Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Transition mitose'
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Detti, Mélanie. "Méthylation des adénosines (m6A) des ARN dans les cellules germinales et infertilité." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ6044.
Full textSexual differentiation is a complex mechanism where an undifferentiated gonad develops into a testis in males or an ovary in females. Chromosomal sex is at the origin of sexual determination, by activating sex-specific signaling pathways. Discovered in 1990, the Sry gene, found on the Y chromosome of males, has long been described as the regulator of all sexual differentiation. In its presence, XY embryos differentiate into males, but its absence is sufficient to induce female differentiation, “by default”. However, sex determination is far more complex, involving the expression of numerous genes, whose balanced expression levels activate the ovarian pathway and simultaneously repress the testicular pathway, or vice versa. The development of an ovary or testis relies on the presence of somatic cells as well as germ cells, the only cells capable of meiosis.Meiosis, discovered in 1883, is also a sex-determining event, as it occurs during embryonic development in females, and post-natal in males. Once again, many genes must be finely regulated for meiosis for correct initiation and progressing. Germ cells proliferate actively, then lose their pluripotency and enter meiosis in females, while they remain pluripotent and enter quiescence in males. This transition takes place by a change in the genetic program, which is not yet fully understood.The study of the various actors regulating sexual differentiation, at both somatic and germline levels, is therefore a priority for my team, which specializes in embryonic gonadal development.N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an emerging and still poorly understood mechanism of gene expression regulation. Yet it is the most common and most conserved RNA modification in eukaryotes, and its importance is underlined by various pathologies resulting from dysfunctions of this methylation. It is currently known to regulate a wide variety of processes, including metabolism, development, cell differentiation and stress response.We therefore decided to investigate the role of Wtap, an actor in the m6A methylation complex, in sex determination and meiosis. Firstly, my research showed that Wtap is well expressed in different gonadal cell types during the critical window of sexual differentiation. Secondly, using a loss-of-function mouse model for Wtap specifically in somatic cells, we were able to show that this gene is crucial for the differentiation of male and female somatic cells. Indeed, most Sertoli and granulosa cells appear to be blocked in a pre-supporting state. Finally, using a mouse model in which Wtap is inactivated in germ cells only, we also analyzed a decrease in germ cell differentiation. Germ cells are no longer fully able to induce meiosis in females, and enter quiescence in males.These results indicate that Wtap is a key player in the regulation of somatic and germ cell differentiation in both males and females
Buffin, Eulalie. "Régulation de la transition métaphase-anaphase au cours de la mitose chez la drosophile." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066241.
Full textLe checkpoint de métaphase détecte la présence des kinétochores non attachés et génère un signal inhibiteur de l’anaphase afin de permettre à tous les chromosomes d’établir un attachement bipolaire avec le fuseau. Ce mécanisme fait intervenir les protéines Mad et Bub et un complexe appelé RZZ (Rod-Zw10-Zwilch) qui n’a pas d’homologue chez la levure et qui fait l’objet de ma thèse. L’analyse in vivo chez la drosophile, du comportement des protéines RFP-Rod et GFP-Mad2 dans les neuroblastes larvaires en division, a montré que RZZ et Mad2 sont associées pendant presque toute la mitose et que RZZ est nécessaire pour le recrutement normal de Mad2 sur les kinétochores. En outre, l’étude phénotypique d’un mutant mad2 nul chez la drosophile, qui de façon surprenante pour un mutant du checkpoint, est viable et ne présente pas de défauts mitotiques, a suggéré que Mad2 et le checkpoint de métaphase ne sont pas essentiels pour le déroulement normal de la mitose chez la drosophile
Bonnet, Jérôme. "Etude de la fonction de la phosphatase Cdc25C a la transition G2/M." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20129.
Full textXu, Naihan. "Regulation of the metaphase-anaphase transition in mitosis in mammalian cells /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIOL%202003%20XU.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (leaves 242-266). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
BERTINI, EFREM. "Yap is regulated by phosphorylation at the G2/M transition." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1192.
Full textYap is a small protein that acts as a co-activator of transcription. It has been shown to interact with many and diverse transcription factors and as a result of these promiscuous interactions, Yap has been described to have a role in many cellular events, including apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation. For this reason, it is described to have a role both in tumor suppression and transformation. However, the function of Yap in the regulation of the cell cycle has not been investigated so far. Here we demonstrate that Yap is phosphorylated at the G2/M, both in physiologic mitotic cells and in cells arrested in mitosis by microtubules-targeting drugs. We show that Yap is not recruited onto the chromatin during mitosis and does not localize to any mitotic organelles. In addition, we have noticed that de-phosphorylation of Yap occurs before the entry into G1. These data give an indication that Yap may have a role in the exit from mitosis, and place a solid foundation for characterizing the function(s) of Yap during this event.
Soni, Deena. "Studies on regulation of mitotic transition by cyclin B1/CDK1." Connect to text online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=case1099070698.
Full text[School of Medicine] Department of Environmental Health Sciences. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.
Soni, Deena V. "Studies on the regulation of mitotic transition by cyclin B1/Cdk1." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1099070698.
Full textHazra, Ditipriya. "Insights into the control of mRNA decay by YTH proteins during the transition from meiosis to mitosis in yeasts." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX041.
Full textInsights into the control of mRNA decay by YTH proteinsduring the transition from meiosis to mitosis in yeasts.Keywords: Epitranscriptomics, mRNA decay, meiosis, multi-protein complexes, YTH domainCell cycle is controlled by multi-layered processes. A gene is transcribed in mRNA which is translated in proteins but innumerable regulation processes are working to control every step of this apparently simple process. Among these regulatory check points, post-transcriptional regulation is an important one, where formation of a protein-RNA complex may direct the cellular fate. Among these RNA binding proteins, YTH domain proteins are most novel, discovered in late 90s. YTH domain proteins are abundant in eukaryotes and absent in prokaryotes. YTH domain proteins constitute the majority of reader proteins that can specifically identify m6A modification. Human beings have five YTH domain proteins YTHDF1-3, YTHDC1-2 (Hazra, D., Chapat, C., & Graille, M. (2019). m6A mRNA Destiny: Chained to the rhYTHm by the YTH-Containing Proteins. Genes, 10(1), 49.). Although it is evident that these proteins are controlling cellular fate, the function of each protein and their network is yet to be elucidated. In yeast, there is only one YTH domain protein present: Pho92 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Mmi1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Apart from the YTH domain there is no sequence homology between these two proteins but their cellular function is similar.It is well established that Mmi1 is responsible for degradation of meiosis specific transcripts during vegetative growth of the cell. Mmi1 forms a tight complex with a small protein, Erh1 (Erh1-Mmi1 complex or EMC). EMC can physically interact with Not1 of CCR4-Not complex and recruit it for degradation of DSR (determinant of selective removal) containing RNAs. The action of Mmi1 is in turn regulated by an RRM domain protein, Mei2. During meiosis, Mei2, along with a lncRNA meiRNA sequesters Mmi1 in a nuclear dot, rendering it inactive and ensuring smooth continuance of meiosis. These three proteins, Mmi1-Erh1-Mei2 play a key role in mitosis to meiosis switch.In S. cerevisiae, Pho92 is involved in the degradation of PHO4 transcripts contributing to phosphate metabolism pathway, during phosphate starvation and also participates in the degradation of mRNAs containing the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) epitranscriptomics marks. Similarly, to S. pombe Mmi1, Pho92 recruits CCR4-Not complex by physical interaction with Not1.During my PhD, I have tried to elucidate the role of these two YTH domain proteins from two model organisms, S. cerevisiae and S. pombe, in mRNA degradation and cell cycle regulation using biochemical and structural approaches.Pho92 of S. cerevisiae physically interacts with Not1 of CCR4-Not complex, we were able to determine the boundaries of this interaction. The interaction between these two proteins was studied by Fluorescence anisotropy. The protein complex was successfully purified and crystallization trials are ongoing.From S. pombe, structure of Mei2-RRM3 was solved with and without an RNA. RNA binding properties of Mei2-RRM3 was studied by ITC. The structure of Erh1 was also solved and we tried to elucidate its importance for biological function of Mmi1. A co-crystallization trial was performed with Mmi1-Mei2-RNA but it was unsuccessful and we ended up with Mmi1 crystals
Potapova, Tamara. "Exploring mechanisms that control the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 during mitotic transitions in somatic cells." Oklahoma City : [s.n.], 2009.
Find full textBeaujois, Rémy. "Motifs de régulation et dynamique de la voie Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase lors de la transition G2/M des ovocytes de Xénope." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10150/document.
Full textDuring G2/M transition in Xenopus oocyte, p39Mos-MEK1-MAPK cascacade harbors specific dynamic and physical properties, such as ultrasensitivity, bistability, irreversibility, and all-or-none responses. These properties are generally considered in the context of the positive feedback loop that embeds the p39Mos-MEK1-MAPK pathway architecture. The objective of this work was focused onto p39Mos oncoprotein and regulation motifs recruitment enabling together the generation of such properties. Both experimental and in silico approaches were undertaken in order to yield a realistic modelisation, physically and biologically relevant for this network. We developed a model that takes into account the influence of MPF onto p39Mos accumulation, and adjusts the role of the positive feedback loop. Also, we were able to show that p90Rsk, target of MAPK, was degraded. This signaling pathway was activated in the absence of p39Mos. Our results show that 1,10 Phénanthroline monohydrate (1,10-PA) is able to induce gradual and ultrasensitive MAPK activation. 1,10-PA action is then exerted in the absence of protein synthesis and positive feedback loop. In this context, a feed forward loop model can be considered, and phosphatase inhibitors were used for MAPK activation in the absence of p39Mos. Our results confront the role attributed to the positive feedback loop in MAPK activation, and show that this ultrasensitive response may be generated in vivo through feed forward regulation motifs
McCabe, Kathryn Leigh. "The transition from progenitor cell to neuron : fibroblast growth factors and their role in retinal ganglion cell neurogenesis /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10640.
Full textWolfe, Adam J. "5-sparse steiner triple systems." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1122922255.
Full textTitle from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 196 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-196). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
Doran, Bellastrid. "Les différents rôles de STAUFEN1 dans les points de contrôle du cycle cellulaire tumoral vs non tumoral." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24727.
Full textSTAUFEN1 (STAU1) is a double stranded RNA binding protein that plays an important role in the post-transcriptional control of many mRNAs. Its depletion decreases the proliferation of non-cancer cells by altering G1/S and G2/M transitions. In contrast, this has no impact on the proliferation of tumor cells. The decrease of STAU1 expression modulates the level of transcripts/proteins of several genes involved in phase transition checkpoints, including CDK4 and E2F1, two essential regulators in G1/S transition. In addition, CDK4 and E2F1 transcripts have a STAU1 binding site (SBS) in the coding sequence (CDS) and the non-coding region in 3’ (3’UTR), respectively. However, the molecular consequence of STAU1 association with the SBS is not yet studied. Surprisingly, the sensibility of non-cancer and cancer cells to STAU1 expression is reversed following STAU1 overexpression. Indeed, its overexpression alters the entry into mitosis of cancer cells and decreases their proliferation, while it has no effect on non-cancer cells. During mitosis, STAU1 associates with the mitotic spindle, which allows it to localize mRNAs and other non-coding RNAs. STAU1 likely controls their sequestration and/or local translation during mitosis. However, the molecular determinant involved in STAU1-spindle association is still not known. Therefore, for this master thesis, we had two objectives. The first goal is to understand the post-transcriptional regulation mediated by STAU1 on transcripts that are essential for G1/S transition in non-tumor cells. Our hypothesis is that STAU1, by its direct binding to the SBS of its target transcripts, modulates their expression. To do this, plasmids coding for CDK4 and E2F1 containing a wild-type or mutated SBS that does not recognized STAU1 were transfected in wild-type and STAU1-depleted cells. Expression of CDK4 and E2F1 was detected by dual luciferase assay and western blot (WB). Our results first indicate that STAU1 negatively and positively regulates the endogenous expression of CDK4 and E2F1, respectively, which contributes to the passage of G1/S transition, and therefore to the proliferation non-tumor cells. Then, the luciferase assays confirm the role of STAU1 in E2F1 expression, depending on STAU1 binding to E2F1 SBS in its 3’UTR. Unfortunately, the plasmids used for CDK4 expression turned out to be non-functional. The second goal is to identify the molecular determinants responsible for the localization of STAU1 to the mitotic spindle in tumor cells. To this end, the localization of STAU1 or of several mutants was measured by WB using purified spindle preparations. Our data show that the determinant is composed of several amino acids (aa) located between the 26th and 37th aa at the N-terminal end of STAU1. In summary, our results show the different roles of STAU1 in tumor and non-tumor cells. Therefore, STAU1 could be a potential specific therapeutic target in cancer treatments.
Csukly, Kristina. "Skeletal muscle disuse atrophy : implications on intracellular signaling pathways and mitochondrial permeability transition pore function." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15465.
Full textLin, Hsi-Lin, and 林席菻. "Investigation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lung tissues of mice sensitized by house dust mite allergen Der p 2." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06224668495876191845.
Full text中山醫學大學
生化暨生物科技研究所
101
Asthma is a chronic airway diseases affecting globe population and distributing in every age. Prevalence of asthma has been dramatically increasing in Taiwan and developed nations over the past decades. Allergic asthma is the major type of the respiratory disease. Its major clinical properties of airway include hypersensitiveness, chronic inflammation, dysfunction and proliferation of smooth muscle cell, and fibrosis. Previous studies have been demonstrated that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays important roles in pathogenesis of asthma; however, roles of aeroallergens in developing airway EMT remain unclear. House dust mite (HDM) is the major cause of asthma. Literature has shown that HDM allergens are able to induce chronic airway inflammation, increase mucus production, enhance epithelial cell migration, and EMT of respiratory epithelium. Der p 2 is a major allergen derived from a HDM Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the roles of Der p 2 in EMT on lung tissue. After a 10-day consecutive sensitization with recombinant Der p 2 (rDer p 2), lung tissues from sensitized Balb/c mice were obtained and fixed. The fixed tissues were sectioned and individually reacted with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain, mucicarmine stain, Mason’s trichrome stain, silver stain, and immunohistochemical (IHC) stain. Our results revealed that the short rDer p 2 sensitization enlarged blood vessels and enhanced their permeability, resulting in increased red blood cells (RBC) in lung tissues. In contrast to increased RBC, numbers of invaded inflammatory cells in lung tissues were insignificantly changed in rDer p 2-sensitized mice as compared to sham control. Fibrosis and mucin production in lung tissues were insignificantly altered in rDer p 2-sensitized mice as compared to sham control by using Masson staining and silver staining. Interestingly, IHC stains using specific antibodies showed that levels of mesenchymal markers vimentin and
Hui-FangKao and 高慧芳. "The Interaction of Major Dust Mite Allergen Der p 2 and Lipopolysaccharide in Airway Inflammation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Changes of Lung epithelial Cells." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46660589771552475163.
Full text國立成功大學
基礎醫學研究所
100
Bronchial asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory airway disease; it develops a complex pathology that is characterized by reversible expiratory airflow limitation and airway inflammation accompanying with airway remodeling and airway hyper- responsiveness (AHR). Over 50% of individuals who suffered with asthma have been sensitized with environmental allergens such as house dust mites (HDM) and developed a Th2-biased immune response. More than 20 HDM allergen groups have been defined based on sequence and functional homologies. Belonging to group 2 allergens, Der p 2 and Der f 2 are low molecular weight protein without proteolytic activity that can induce specific IgE antibodies production in allergic patients. Epidemiological studies showed that children exposed to an environment with rich microbes may be protected from allergic asthma; however, infections are likely to be connected with asthma exacerbation. The airway is not sterile; therefore, the microbes from the external environment and the microbes residing in the airway may have great influences on asthma development. Recently, others’ studies and ours have demonstrated that activation of the innate immunity also plays a critical role in HDM-induced allergic inflammation, particularly in the combination with environmental endotoxins. The molecular interaction between aeroallergens and LPS in the mucosal membranes of airway is still not clear, and whether this interaction will cause the pathological effect that lead to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the airway epithelial cells is also unknown. Therefore, in this study, we expressed, isolated, and applied recombinant Der p 2 (rDer p 2) with high IgE binding activity from Pichia pastoris to human airway epithelial cell lines to investigate (1) whether the major HDM allergen, Der p 2, could directly induce inflammation and EMT in airway epithelial cells, and if so whether the natural product of propolis could have preventive effects in the TGF-β1-induced EMT in airway epithelial cells; (2) whether the major HDM allergen, Der p2, could augment LPS-induced airway inflammation, and if so, explored the possible molecular mechanisms involved in this augmentation effect. In the first part of our research, the results showed that stimulation of rDer p 2 alone could not induce EMT in airway epithelial cells. Therefore, we used a well-established model, TGF-β1-induced-EMT in A549 cells, to perform our experiments on EMT. Experimental results showed progressive cell morphological change, decreased E-cadherin production, increased N-cadherin production, intracellular F-actin rearrangement, increased ROS production, and increased cell motility with an increase in the concentrations of TGF-1 in A549 cells. Pretreated with propolis and then treated with TGF-1 for 24 h regained epithelial cells morphology and decreased the production of N-cadherin and ROS and decreased cell motility. Propolis prevented the effect of TGF-1-induced Smad2 and Akt activation pathways and Snail expression. Moreover, propolis pretreatment may prevented the TGF-1-induced down-regulation of nuclear hormone receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) protein in A549 cells, whose effect was blocked by adding PPARγ antagonist, GW9662. Two active components of propolis, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and pinocembrin (PIN) only had partial effects on TGF-β1-induced EMT in A549 cells. The results of this study suggest that other unidentified components of propolis may be involved in the inhibitory effect on TGF-1-induced EMT in A549 cells. In the follow-up research, the aim was set to explore the pathological roles of Der p 2 in airway epithelia cells, and its effect in LPS-induced airway inflammation. We used rDer p 2 to treat human airway epithelial cell lines, BEAS-2B, A549, or H292 to evaluate the effect of Der p 2 on LPS-induced cytokines or chemokines production. rDer p 2 alone could not induce high levels of IL-6, IL-8 or CCL20. We then added rDer p 2 with LPS. In any case (pre-treatment, co-treatment, and post-treatment), the production levels of IL-6, IL-8 or CCL-20 were higher than those by adding LPS only. This enhancement of inflammatory cytokines production was through JNK signal pathway. These results were further confirmed by using in vivo experiment, which administrated intra-tracheally rDer p 2 and LPS simultaneously into the lungs of mice. These mice produced higher IL-6 and TARC, and the amount of infiltrated cells in their bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) was larger than mice stimulated with rDer p 2 or LPS alone. In conclusion, our results suggest that recombinant Der p 2 allergen can participate and enhance LPS-induced airway inflammation into eosinophil infiltration and Th2 chemokine predominant, asthma-like inflammation. Propolis is a popular folk medicine with potential pharmacological actions related to immunological reactions. The results of this study suggest that natural propolis extracts may prevent TGF-β1-induced EMT in immortalized type II AECs via multiple inhibitory pathways, which may be clinically applied in the prevention and/or treatment for EMT-related fibrotic diseases as well as airway remodeling in chronic asthma. Der p 2 allergen can participate and enhance LPS-induced airway inflammation. This study also suggested that LPS play an import role in allergy; the phenomenon that Der p 2 and LPS may work together to deteriorate inflammatory reactions reminds us the potential affects from LPS to allergy development cannot be ignored. Appropriate and in-time control over LPS may keep allergy from exacerbation. In the future, further investigations about the effect of LPS in the airway will be continued. There may be novel targets for stopping the progression from chronic inflammation of asthma.