Academic literature on the topic 'Transitional morphologies'

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Journal articles on the topic "Transitional morphologies"

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Trisciuoglio, Marco, Michela Barosio, Ana Ricchiardi, Zeynep Tulumen, Martina Crapolicchio, and Rossella Gugliotta. "Transitional Morphologies and Urban Forms: Generation and Regeneration Processes—An Agenda." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 6233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116233.

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Grounded in the study of urban morphology, this position paper seeks to overcome the analysis of the permanent elements of a city in the search for a transitional paradigm in urban morphology, with the aim of grasping the dynamics of urban evolution and providing operative tools for the design of urban regeneration through an adaptive approach. Four actions for urban analysis are suggested here to highlight urban dynamics through the use of different tools: (a) sorting the transitional steps of urban morphologies (within rapid market processes), (b) underlining rules and processes that characterize urban coding in transitions, (c) mapping urban assemblages in an adaptive city, and (d) reading and representing the phenomenon of urban permutation. The results of this multifaceted and multidimensional set of analytical tools make it possible to outline a new paradigm for design thinking that moves towards a parametric approach to the urban design of cities in transition by broadening the extent of the urban regeneration process and supporting urban policies in the framework of a community-based approach.
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Sánchez, Pedro A., Tomás Sintes, Oreste Piro, and Julyan H. E. Cartwright. "Effects of microstructures on mesoscopic morphological transitions in deposition growth models." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 465, no. 2112 (October 7, 2009): 3875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2009.0311.

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We study the influence of competing microstructure symmetries on the emergence of different morphologies during the growth by vapour deposition of thin solid films. We perform extensive numerical simulations with a minimal model that includes different microstructures, as well as thermal surface diffusion, to compute the corresponding structure zone model (SZM) and analyse, with statistical physics techniques, the details of transitional morphologies at border zones. We show that the maximum coordination number of the underlying microstructure provides a classification of the statistics of the transitional morphologies at the border between zones I (porous structures) and II (columnar faceted structures) of the SZM.
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Chen, Kuan-Ting, Wei-Chung Chang, Shu-Chen Lu, Po-Yuan Yang, and Hsing-Yu Tuan. "Facile Synthesis of Cu Nanocrystals with Morphology Evolution from Transitional Truncated Octahedra to Octahedra." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (December 26, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2890162.

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Growth of Cu polyhedral structures with well-defined and controllable shapes faced tremendous synthetic challenges in colloid nanocrystal synthesis in the past few decades. In this article, we report a facile approach for the synthesis of Cu nanocrystals with systematic morphological evolution. Transitional truncated octahedral, edge- and corner-truncated octahedral, all-corner-truncated octahedral, and octahedral structures were obtained in a solution-based reduction reaction by precise tuning reaction time. Four distinct morphologies of nanocrystals have been characterized by SEM technique. The optical properties of these various morphologies of nanocrystals were also investigated, and it indicates that the SPR band shifts red while the shape of nanoparticles evolves from transitional truncated octahedral to octahedral, whose resonant bands are transferred from 590 nm to 620 nm.
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Peng, Bangfa, Nan Jiang, Kefeng Shang, Na Lu, Jie Li, and Yan Wu. "Characteristics of three-electrode pulsed surface dielectric barrier discharge: streamer-to-spark transition and hydrodynamic expansion." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 26 (April 8, 2022): 265202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac5a20.

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Abstract Streamer-to-spark transition and hydrodynamic expansion in a three-electrode pulsed surface dielectric barrier discharge are studied under atmospheric-pressure air. Three sequential discharge processes of the primary streamer, transitional streamer and spark phase during a single pulse are observed from the time-resolved plasma morphologies. The primary streamer and transitional streamer phases, with a rising voltage and low current, followed by a spark phase with a rapidly falling pulse and ascending current are characterized. Images of the discharge development show that the transitional streamer is maintained in the ionization channel after the primary streamer bridges the high-voltage electrode and the second grounded electrode. When the transitional streamer develops to a certain level, the streamer discharge transfers into the spark discharge. As a result, two shock waves are induced in the two exposed electrode domains, and then merge into a single ellipse during the process of hydrodynamic expansion. Boltzmann plots indicate that the electron temperature is 4.815 eV in the initial phase of spark discharge and gradually decreases in the spark phase. Stark broadening of the O atomic line shows that the electron density is 7.06 × 1017 cm−3 during the spark phase.
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Coates, M. I. "The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod interrelationships and patterns of skeletal evolution." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 87, no. 3 (1996): 363–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300006787.

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ABSTRACTThe postcranial skeleton of Acanthostega gunnari from the Famennian of East Greenland displays a unique, transitional, mixture of features conventionally associated with fishand tetrapod-like morphologies. The rhachitomous vertebral column has a primitive, barely differentiated atlas-axis complex, encloses an unconstricted notochordal canal, and the weakly ossified neural arches have poorly developed zygapophyses. More derived axial skeletal features include caudal vertebral proliferation and, transiently, neural radials supporting unbranched and unsegmented lepidotrichia. Sacral and post-sacral ribs reiterate uncinate cervical and anterior thoracic rib morphologies: a simple distal flange supplies a broad surface for iliac attachment. The octodactylous forelimb and hindlimb each articulate with an unsutured, foraminate endoskeletal girdle. A broad-bladed femoral shaft with extreme anterior torsion and associated flattened epipodials indicates a paddle-like hindlimb function. Phylogenetic analysis places Acanthostega as the sister-group of Ichthyostega plus all more advanced tetrapods. Tulerpeton appears to be a basal stemamniote plesion, tying the amphibian-amniote split to the uppermost Devonian. Caerorhachis may represent a more derived stem-amniote plesion. Postcranial evolutionary trends spanning the taxa traditionally associated with the fish-tetrapod transition are discussed in detail. Comparison between axial skeletons of primitive tetrapods suggests that plesiomorphic fish-like morphologies were re-patterned in a cranio-caudal direction with the emergence of tetrapod vertebral regionalisation. The evolution of digited limbs lags behind the initial enlargement of endoskeletal girdles, whereas digit evolution precedes the elaboration of complex carpal and tarsal articulations. Pentadactylous limbs appear to have stabilised independently in amniote and amphibian lineages; the colosteid Greererpeton has a pentadactylous manus, indicating that basal amphibian forelimbs may not be restricted to patterns of four digits or less.
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Nehm, Ross H., and Dana H. Geary. "A gradual morphological transition during a rapid speciation event in marginellid gastropods (Neogene; Dominican Republic)." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007826.

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Paleontological studies can bring to light two important aspects of the speciation process: long term patterns of morphological change, and the paleoenvironmental context of such changes. We examined the temporal patterns of morphological change and their geographic and paleoenvironmental context in species of Prunum (Marginellidae; Gastropoda) from the Neogene of the northern Dominican Republic. We document a speciation event from P. coniforme (Sowerby 1849) to P. christineladdae (Maury 1917) which is unusual in both its temporal expression, and in the relative clarity of the ecological setting for speciation.We believe that the changes in morphology from P. coniforme to P. christineladdae represent a speciation event. The two species are distinguished by several shell features, including overall shape, spire height, relative height of the top of the lip, and apertural denticulations. The nature and magnitude of these differences, compared with morphological differences among extant species of Prunum, indicate that separate species designations are warranted for P. coniforme and P. christineladdae. A sequence of stratigraphic and morphological intermediates between these species provides strong stratophenetic evidence for speciation.The stratigraphic interval characterized by intermediate morphologies includes approximately 22 m of section. Sedimentation rates yield estimates of approximately 73,000–275,000 years for our interval of morphologic change. This transitional interval represents between 0.6–2.5 % of the total duration of the ancestral species.The patterns of morphological change exhibited by the two species generally fit the predictions of punctuated equilibrium; change from ancestor to descendent is relatively rapid, outside the transitional interval species exhibit no directional morphologic trends, and the ancestral species persists after speciation.Our data reveal some information on the mode of speciation. Prunum species from our study area exhibit well-defined depth ranges. P. christineladdae occurs only in deep water deposits, whereas P. coniforme is common in shallow water deposits. Based on distributional data, we suggest that depth, or one or more of its associated variables, was critical to the isolation and evolution of P. christineladdae.
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Heers, Ashley M., Kenneth P. Dial, and Bret W. Tobalske. "From baby birds to feathered dinosaurs: incipient wings and the evolution of flight." Paleobiology 40, no. 3 (2014): 459–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/13057.

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Reconstructing the tree of life requires deciphering major evolutionary transformations and the functional capacities of fossils with “transitional” morphologies. Some of the most iconic, well-studied fossils with transitional features are theropod dinosaurs, whose skeletons and feathered forelimbs record the origin and evolution of bird flight. However, in spite of over a century of discussion, the functions of forelimb feathers during the evolution of flight remain enigmatic. Both aerodynamic and non-aerodynamic roles have been proposed, but few of the form-function relationships assumed by these scenarios have been tested. Here, we use the developing wings of a typical extant ground bird (Chukar Partridge) as possible analogues/homologues of historical wing forms to provide the first empirical evaluation of aerodynamic potential in flapping theropod “protowings.” Immature ground birds with underdeveloped, rudimentary wings generate useful aerodynamic forces for a variety of locomotor tasks. Feather development in these birds resembles feather evolution in theropod dinosaurs, and reveals a predictable relationship between wing morphology and aerodynamic performance that can be used to infer performance in extinct theropods. By spinning an ontogenetic series of spread-wing preparations on a rotating propeller apparatus across a range of flow conditions and measuring aerodynamic force, we explored how changes in wing size, feather structure, and angular velocity might have affected aerodynamic performance in dinosaurs choosing to flap their incipient wings. At slow angular velocities, wings produced aerodynamic forces similar in magnitude to those produced by immature birds during behaviors like wing-assisted incline running. At fast angular velocities, wings produced forces sufficient to support body weight during flight. These findings provide a quantitative, biologically relevant bracket for theropod performance and suggest that protowings could have provided useful aerodynamic function early in maniraptoran history, with improvements in aerodynamic performance attending the evolution of larger wings, more effective feather morphologies, and faster angular velocities.
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BAHAT, D., A. RABINOVITCH, and V. FRID. "Correlation of plume morphologies on joint surfaces with their fracture mechanic implications." Geological Magazine 145, no. 5 (June 13, 2008): 733–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756808004974.

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AbstractThe fractography and conditions of propagation of joints that cut Devonian siltstones in the Appalachian Plateau, New York, and Eocene chalks from the Beer Sheva Syncline, Israel, are investigated. The joints cutting the siltstones are marked by S-type and C-type plumes, and the joints cutting the Lower Eocene and Middle Eocene chalks are marked by coarse and delicate plumes, respectively. The four plume types propagated under sub-critical (slow propagation) conditions. On the semi-quantitative fracture velocity (v) versus the tensile stress intensity (KI) curves, the S and C plume types fall in the KI=0.073–0.79 MPa m1/2 and v=2×10−4–10−2 m/s and KI=0.073–0.79 MPa m1/2 and v=10−6–10−4 m/s ranges respectively. The coarse and delicate plumes fall in the KI=0.03–0.17 MPa m1/2 and v=10−6–4×10−5 m/s and KI=0.03–0.17 MPa m1/2 and v=10−4–5×10−3 m/s ranges, respectively. Generally, slow plumes are relatively short, show periodicity, and typically exhibit superposition of arrest marks. On the other hand, faster plumes are longer and continuous, occur particularly in thinner layers, and show no superposition of arrest marks. There is a clear distinction between two en échelon segmentation end-members in the joint fringe, the ‘discontinuous breakdown type’ and the ‘continuous breakdown type’. There are also ‘transitional’ variations between the end-members. Only curved ‘discontinuous breakdown type’ boundaries of en échelon fringes can be equated with mirror boundaries.
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Grant, Roger I., David A. Hartmann, Robert G. Underly, Andrée-Anne Berthiaume, Narayan R. Bhat, and Andy Y. Shih. "Organizational hierarchy and structural diversity of microvascular pericytes in adult mouse cortex." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 39, no. 3 (September 21, 2017): 411–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x17732229.

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Smooth muscle cells and pericytes, together called mural cells, coordinate many distinct vascular functions. Canonically, smooth muscle cells are ring-shaped and cover arterioles with circumferential processes, whereas pericytes extend thin processes that run longitudinally along capillaries. In between these canonical mural cell types are cells with features of both smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Recent studies suggest that these transitional cells are critical for controlling blood flow to the capillary bed during health and disease, but there remains confusion on how to identify them and where they are located in the brain microvasculature. To address this issue, we measured the morphology, vascular territory, and α-smooth muscle actin content of structurally diverse mural cells in adult mouse cortex. We first imaged intact 3D vascular networks to establish the locations of major gradations in mural cell appearance as arterioles branched into capillaries. We then imaged individual mural cells occupying the regions within these gradations. This revealed two transitional cells that were often similar in appearance, but with sharply contrasting levels of α-smooth muscle actin. Our findings highlight the diversity of mural cell morphologies in brain microvasculature, and provide guidance for identification and categorization of mural cell types.
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Huth, Miriam A., Axel Huth, and Kerstin Koch. "Morphological diversity of β-diketone wax tubules on Eucalyptus gunnii leaves and real time observation of self-healing of defects in the wax layer." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 4 (2018): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt18035.

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As part of the plant cuticle, epicuticular waxes build the boundary layer of a plant to its environment, fulfilling many vital functions. Epicuticular waxes are small crystalline structures which originate by self-assembly. The morphology of β-diketone tubules on Eucalyptus gunnii Hook.f. leaves was studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and regeneration of removed waxes was investigated in real time by atomic force microscopy (AFM) on leaf surfaces. Smooth tubules as well as helically wound ribbons and transitional forms of tubules were found on adaxial leaf surfaces. Leaves of different developmental stages revealed no differences in their wax morphologies, but in the amount of wax allocation. After removal of the waxes regeneration was observed on leaves of all investigated ages. The regeneration of wax crystals started directly after wax removal and tubule growth could be observed in real time.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Transitional morphologies"

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RICCHIARDI, HERNANDEZ ANA MARIA. "Mapping transitional urban forms The form of the in-formal in Sub-Saharan Africa." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2972206.

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Hutter, Jeffrey Lee. "Solidification of a liquid crystal, morphologies and transitions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24317.pdf.

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Barreteau, Cyrille. "Morphologie et énérgetique des surfaces vicinales de métaux de transition." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006882.

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Etude Theorique de la morphologie et energetique des surfaces vicinales de metaux de transition, a l'aide de methodes de structure
elecrtonique et de potentiels empiriques. Une attention particuliere
est dediee a l'etude de la stabilite des surfaces vicinales vis a vis du facettage.
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Ramirez, Marquez Walter. "Relations procédé de synthèse microstructure-morphologie-propriétés des copolymères acrylate de méthyle-styrène." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO19025.

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Copolymerisation en emulsion. Par le procede en reacteur ferme, l'existence d'azoetropes plus nombreux qu'en solution ou en masse confirme que les taux de reactivite sont des grandeurs cinetiques apparentes. Synthese de copolymeres a composition et a structuration controlees, par des procedes semicontinu, batch corrige et core-shell
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Bencheikh, Fatima. "Corrélation entre les propriétés optiques, la structure électronique et la morphologie des semi-conducteurs organiques pi-conjugués." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4362.

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Le développement de la technologie des cellules photovoltaïques organiques nécessite des compétences diverses liées à l’ingénierie moléculaire, à l’ingénierie des interfaces, au contrôle et à la caractérisation de la morphologie des films, à l’optimisation de la structure du dispositif et à la compréhension de la photo-physique des matériaux utilisés. Dans ce contexte, le travail présenté dans cette thèse contribue à la compréhension des propriétés photo-physiques des matériaux organiques π-conjugués et propose des outils de caractérisations optiques pour le suivi de la morphologie de ces matériaux. Dans un premier temps, une méthodologie rigoureuse de détermination des indices optiques des films organiques par ellipsométrie a été proposée. Les modèles utilisés en ellipsométrie ont ainsi été choisis en tenant compte des propriétés physiques des matériaux organiques π-conjugués ce qui a permis de remonter à la structure électronique de dérivés de fullèrenes (PC60BM et PC70BM). Dans un second temps, nous avons associé des données ellipsométriques à des mesures complémentaires d’absorbance et de photoluminescence dans le cas de deux copolymères (PTB7 et PTB7-Th) en films et en solutions afin d’isoler les interactions inter et intra-chaînes. Nous avons démontré que la photo-physique de ces copolymères diffère de celle du P3HT. Nous avons montré que même en solution dans le chlorobenzène, le PTB7 et le PTB7-Th s'agrègent fortement. Ces agrégats, de type H, se cassent plus facilement dans les solutions de chlorobenzène à base de PTB7-Th que dans celles à base de PTB7
The development of organic photovoltaic cell technology requires various skills related to the molecular engineering, interface engineering, controlling and characterizing the morphology of the films, device structure optimization and understanding of photophysics of the materials. In this context, the work presented in this thesis contributes to the understanding of the photophysical properties of π-conjugated organic materials and propose optical characterizations tools for probing the morphology of these materials. First, a rigorous methodology for determining refractive indices of organic films by ellipsometry has been proposed. The models used in ellipsometry have been chosen by taking into account the physical properties of π-conjugated organic materials which allow the determination of the electronic structure of fullerene derivatives (PC60BM and PC70BM). Secondly, we associated ellipsometric data to complementary measurements of absorbance and photoluminescence in the case of two copolymers (PTB7 and PTB7-Th) in films and solutions in order to isolate inter and intra-chain interactions. We have demonstrated that the photophysics of these copolymers differs from the P3HT. We have shown that even in solution in chlorobenzene, the PTB7 PTB7-Th aggregate strongly. These aggregates, H-type, break more easily in the chlorobenzene solutions based of PTB7-Th as in those based on PTB7
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GRAYER, VALERIE. "Structure, morphologie et transitions de phase cristal / cristal des copolymeres ethylene / monoxyde de carbone strictement alternes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STR13095.

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Les copolymeres ethylene / monoxyde de carbone strictement alternes (polyolefinketones, pok) suscitent un interet croissant depuis le developpement, au milieu des annees 1980, de catalyseurs metallocenes, complexes du paii. Ce sont des polymeres lineaires semi-cristallins possedant de bonnes proprietes mecaniques (module d'young, adhesion,). A l'etat cristallin, ces molecules adoptent une conformation de zigzag planaire et peuvent s'organiser suivant deux phases cristallines a symetrie orthorhombique, notees pok-beta et pok-alpha. La cristallisation de ces copolymeres a partir de solutions tres diluees a permis la formation de cristaux simples (voire monolamellaires). Tous les objets observes presentent, apres cristallisation en phase pok-beta, une transition partielle ou totale vers la phase pok-alpha. La transition inverse partielle est observee lors du recuit des echantillons a une temperature superieure a 110c. L'etude structurale et morphologique de ces echantillons essentiellement par microscopie electronique a transmission (met) et par diffraction des electrons a servi de support a une etude detaillee de la transition de phase cristal/ cristal de la phase pok-beta vers la phase pok-alpha, ainsi que de la transition inverse. Les donnees experimentales ont ete confrontees avec succes aux resultats d'une analyse purement cristallographique de ces transitions, basee sur la modelisation de la deformation du reseau par une transformation de l'espace de type cisaillement caracterisee par un plan invariant et une direction, un sens et une amplitude de deformation (invariant plane strain). Un ensemble de mecanismes de transition, bases sur les etudes precedentes, sont proposes. Ils permettent de rendre compte de la plupart des structures et des morphologies observees. L'etude du polymorphisme cristallin du pok est completee par la caracterisation de la croissance epitaxiale sur un substrat organique (hydroquinone) de ces copolymeres, ainsi que de terpolymeres statistiques ethylene / propylene / monoxyde de carbone, qui s'effectue directement en phase pok-alpha
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Brunet, François. "Etudes des modes de déformation angulaire des molécules tétraédriques XY4 : prédiction de transitions multiphotoniques du silane." Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOS003.

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Nous avons analysé les spectres micro-onde et infrarouge du silane (28 SiH4) correspondant aux trois premiers niveaux vibrationnels de déformation angulaire. L'hamiltonien de vibration-rotation a été construit par couplage de tenseurs irréductibles des groupes O(3) ou Td. Les paramètres déterminés par l'analyse reproduisent les spectres expérimentaux de façon satisfaisante. A partir des résultats précédents nous avons pu prédire un ensemble de transitions multiphotoniques qui ont déja permis l'observation de transitions à deux photons.
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Binotto, Ghislain. "Poudres d’oxydes de métaux de transition à texture, morphologie et taille contrôlées : de l’électrochimie à la catalyse." Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIE0127.

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L’engouement croissant pour les applications portables et automobiles place les batteries Li-ion au premier rang pour le stockage électrochimique de l’énergie. L’intérêt récent pour les matériaux d’électrode nanométriques nous a conduit à l’étude de l’oxyde de cobalt Co3O4 stœchiométrique précipité en solution aqueuse (Co3O4-P). Il est constitué de particules nanométriques cristallisées (40 Å) regroupées en agglomérats micrométriques développant une porosité très finement distribuée. L’étude structurale a révélé une délocalisation partielle des cations en sites 16c et 48f, d’autant plus importante que la taille des domaines est faible. La préservation de la texture, donc les meilleures performances électrochimiques, sont obtenues pour un mélange oxyde/carbone par suspension dans un solvant organique. Une capacité de plus de 600 mAh/g est ainsi maintenue sur vingt cycles. La capacité irréversible au premier cycle est similaire à celle des matériaux massifs, suggérant que leur étape de formatage n’est pas responsable de cette irréversibilité, en partie attribuable à la formation de la phase -CoO. La chute de capacité est principalement attribuée à la dissolution de la matière active dans l’électrolyte ainsi qu’aux effets de la décomposition irréversible du solvant. Différents tests cinétiques de décomposition (NH3, toluène, H2O2, CO) montrent la forte activité catalytique de Co3O4-P. Des résultats préliminaires très encourageants quant aux propriétés catalytiques de Co3O4-P (et dérivés) en cellules Li/O2, en particulier au niveau de la polarisation de la batterie, font de ce matériau un outil idéal pour mettre en relation les domaines de l’électrochimie et de la catalyse
The Li-ion battery technology is so far the best candidate to match the growing demand for portable and automotive power sources. The recent focus on nanomteric electrode materials for Li-ion cells leads us to consider Co3O4 precipitated in aqueous solution (Co3O4-P). This material is made of crystallized nanometric particles (40 Å), forming porous micrometric agglomerates exhibiting a very narrow porosity distribution. A structural investigation shows a partial cationic delocalization in 16c and 48f sites, in an extent inversely proportional to the size of the coherent domains. The powder texture is maintained, and therefore the optimum electrochemical performances, are obtained through the oxide/carbon mixing in suspension in a solvent. A capacity of more than 600 mAh/g is reached along twenty cycles. The first cycle irreversible capacity is equivalent to that of micrometric materials, suggesting that the formatting step is not responsible for this irreversibility, partially attributed to the formation of -CoO. The drop in capacity along cycling is mostly due to the dissolution of the active material in the electrolyte, and to the effects of the irreversible decomposition of the solvent. Different kinetic decomposition tests (NH3, toluene, H2O2, CO) demonstrated the catalytic efficiency of Co3O4-P. Preliminary catalytic and electrochemical results for Co3O4-P and post-annealed materials as catalysts in Li/O2 batteries, mainly regarding the lowering of the cell polarization, let us consider this set of materials as an ideal tool for bridging the electrochemistry and catalysis domains
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Braconnier, Céline. "Improbable cité : Paris et la transition démocratique au début de la troisième république : étude de morphologie politique." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010254.

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Cette thèse interroge les processus à l'œuvre dans la construction politique de la capitale et en mesure les effets sur la figure du local que Paris constitue également. Elle rend compte du conflit qui, au début de la IIIe république, a opposé les parisiens menés par le groupe d'autonomie communale à ceux, de plus en plus nombreux au fur et à mesure de la démocratisation du régime, qui prétendent présider aux destinées de la ville au nom de la France : représentants de l'état, élus de la nation mais aussi littérateurs ou membres d'associations. Elle montre comment la nationalisation de Paris, dont la consécration évince la démocratie urbaine des enjeux politiques légitimes, devient acceptable pour les parisiens quand, au tournant du siècle, le champ politique et culturel local devient lui-même le relai d'offres identitaires fondées sur le rejet de la citoyenneté. Par le biais d'une exclusion muée en refus de prise de rôle, la surestimation de soi collective de parisiens apprenant à tirer profit de l'identification de Paris à la France comble les frustrations engendrées par leur mort politique
This dissertation queries the processes at work in the political construction of the capital and assesses their impact on the local configuration of paris. It gives an account of the conflict which at the start of the third republic opposed the Parisians, led by the groupe d'autonomie communale to those who, increasingly greater in number as democratisation gradually set in, claimed to have a leading national role in the destiny of the city : state representatives, elected members of the nation, but also men of letters or members of associations. It sets out to show how the nationalisation of paris, whose achievement ousts the urban democracy of legitimate political interests, gradually becomes acceptable to parisians when, at the turn of the century, the local cultural and political arena itself became the relay for identity proposals founded upon the rejection of citizenship. Through exclusion in the form of a refusal to take a part, the general self-overestimation of Parisians learning to draw benefit from the identification of paris with France made up for the frustrations caused by their political end
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Smirnova, Vera. "Urban systems dynamics and emergent morphologies under the neoliberal socio-economic restructuring: Moscow and Shenzhen as case studies." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17823.

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Master of Science
Department of Architecture
R. Todd Gabbard
In recent years urban planners have seen critical changes in the scales, pace, and trends of urbanization, resulting in suppressed urban patterns and the emergence of distinctive types of urban dynamics. A possible interpretation of this process is that it represents a “radical socio-spatial restructuring under the regime of global neoliberalization”, a phenomenon that is being widely discussed by many influential planners, urban geographers, and sociologists. My overarching research agenda is to develop a new analytical framework for comparative quantitative analyses of neoliberal urbanization pressures that cause the emergence of distinct patters of urban dynamics and morphologies. By comparing different experiences of ongoing urban transformations around the world and studying the mechanisms of their emergence, we can identify contemporary trends, monitor critical changes and shape a better future for our cities. Using China as a basis of comparison, my thesis seeks to challenge the unproductive and homogeneous patterns of urban dynamics that emerged during neoliberalization in Russia. The controversial and extremely heterogeneous model of Chinese urbanization cannot be applied universally, but valuable lessons can be derived. My work aims to explore specifics of two different patterns of neoliberal transitions in Moscow (Russia) and Shenzhen (China) in 1992 and 1978 respectively. By focusing on detailed scales of restructuring of urban settlement typologies I identify the characteristics of socio-spatial patterns prior to confronting the transition and its resulting outcomes. While considering potential context specific properties of East Asian urbanization, I am making an attempt to extrapolate this vernacular experience into generalized theory. Connecting and quantifying local and global dimensions of urban transformations helps me build a comprehensive theoretical and quantitative framework for a more profound understanding of ongoing socio-spatial restructuring.
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Book chapters on the topic "Transitional morphologies"

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Höhne, Thomas. "Euler-Euler Modeling of Segregated Flows and Flows with Transitions Between Different Flow Morphologies." In Handbook of Multiphase Flow Science and Technology, 1–33. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-86-6_5-1.

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Li, Hongjian, Yang Li, Feng N, and Zhengding Su. "Inhibition of pathogenically-related morphologic transition in Candida albicans by disrupting Cdc42 binding to its effectors." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 471–72. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73657-0_202.

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Minelli, Alessandro. "Visualizing Ontogenetic and Phylogenetic Transitions among Closely Related Morphotypes as a Tool to Investigate Evolvability." In Bilddenken und Morphologie, 257–76. De Gruyter, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110674194-018.

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Panigrahi, Muktikanta, and Basudam Adhikari. "Cloisite 20A Based Polyaniline Nanocomposites for Nitrogen Dioxide (No2) Gas Sensors." In Polyaniline based Composite for Gas Sensors, 77–105. IOR PRESS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ioriip2123.

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Compacted polyaniline (PANI)/Layered silicate nanocomposites have been successfully prepared by simple in situ, core-shell, and ex situ polymerization routes using AnHCl as a predecessor through chemical oxidation method. The structure, chemical groups, electronic transition and properties were investigated by XRD, SEM, HRTEM, UV Visible, DC electrical conductivity, TGA, and DSC. The XRD results reveals that HCl-treated Cloisite 20A, and PANI-ES/Cloisite 20A nanocomposites are delaminated. Flake-like morphologies were observed in Cloisite 20A and HCl-treated Cloisite 20A, whereas different rate of compacted fibrous morphologies of prepared PANI-ES/Cloisite 20A nanocomposites were observed as evident from SEM images. The Si-O FTIR band position does not change even after HCl treatment of Cloisite 20A, but different FTIR peaks positions of PANI-ES/Cloisite 20A nanocomposites were shifted from pure PANI-ES peaks after using Cloisite 20A nanoclays. UV-Visible spectra indicated the increment of charge carrier within the PANI-ES/Cloisite 20A nanocomposites compared to the pure one. The prepared nanohybrids showed significantly improved thermal property compared to pristine PANI-ES as clear from TGA and DSC analysis. The highest DC electronic conductivity of nanocomposite prepared by core-shell route is found to be 5.12 S/cm using linear four probe techniques. In addition, the charge transport mechanism was understood with and without loading Cloisite 20A in PANI-ES. The conductivity data supported the temperature-dependence relationship σ(T) = σ0.exp[-To/T)1/4] and followed characteristic of three-dimensional variable-range hopping (3D‒VRH) mechanism. In addition, we were discussed the response of Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas with polyaniline based sensor materials.
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Sandoval Torres, Sadoth, Larissa G. Reyes López, Lilia L. Méndez Lagunas, Luis Gerardo Barriada Bernal, and Juan Rodríguez Ramirez. "Physicochemical Characterization of Mesquite Flour (Prosopis laevigata), Particle Size Distribution, Morphology, Isosteric Heat, and Rheology." In Alternative Dietary Lifestyles [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105902.

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Mesquite pods were dried and milled. The physicochemical properties of mesquite flour were characterized. The pods were dried at 60°C, 15% RH, and 2 m/s airflow. After drying, two types of milling were applied: (1) industrial blade mill and (2) Blender, and the nutritional composition was determined. The sorption isotherms were obtained at 30, 35, 40, and 45°C for a range of water activity of 0.07–0.9. The particle size distribution and the average particle size of the flours were characterized by means of diffraction of blue laser light; furthermore, the morphology was analyzed by (SEM). The powders were also analyzed by DSC. Alveography was applied to study the rheology of the flour. Mesquite powders are highly hygroscopic, and the (GAB) model displays a good description of the experimental data. Flours expose different morphologies depending on the milling technique; a more homogeneous powder was obtained from the industrial blade mill. Rheological characterization indicates that mesquite flour decreases the tenacity and extensibility of the flour mixture. According to DSC, the flours are very stable over a wide temperature range from 0 to 120°C, and the thermograms indicate a transition of proteins affected by high-molecular-weight carbohydrates and moisture content.
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Ward, Carol V., Burt Rosenman, Bruce Latimer, and Shahed Nalla. "Thoracolumbar vertebrae and ribs." In Hominin Postcranial Remains from Sterkfontein, South Africa, 1936-1995, 144–86. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197507667.003.0010.

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This chapter describes and presents analysis of all vertebrae and ribs for the Sterkfontein hominins, including those associated with the Sts 14 and 431 skeletons. New rib fragments recently identified and accessioned with Sts 14 are included. Taken together, the vertebrae and ribs of the Sterkfontein hominins tell a consistent story. With one exception from Member 5 that may be attributable to Homo, all other specimens are consistent with being attributed to the same species, likely Australopithecus africanus. Overall, all the Sterkfontein specimens resemble those from other early hominins, reflecting a fundamentally human-like torso, with a series of sinusoidal spinal curvatures similar to those of hominins. These characteristics are distinctly human-like, are dissimilar from any other mammal, and are consistent with a fully upright posture. Sts 14 also displays two common spinal pathologies seen in humans but not in other hominoids, associated with the sinusoidal spinal curvatures that are necessary for habitual bipedality. The rib cage of the Sterkfontein hominins, although fragmentary, appears to indicate declination and torsion of the ribs, features that are unique to hominins. The Sterkfontein fossils also appear to have longer, thicker lower ribs than is typical for humans, but they lack costotransverse articulations at the second-to-last ribs. The thoracolumbar transition in the Sterkfontein hominins is like that of all other early hominins, with a facet transition occurring at the second to last rib-bearing level, rather than the last rib-bearing level as seen in extant humans and great apes. Overall, the Sterkfontein hominins displays rib and vertebral morphologies that among primates are only regularly seen in humans and are associated with habitually orthograde posture.
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Ross, Cynthia M., and Anthony R. Kovscek. "Nanometer-scale pore structure and the Monterey Formation: A new tool to investigate silica diagenesis." In Understanding the Monterey Formation and Similar Biosiliceous Units across Space and Time. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2022.2556(04).

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ABSTRACT The Monterey Formation and related formations in California have long been the subject of field and laboratory studies on silica diagenesis. Biogenic or amorphous silica (opal-A) alters to a more-ordered opal-CT and eventually to the crystalline end member, quartz, with increasing burial depth and temperature. Low-pressure nitrogen sorption serves as an indicator of silica alteration by detecting the nanometer-scale pore structures associated with opal-CT while excluding contributions from larger pores. To apply this method, calibrations with known compositions are not required, sample preparation and measurements are straightforward, hazardous waste is not generated (as with mercury porosimetry), and subtle changes in silica phase are readily detected. Nitrogen desorption isotherms, collected on mini cores (~0.8 cm diameter × 1 cm) after outgassing at 50 °C and processed using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method, provide nanometer-scale pore throat size distributions (nPSD), pore volumes (nPV), and surface areas (nSA). A scatter plot of nPV and nSA reveals two distinct trends. Samples with more nSA per unit volume contain opal-CT, either in transition from opal-A or completely converted. The other nSA trend consists of opal-A and quartz samples in the small nSA and nPV range, whereas samples with small nSA and large nPV also contain opal-CT and are in transition to quartz. These distinct trends are also apparent in the nPSD. Samples with more nSA exhibit a peak between 4 and 10 nm, whereas samples with less nSA have a broad peak between 10 and 100 nm if they contain opal-CT. Images collected via scanning electron microscopy reveal that opal-CT morphologies account for these differences.
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Conference papers on the topic "Transitional morphologies"

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Merchan-Merchan, W., A. V. Saveliev, and Aaron Taylor. "Flame Synthesis of Nanostructured Transition Metal Oxides." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68987.

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Various transition metal oxide nanostructures are synthesized using a novel probe-flame interaction method. An opposed flow flame of methane and oxygen enriched air provides a high-temperature reacting environment forming various metal oxide structures directly on the surface of pure metal probes. The unique thermal profile and chemical composition of the generated flame tends to convert almost pure bulk (99.9%) metallic materials into 1-D and 3-D structures of different chemical compositions and unique morphologies. The synthesized molybdenum, tungsten, and iron oxide structures exhibit unique morphological characteristics. The application of Mo probes results in the formation of micron size hollow and non-hollow Mo-oxide channels and elongated structures with cylindrical shapes. The use of W probes results in the synthesis of 1-D carbon-oxide nanowires, 3-D structures with rectangular shapes, and thin oxide plates with large surface areas. The formation of elongated iron-oxide nanorods is observed on iron probes. The iron nanorods’ diameters range from ten nanometers to one hundred nanometers with lengths of a few micrometers. Flame position, probe diameter, and flame exposure time tend to play an important role for material shape and selectivity.
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Herescu, Alexandru, and Jeffrey S. Allen. "Wetting Effects on Two-Phase Flow in a Microchannel." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42050.

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In the recent years there has been an increasing interest in the study of two-phase flows in low Bond number systems (where capillary forces are important relative to gravitational forces). Such systems include capillary tubes and microchannels as well as the gas flow channels of a PEM fuel cell. At the capillary scale, surface tension forces play an important role in two-phase flow regime transitions, pointing out the need to take into account the geometry of the cross section and the surface properties (wettability). Surface tension is generally considered in flow transitions, but the wetting properties of the fluid-surface material pairs (contact angle) are rarely given any importance. The researchers investigating two-phase flows should take extreme care when choosing the material of the test sections, as the flow morphology and the the pressure drop accordingly can vary widely with contact angle. In order to show these morphological changes high speed visualization experiments of air-water flow through 500 μm square and round microchannels were conducted. For the round channels, contact angles of less than 20° (wetting) and 105° (non-wetting) were investigated. For the square section, things are complicated by the presence of the corners. According to the Concus-Finn criterion, the liquid will wick into (wet) the corner if the contact angle is less then 45°, or will de-wet the corner if the contact angle is above 45°. A new case not previously mentioned in the literature arises for a contact angle of 45° ≤ θ ≤ 90°, for which the liquid is wetting the walls but dewetting the corners. Three contact angles of less than 20°, 80° and 105° are considered to investigate the possible morphologies in the square geometry. Images aquired with a high speed camera depicting the different flow morphologies that exist at the same air-water flow rates for each of the considered contact angle and geometry are presented.
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Zhang, Yongang, Margaret Hyland, A. T. T. Tran, and Steven Matthew. "Effect of Alloying Active Elements of Powder on Spreading Behaviour of Plasma Spray Splats." In ITSC2015, edited by A. Agarwal, G. Bolelli, A. Concustell, Y. C. Lau, A. McDonald, F. L. Toma, E. Turunen, and C. A. Widener. ASM International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2015p0313.

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Abstract In the formation of plasma sprayed splats, the spreading behaviour of molten droplet is essential for forming desirable lamella with good adhesion to substrate. To understand the effect of active element chromium on droplet spreading, pure Ni and Ni-20Cr alloyed powders with the size of 45~63μm were plasma sprayed on mirror polished 304 stainless steel heated to different temperatures (below 200°C) through electrical resistance heaters. The substrate heating resulted in very little change in the surface roughness. However, there was a measureable change in the surface chemistry of the outermost few nanometers, which became increasingly enriched in Fe at higher temperatures. The splat morphologies were characterised and the transition temperatures were estimated. The results show that the transition from splashed to disk splats was not solely dependent on the temperature of the substrate. In some cases, splashing still occurred to a measureable extent even at relatively high substrate temperatures, even above temperatures at which adsorbates (water) were totally removed from the surface. The splashing behaviour could be correlated to a combination of the change in the surface chemistry of the substrate and the presence of active elements in the coating materials.
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Zhang, Jing, Yingwei Wu, Lei Ding, Hongwei Qiao, Pengzhou Li, Guanghui Su, Suizheng Qiu, and Wenxi Tian. "A Prediction of the Leakage Through Cracks for Leak Before Break." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30708.

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A code was developed in this study to predict the leakage of the leak before break (LBB). Various stagnation conditions were considered, including the subcooled water, the two-phase fluid and the overheated steam. Moreover, both the critical and noncritical flow was studied. The Henry-Fauske critical flow model was revised by a new phase transition point and the pressure drop due to friction and turns were modified. The code was verified by the comparison with the experimental data on the leakage of conventional pipes, artificial cracks and naturally occurring cracks, which shows a good agreement and this code has a higher precision than the existing codes. The influence of crack morphologies on LBB leakage was discussed, including the local roughness, the global roughness, the crack open displacement (COD) and the number of the corners. Besides, the dependence of the LBB leakage on stagnation enthalpy and back pressure was also investigated.
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Li, HongLiang, Duo Liu, Zhi Wang, Ning Guo, and JiCai Feng. "An Analysis of Microstructure and Microhardness Distribution in Underwater Wet Welding of 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel to Low Alloy Steel 16Mn." In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6434.

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In this study, underwater wet welding of 304L austenitic stainless steel to 16Mn low alloy steel was carried out using self-shielded flux-cored wires at a water depth of 0.3 m. The welds were produced using commercially obtained ER308 filler and specially developed nickel-based tubular wire. Microstructure and microhardness of wet welded joints have been particularly analyzed. The interface between austenitic weld metal and ferritic base metal was also discussed in detail. A robust weld of 304L/16Mn joint could be achieved by FCAW process using nickel-based tubular wire. Commercially obtained ER308 consumables failed to acquire sound welded joints due to large amount of slag remained in the groove. Ni-based weld metal was fully austenitic with well-developed columnar sub-grains while ER308 weld metal consisted of d-ferrite with different morphologies in the austenitic matrix. Type II boundary existed between austenitic weld metal and ferritic base metal. Compared to ER308 weld metal, Ni-based weld metal possessed the ability to be diluted by 16Mn base metal. Maximum hardness values in wet welding appeared in coarse-grained heat affected zone instead of transition zone for both consumables. Austenitic stainless steel welded joints exhibited high microhardness in the transition zone of 16Mn side, which was strongly diluted by ferritic base metal.
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Onishi, Junya, and Naoki Shikazono. "Validation of Numerical Simulation of Drop Motion on Surfaces With Micro Patterns." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-5528.

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Abstract Numerical simulation of drop motion on surfaces with micro patterns is conducted. The results are compared with existing experimental and analytical studies to validate the reliability of the numerical simulations. In the comparison of the liquid phase morphology on a surface with straight grooves, it is confirmed that a variety of liquid shapes, including droplets, filaments with positive/negative Laplace pressure and so on are successfully reproduced by the numerical simulation. Moreover, the numerically observed transition between these morphologies in a broad range of the groove aspect ratio and the static contact angle agrees with the morphology diagram which is obtained by a semi-analytic approach based on the surface free energy minimization. Furthermore, in the comparison of the spreading behaviors of a liquid drop on a surface with square pillars, it is shown that the numerical simulations can predict the time-dependent drop deformation during the spreading process. The comparison of the length of two spreading modes shows a quantitative agreement with the experimental results.
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List, A., F. Gärtner, T. Schmidt, and T. Klassen. "Impact Conditions for Cold Spraying of Hard Metallic Glasses." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and A. McDonald. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p0314.

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Abstract As compared to thermal spray techniques, cold spraying allows to retain metastable phases of the feedstock material like amorphous structures, due to lower process gas temperatures. Compared to crystalline metals, metallic glasses are brittle at ambient temperature but viscous at higher temperatures. Therefore, cold spray parameters must be optimized for conditions that allow softening of the amorphous spray material for successfully producing coatings. For this study, a FeCoCrMoBC metallic glass was used that in comparison to others offers advantages with respect to higher hardness, less costly feedstock powder and minimum reactivity with the environment. Necessary impact conditions were investigated to meet the window of deposition. According to calculations and cold spray experiments, neither the glass transition temperature Tg nor the melting temperature Tm can describe required conditions for bonding. Thus, a so called softening temperature between the glass temperature and the melting temperature had to be defined to calculate the critical velocity of metallic glasses. With respect to the bonding mechanism, impact morphologies could prove that a transition to viscous flow gets more prominent for harsher spray conditions. By sufficiently exceeding critical condition for bonding, coatings with rather dense microstructures can be processed at deposition efficiencies of about 70 %. The coatings have a hardness of 1100 HV 0.3, but the results also demonstrate that further work is still needed to explore the full potential for bulk metallic glasses.
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Bilotta, Giovambattista, Mandana Arzaghi, Gilbert Hénaff, Guillaume Benoit, Clara Moriconi, and Damien Halm. "Hydrogen Assisted Fatigue Crack Growth in a Precipitation-Hardened Martensitic Stainless Steel Under Gaseous Hydrogen." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28381.

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In this study, the effect of gaseous hydrogen on the fatigue crack growth behavior in a precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel is investigated. It is known that the degradation in fatigue crack growth behavior derives from a complex interaction between the fatigue damage and the amount of hydrogen enriching the crack tip, which is dependent on the hydrogen pressure, loading frequency, and stress intensity factor amplitude. Therefore, fatigue crack growth tests were performed in a range of 0.09 to 40 MPa under gaseous hydrogen at a frequency of 20 and 0.2 Hz. The fatigue data as well as fracture morphologies obtained so far indicate a sharp increase in crack growth rates in a narrow range of stress intensity factor amplitudes. Also, it is shown that by decreasing the loading frequency to 0.2 Hz at a given pressure of hydrogen the transition occurs at lower values of stress intensity factor amplitudes accompanied by a change in fracture mode. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations of the fracture surfaces are used to support the explanations proposed to account for the observed phenomena.
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Hwang, Ho-Sang, Bum-Kyoung Seo, and Kune-Woo Lee. "Strippable Core-Shell Polymer Emulsion for Decontamination of Radioactive Surface Contamination." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40193.

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In this study, the core-shell composite polymer for decontamination from the surface contamination was synthesized by the method of emulsion polymerization and blends of polymers. The strippable polymer emulsion is composed of the poly(styrene-ethyl acrylate) [poly(St-EA)] composite polymer, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The morphology of the poly(St-EA) composite emulsion particle was core-shell structure, with polystyrene (PS) as the core and poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA) as the shell. Core-shell polymers of styrene (St)/ethyl acrylate (EA) pair were prepared by sequential emulsion polymerization in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an emulsifier using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. Related tests and analysis confirmed the success in synthesis of composite polymer. The products are characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA that were used, respectively, to show the structure, the thermal stability of the prepared polymer. Two-phase particles with a core-shell structure were obtained in experiments where the estimated glass transition temperature and the morphologies of emulsion particles. Decontamination factors of the strippable polymeric emulsion were evaluated with the polymer blend contents.
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Garcia, Johnbrynner, Angelica Maria Ortega, Jesus Guillermo Perez, Daniela Martinez, Mairis Guevara, Johnny Bullon, and Ana Forgiarini. "Characterization of Organophilic Clays for Their Application in Cosmetic Formulations (hectorite)." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/xpqv8458.

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"Hectorite is a mineral of the phyllosilicate group based on layered clay, known as smectite. Among these phyllosilicates are montmorillonite, beidellite, nontronite, saponite and hectorite. Organophilic clays are obtained by exchanging sodium cations with a cationic surfactant, such as quaternary ammonium-type surfactants. The main function of hectorite, as an ingredient in cosmetics, is as gelling/thickening agent, preventing the oil’s separation in the formulation and producing the suspension of pigments and other components. The great stability of these formulations is mainly due to an increased viscosity of the oily phase and in addition, it provides the product with spreadability. Among the cosmetic products that contain it are: cosmetic bases, masks, and in general, morphologies of the water-in-oil type or suspension of solids in oily bases. In this study, the swelling capacity, the rheological behavior and the phase diagram for hectorite/polar activator/isoparaffin systems for different hectorite/polar activator ratios are presented. Through the rheological study and the construction of the activator concentration map as a function of the amount of hectorite, the areas of colloidal solution, gel and gel with solid consistency are shown, as well as the transition line from colloidal solution to gel."
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Reports on the topic "Transitional morphologies"

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Douglas, Thomas A., Christopher A. Hiemstra, Stephanie P. Saari, Kevin L. Bjella, Seth W. Campbell, M. Torre Jorgenson, Dana R. N. Brown, and Anna K. Liljedahl. Degrading Permafrost Mapped with Electrical Resistivity Tomography, Airborne Imagery and LiDAR, and Seasonal Thaw Measurements. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41185.

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Accurate identification of the relationships between permafrost extent and landscape patterns helps develop airborne geophysical or remote sensing tools to map permafrost in remote locations or across large areas. These tools are particularly applicable in discontinuous permafrost where climate warming or disturbances such as human development or fire can lead to rapid permafrost degradation. We linked field-based geophysical, point-scale, and imagery surveying measurements to map permafrost at five fire scars on the Tanana Flats in central Alaska. Ground-based elevation surveys, seasonal thaw-depth profiles, and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements were combined with airborne imagery and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) to identify relationships between permafrost geomorphology and elapsed time since fire disturbance. ERT was a robust technique for mapping the presence or absence of permafrost because of the marked difference in resistivity values for frozen versus unfrozen material. There was no clear relationship between elapsed time since fire and permafrost extent at our sites. The transition zone boundaries between permafrost soils and unfrozen soils in the collapse-scar bogs at our sites had complex and unpredictable morphologies, suggesting attempts to quantify the presence or absence of permafrost using aerial measurements alone could lead to incomplete results. The results from our study indicated limitations in being able to apply airborne surveying measurements at the landscape scale toward accurately estimating permafrost extent.
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Dufour, Quentin, David Pontille, and Didier Torny. Contracter à l’heure de la publication en accès ouvert. Une analyse systématique des accords transformants. Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52949/2.

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Cette étude porte sur une des innovations contemporaines liées à l’économie de la publication scientifique : les accords dits transformants, un objet relativement circonscrit au sein des relations entre consortiums de bibliothèques et éditeurs scientifiques, et temporellement situé entre 2015 et 2020. Ce type d’accords a pour objectif affiché d’organiser la transition du modèle traditionnel de l’abonnement à des revues (souvent proposées par regroupements thématiques ou collections) vers celui de l’accès ouvert en opérant une réaffectation des budgets qui y sont consacrés. Notre travail d’analyse sociologique constitue une première étude systématique de cet objet, fondée sur la recension de 197 accords. Le corpus ainsi constitué inclut des accords caractérisés par la coprésence d’une composante d’abonnement et d’une composante de publication en accès ouvert, même minimale (« jetons » de publication offerts, réduction sur les APC...). En conséquence, ont été exclus de l’analyse les accords portant uniquement sur du financement centralisé de publication en accès ouvert, que ce soit avec des éditeurs ne proposant que des revues avec paiement par l’auteur (PLOS, Frontiers, MDPI...) ou des éditeurs dont une partie du catalogue est constitué de revues en accès ouvert. L’accord le plus ancien de notre corpus a été signé en 2010, les plus récents en 2020 – les accords ne commençant qu’en 2021, même annoncés au cours de l’étude, n’ont pas été retenus. Plusieurs résultats se dégagent de notre analyse. Tout d’abord, on note une grande diversité des acteurs impliqués avec 22 pays et 39 éditeurs, même si certains consortiums (Pays-Bas, Suède, Autriche, Allemagne) et éditeurs (CUP, Elsevier, RSC, Springer) en ont signé beaucoup plus que d’autres. Ensuite, la durée des accords, comprise entre une et six années, révèle une distribution très inégalitaire, avec plus de la moitié des accords (103) signés pour 3 ans, ainsi qu’une faible proportion pour 4 ans ou plus (22 accords). Enfin, en dépit d’appels répétés à la transparence, moins de la moitié des accords (96) ont un texte accessible au moment de cette étude, sans qu’on puisse observer une tendance récente à une plus grande disponibilité. L’analyse montre également des degrés d’ouverture très variables, allant d’une simple information sur le répertoire ESAC en passant par la mise à disposition d’un format annotable jusqu’à l’attribution d’un DOI et d’une licence de réutilisation (CC-BY), en incluant le détail des sommes monétaires. Parmi les 96 accords disponibles, dont 47 signés en 2020, 62 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse en profondeur. C’est à notre connaissance la première analyse à cette échelle, sur un type de matériel non seulement inédit, mais qui était auparavant soumis à des clauses de confidentialité. Fondée sur une lecture minutieuse, l’étude décrit de manière fine leurs propriétés, depuis la matérialité du document jusqu’aux formules financières, en passant par leur morphologie et l’ensemble des droits et devoirs des parties. Les contenus des accords sont donc analysés comme une collection dont nous cherchons à déterminer les points communs et les variations, à travers des codages explicites sur certaines de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude pointe également des incertitudes, et notamment leur caractère « transitionnel », qui demeure fortement discuté. D’un point de vue morphologique, les accords montrent une grande diversité en matière de taille (de 7 à 488 pages) et de structure. Néanmoins, par définition, ils articulent tous deux objets essentiels : d’une part, les conditions de réalisation d’une lecture d’articles de revues, sous forme d’abonnement, mêlant des préoccupations d’accès et de sécurité ; d’autre part, les modalités de publication en accès ouvert, articulant la gestion d’un nouveau type de workflow à toute une série d’options possibles. Parmi ces options, mentionnons notamment le périmètre des revues considérées (hybrides et/ou accès ouvert), les licences disponibles, le degré d’obligation de cette publication, les auteurs éligibles ou le volume d’articles publiables. L’un des résultats les plus importants de cette analyse approfondie est la mise au jour d’un découplage presque complet, au sein même des accords, entre l’objet abonnement et l’objet publication. Bien entendu, l’abonnement est systématiquement configuré dans un monde fermé, soumis à paiement qui déclenche des séries d’identification des circulations légitimes tant du contenu informationnel que des usagers. Il insiste notamment sur les interdictions de réutilisation ou même de copie des articles scientifiques. À l’opposé, la publication en accès ouvert est attachée à un monde régi par l’accès gratuit au contenu, ce qui induit des préoccupations de gestion du workflow et des modalités d’accessibilité. De plus, les différents éléments constitutifs de ces objets contractuels ne sont pas couplés : d’un côté, les lecteurs sont constitués de l’ensemble des membres des institutions abonnées, de l’autre, seuls les auteurs correspondants (« corresponding authors ») sont concernés ; les listes de revues accessibles à la lecture et celles réservées à la publication en accès ouvert sont le plus souvent distinctes ; les workflows ont des objectifs et des organisations matérielles totalement différentes, etc. L’articulation entre les deux objets contractuels relève uniquement d’une formule de distribution financière qui, outre des combinaisons particulières entre l’un et l’autre, permet d’attribuer des étiquettes distinctes aux accords (offset agreement, publish & read, read & publish, read & free articles, read & discount). Au-delà de cette distribution, l’étude des arrangements financiers montre une gamme de dispositions allant d’une prévisibilité budgétaire totale, donc identique aux accords d’abonnement antérieurs, à une incertitude sur le volume de publication ou sur le montant définitif des sommes échangées. Les modalités concrètes de calcul des montants associés à la publication en accès ouvert sont relativement variées. S’il existe effectivement des formules récurrentes (volume d’articles multiplié par un prix individuel, reprise de la moyenne des sommes totales d’APC des années précédentes...), le calcul des sommes en jeu est toujours le résultat d’une négociation singulière entre un consortium et un éditeur scientifique, et aboutit parfois à des formules originales et complexes. À ce titre, l’espace des possibles en matière de formules financières n’est jamais totalement clos. Par ailleurs, la volonté des consortiums d’opérer une « transformation » de leurs accords vers la publication à coût constant renvoie à des définitions diversifiées du « coût » (inclusion ou non des dépenses d’APC préexistantes) et de la constance (admission ou pas d’une « inflation » à 2 ou 3%). De plus, nous n’avons observé aucune disposition contractuelle permettant d’anticiper les sommes en jeu au-delà de l’horizon temporel de l’accord courant. La grande diversité des accords provient d’une part des conditions initiales des relations entre consortiums et éditeurs scientifiques – les sommes dépensées en abonnement étant le point de départ des nouveaux accords –, d’autre part des objectifs de chaque partie. Même si cette étude excluait volontairement les négociations, les accords portent des traces de ces objectifs. Ainsi, de nombreux accords sont de nature explicitement expérimentale, quand certains visent un contrôle budgétaire strict, ou d’autres ambitionnent, dans la période plus récente, la publication du plus grand nombre possible d’articles en accès ouvert. C’est dans ce dernier cas qu’on touche à l’ambiguïté des attentes générales sur les accords transformants. En effet, pour les consortiums, la dimension « transformante » consiste essentiellement à transférer les sommes traditionnellement allouées à l’abonnement vers la publication en accès ouvert. Mais l’objectif n’est jamais de transformer le modèle économique des revues, c'est-à-dire de faire basculer des revues sous abonnement ou hybrides en revues entièrement en accès ouvert. D’ailleurs, aucune clause ne vise une telle fin – à l’exception du modèle d’accord proposé par l’éditeur ACM. Du côté des éditeurs, et notamment de Springer, le caractère cumulatif des accords nationaux passés vise à projeter un monde de la publication où l’accès ouvert devient de fait quantitativement très dominant, sans pour autant modifier de manière pérenne le modèle économique de leurs revues. Notre étude montre que les accords transformants actuels ne permettent pas d’assurer de manière durable une transition de l’économie de la publication vers l’accès ouvert, dans la mesure où ils n’offrent pas de garantie sur le contrôle des dépenses ni sur la pérennité de l’ouverture des contenus. L’avenir des relations entre consortium et éditeur demeure largement indéterminé.Cette étude porte sur une des innovations contemporaines liées à l’économie de la publication scientifique : les accords dits transformants, un objet relativement circonscrit au sein des relations entre consortiums de bibliothèques et éditeurs scientifiques, et temporellement situé entre 2015 et 2020. Ce type d’accords a pour objectif affiché d’organiser la transition du modèle traditionnel de l’abonnement à des revues (souvent proposées par regroupements thématiques ou collections) vers celui de l’accès ouvert en opérant une réaffectation des budgets qui y sont consacrés. Notre travail d’analyse sociologique constitue une première étude systématique de cet objet, fondée sur la recension de 197 accords. Le corpus ainsi constitué inclut des accords caractérisés par la coprésence d’une composante d’abonnement et d’une composante de publication en accès ouvert, même minimale (« jetons » de publication offerts, réduction sur les APC...). En conséquence, ont été exclus de l’analyse les accords portant uniquement sur du financement centralisé de publication en accès ouvert, que ce soit avec des éditeurs ne proposant que des revues avec paiement par l’auteur (PLOS, Frontiers, MDPI...) ou des éditeurs dont une partie du catalogue est constitué de revues en accès ouvert. L’accord le plus ancien de notre corpus a été signé en 2010, les plus récents en 2020 – les accords ne commençant qu’en 2021, même annoncés au cours de l’étude, n’ont pas été retenus. Plusieurs résultats se dégagent de notre analyse. Tout d’abord, on note une grande diversité des acteurs impliqués avec 22 pays et 39 éditeurs, même si certains consortiums (Pays-Bas, Suède, Autriche, Allemagne) et éditeurs (CUP, Elsevier, RSC, Springer) en ont signé beaucoup plus que d’autres. Ensuite, la durée des accords, comprise entre une et six années, révèle une distribution très inégalitaire, avec plus de la moitié des accords (103) signés pour 3 ans, ainsi qu’une faible proportion pour 4 ans ou plus (22 accords). Enfin, en dépit d’appels répétés à la transparence, moins de la moitié des accords (96) ont un texte accessible au moment de cette étude, sans qu’on puisse observer une tendance récente à une plus grande disponibilité. L’analyse montre également des degrés d’ouverture très variables, allant d’une simple information sur le répertoire ESAC en passant par la mise à disposition d’un format annotable jusqu’à l’attribution d’un DOI et d’une licence de réutilisation (CC-BY), en incluant le détail des sommes monétaires. Parmi les 96 accords disponibles, dont 47 signés en 2020, 62 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse en profondeur. C’est à notre connaissance la première analyse à cette échelle, sur un type de matériel non seulement inédit, mais qui était auparavant soumis à des clauses de confidentialité. Fondée sur une lecture minutieuse, l’étude décrit de manière fine leurs propriétés, depuis la matérialité du document jusqu’aux formules financières, en passant par leur morphologie et l’ensemble des droits et devoirs des parties. Les contenus des accords sont donc analysés comme une collection dont nous cherchons à déterminer les points communs et les variations, à travers des codages explicites sur certaines de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude pointe également des incertitudes, et notamment leur caractère « transitionnel », qui demeure fortement discuté. D’un point de vue morphologique, les accords montrent une grande diversité en matière de taille (de 7 à 488 pages) et de structure. Néanmoins, par définition, ils articulent tous deux objets essentiels : d’une part, les conditions de réalisation d’une lecture d’articles de revues, sous forme d’abonnement, mêlant des préoccupations d’accès et de sécurité ; d’autre part, les modalités de publication en accès ouvert, articulant la gestion d’un nouveau type de workflow à toute une série d’options possibles. Parmi ces options, mentionnons notamment le périmètre des revues considérées (hybrides et/ou accès ouvert), les licences disponibles, le degré d’obligation de cette publication, les auteurs éligibles ou le volume d’articles publiables. L’un des résultats les plus importants de cette analyse approfondie est la mise au jour d’un découplage presque complet, au sein même des accords, entre l’objet abonnement et l’objet publication. Bien entendu, l’abonnement est systématiquement configuré dans un monde fermé, soumis à paiement qui déclenche des séries d’identification des circulations légitimes tant du contenu informationnel que des usagers. Il insiste notamment sur les interdictions de réutilisation ou même de copie des articles scientifiques. À l’opposé, la publication en accès ouvert est attachée à un monde régi par l’accès gratuit au contenu, ce qui induit des préoccupations de gestion du workflow et des modalités d’accessibilité. De plus, les différents éléments constitutifs de ces objets contractuels ne sont pas couplés : d’un côté, les lecteurs sont constitués de l’ensemble des membres des institutions abonnées, de l’autre, seuls les auteurs correspondants (« corresponding authors ») sont concernés ; les listes de revues accessibles à la lecture et celles réservées à la publication en accès ouvert sont le plus souvent distinctes ; les workflows ont des objectifs et des organisations matérielles totalement différentes, etc. L’articulation entre les deux objets contractuels relève uniquement d’une formule de distribution financière qui, outre des combinaisons particulières entre l’un et l’autre, permet d’attribuer des étiquettes distinctes aux accords (offset agreement, publish & read, read & publish, read & free articles, read & discount). Au-delà de cette distribution, l’étude des arrangements financiers montre une gamme de dispositions allant d’une prévisibilité budgétaire totale, donc identique aux accords d’abonnement antérieurs, à une incertitude sur le volume de publication ou sur le montant définitif des sommes échangées. Les modalités concrètes de calcul des montants associés à la publication en accès ouvert sont relativement variées. S’il existe effectivement des formules récurrentes (volume d’articles multiplié par un prix individuel, reprise de la moyenne des sommes totales d’APC des années précédentes...), le calcul des sommes en jeu est toujours le résultat d’une négociation singulière entre un consortium et un éditeur scientifique, et aboutit parfois à des formules originales et complexes. À ce titre, l’espace des possibles en matière de formules financières n’est jamais totalement clos. Par ailleurs, la volonté des consortiums d’opérer une « transformation » de leurs accords vers la publication à coût constant renvoie à des définitions diversifiées du « coût » (inclusion ou non des dépenses d’APC préexistantes) et de la constance (admission ou pas d’une « inflation » à 2 ou 3%). De plus, nous n’avons observé aucune disposition contractuelle permettant d’anticiper les sommes en jeu au-delà de l’horizon temporel de l’accord courant. La grande diversité des accords provient d’une part des conditions initiales des relations entre consortiums et éditeurs scientifiques – les sommes dépensées en abonnement étant le point de départ des nouveaux accords –, d’autre part des objectifs de chaque partie. Même si cette étude excluait volontairement les négociations, les accords portent des traces de ces objectifs. Ainsi, de nombreux accords sont de nature explicitement expérimentale, quand certains visent un contrôle budgétaire strict, ou d’autres ambitionnent, dans la période plus récente, la publication du plus grand nombre possible d’articles en accès ouvert. C’est dans ce dernier cas qu’on touche à l’ambiguïté des attentes générales sur les accords transformants. En effet, pour les consortiums, la dimension « transformante » consiste essentiellement à transférer les sommes traditionnellement allouées à l’abonnement vers la publication en accès ouvert. Mais l’objectif n’est jamais de transformer le modèle économique des revues, c'est-à-dire de faire basculer des revues sous abonnement ou hybrides en revues entièrement en accès ouvert. D’ailleurs, aucune clause ne vise une telle fin – à l’exception du modèle d’accord proposé par l’éditeur ACM. Du côté des éditeurs, et notamment de Springer, le caractère cumulatif des accords nationaux passés vise à projeter un monde de la publication où l’accès ouvert devient de fait quantitativement très dominant, sans pour autant modifier de manière pérenne le modèle économique de leurs revues. Notre étude montre que les accords transformants actuels ne permettent pas d’assurer de manière durable une transition de l’économie de la publication vers l’accès ouvert, dans la mesure où ils n’offrent pas de garantie sur le contrôle des dépenses ni sur la pérennité de l’ouverture des contenus. L’avenir des relations entre consortium et éditeur demeure largement indéterminé.
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