcher cares that how these residents adapt in the process of residential mobility and how the transition of home and neighborhood environment affect residents’ psychology before and after moving. Four main research questions frame the current study: (a) How did they link up their life meanings and living experiences with the specific historical spatial condition? (b) What was the residents’ living strategy regarding inside and outside space of the new neighborhood environment after shifting in the original specific environment? (c) After transferring to the new environment, how did residents’ ‘meanings of home’ have to alter? And what was the residents’ adaptability to new neighborhood? (d) How did these elderly in the relocation household of military servicemen''s settlements with lower position attach to the new environment after changing? When facing the high rise apartment buildings with the lift, dispersed neighborhood relationship, and the changing neighborhood is unable to meet their physics and psychological demands at the same time, therefore it makes the elderly feel strong alienation. But most of these old residents didn’t feel downhearted day by day, on the contrary, they changed the use of limited space energetically and spontaneously, and utilized resource of community to fit even more their true demand of health status, family’s structure and life that those changed with time. Hence they formed another new existence tactic and living style. This research expects to have achievement that could find the suitable ways to solve the problem of the transition of home and neighborhood for the elderly in Taiwan society nowadays.

碩士
中原大學
室內設計研究所
100
The long shaped structure of Judong has long been established during the Qing Dynasty. Its abundant water resources often cause the area to be in the face of flood crisis. Settlements located by the riverside have therefore been developing at an increasingly slower pace, while those by the mountainside develop faster. Only until the gradual improvement of transportation and complete flood control works did riverside settlements begin expanding through Zhong Xing River to Touqian riverside.In the early days the waters played a predominant role in the development of settlements. Since Zhong Xing River passes through the center of Judong Township, the focal area of Judong has become an important boundary for the development of cities and towns. Judong, originally named the “Laundry Space”, was once an important place where women would wash their clothes. It is now a cultural landscape that still remains today. The bridge on the river connects the two riversides. The story of the transition of cities and towns and migration of local ethnic groups can be seen in the settlements of Zhong Xing riverside. The current study identified the water culture of Judong by observing space to understand the importance of Zhong Xing River in the location of cities and towns as well as the reason for their development and transition and migration of settlements. In addition, the historical position of Zhong Xing River and the living space of riversides and its representation were explored to serve as a reference for future studies on the history and life culture of the Hakka settlements in Judong.

碩士
逢甲大學
建築碩士學位學程
107
Meinung District belongs to Right Unit of the Six Units militia of Hakka settlements in Southern Taiwan, which about two-thirds of Hakka, however, it still keeps up all the tradition of Hakka cultures. The main industries in Meinung are mainly agriculture. Since farmers were introduced to the tobacco industry during the period of Japanese colonization, almost every farmer began to grow tobacco with high economic value. During 1950-1980, there was a quarter of the tobacco in Taiwan were produced in Meinung. The tobacco industry deeply affected the development of these settlements. Until Taiwan has joined the WTO, farmers in Meinung were facing the competition of imported tobacco, the area of tobacco fields was decreased year by year. The tobacco buildings decreased from about two thousand to one hundred. Therefore the rapidly disappearing tobacco buildings represented a gradually changing settlement structure. The main axis of this research was the tobacco industry, settlements, and spatial structures in Meinung District. Based on the previous researches of the development of Meinung settlements, all of the researches were usually described in narrative forms. It is more difficult to express the structure of the settlement space and it is impossible to understand the influence of the tobacco industry on the settlement space. However, this research chose base maps from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) which database are the hundreds of years Taiwan maps. The hundreds of years Taiwan maps are the base maps for studying the spatial variation of settlements. For the part of tobacco industry besides integrating the process of development of tobacco industry, architectural forms, space relationship, it also includes the analyzes the relationship between the development of the tobacco industry and the settlement space that cover the map of tobacco buildings and the map of the settlement space. The research objects were focused on Mienung Village, Zhongtan Village and Longdu Village in the Japanese occupation period. thereThe three villages are located in the center of Meinung District, and they are all places where the early reclaim from Meinung. Each of the villages is divided into three periods, the initial tobacco industry stage, the heyday tobacco industry stage and the recession tobacco industry stage. The analysis of those three villages concluded the process of change of tobacco industry settlement through the Topology, Space Syntax and Shape Grammar. At last, a comparison analysis between the three villages and exploring the development process of the tobacco industry affects the development of Meinung settlements.

Settlement services for immigrants are a relatively new phenomenon in Canada. There is a dearth of research examining the roles of settlement services in the transition process of immigrant youth. Drawn from Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological systems theory, this interpretive qualitative study explores the experience of Asian immigrant youth who settled in Canada with the assistance of settlement services for youth. This study, conducted in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, involved immigrant youth from China, Korea, and the Philippines, aged 15-24, who participated in semi-structured, audio taped interviews regarding the roles a local settlement services agency (the Victoria Immigrant and Refugee Centre Society) played in their transitions to Canada. Data were analyzed using an iterative thematic analysis approach. The findings contribute to understanding the ecological context of settlement experiences of youth and shed light on challenges and barriers that Asian immigrant youth may experience in smaller, predominantly white, urban centres such as Victoria. The study also yields insight about the impact of settlement services in the acculturative process of Asian immigrant youth. This research offers a theoretical framework that can informs the design of settlement programs and the delivery of programs in practice. The study also supports several recommendations for settlement services that may be useful for the particular agency and for settlement agencies in general.
Graduate

碩士
國立臺南大學
台灣文化研究所碩士班
99
The north of Laonong River, also known as "Sibei", located at the alluvial of Laonong River. Due to flooding, the economic development of "Sibei" lags behind, "Sinan," the village. During the period of Japan ruled Taiwan, It is extremely inconvenience to Qishan Township and Meinong Township for local residents. 1927~1938 BC, the Japanese government had finished Xia-Danshui River regulation. They converged Ailiao River and Laonong River, jeopardized the essence areas of Ping-Tong County, into Xia-Danshui Rriver. After the success of river regulation, the village in the areas of north Laonong River had developed stably and became the current settlement patterns and explored new land for the important production areas. The areas had been chose to settle down the retreated people from Yunnan and Myanmar. Because of the frequent activities of river moving and accumulation, the sand and stone has deposited amazingly. Sand and gravel industry is the most important economy activities in the area of north river in nearly 20 years. The mining sand industry made transportation and business flourishing. After a lot of flooding, especially the Morakot Typhoon carried the biggest sand at august 7th 2009; the silt cannot be moved within 50 years. The residents with adventure spirit created diverse industry economic activity in this area. They got success from the change of industry. There fostered the talented person because of raising living standard, culture and education. No matter agriculture, fisheries, public service system, political or business, people of north river’s areas owned important social position. Traffic and public facilities in the area of north river had been done perfectly. There are a vast land, comfortable whether and abundant water. It owns potential to be developed into living areas, agricultural areas or recreation areas.

D.Phil. (Environmental Management)
Clean, efficient, and low carbon energy services are crucial to the sustainable functioning of a household unit. Therefore, this study explores a vital query on the best pathway to achieve universal modern energy access in low-income South African households, based on information gathered from interviews in urban settlements. The thesis is based on published papers touching on thematic areas of household energy access – from baseline assessments to appraisal of modern energy programmes. A set of factors that are necessary for successful introduction and uptake of clean energy are identified for consideration by policy makers. Results indicate widespread use of paraffin and solid fuels in inefficient combustion technologies among low-income urban households even in the rich Johannesburg metropolis. In the absence of formal employment, some township residents use the basic fuels and conventional combustion technologies for productive purposes. Growth in the thermal-intensive informal businesses could be achieved faster through provision of efficient and reliable alternative energy technologies and better operational environment. This study has highlighted the undue risk borne by energy-poor households in the performance of the day-to-day energy tasks. The results show that household risk is positively correlated with the quality and quantity of energy used, with paraffin being the most risky fuel and the apparent risk being larger in non-electrified households. The affected communities have expressed a desire to adopt cleaner and safer forms of energy for residential and economic uses. It is incumbent upon the government and relevant role players to create enabling systems for acquisition of the preferred modern energy streams. An LPG intervention project in the City of Tshwane has demonstrated the inherent potential for modern energy to transform the socioeconomics and overall wellbeing of a family. The impact of such energy interventions could be improved through better-designed energy delivery models that cater for residential and productive needs, leading to sustainable communities. Education and income have been shown to be good precursors for modern energy uptake. Therefore, efforts towards sustainable energy for all should not only focus on indigent assistance and expansion of electrification, but also be intertwined with policies addressing skills need and better household incomes.

This is a case study of an Indian squatter community located on the periphery of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It focuses on the efforts of its residents - an ethnic minority and part of the urban poor - to survive in the city. The emphasis is on how they have actively, and often quite ingeniously, adapted to and dealt with the myriad of constraints confronting their lives. In particular, their responses to the need for shelter, livelihood and forced resettlement have been examined. Despite their disadvantaged social and economic status, the Indians studied are not powerless victims. Rather they have actively defended and furthered their interests as best they can. In these endeavours many have been moderately successful. This study found that the flexibility offered by the squatter settlement facilitated a gradual improvement in their socio-economic status. Further, it highlights the heterogeneous economic status of the Indian settlers and the differential impact forced resettlement has had on them. Also, the case study emphasizes the need to deepen our comprehension of squatters and their efforts to help themselves. Given the sheer dimensions of squatting throughout Third World cities, this understanding is critical especially when outside agencies intervene in the squatters’ lives. The stereotype of squatters as a static, powerless people entrenched in a homogeneous blanket of poverty is a very distorted image. By tracing the journey of the Indian settlers to, and within, the squatter settlement and their forced resettlement, this dissertation presents a far more dynamic picture. Like an increasing number of Third World squatters, the Indians studied are people in transition.

The policy of Separate Development and its forceful implementation by the Nationalist Government from the !960's and into the 1980's resulted in the resettlement of thousands of Africans in the 'homeland' Ciskei in the Eastern Cape. All these changes had a profound and very often a disruptive influence on the lives of those involved. People's ability to survive amidst these circumstances, was tested to the limit. This study looks at the role of the local Christian faith community in supporting its members during these rapid and disruptive socioeconomic and political changes. The study is confined to two congregations of the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa in Ilitha and Ndevana in the Eastern Cape. Following an introductory chapter, Chapter 2 gives a historical outline of developments in the broader Ciskei. Attention is also given to demographic, social and economic conditions. Chapter 3 describes the culture and feeling of despair, powerlessness and mistrust that is deeply entrenched in the minds of many people in the community due to depressive socio-economic situations. Chapter 4 gives an overview of the churches in the area and describes the supportive structures and actions of two churches in the Ilitha-Ndevana area. No instant solutions are offered to members but through mutual support they find a sense of belonging and encouragement in the midst of their hardship. In Chapter 5 a model for the mission of the local church in a context of social and economic change and disruption, is presented. It is shown how the image of Christianity and the Gospel have been distorted and misused in the past through the entanglement of mission and colonialism, a negative attitude towards African culture, and by contributing to the subordination of women in society. A vision that people in Africa can have peace and dignity and become self-reliant is proposed. Within the local faith community this vision is built on an understanding of God as the weak and suffering Lord, on fellowship and mutual support, a new reading of the Bible, a practical community based spirituality, and an emphasis on healing.
Die daarstelling en .kragdadige toepassing van die beleid van Afsonderlike Ontwikkeling vanaf die 1960's tot·die 1980's het tot gevolg_gehad dat duisende Swart Suid-AftilCaners hervestig is in die Ciskei-tuisland in die Oos-Kaap. Al hierdie veranderinge het verreikende en baie dikwels ontwrigtende gevolge op die betrokkenes gehad. Mense se vermoens om binne hierdie omstandighede te oorlee:t: is tot die uiterste beproef. Hierdie studie kyk na die rol van die plaaslike · Cbristelike. geloofsgemeenskap in die ondersteuning van sy lede tydens snelle en ontwrigtende sosiale, ekonomiese en politieke veranderinge. Die studie is beperk tot twee gemeentes van die Verenigende Gereformeerde Kerk in Suider-Aftika in Ilitha en Ndevana in die Oos-Kaap. Na 'n inleidende hoofstuk, gee hoofstuk 2 'n historiese oorsig van ontwikkelinge in die breere Ciskei-gebied. Aandag word ook gegee aan demografriese, sosiale en ekonomiese toestande. Hoofstuk 3 beskryf 'n kultuur en gevoel van moedeloosheid, magteloosheid en wantroue wat, as gevolg van neerdrukkende sosiaal-ekonomiese toestande, diep in menige mense se gemoedere vasgele is. Hoofstuk 4 gee 'n oorsig oor die kerke in die gebied en beskryf die ondersteunende strukture en optrede in twee gemeentes in die Ilitha-Ndevana area. Geen kitsoplossings word aan lede aangebied nie, maar deur onderlinge steun vind hulle geborgenheid en bemoediging te midde van swaarkry. In hoofstuk 5 word 'n model aangebied vir die missie van die plaaslike kerk te midde van sosiale en ekonomiese veranderinge en ontwrigting. Daar word aangetoon hoe die beeld van die Christendom in die verlede verwring en misbruik is deur: die verstrengeling van sending en kolonialisasie; 'n negatiewe houding teenoor kultuur in Afrika; en deur by te dra tot die ondergeskikte posisie van vroue in die samelewing. 'n Visie dat die mense van Afrika vrede en menswaardigheid kan geniet en self onderhoudend kan raak, word voorgestel. Binne die plaaslike geloofsgemeenskap word aan hierdie visie gebou deur 'n begrip van God as die magtelose en lydende Here, deur onderlinge gemeenskap en ondersteuning, 'n nuwe lees en begrip van die Bybel, 'n praktiese gemeenskaps-gerigte spiritualiteit en 'n beklemtoning van heling en herstel.
Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
D.Th. (Missiology)

Die Windenergie an Land (Onshore-Windenergie) ist neben der Photovoltaik eine der tragenden Säulen der Energiewende in Deutschland. Wie schon in der Vergangenheit wird auch zukünftig der Ausbau der Onshore-Windenergie, mit dem Ziel eine umweltgerechte und sichere Energieversorgung für zukünftige Generationen aufzubauen, durch die Politik massiv vorangetrieben. Für eine planvolle Umsetzung der Energiewende, insbesondere im Bereich der Windenergie, müssen Kenntnisse über den zur Verfügung stehenden Raum und der Wirkungsweise standortspezifischer Faktoren auf planungsrechtlicher Ebene vorhanden sein. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Region Deutschland auf das für dieWindenergie an Land nutzbare Flächenpotenzial analysiert, von diesem allgemein gültige Energiepotenziale abgeleitet und in einer Sensitivitätsanalyse die Einflüsse verschiedener Abstände zwischen den Windenergieanlagen und Siedlungsstrukturen auf das ermittelte Energiepotenzial untersucht. Des Weiteren wurden für die beobachteten Zusammenhänge zwischen den Distanz- und Energiepotenzialänderungen mathematische Formeln erstellt, mit deren Hilfe eine Energiepotenzialänderung in Abhängigkeit von spezifischen Siedlungsdistanzänderungen vorhersagbar sind. Die Analyse des Untersuchungsgebiets (USG) hinsichtlich des zur Verfügung stehenden Flächenpotenzials wurde anhand eines theoretischen Modells, welches die reale Landschaft mit ihren unterschiedlichen Landschaftstypen und Infrastrukturen widerspiegelt, umgesetzt. Auf Basis dieses Modells wurden so genannte „Basisflächen“ sowie für die Onshore-Windenergie nicht nutzbare Flächen (Tabu- oder Ausschlussflächen) identifiziert und mittels einer GIS-Software (Geographisches Informationssystem) verschnitten. Die Identifizierung der Ausschlussflächen erfolgte über regionalisierte beziehungsweise im gesamten USG geltende multifaktorielle Bestimmungen für die Platzierung von Windenergieanlagen (WEA). Zur Gewährleistung einer einheitlichen Konsistenz wurden die verschiedenen Regelungen, welche aus den unterschiedlichsten Quellen stammen, vereinheitlicht, vereinfacht und in einem so genannten „Regelkatalog“ festgeschrieben. Die Berechnung des im USG maximal möglichen Energiepotenzials erfolgte durch eine Referenzanlage, welche im USG räumlich verteilt platziert wurde. Die Energiepotenziale (Leistungs- und Ertragspotenzial) leiten sich dabei aus der Kombination der räumlichen Lage der WEA, den technischen Leistungsspezifikationen der Referenzanlage und dem regionalem Windangebot ab. Eine wesentliche Grundvoraussetzung für die Berechnung der Energiepotenziale lag in der im Vorfeld durchzuführenden Windenergieanlagenallokation auf den Potenzialflächen begründet. Zu diesem Zweck wurde die integrierte Systemlösung „MAXPLACE“ entwickelt. Mit dieser ist es möglich, WEA unter Berücksichtigung von anlagenspezifischen, wirtschaftlichen und sicherheitstechnischen Aspekten in einzelnen oder zusammenhängenden Untersuchungsregionen zu platzieren. Im Gegensatz zu bereits bestehenden Systemlösungen (Allokationsalgorithmen) aus anderen Windenergie-Potenzialanalysen zeichnet sich die integrierte Systemlösung „MAXPLACE“ durch eine sehr gute Effizienz, ein breites Anwendungsspektrum sowie eine einfache Handhabung aus. Der Mindestabstand zwischen den WEA und den Siedlungsstrukturen stellt den größten Restriktionsfaktor für das ermittelte Energiepotenzial dar. Zur Bestimmung der Einflussnahme von Siedlungsdistanzänderungen auf das Energiepotenzial wurde mit Hilfe des erstellten Landschaftsmodells eine Sensitivitätsanalyse durchgeführt. In dieser wurden die vorherrschenden Landschafts- und Infrastrukturen analysiert und daraus standortbeschreibende Parameter abgeleitet. Neben der konkreten Benennung der Energiepotenzialänderungen, wurden für das gesamte USG mathematische Abstraktionen der beobachteten Zusammenhänge in Form von Regressionsformeln ermittelt. Diese Formeln ermöglichen es, ohne die in dieser Arbeit beschriebene aufwendige Methodik nachzuvollziehen, mit nur wenigen Parametern die Auswirkungen einer Siedlungsdistanzänderung auf das Energiepotenzial innerhalb des Untersuchungsgebiets zu berechnen.