Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Transitional countries'
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1
Rozsas, Tamas. "Did inequality increase in transition?: an analysis of the transitional countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/9771.
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Parallel to the process of democratization, the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia have shown an increase in measured income inequality during their transition from centrally-planned to a market-oriented economy. Since the behavior of these countries contradicted previous models of inequality, researchers analyzing the transition process linked the increase in income inequality to the egalitarian values of socialism and to the process of economic and political liberalization. This thesis questions the validity of the above statement based on three pillars. First, other factors, from economic convulsions to the revaluation of natural resources, violent conflicts, corruption, and the expansion of organized crime, have been more closely linked than democratization to changes in income inequality. Second, data quality was generally poor in socialist countries, and extremely poor in several socialist countries, and have improved during the transition in most countries, usually without proper documentation of the changes. Finally, the analysis of the origins of today's income inequality shows that the magnitude and effect of hidden inequalities in the socialist past were highly underestimated. In short, an increase in income inequality caused by democratization is not likely, while hidden inequalities in the socialist era could even be higher than today's measured inequality.
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RoÌ, zsaÌ s. TamaÌ s. "Did inequality increase in transition? : an analysis of the transitional countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. Naval Postgraduate School, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5845.
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Parallel to the process of democratization, the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia have shown an increase in measured income inequality during their transition from centrally-planned to a market-oriented economy. Since the behavior of these countries contradicted previous models of inequality, researchers analyzing the transition process linked the increase in income inequality to the egalitarian values of socialism and to the process of economic and political liberalization. This thesis questions the validity of the above statement based on three pillars. First, other factors, from economic convulsions to the revaluation of natural resources, violent conflicts, corruption, and the expansion of organized crime, have been more closely linked than democratization to changes in income inequality. Second, data quality was generally poor in socialist countries, and extremely poor in several socialist countries, and have improved during the transition in most countries, usually without proper documentation of the changes. Finally, the analysis of the origins of today's income inequality shows that the magnitude and effect of hidden inequalities in the socialist past were highly underestimated. In short, an increase in income inequality caused by democratization is not likely, while hidden inequalities in the socialist era could even be higher than today's measured inequality.
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Zhang, Ronghui. "Ownership, property rights structure and economic performance in developed and transitional countries." Berlin Logos-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988919591/04.
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Takla, Lina. "Privatisation enterprise restructuring in transitional economies : an empirical investigation of the Visegrad countries." Thesis, London Business School (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415586.
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Ramthun, Kristin [Verfasser]. "Socio ecological aspects of tourism in transitional countries : impact assessment explained on the basis of Vietnam / Kristin Ramthun." Greifswald : Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1137218703/34.
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Kerr, Jonathan Austin. "Foreign direct investment in Eastern Europe: applying traditional models of FDI to the transitional countries of Eastern Europe." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1342807289.
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Clamp, Kerry Leigh. "The receptiveness of countries in transition to restorative justice : A comparative analysis of the role of restorative justice in transitional processes and criminal justice reform." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531634.
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Chand, Triveni. "Politics of Transitional Justice : Examining Arrests of Former Wartime Leaders as An Electoral Manipulation Strategy in Post-Conflict Countries." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413097.
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The systematic variation in arrests of former wartime leaders (including political/military leaders and those with commanding positions from both sides of conflict among other high-level wartime actors) in post-conflict countries have rarely been recognized and studied. Building on past literature that interlinks transitional justice with domestic politics, this study argues that the variation in arrests of former wartime leaders can be explained by elections and electoral manipulation theory. Amid the costs and opportunities associated with elections in general, I argue that incumbents also opt for arrests of former wartime leaders as an electoral manipulation strategy to eliminate political opponents and consolidate power in the guise of justice and, at the same time, minimize the costs associated with electoral manipulation tools. Hence, I hypothesize the arrest of former wartime leaders likely to be during the election period (the pre-election period, election day, and immediate post-election period). All else equal, the statistical test does not support the hypothesis while the complementary evidence from post-conflict Nepal and Sri Lanka suggest that presence (or absence) of justice in post-conflict countries is largely shaped by domestic politics. Similarly, few arrests in Sri Lanka and Nepal offer mild support to the theoretical expectations while few other arrests in Sri Lanka suggest that some arrests during the hypothesized election period are coincidental. This further questions the explanatory power of the suggested theory and findings.
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Hunt, Janet, and janethunt@homemail com au. "Local NGOs in national development: The case of East Timor." RMIT University. School of Global Studies, Social Science and Planning, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081202.155254.
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This thesis explores the roles and experiences of local East Timorese non-government organisations through the multiple transitions which accompanied East Timor's process of independence in the period 1999-2004. It explores how NGOs attempted to influence the changing environment in which they were operating, particularly in the development of the new nation. In doing so, it examines how the actual experience of these local NGOs relates to theories of civil society and NGOs in the various phases of transition to democracy, state and nation building and post-conflict peacebuilding. After reviewing literature relating to the role of civil society and NGOs in democratisation, development and peacebuilding, and identifying some key issues to explore, the study turns to the particular context of East Timor. It summarizes the colonial history, with a particular focus on governance, development and the emergence of civil society and NGOs in that territory, and the phases of the transition. It then focuses closely on six leading East Timorese NGOs, which between them reflect different organisational origins and sectoral interests and which were perceived to be playing significant roles within the NGO community. The case study chapters describe briefly the history of each NGO, then trace their stories over an approximately five year period. They explore how the visions, strategies, programs and organisational systems of these NGOs changed as the context changed. The case studies show how adaptive these NGOs were, how excluded some of them were by the huge influx of international players after the ballot, but how, in the absence of a legitimate government, they were included in various processes in a number of important ways during the UNTAET period. These studies also reveal some of the challenges the NGOs faced as the new government took over in May 2002. The study concludes by summarising the changing roles and capacities of the NGOs, highlighting the many roles which local NGOs played throughout the study period, and the way in which they met new demands placed upon them. It identifies capacities critical for these NGOs' survival and development, and identifies some strategies which the NGOs themselves identified as useful in helping them attain these. It also identifies some areas which they found challenging and where more capacity development may have been valuable. Finally the study reflects on the actual experiences of Timorese NGOs compared to theory and experiences elsewhere relating to democracy, development and peacebuilding. The findings, which emphasise the changing relationship of the new state to its citizens, suggest that the civil society and development practice, which has been strongly based on de Tocqueville's approach to civil society, is not particularly helpful in a post-conflict setting. Instead, an adapted Gramscian approach, viewing civil and political society as interrelated sites in which a struggle to embed non-violent means of apportioning power are being waged, could be of greater analytic and practical value.
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Vien, Kim Cuong. "Foreign direct investment attraction policies in transitional economies lessons from Vietnam? : a dissertation [thesis] submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business at Auckland University of Technology, 2005." Full thesis. Abstract, 2004.
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Serafini, Giovanni Oscar. "Comprehending HR policies and practices in the multinational firm within the hotel industry : explaining variety and commonality in countries of domicile : evidence from developed economies and the transitional periphery." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12378/.
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Iryna, Usava. "STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN A COUNTRY OF TRANSITION:." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för teknokultur, humaniora och samhällsbyggnad, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1400.
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Abstract SEA is currently becoming an important tool for sustainable development. The main principles of SEA are to incorporate environmental considerations to the process of development of strategic documents and to make the process of the decision-making more transparent. Over the past years, there have been an increasing number of countries especially transitional and developing countries such as Belarus that consider joining the international conventions for SEA such as EU Directive 2001/42/EC (the SEA Directive) and UNECE SEA Protocol. This research focuses on the capacity assessment for SEA implementation in Belarus. The benchmarks for SEA capacity assessment were defined. For identifying the approaches for SEA implementation in the countries in transition, the experience of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe was analyzed. The capacity assessment for Belarus was made involved three levels, namely, system level, as well as organizational and individual levels. The paper analyses strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for SEA implementation in Belarus. The study concludes with some suggestions that might help to improve capacity for SEA implementation.
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Oberländer, Lisa. "Nutrition transition in emerging countries." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEH003.
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Au cours des dernières décennies la composition de l’alimentation a changé : les graisses et le sucre ont partiellement remplacé les fibres dans l’alimentation. Cette transition nutritionnelle représente un défi en termes de santé publique : une alimentation riche en graisses et sucre constitue un facteur important de risque de diabète et de maladies cardiovasculaires. Si les pays à haut niveau de revenu ont été les premiers concernés par cette transition nutritionnelle, les pays à revenus intermédiaires sont désormais touchés, et les conséquences en termes de santé publique sont particulièrement lourdes dans ces pays. Cette thèse a pour objectif de mieux comprendre les causes et déterminants de la transition nutritionnelle dans les pays émergents. Le premier chapitre porte sur le rôle respectif des deux dimensions principales de la mondialisation – la dimension économique et la dimension sociale – quant aux changements de régime alimentaire. Nous concluons que la dimension sociale de la mondialisation (accès à d’autres cultures au moyen d’Internet et de la télévision) joue un rôle plus important dans ces changements que l’intégration des pays émergents au sein de l’économie mondiale. Le deuxième chapitre s’appuie sur les résultats du premier, et analyse un aspect de la dimension sociale de la mondialisation : la publicité et les émissions télévisées. J’utilise des données sur le cas de l’Indonésie pour estimer les effets de l’accès aux chaînes de télévision privées durant l’enfance sur l’alimentation à l’âge adulte. Les résultats suggèrent que l’information sur les produits et modes de vie diffusée par la télévision entraîne une consommation élevée de « snacks » et de sodas. Le troisième chapitre étudie un autre déterminant des choix alimentaires, les variations de température de court terme, en s’appuyant sur des données portant sur le Mexique. Les estimations indiquent qu’en cas de fortes températures les individus augmentent leur consommation de sodas, et non pas d’eau. Cet effet est lié aux changements de consommations des personnes qui apprécient et achètent des sodas habituellement : en cas de fortes chaleurs, elles cèdent plus facilement à leurs envies. Ce résultat valide l’hypothèse d’une réponse comportementale impulsive aux variations de températureAround the world, countries have experienced a profound shift in the composition of their diet over recent decades. Diets have become richer in fats and sugar at the expense of fibers. This nutrition transition poses important policy challenges for health. Diets rich in sugar and certain types of fat constitute important risk factors for non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, a number of cancers, as well as for intermediate outcomes such as obesity and hypertension. The nutrition transition started in high-income countries but emerging countries are now also affected and its health impacts cause a substantial economic burden in particular for emerging countries. In light of these challenges my thesis aims at contributing to a better understanding of the underlying causes of the nutrition transition. One important driver of supply side dynamics is deeper economic integration. There is one strand in the economic empirical literature that uses an index of globalisation to measure economic integration for a large number of countries and over time. In my first paper, together with my co-authors, we add to this literature by analysing the relative importance of economic integration and social dimensions of globalisation for the composition of food supply. We find that social dimensions are more important than economic integration and these findings point at the relevance of demand side dynamics.Research regarding demand side dynamics sets out to understand why and how consumers' preferences have changed. Food advertisements play an important role in influencing consumer's food choices. Few papers from high-income countries estimate the effect of TV advertising on children's food consumption and overweight prevalence. My second chapter adds to this literature on food advertising by providing evidence for a middle-income country. Moreover, I build a bridge to the literature on preference formation by analysing the effect of exposure to television during childhood on food preferences during adulthood. I find that television exposure during childhood is associated with higher snacks and soda consumption later in life. Finally, impulsive food choices may also be influenced by environmental circumstances such as higher temperatures. Together with my co-author, in my third chapter, we estimate the effect of short-term temperature variations during one week on food consumption patterns in Mexico. From the physiological literature we understand that thirsty individuals should drink more water in response to higher temperatures. Yet, we find that individuals with a strong preference for sugar-sweetened drinks purchase more sodas instead
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DIABY, Aboubacar. "A study of corruption in transition countries." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/458.
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Past theoretical research has explored whether bribes paid by firms to government officials are greater under a decentralized bureaucracy where the firm faces numerous government officials or under a monopolistic one. Presumably, bribes are bid down in the former as officials compete for bribes. However, a tragedy of the commons could occur where decentralized officials "overgraze" and charge higher bribes than a single bureaucrat would. Using the BEEPS I, a firm level survey covering 24 transition countries, the chapter 1 examines whether reported bribe payments by firms are higher when firms face numerous officials or only a single one. We find that bribe payments are higher under a more decentralized bureaucratic structure. In chapter 2 we investigate the link between private market competition and bribery. Greater competition could lower profits thereby limiting the amount corruption since rents are lower but greater competition could also provide more incentives for firms to pay bribes to obtain advantages over their rivals. We consider bribes to obtain government contracts. Using the BEEPS III dataset on 27 transition countries and the Censored Quantile Regression methodology we empirically found that as the number of competitors increases the amount bribes paid tend to increase as well. We also found that this relationship follows an inverted U. The marginal effect increases with the amount of bribes paid up to a maximum, then decreases, but remains positive. We believe that this relationship is driven by more competitors raising demand for these contracts. In chapter 3 we investigate the association between corruption and two types of investment. Past research focuses only on the total level of investment. Using the same dataset as used in chapter 2, we obtain mixed results. Using a tobit model, we find evidence that corruption "greases the wheels" of physical investment but has no significant effect on the level of R&D investment. However, results from a probit model suggest that corruption does negatively impact whether or not the firm undertakes R&D. These findings indicate corruption can affect not only the level but also the decision of whether to invest. They also show that these effects might differ across the type of investment so that the "grease wheels" and "sand wheels" perspectives are not incompatible as most the studies using the aggregate level of investment tend to imply.
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Urban, Frauke. "Sustainable energy for developing countries modelling transitions to renewable and clean energy in rapidly developing countries /." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University of Groningen] [Host], 2009. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/.
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Hauser, Frank. "Country Risk and Foreign Direct Investments in Transition Countries." Diss., lmu, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-49002.
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Protsenko, Alexander. "Vertical and Horizontal Foreign Direct Investments in Transition Countries." Diss., lmu, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-21058.
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Fink, Gerhard, Peter Haiss, and Hans Christian Mantler. "The finance-growth nexus. Market economies vs. transition countries." Europainstitut, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2005. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1772/1/document.pdf.
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Applying a growth accounting framework and a wide range of static and dynamic panel data estimators on a panel covering 22 market economies and 11 transition countries over 1990-2001, we find a weak and fragile finance-growth link in market economies, but strong financial sectorinduced short-run growth effects in transition countries. The main growth effect hereby runs via the productivity channel. Parametric heterogeneity and financial structure seem to play a more important role than hitherto assumed: The financial sector and its different segments trigger different growth effects in different countries. (author's abstract)Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
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Nezhyvenko, Oksana. "Informal employment in Ukraine and European Union transition countries." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC0047/document.
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L'emploi informel est devenu un sérieux défi pour l'économie ukrainienne et des pays en transition au cours de l'adaptation aux conditions du marché. La tendance du nombre de travailleurs qui participent au secteur informel est en hausse depuis les dernières années. Dans mes recherches, je vais présenter l'état actuel de l'emploi informel en Ukraine et les pays en transition. Une attention particulière est accordée à la répartition du travail entre les différentes catégories de population, en divisant les individus en cinq catégories (employés formels, employés informels, travailleurs indépendants formels, travailleurs indépendants informels et chômeurs) selon la définition de l'emploi informel de l'OIT. Nous examinons le marché du travail en utilisant les données de Ukrainian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey pour l'Ukraine et Survey on Living and Income Conditions pour les pays en transition et nous élaborons la fonction des gains du capital humain pour le marché du travail en appliquant la fonction de répartition des gains de Mincer, afin d'étudier les facteurs qui déterminent les revenus et le choix de l'emploi de l'individu en Ukraine et les pays en transitionInformal employment became a serious challenge for the Ukrainian economy and economy of transition countries during the adjustment to market conditions. Trends of the number of workers participating in the informal sector have been rising for the last years. In my research I will present the current state of informal employment of Ukraine and transition countries. Detailed attention is paid to labour distribution across different population categories by dividing the individuals into five categories (formal employee, informal employee, formal self-employed, informal self-employed and unemployed) following the definition of informal employment from the ILO. We examine labour market using the data of the Ukrainian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey for Ukraine and the Survey on Living and Income Conditions for transition countries and we design human capital earnings function for labour market by applying Mincer earnings distribution function in order to investigate the factors that determine the individual’s earnings and choice of the employment status both for Ukraine and transition countries
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Valmori, Simona <1978>. "The gender wage gap in developing and transition countries." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/794/.
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The aim of my dissertation is to study the gender wage gap with a specific focus on developing and
transition countries. In the first chapter I present the main existing theories proposed to analyse the
gender wage gap and I review the empirical literature on the gender wage gap in developing and
transition countries and its main findings. Then, I discuss the overall empirical issues related to the
estimation of the gender wage gap and the issues specific to developing and transition countries.
The second chapter is an empirical analysis of the gender wage gap in a developing countries, the
Union of Comoros, using data from the multidimensional household budget survey “Enquete
integrale auprès des ménages” (EIM) run in 2004. The interest of my work is to provide a
benchmark analysis for further studies on the situation of women in the Comorian labour market
and to contribute to the literature on gender wage gap in Africa by making available more
information on the dynamics and mechanism of the gender wage gap, given the limited interest on
the topic in this area of the world. The third chapter is an applied analysis of the gender wage gap in
a transition country, Poland, using data from the Labour Force Survey (LSF) collected for the years
1994 and 2004. I provide a detailed examination of how gender earning differentials have changed
over the period starting from 1994 to a more advanced transition phase in 2004, when market
elements have become much more important in the functioning of the Polish economy than in the
earlier phase. The main contribution of my dissertation is the application of the econometrical
methodology that I describe in the beginning of the second chapter. First, I run a preliminary OLS
and quantile regression analysis to estimate and describe the raw and conditional wage gaps along
the distribution. Second, I estimate quantile regressions separately for males and females, in order
to allow for different rewards to characteristics. Third, I proceed to decompose the raw wage gap
estimated at the mean through the Oaxaca-Blinder (1973) procedure. In the second chapter I run a
two-steps Heckman procedure by estimating a model of participation in the labour market which
shows a significant selection bias for females. Forth, I apply the Machado-Mata (2005) techniques
to extend the decomposition analysis at all points of the distribution. In Poland I can also implement
the Juhn, Murphy and Pierce (1991) decomposition over the period 1994-2004, to account for
effects to the pay gap due to changes in overall wage dispersion beyond Oaxaca’s standard
decomposition.
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Kouassi, Tchudjane. "Essays on financial intermediation in transition and emerging countries." Limoges, 2013. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/eff6759f-3bdb-4a8c-bbb3-fb37e6720f0c/blobholder:0/2013LIMO1003.pdf.
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Dans le chapitre 1 de cette thèse, nous analysons empiriquement les répercutions de la mise en place d’un système explicite d’assurance des dépôts sur la prise de risque des banques et sur la discipline de marché dans des pays d’Europe centrale et orientale. Nous montrons que la mise en place d’un système d’assurance des dépôts dans le courant des années 1990 a conduit à une prise de risque élevée des banques. Nous montrons aussi qu’en l’absence d’un système explicite d’assurance des dépôts, la discipline de marché exercée par les déposants à travers les intérêts demandés sur les dépôts est faible et disparait en présence d’un système explicite d’assurance des dépôts. Cependant, en présence d’un système explicite d’assurance des dépôts, les déposants exercent une discipline de marché à travers les dépôts en soustrayant leurs avoirs des banques présentant un profil de risque élevé. On montre aussi que les incitations à la prise de risque générées par l’existence d’un système explicite d’assurance des dépôts varient selon la qualité du cadre institutionnel et juridique dans le pays. Dans le chapitre 2, nous analysons le rôle disciplinant des dépôts interbancaires et nous montrons l’existence d’une discipline de marché exercée par les banques depuis la mise place d’un système explicite d’assurance des dépôts dans les pays d’Europe centrale et orientale. Cependant, plusieurs facteurs comme l’actionnariat des banques ou l’étendue du pouvoir de l’organisme assureur des dépôts affectent l’efficacité de cette discipline de marché. Nos résultats montrent que la discipline exercée par les régulateurs réduit la prise de risque excessive des banques mais affaiblit la discipline de marché. L'étude empirique menée dans le chapitre 3 analyse le type d’activité et de financement des banques étrangères implantées dans les pays émergents et les conséquences en termes de prise de risque. Nous montrons que les activités et le mode de financement des banques étrangères diffèrent de ceux des banques domestiques et que cette différence conduit à des types et des niveaux de risque différentsIn chapter 1 of this dissertation, we empirically analyze the impact of the implementation of explicit deposit insurance on bank risk-taking and market discipline in Central and Eastern European Countries. We show that the introduction of explicit deposit insurance in the 90’s has led to higher risk-taking incentives. Also, in presence of explicit deposit insurance, we find an absence of market discipline exerted by depositors through the interest rate, while considering the market discipline exerted by depositors through the volume of deposits (deposit growth), we find an evidence of market discipline. We also show that the adverse effect of explicit deposit insurance on bank risk-taking varies with the cross-country differences in terms of legal and institutional environment. In chapter 2, we empirically examine the disciplinary role of interbank deposits and we find that this disciplinary role has been effective in Central and Eastern Europe since the mplementation of explicit deposit insurance. However, several factors as banks’ ownership, and deposit insurance features also impact bank risk and the effectiveness of market discipline. In chapter 3, we analyze the business model of banks in transition and emerging countries and its impact on bank risk- taking. We find a difference of activity and funding strategies between foreign and domestic banks. This difference in terms of business model is also reflected into different risk levels for foreign banks and domestic banks. Specifically, we find that foreign banks have a higher insolvency risk, while they exhibit a better loan portfolio quality than domestic banks
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Kabashi, Rilind. "Cyclicality, determinants and macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy in European countries, with particular reference to transition countries." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2015. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/2395/.
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This thesis empirically investigates the stabilization properties and the effectiveness of fiscal policy, which is an issue that has been gaining attention in the academic literature and among policy-makers in the past two decades, particularly in the wake of the Great Recession. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the cyclical character and determinants of fiscal policy, as well as the short- to medium-term effects of fiscal policy on output and other macroeconomic variables in European countries, with particular reference to transition countries. Using an extensive survey of the relevant literature and particularly the results of the comprehensive empirical investigation, the thesis offers recommendations relevant for policy-makers in European countries. The thesis thus deals with issues that lie at the heart of the main academic and policy debates in the wake of the European debt crisis. Consequently, its findings and recommendations should be useful for current and prospective European Union and euro area member states. In order to analyse the cyclical character and determinants of fiscal policy, system GMM is used as the most appropriate estimation method for the sample and the aim of the study. The main finding in this part is that discretionary fiscal policy is pro-cyclical in both groups of transition countries (from Central and Eastern Europe and from South-eastern Europe), thus aggravating economic fluctuations, while it is a-cyclical in old EU member states. These baseline results are robust to various extensions and robustness checks. The investigation of a wide range of additional factors indicates that various political and institutional factors also have important effects on fiscal policy in European countries, with numerous differences among the three country groups regarding their particular effect. The extensive analysis of the stabilisation properties of fiscal policy is followed by an investigation of the ability of fiscal policy to influence economic movements, as well as of the transmission mechanism of fiscal policy. In this part, Panel Vector Auto Regression with recursive identification of government spending shocks is used to analyse the short- to medium-term effects of fiscal policy on output (fiscal multipliers) and other macroeconomic variables. The main results indicate that expansionary government spending shocks have a positive, but a relatively low effect on output, with the fiscal multiplier around one in the year of the shock and the following year, and lower thereinafter. Further, effects of fiscal policy are strongly dependent on structural country characteristics. In particular, fiscal multipliers are higher in new EU member states, in countries with low public debt and low trade openness.
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Gerussi, Elisa <1982>. "International openness in transition countries: further evidence on foreign direct investment." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4723/.
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The thesis focuses on the process of international openness of Transition Countries. This study provides a theoretical analysis based on reference literature, and an empirical analysis which is aimed at estimating some main effects of Foreign Direct Investment. Transition has represented a highly complex phenomenon, characterized by several aspects, whose interaction has shaped the developmental path of each country involved. Although the thesis focuses on economic issues it is outstanding to underline that Transition implies political, institutional, and even social deep changes, which must be taken into consideration in the general overview of the contex. The empirical part has been developed along two different ways: a country analysis and a firm analysis, thus allowing to widen the study and delve deeper into the use of econometric instruments. More specifically, in the first empirical stage both static (Fixed Effects) and dynamic (LSDV Corrected) methodologies have been implemented, whereas in the second stage the Cox Proportional Function has been chosen in order to handle with censored data.
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Valdmaa, Andreas, and Eklöf Veronica Ehrström. "Transition Towards Renewable Energy inDeveloping Countries : A Case Study of Cuba." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276573.
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The Paris Agreement was introduced in 2015 with the purpose to actualize a more sustainablefuture and diminish the effects of climate change, caused by mankind. Since its establishment,the Paris Agreement has induced actions over the globe with consequences to last for centuries. In developing countries, the confrontation of climate change in reference to the development ofthe economies is especially challenging. This study aims to scrutinize the requirements andopportunities of ensuring sustainable energy in a developing country by increasing the degree ofrenewable energy as an alternative to fossil fuels in the energy mix. The study provides an updated perspective on the ongoing transition of renewable energyresources in developing countries by synthesizing the findings of multiple studies, including asystematic literature review and a case study. The main findings of this dissertation are that political and economic attributes are vital concerning the attainability of renewable energy resources in developing countries where technological aspects, such as infrastructure or degree of innovation, acts as foundation for the development. Additionally, it is the belief that there is significant gain in understanding social attributes further. Lastly, the thesis discusses the effectiveness of the Paris Agreement and its contribution to mitigating the effects of climate change.Parisavtalet introducerades under 2015 med syfte för förändring mot en hållbar framtid samtminska mänsklighetens påverkan på klimatet. Sen dess har Parisavtalet lett till ytterligare initiativ med långsiktiga effekter världen över. I utvecklingsländer är arbetet mot klimatpåverkan i samband med ländernas ekonomiska utveckling synnerligen utmanande. Denna studie syftar tillatt studera kraven och möjligheterna som följer säkerställandet av tillgången till hållbar energi i utvecklingsländer genom att utöka graden av förnybara energikällor som alternativ till fossilabränslen i landets energimix.Studien ger ett uppdaterat perspektiv av den pågående övergången till förnybara energikällor iutvecklingsländer genom att sammankoppla upptäckter från ett flertal studier, nämligen en systematisk litteraturstudie och en fallstudie. Uppsatsens huvudsakliga upptäckter är att politiska och ekonomiska egenskaper är vitala förtillväxten av förnyelsebar energi i utvecklingsländer där tekniska aspekter såsom infrastruktur och innovation står som grund i förändringen. Likaså, tros det finns signifikanta fördelar av att studera de tillhörande sociala egenskaperna ytterligare. Dessutom diskuterar uppsatsen huruvida Parisavtalet är effektivt i att minska klimatpåverkan.
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Martin, Felix. "Topics in the economics of money substitutes in developing and transition countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0b9cb662-a5a7-4a22-99b9-521a464b2348.
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Recent research has shown that money substitutes - whether in the form of foreign currency or of more exotic instruments such as privately-issued moneys - are common in developing and transition countries, and have important consequences for macroeconomic and financial sector policy. The aim of this thesis is to advance our theoretical and empirical understanding of the determinants of money substitution in developing and transition economies. We begin in Chapter 1 by addressing the need for a general theoretical framework for the analysis of money substitutes. Reviewing both the classical and the modern theoretical literature on money, we conclude that the Credit theory of money - an ancient but until recently neglected theory which conceives of money as a unilateral financial contract between its issuer and its bearer - is a useful framework for such analysis. In Chapter 2, we undertake an empirical analysis of non-cash settlements (NCS) in Croatia. Using time series econometric analysis, we demonstrate that the instruments used to settle NCS are at least in part substitutes for the national currency, created endogenously by the enterprise sector in response to constraints on their participation in the official monetary and banking system. We turn to the most important form of money substitute in developing and transition countries - foreign currency - in Chapter 3, where we present a new review of the theoretical and empirical literature on dollarisation. In particular, we track the evolution of theoretical models of dollarisation in response to the increasing empirical importance of financial dollarisation relative to currency substitution. In Chapter 4 we undertake an empirical study of the determinants of deposit dollarisation in the two transition economies of Estonia and Lithuania by building and interpreting dynamic, multiple equation, econometric models. We find that a simple, portfolio theoretic account of the dollarisation process furnishes a good explanation, but also that data availability limits the level of analytical detail that this approach can attain.
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Pavletic, Ivan. "Political competition, economic reform and growth : theory and evidence from transition countries." Zürich vdf Hochschulverl. an der ETH Zürich, 2010. http://bvbm1.bib-bvb.de/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=929733&customa̲tt2̲=simplev̲iewer.
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Kecmanovic, Milica Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Studies of labour markets in countries in transition in South East Europe." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2010. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44608.
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This thesis explores several aspects of the labour market in Serbia and Croatia during the process of transition from socialism to a market economy. First, it examines how women??s position in the labour market has changed in Serbia. Using five annual Labour Force Surveys (2001-2005), I find that the gender wage gap is still very low in Serbia, and is even decreasing during this period. However, decompositions that apply the Oaxaca (1974) methodology reveal that the unexplained component of the gap is very large, and is increasing. Likewise, quantile decompositions suggest that while the raw gap is falling at each of the quantiles analysed, the unexplained component is increasing at most quantiles at the same time. Thus, the relatively small gap in earnings could be masking considerable discrimination in the labour market. Second, changes in men??s wage inequality in Serbia in the period from 2001 to 2005 are analysed using five annual Labour Force Surveys. Changes in the distribution of earnings are examined using the Lemieux (2002) decomposition methodology. I find that the change in wage inequality is mostly driven by changes in wage premiums, while the effect of changes in the composition of the labour force is very small. Isolating the effect of the emerging private sector reveals that changes in the private sector size and wage premium account for an average 25 percent of the changes in inequality during this period. Third, the effect that the recent war in Croatia (1991-1995) had on the educational and employment trajectories of the 1971 birth cohort of men is investigated. This birth cohort was most affected by the armed forces draft. I treat the occurrence of the war as a natural experiment and use data from the Croatian and Slovenian Labour Force Surveys. Applying the difference-in-difference framework and comparing this cohort to adjacent cohorts, women, and to respective cohorts in Slovenia, a neighbouring country that did not experience war, I find that the war has had a negative effect on educational outcomes and a small positive effect on the employment and earnings outcomes of this cohort of men.
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Moreno, Serra Rodrigo Antonio. "Econometric evaluation of health care programmes and policiesin developing and transition countries." Thesis, University of York, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507941.
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Maliszewska, Maryla Aleksandra. "Four essays on international trade and location of production in transition countries." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409287.
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The thesis is composed of four broadly related essays. The focus is on Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs), on their production structures and integration with international markets. The first two chapters look at how market liberalisation and opening of the economy shaped the structure and location of economic activity. The fITst chapter studies the spatial distribution of industrial activity in the CEECs since the beginning of transition. Our analysis shows that the detenninants of industrial location in the CEECs are similar to those typical for the EU. The increasing returns to scale industries tend to concentrate in central locations, industries benefit from proximity to industrial consumers (backward linkages) and countries rich in scientists and engineers attract R&D intensive industries. The second chapter analyses the location of economic activity across regions in Poland. The Polish data provides support not only for backward linkages, but also for forward linkages hypothesis, as industries' growth is higher in regions where large concentrations of finns' suppliers are present. In the third and fourth chapters the focus shifts towards the future. The third chapter studies the effects on Poland of the adoption of the EU's Common External Tariff (CET). The analysis indicates that overall impact of the adoption of the CET on Polish imports is modest. In the fourth chapter I employ a computable general equilibrium model to evaluate the impact of the EU accession on Poland, Hungary and the EU-IS. I study the implications of integration into the customs union, adoption of the EU standards and removal of internal borders. The simulations indicate significant welfare gains for Poland and Hungary and modest gains for the EU. The new members are expected to experience production increases across almost all sectors, while the impact on EU production is some sectors is negative, but very small
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Sadeq, Tareq. "Transition and optimal monetary policy : an econometric analysis for Central Europe countries." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EVRY0011.
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La problématique de cette thèse se résume à deux questions liées aux économies en transition. La première est pourquoi quelques pays convergent vers les critères d'accession à la zone Euro, tandis que d'autres sont toujours loin de ces critères de stabilité. La deuxième question est comment a changé la structure de l'économie et la politique monétaire pendant la transition. Je réponds à ces questions en analysant des modèles dynamiques et stochastiques d'équilibre général (DSGE) en utilisant des méthodes économétriques Bayésiennes. Les techniques d'évaluation habituelles ont été étendues pour considérer des changements structurels de l'économie. Dans le premier chapitre, on a présenté la méthode d’estimation Bayésienne des modèles DSGE linéaires. Dans le deuxième chapitre, on construit un modèle DSGE incorporant quelques caractéristiques des économies en transition et l'ai évalué en utilisant la méthode Bayésienne. Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre, on estime un modèle intégrant une date de rupture structurelle dans les paramètres et de l’heteroskedasticité des chocsIn this thesis, I have considered two questions related to transition economies in Central Europe. The first is why some countries converge toward the Euro area accession criteria, while others are still far from the stability criteria. The second question is how did the structure of the economy and the monetary policy change during the transition. I answer to these questions by analysing dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models using Bayesian econometric methods. I have extended the usual estimation techniques in order to consider structural changes in the economy. In the first chapter, I introduce the general methodology of Bayesian estimation of linear DSGE models. In the second chapter, I have built a DSGE model incorporating some features of the transition economies and have estimated it using the Bayesian method. Finally, in the third chapter, I have estimated a model considering a structural change date in parameters and heteroskedasticity of shocks
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Chytilová, Helena. "Efficiency of Inflation Targeting in Transition Countries, the Case of the Czech Republic." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4413.
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This paper examines Czech experience with inflation targeting. It tries to assess empirically character of deviations from inflation targets throughout the time. It assess situation also in an international context. Consequently it analyse ability of IT regime to anchor inflation expectations in context of CNB?s forecasting performance. Results imply that although deviations were quite frequent in the Czech Republic, their occurrence has not been a barrier for delivering lower inflation and its lower volatility. Notwithstanding, its volatility remains significantly above the range experienced in the EU and the EMU countries. Regarding the inflation expectations, monetary policy surprises tend to be smaller over time,signalising that IT regime is priced by the markets. Thus, credibility of the CNB, concerning anchoring of inflation expectations, seems to improve after introduction of IT regime. It also indicates that IT regime is a quite appropriate regime for the upcoming period of time, which will be end up by the entry in the EMU.
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Markova, Ekaterina. "Liberalization and regulation of the telecommunications sector in transition countries the case of Russia." Heidelberg Physica-Verl, 2009. http://d-nb.info/990310671/04.
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Orlić, Edvard. "Effects of FDI spillovers on the productivity of domestic firms in selected transition countries." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2016. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/2391/.
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The transition to a market based economy in Central and East European countries (CEECs) was characterised by deep structural and institutional reforms. These reforms, particularly the liberalisation of trade and capital flows, played a prominent role and enabled the entry of these countries in the “FDI market”. It was expected that the entry of MNCs into these countries would foster firm restructuring, change the export structure and above all generate knowledge spillovers and create linkages with indigenous firms. Therefore, CEECs started to offer various incentives to attract FDI, hoping that some of the technology brought by MNCs will spill over to local firms. This would enable them to increase their productivity and achieve higher rates of growth that would result in convergence with more advanced countries. The aim of this thesis is to investigate productivity spillovers from FDI to local firms in five transition countries using firm level data for the period 2002-2010. Several elements differentiate this study from the previous analyses. We compare the effects of horizontal spillovers and vertical linkages from FDI across countries and two main sectors (manufacturing and services) and assess the heterogeneity of MNCs. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study taking into account MNCs’ origin and the extent of foreign ownership in a group of transition economies. Given the importance of FDI in services we further disentangle vertical linkages according to sectoral source and investigate the moderating role of firms’ absorptive capacity. Semi-parametric approach based on control function is applied to estimate firms’ total factor productivity (TFP) which is then used in the estimation of horizontal and vertical spillovers from FDI along with other firm and industry level determinants. FDI spillovers are estimated using the dynamic panel econometric technique. Our findings indicate that local firms in the advanced stage of transition benefit from horizontal spillovers arising mostly in service sector and from partially owned foreign firms while the effects of MNCs’ origin are ambiguous. We also find that net effects of FDI spillovers are driven by vertical linkages. In particular, positive effect of backward linkages on firm productivity are found for fully owned and non-EU MNCs. However, for a limited set of countries, these positive effects of backward linkages are in certain ii cases further supported or offset by negative effects of partially owned foreign firms and EU MNCs. On the other hand, forward linkages when positive are limited to EU MNCs while non-EU MNCs and both partially and fully owned foreign firms exhibit mostly negative productivity effects with the exception of two countries. Furthermore, we find that MNCs in manufacturing and service sectors generate significant productivity spillovers to manufacturing firms which are further strengthened with higher levels of absorptive capacity. However, in most cases these spillovers occur through different vertical channels, namely through manufacturing backward and services forward spillovers thus shedding new light on the increasing importance of forward linkages and FDI in services. Human capital and investment in intangibles are found to be strong determinants of firm productivity together with increased competition, while firms’ age and size have U-shape and inverse U-shape effects, respectively. This thesis shows that the effects of FDI spillovers differ among countries suggesting that sectoral and MNCs’ heterogeneity play an important role in driving the overall results. Therefore, based on these findings we have developed a set of policy recommendations for policy makers and investment promotion agencies with the aim to maximise the benefits of MNC’s entry for indigenous firms’ productivity and their inclusion into Global Value Chains.
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Efendic, Adnan. "Institutions and economic performance in transition countries with special reference to Bosnia and Herzegovina." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522126.
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Nilsson, Björn. "Educational and labor market trajectories of youth in developing countries." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED029/document.
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Dans cette thèse, les déterminants des trajectoires éducationnelles et professionnelles des jeunes dans les pays en développement sont examinés, avec un accent particulier mis sur les relations au sein du ménage. Le premier chapitre fournit une revue des contributions théoriques et empiriques de la littérature autour du concept de transition de l'éducation au marché du travail dans les pays en voie de développement. Le deuxième chapitre développe un modèle d'équilibre général calculable, appliqué de manière rétrospective à l'économie de la Malaisie, dans l'optique d'étudier les conséquences sur le marché du travail du progrès technique biaisé et d'une politique éducative de masse. Les chapitres suivants s'interrogent sur les interactions au sein des ménages et leurs impacts lors de chocs. Un accent est ici mis sur le travail des enfants ainsi que sur leur scolarisation. Les résultats soulignent d’importantes externalités et une absorption hétérogène des chocs au niveau des ménages. L'évaluation de politiques publiques gagnerait à tenir compte de ces externalités intra-ménageThis thesis seeks to promote our understanding of the constraints and opportunities facing youth as they transit through schooling and to the labor market. The first chapter provides a literature review of the theoretical and empirical contributions to what we know about school-to-work transitions in developing countries and their specificities. The following chapter builds a computable general equilibrium model that is applied to the Malaysian labor market, in order to study the impact of skill-biased technological change and educational policy on labor market evolutions. Subsequent chapters examine household interactions arising from exogenous shocks, from the angle of children’s work and schooling. The findings from these chapters point to the presence of important spillover effects and heterogeneous absorption of shocks in the household. Impact evaluation of policy would therefore benefit from the systematic incorporation of such household-level externalities
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Billingsley, Sunnee. "Casualties of turbulent economic transition: premature mortality and foregone fertility in the post-communist countries." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/38107.
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In this thesis, I analyze the contribution of the economic context to the fertility and mortality crises that took place across the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe during the transition from communism. At the macro-level, findings reflect a relationship between a negative economic context and stopping behavior of childbirth, whereas a positive economic context appears to encourage postponement of having a first child. Macro-economic conditions appear to be related to variations in mortality rates as well, particularly for the demographic group that drove the mortality crisis and the causes of death that have been linked to alcohol consumption. At the micro-level, evidence emerges in Russia that downward social mobility and unemployment were two experiences that particularly influenced early deaths and second birth risks. Both women and men were less likely to have a second child if they had experienced downward mobility after the first child was born. While excessive alcohol consumption and poor health did not predict downward social mobility or unemployment, the reverse relationship did appear in the findings.En esta tesis, analizar la contribución del contexto económico de la fecundidad y la mortalidad de las crisis que tuvo lugar en la antigua Unión Soviética y Europa Central y Oriental durante la transición del comunismo. A nivel macro, los resultados reflejan una relación entre un contexto económico negativo y detener el comportamiento del parto, mientras que un contexto económico positivo parece fomentar el aplazamiento de tener un primer hijo. Condiciones macroeconómicas parecen estar relacionadas con variaciones en las tasas de mortalidad y, en particular para el grupo demográfico que llevó a la crisis de mortalidad y las causas de la muerte que se han vinculado al consumo de alcohol. A nivel micro, la evidencia que surge en Rusia la baja movilidad social y el desempleo son dos experiencias en particular que influyó en las muertes tempranas y el segundo nacimiento riesgos. Tanto hombres como mujeres tenían menos probabilidades de tener un segundo hijo si habían experimentado movilidad descendente después del primer hijo nació. Mientras que el consumo excesivo de alcohol y la mala salud no predicen la baja movilidad social o el desempleo, la relación inversa que aparecen en los resultados.
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Talykova, Gerenzel. "IFRS Adoption and Its Influence on Capital Markets in Transition Countries: The Case of Russia." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359271.
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Capital markets development is an integral part of overall economic growth of any country. Accounting harmonization is aimed to increase the attractiveness of capital markets by creation of synchronized financial reporting environment globally so that the capital is effectively allocated with the lowest costs and increased liquidity. To the date, more than a hundred of countries implemented IFRS into the national accounting frameworks, therefore the need for the assessment of the real impacts on capital markets is obvious. The main goal of this study is to identify whether there is statistical evidence of the relationship between decreased/increased cost of equity capital among Russian listed companies and mandatory adoption of IFRS. Theoretical part includes an overview of the relevant theory, reasons of accounting harmonization as well as potential challenges. There are also described the main findings and real evidences of adoption impacts on the main capital and financial markets. Practical part of this paper is aimed to investigate whether the proposed benefits of IFRS adoption may be similarly observed in an environment of transition economy.
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Radulescu, Maria-Roxana. "Macroeconomic aspects of transition : an empirical analysis of currency substitution and purchasing power parity in Romania, and growth in 25 transition countries." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247961.
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Myeki, Pumla Qamisa. "South Africa’s transition to a low-carbon economy: skills availability implications." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14157.
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South Africa together with the rest of the world have been caught up in a new policy wave of developing policies that support the move towards sustainable, low-carbon and climate resilient economies. However, like any other transition, the social and economic impact of the new policy initiative towards a low-carbon economy is not yet fully understood, both in short- and long-term. While it is clear that the low carbon agenda presents major opportunities in terms of job creation, improved standard of living levels, improved resource consumption patterns as well as economic benefits. It also presents challenges, given the level of education and lack of skills for the installation, construction and operation of many technologies during the process of retrofitting the existing plants as well as infrastructures associated with the new low carbon agenda. The primary objective of this research study is to explore implications of skills availability in order to gain better understanding into the nature, extent and severity of skills shortage impact on the transition to a low-carbon economic future. The research study has revealed that shortage of skills may have a negative impact on the progress of the envisaged South Africa’s transition to a low-carbon economic growth trajectory. However, to varied factors, the study could not clearly articulate the nature, extent and severity of the skills shortages impact on the transition to a low-carbon economic future. These factors may include but not limited to the following: The concept of low-carbon economy is still a new concept with no universally agreed on definition, thus; leading uncertainties with regards to what it entails as well as policy dilemmas; Low-carbon economy is cross-cutting and cannot be clearly defined as a sector. With no clear sectorial boundaries it is difficult to plan for low-carbon economy sector; Skills shortage is chronic and is persistent but due to the fragmented and non-coherent approach by South African government when dealing with skills development. There are a number of reports by different departments on skills shortages but these reports do not talk to each other making it difficult to articulate at national level the nature, extent and severity of the challenge, due to scattered research. This research study has recommended some initiatives that the government of South Africa can consider in order to deal with uncertainties surrounding the low-carbon economy as well as the nature, extent and severity of skills shortages in South Africa. The study also suggested some possible future research interests that need to be pursued in order to develop useful data for decision makers both in the low-carbon economy and skills shortage space.
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Araújo, Kathleen M. "Energy at the Frontier : low carbon energy system transitions and innovation in four prime mover countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79207.
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Thesis (Ph. D. in International Energy and Environmental Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
All too often, discussion about the imperative to change national energy pathways revolves around long timescales and least cost economics of near-term energy alternatives. While both elements certainly matter, they don't fully reflect what can drive such development trajectories. This study explores national energy transitions by examining ways in which four prime mover countries of low carbon energy technology shifted away from fossil fuels, following the first global oil crisis of 1973. The research analyzes the role of readiness, sectoral contributions, and adaptive policy in the scale-up and innovations of advanced, alternative energy technologies. Cases of Brazilian biofuels, Danish wind power, French nuclear power and Icelandic geothermal energy are evaluated for a period of four decades. Fundamentally, the research finds that significant change can occur in under 15 years; that technology complexity need not impede change; and that countries of varying governance approaches and consumption levels effectuated such transitions. This research also underscores how low carbon energy technologies may be adopted before they are competitive and then become competitive in the process.
by Kathleen M. Araújo.
Ph.D.in International Energy and Environmental Policy
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Markova, Ekaterina [Verfasser]. "Liberalization and regulation of the telecommunications sector in transition countries : the case of Russia / Ekaterina Markova." Heidelberg : Physica-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/992584116/34.
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Nikoloski, Dimitar. "The determinants of the sustainable rate of unemployment in transition countries with particular reference to Macedonia." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438098.
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Hamedi, Zoheir. "A multilevel perspective for an energy transition in the power generation sector of the GCC countries." Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10753/.
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As a result of a combination of concerns related to the climate change issue, energy security, and the inevitable depletion of fossil fuels, the energy system of the world economy is, indeed, at the early stage of a gradual and sustained energy transition. The future of the energy system of the GCC economies will strongly depend on this world tendency, as they are one of the main producers and providers of hydrocarbons to the world economy, and their economies rely almost entirely on the hydrocarbons on two aspects: first of all, as a source of revenue and therefore a core element of their political economy and secondly, hydrocarbons constitute the only energy source fuelling the economic engine of the GCC countries. Moreover, the economies of the Gulf are under an increased pressure to diversify their energy mix for the following reasons: they have one of the largest carbon footprint per capita in the world, and the ever-increasing domestic consumption of electricity is putting an increasing pressure on the available reserves of hydrocarbons to the export market. Grounded on this new international energy environment and the challenges facing the GCC countries to diversify their energy sources in the long-term, it is proposed through this study to explore through scenarios the possible transition pathway for engaging the GCC economies into an energy transition in their power generation sector up to 2050 and how this objective could be shaped within the context of a hydrocarbon-rich rentier economic system. The scenario methodology will be used within the concept of energy transitions and the multi-level perspective (MLP) framework of analysis, which will allow for a systemic analysis of the energy system of the GCC countries and for identifying the forces that will be at work for potential future energy transitions.
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Gurova, Galina Ratcheva. "Fiscal Decentralization and Municipal Budget Policy in Countries with Economies in Transition: Comparing Local Revenue Systems." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33207.
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The thesis explores the effect of fiscal decentralization on local governments budgeting and fiscal autonomy in selected transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The implications of legislative changes on local budgets and revenue authority are analyzed. Discrepancies between legal provisions and actual fiscal practices are identified on the basis of case studies of four countries: Bulgaria, Georgia, Hungary, and Lithuania. The study explores some specific approaches to dealing with local finances based on the respective countries' fiscal legislation. An attempt is made to evaluate local revenue authority based on both comparable statistical data and legal provisions of the selected countries. Following a comparative conceptual framework, the thesis reveals both unique and common patterns of budget policy and local revenue raising authority in each of the four countries.
The results of the inquiry indicate that despite the greater fiscal authority and independence which local authorities gained during the transition, local governments in many CEE countries continue to operate within old centralized fiscal structures and budget policies. The right balance between the need for decentralization of governance and the ability and desire of local authorities to control and steer the local revenue policies is still to be found.Master of Urban and Regional Planning
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Obeta, Miracle. "A TALE OF TWO REGIMES/COUNTRIES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS IN GHANA AND THE GAMBIA." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1255663256.
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Waziri, Bukar Zanna. "An empirical investigation of the impact of global energy transition on Nigerian oil and gas exports." Thesis, Abertay University, 2016. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/245dc08e-05c2-423e-b455-737142d4b9fe.
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Net energy exporting countries (NEECs) and net energy importing countries (NEICs) depend on each other for mutual gains. However, NEICs pursue strategic policies to reduce consumption of energy from conventional sources and increase that of renewable energy in order to attain energy security and macro environmental and carbon accountability. On the other hand, NEECs such as Nigeria depend heavily on oil and gas exports to NEICs to generate revenue. As a result of this inter-dependent relationship, this PhD project adopts a dependency theory and strategic issue analysis framework to underpin the study. Accordingly, the study approach is founded on the ideas of pluralism as a social reality and adopted pragmatism as the research approach. Consistent with these approaches, the study was undertaken by analysing both secondary and primary data, including macro-economic statistics of annual time-series dataset (1980-2014) and semi-structured interviews respectively. The quantitative part of the project used Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds testing approach. This method was used to investigate and analyse the effect of renewable energy consumption and carbon emissions reduction on Nigeria’s oil and gas exports. The qualitative part involved interviews with twenty senior government officials in Nigeria from six selected Federal Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), representatives of civil society groups and academicians, to support the quantitative results and answer certain research questions. The short-run quantitative results and qualitative findings show that renewable energy consumption in developed NEICs affects Nigeria’s oil and gas exports. However, the reverse holds true for emerging NEICs. Both the quantitative results and the qualitative findings show that carbon emissions reduction in developed NEICs affects Nigerian oil and gas exports in the long run. Also, the quantitative results show that renewable energy consumption in developed and emerging NEICs does not affect Nigerian oil and gas exports in the long run. However, the qualitative findings only support the quantitative results for emerging NEICs but do not support those of developed NEICs. Similarly, the qualitative findings indicate that other external and internal factors such as discovery of shale oil and gas; improvement in energy efficient technologies; the use of long-term contract in other NEECs; stringent nature of the Nigerian Content Law and lack of passage of the Petroleum Industry Bill amongst others currently contribute in affecting Nigeria’s oil and gas exports. Moreover, the qualitative findings show that global energy transition has an impact on the Nigeria’s oil and gas revenue, savings made to the Nigerian Sovereign Wealth Fund, budget financing and will continue to affect Nigerian revenue and budget if the economy remains undiversified. Finally, the qualitative findings indicate that global energy transition has negatively affected Foreign Direct Investment flow into Nigerian petroleum industry and discoveries of new oil and gas reserves. These findings have several implications. Firstly, Nigerian oil and gas exports are affected by the carbon emissions control regime, which makes future oil and gas revenues uncertain; thereby putting pressure on budget financing and socio-economic growth and development. On this note, there is the need for Nigeria to take cautionary position in the global climate change debate in order not to adversely affect the country’s economic interest. Secondly, the consumption of energy from renewable sources in both developed and emerging NEICs is an opportunity for Nigeria to export not only its conventional energy but also renewable energy if commercially harnessed. This suggests that Nigerian should also invest heavily in renewable energy production. Thirdly, the major findings of this study provide evidence in support of the relevance of dependency theory and strategic issue analysis framework within the context of energy transition in NEICs on one hand, and Nigerian oil and gas exports to these countries on the other. This implies the need for Nigeria to focus on developing internal market trajectories to increase domestic utilisation of its conventional energy rather than being dependent on external markets for the sale of the nation’s energy resources.
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Koengkan, Matheus da Costa. "Globalisation and the paradigm of renewable energy transition in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) countries." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/28080.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tese investiga o efeito positivo da globalização no processo de transição energética nos países da América Latina e Caraíbas (LAC) e como esse impacto contribui para a mitigação das emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2). No primeiro ensaio investiga-se o efeito positivo da abertura financeira no investimento em energia renovável, em um painel de dez países da América Latina com dados coletados para o período de 1980 a 2014. O
modelo Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lags (PARDL) indica que a abertura financeira tem um impacto positivo de longo prazo no investimento em energia renovável. Os resultados da análise de causalidade de Granger indicam que existem vínculos causais bidirecionais de Granger entre todas as variáveis. O segundo ensaio estuda a relação entre o consumo de energia renovável, combustíveis fósseis, crescimento económico e globalização em cinco países do Mercosul entre 1980 a 2014. O modelo Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) e o teste de Granger Causality Wald indicam a presença de uma relação bidirecional entre consumo de energia (fontes renováveis e fósseis) para o crescimento económico. O processo de globalização nos países do Mercosul tem uma efeito positivo no consumo de energia renovável, enquanto no consumo de energia fossíl existe um efeito negativo. O terceiro ensaio abordou o impacto positivo da abertura comercial e negativo do consumo de energias renováveis sobre o consumo de energia fóssil para um painel de catorze países da LAC no período de 1990 a 2014. O modelo PARDL aponta que o impacto do crescimento económico e a elasticidade da abertura comercial contribuem para o aumento de consumo de combustíveis fósseis nos países da LAC. No entanto, o impacto e a elasticidade do consumo de energia renovável contribui para a diminuição do consumo de combustíveis fósseis. O quarto ensaio estuda o impacto assimétrico positivo da transição energética para as energias renováveis sobre a degradação ambiental de dezoito países da LAC no período de 1990 a 2014. O modelo Panel Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PNARDL) indica que a assimetria positiva e negativa da relação entre a energia renovável e a energia fóssil no curto e no longo prazo tem impacto negativo de -0,0601, nas variações positivas, e -0,0792, nas variações negativas, no curto prazo; e -0,0281, nas variações positivas, e -0,0339, nas variações negativas no longo prazo. JEL Codes: E6; F1;F40, F62; Q43;Q50; Abstract: This thesis investigates the positive effect of globalisation on the process of the energy transition in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) countries and how this impact contributes to the mitigation of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions. In the first essay investigates the positive effect of financial openness on renewable energy investment to this end, a panel of ten Latin American countries and data collected for the period from 1980 to 2014 were used. The Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lags (PARDL) model indicates that financial openness has a positive long-run impact on renewable energy investment. The results of the Granger causality analysis indicate that bi-directional Granger causal links exist between all the variables. The second essay studies the relationship between renewable energy consumption, fossil fuels, economic growth, and globalisation in five Mercosur countries from 1980 to 2014. The Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) model and the Granger Causality Wald test indicate the presence of a bi-directional relationship between energy consumption (renewable and fossil sources) for economic growth. The process of globalisation in the Mercosur countries has a positive impact on the consumption of renewable energy, while in consumption of fossil fuels has a negative one. The third essay approached the positive impact of trade openness and the negative impact of renewable energy consumption on the consumption of fossil fuels for a panel of fourteen LAC countries over the period from 1990 to 2014. The PARDL model points out that the economic growth and elasticity of trade openness contribute to increasing of consumption of fossil fuels in the LAC countries. However, the elasticity of consumption of renewable energy contributes to decreases of fossil fuels energy consumption. The fourth essay studies the positive asymmetric impact of the energy’s paradigm transition on environmental degradation of eighteen LAC countries in the period from 1990 to 2014. The Panel Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PNARDL) model indicates that the positive and the negative asymmetry of the ratio of renewable energy on fossil energy in the short- and long-run has a negative impact of -
0.0601, on positive variations, and -0.0792, on negative variations, in short-run; and -
0.0281, on positive variations, and -0.0339, on negative variations, in the long-run. JEL Codes: E6; F1; F40, F62; Q43;Q50.
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Rambaka, Dace. "Policy reform and research performance in countries in transition : a comparative case study of Latvia and Estonia." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/policy-reform-and-research-performance-in-countries-in-transition-a-comparative-case-study-of-latvia-and-estonia(7385d874-52e2-4c0e-93bb-43c5373917c2).html.
Full textAbstract:
Several studies have been published postulating the emergence of the post-modern research system, the research system in transition and the new production of knowledge (Cozzens et al. 1990, Rip and van der Meulen 1996, Gibbons et al. 1994). However, these studies have been largely concerned with the gradual transformation of well-established research systems of Western industrialised countries. The radical transformations of the research systems of Central and Eastern European countries (CEE), following the collapse of the communist regime at the beginning of the 1990s, have attracted a smaller number of scholars (Balazs et al. 1995; Schimank 1995; Radosevic 1999; Dyker and Radosevic 1999, 2000). Prior to this, the developments in scientific organisation have been considered to be either an issue of evolution (in advanced or industrialised countries) or, as in the case of developing countries - a development issue. However, the research/innovation systems of CEE in the 1990s were neither underdeveloped, nor following the pattern of evolution of other industrialised countries, but were forced to change as a consequence of changes in the political and economic order. Furthermore, eighteen years after the fall of the communist regime, the research systems of CEE have developed at different rates, along different trajectories, despite similar preconditions for change. Taking into account the aforementioned considerations, the study investigates two research systems in transition, those of Latvia and Estonia, which along with the Czech Republic have initiated the most radical reorganisation of their research systems. The choice of countries is based on the realisation that despite, at first glance, similar pre-conditions for change, as well as similar demographic factors, political and economic systems, and institutional structures of scientific organisation (which makes these countries easily comparable); these systems appear to have evolved along different trajectories. Clear differences are seen in terms of total state funding allocated for research, as well as contributions from the private sector, R&D intensity, research output in terms of publication, citation rates and patents, collaborative projects and publications (Kristapsons, Martinson and Dagyte 2003). Based on these indicators, Estonia precedes Latvia on all counts; possible explanations for this are the diversified funding mechanisms available, and the multitude of assessments of research and development on the basis of which policies were formed (Kristapsons, Martinson and Dagyte 2003).In view of the overall goal of explaining different rates/paths of development of similarly positioned national research systems, the purpose of the study is twofold. Firstly, it attempts to paint a comprehensive picture of the Latvian and Estonian research systems and, secondly, it compares and contrasts them in terms of the reforms initiated and the outputs, outcomes and impacts of these reforms. Methodologically, the study is largely qualitative in nature and it has been deemed appropriate to present the two countries as separate case studies, yet retaining a common analytical frame to gather primary and secondary data. Secondary data has been collected by drawing on the multitude of archival and documentary evidence and statistical databases available; primary data was collected by conducting semi-structured interviews.
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Xhelili, Albulena. "Bank efficiency, Euroization and macroprudential policy in transition economies : with special reference to South East European countries." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2015. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/2242/.
Full textAbstract:
The literature on bank efficiency in transition economies (TEs) is neither exhaustive nor conclusive. It mainly investigates bank efficiency in relation to bank size and ownership. However, to the best of our knowledge, it ignores several important dimensions related to the banking sector in TEs: euroization, macroprudential policy and different types of risk. By exploring the relationships between bank efficiency, euroization, macroprudential policy and different types of risk in TEs, this research fills this gap. The relationship between bank efficiency, euroization and bank risk is explored empirically through the estimation of a cost efficiency frontier using time-varying stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) whilst controlling initially for euroization at country level and then at bank level, using the BankScope database and euroization data collected by the author. The findings suggest that euroization at country level is a driver of bank efficiency in TEs, and that different risks are important in the context bank efficiency in TEs. Furthermore, it was shown that efficiency in TEs has varied over period and it has been affected by the Global Financial Crisis. The initial research is extended through the qualitative analysis of the phenomena of euroization at bank level in selected South East European countries, which again to the best of our knowledge, is the first such research. The investigation is conducted through semi-structured interviews of risk managers of banks at different levels of seniority. The main finding of this analysis is that macroprudential policy, widely considered a useful response to global financial crisis, is an important determinant of euroization. To explore this further an econometric investigation of the impact of macroprudential policy on the level of credit euroization in TEs, an aspect ignored in the literature, is undertaken. Additionally, the empirical literature on credit euroization is limited as most studies focus on deposit euroization, assuming that credit euroization mirrors it, although the latter is larger in most TEs. The analysis is conducted employing dynamic and autoregressive panel techniques, using data on macroprudential policy from the IMF and central banks. Thus, this study fills a gap in this literature by investigating the determinants of credit euroization, including the impact of macroprudential policy. Although this is a first attempt at such an investigation, it supports the importance of these policies in driving down the level of euroization in TEs.
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Mrockova, T. Natalie. "Understanding the constraints on the operation of corporate insolvency law in the economic transition of developing countries : the case of China." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:580e224d-f756-48bf-a5d9-fe720367a9f8.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis seeks to contribute to our understanding of why creditors and debtors do not ordinarily use China's reformed Enterprise Bankruptcy Law ('EBL'), whether the low use of the EBL is problematic, and if so, what can be done to ensure a more efficient resolution of corporate insolvencies and corporate financial distress in China. The EBL has been lauded â domestically and internationally â as a major legislative success. However, despite the rapidly growing number of companies, level of corporate indebtedness and non-performing loans â which should, one might expect, lead to an increase in the use of the EBL â the number of court-run insolvency cases has in fact been decreasing since the law was implemented in 2007. The thesis draws on newly collected insights from a series of interviews in China - to supplement the scarce and often incoherent data that is available - to determine what motivates debtors and creditors not to use the EBL. The findings are presented as four complementary constraints on a more effective and efficient operation of the EBL. First two constraints relate to the low payoffs under the EBL that debtors and creditors expect to receive due to (i) flaws in the EBL itself and (ii) problems in surrounding non-bankruptcy rules and practices that reduce or prevent recoveries under the EBL. A third constraint affects those debtors and creditors who wish to use the EBL despite the low expected payoffs â for example to avoid directors' liability for corporate insolvency â but are prevented from doing so due to (iii) potential enforcers' limitations and biases. A fourth and final constraint on the use of the EBL that reinforces debtors' and creditors' unwillingness to use the EBL is (iv) the parties' (often inaccurate) perception that alternative debt enforcement mechanisms may offer comparatively higher payoffs (v. the EBL). Building on this discussion, the thesis then considers the desirability of, and options for, reform. It argues that reform and subsequent greater use of court-enforced insolvency law are desirable in China because the (reformed) EBL has the potential to contribute to economic development through more efficient resolution of complex financial distress; better control of bad debt; easier and cheaper corporate financing; more efficient allocation of resources; and more entrepreneurial activity. However, because the necessary changes to deliver this are likely to be slow in coming, it proposes a dual-track reform encompassing (i) substantive reform of the EBL and select non-bankruptcy laws and practices; accompanied by (ii) the introduction of a new speedy, independent and confidential mechanism for insolvency resolution, 'MedArb'.