Books on the topic 'Transition from one language to another'
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1
Waard, Jan de. From one language to another: Functional equivalence in Bible translating. Nashville: Nelson, 1986.
2
Thorn, Robert Charles. Challenging under-achievement by structuring the transition from one teaching style to another. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 1998.
3
Akhtar, Alafia. One Man's Trash is Another Man's Treasure: The Transition of Clinker Brick from Disposable to Decorative. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2013.
4
Turbovskoy, Yakov, and Vera Filinova. Technology of pedagogical goal setting. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1077741.
Abstract:
Based on the theory of pedagogical goal-setting, the monograph reveals the ways to achieve goals as a planned result obtained at each lesson, during the transition from one topic to another, during the school year and all years of study. This book, which includes the technology of pedagogical goal-setting, solves a two-pronged problem: it provides an opportunity to improve the professional skills of each teacher and contributes to improving the effectiveness of managing the development of education from the point of view of the requirements of modern state standards and curricula as an integral process.
For teachers, head teachers, Directors of educational institutions, methodologists and heads of educational bodies.
5
Carey, Lamont. The Transition: From One Hell Hole to Another. Lacarey Entertainment, LLC, 2018.
6
Nida, Eugene A., and Jan de Waard. From One Language to Another: Functional Equivalence in Bible Translation. Nelson Incorporated, Thomas, 1986.
7
van der Walt, Christa, and Verbra Pfeiffer, eds. Multilingual Classroom Contexts: Transitions and transactions. African Sun Media, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781991201713.
Abstract:
By far the majority of South African students get their schooling in a second language, which means that our classrooms are multilingual. This state of affairs is not exclusive to our country, as can be seen in the many academic conferences on multilingual learning and teaching. Terms like translanguaging and biliteracy appear in many articles and books that discuss the role language in education. What makes the multilingual nature of our South African classrooms challenging, is the fact that many learners switch from one language of learning and teaching to another at various points in their school career: from home language to English or Afrikaans after the foundation phase, from one language of learning and teaching to another when they move to new schools, high school or tertiary institutions. This book is an attempt to highlight the transitions; from home to school, from foundation to intermediate phase, from primary to high school, and from high school to tertiary institutions.
8
Aldrich, Sandra Picklesimer. De una Madre Sola a Otra/ From One Single Mother to Another: Heart-lifting Encouragement and Practical Advice. Casa Creacion, 2007.
9
Trestman, Robert L. Transition of pharmacology from community to corrections. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0019.
Abstract:
Psychopharmacology in general is a challenging field that includes much art as well as science. Clinicians usually depend upon self-report in making decisions regarding medication selection and dosing. When a patient becomes incarcerated, there are multiple potentially conflicting, or synergistic, situations. There are issues of different formularies, different environmental stressors, changed support groups, and practice patterns that all may contribute differentially to medication management decisions. Current community medications may have been determined while ongoing illicit drug use confounded the diagnostic picture. Collaboration between clinician and patient may have been poor, and subsequently treatment adherence may in turn have been marginal. Many similar issues apply when a patient transfers from a jail to a prison or from one prison to another. Preparation and review of transfer summary sheets and more detailed records are just as important in these situations and should be seen as the minimum standard in policy and in practice. Ideally, continuity of care, and any concerns about diagnosis or treatment are best shared through direct communication. A telephone exchange between treating psychiatrists is always better than simple written documentation. This chapter discusses both the issues and pragmatic management opportunities that can lead to improved patient care and enhanced functioning.
10
Johnston, Katherine. The Nature of Slavery. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197514603.001.0001.
Abstract:
Abstract In response to abolitionist efforts to end the transatlantic slave trade in the late eighteenth century, plantation owners in the Caribbean, Britain, and the American South insisted that only Africans and their descendants could labor in warm climates. Black bodies, they argued, were especially suited for cultivating crops in the heat, while white bodies were incapable of such work. By examining personal correspondence regarding bodily health and the environment in the context of plantation labor in the Anglo-Atlantic world, this book argues that defenders of slavery made these claims about people’s ability to labor despite their experiences, not because of them. At the same time, the book shows how planters’ claims contributed to historical myths about the transition to enslaved labor on seventeenth-century plantations. Finally, this book argues that the language about climate contributed to the construction of race in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Atlantic world. By linking climate, race, and the ability to labor, planters categorically separated Black and white bodies from one another. Their arguments permeated a public imagination and, through the language of climate and bodily difference, became accepted as natural. Following a story from the Caribbean to the colony of Georgia through debates over the abolition of the slave trade and, finally, to the antebellum South, this book demonstrates the pervasiveness of a groundless theory about climate, labor, and bodily difference that ultimately contributed to notions of race.
11
Chaudhry, Faisal. South Asia, the British Empire, and the Rise of Classical Legal Thought. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198916482.001.0001.
Abstract:
Abstract The book considers the legal history of colonial rule in South Asia from 1757 to the early twentieth century. It charts a shift in the ontology by which notions and practices of sovereignty, land control, and adjudicatory rectification were aligned. This involved a transition from a formative period under East India Company rule focusing on ‘the laws’ more than ‘the law’. Underpinning the Company’s ontology of ‘the laws’ was an idea of absolute property that was translated into doctrinal terms as a duty of remitting rent more than any notionally physical dominion. Leaving property extrinsic to law, early colonial South Asia’s ontology of the legal was put on a very different footing from the Anglo-common law mainstream. In South Asia it was only after Company rule gave way to Crown Raj that conditions ripened for ‘the law’ to emerge as its own ostensibly irreducible institutional fact. As the book contends, among these conditions was the rise of what scholars have called classical legal thought. Even more than under the Company, then, under Crown rule there were two distinct forms of discourse through which the ontology of the legal was reconstituted around a globalizing notion of ‘the law’ as an object in its own right. These are identified in terms of one variety of—doctrinal—discourse through which propositions of the law could be verbalized and that had qualities of ‘operativeness’ and ‘administrability’ and another variety—of ordinary language discourse—through which propositions about the law could be articulated.
12
Rochers, Arianne Des. Language Smugglers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501394140.
Abstract:
Translation is commonly understood as the rendering of a text from one language to another – a border-crossing activity, where the border is a linguistic one. But what if the text one is translating is not written in “one language;” indeed, what if no text is ever written in a single language? In recent years, many books of fiction and poetry published in so-called Canada, especially by queer, racialized and Indigenous writers, have challenged the structural notions of linguistic autonomy and singularity that underlie not only the formation of the nation-state, but the bulk of Western translation theory and the field of comparative literature. Language Smugglers argues that the postnational cartographies of language found in minoritized Canadian literary works force a radical redefinition of the activity of translation altogether. Canada is revealed as an especially rich site for this study, with its official bilingualism and multiculturalism policies, its robust translation industry and practitioners, and the strong challenges to its national narratives and accompanying language politics presented by Indigenous people, the province of Québec, and high levels of immigration.
13
Seeskin, Kenneth. From Maimonides to Spinoza. Edited by Michael Della Rocca. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195335828.013.008.
Abstract:
This chapter focuses on how Maimonides’ thought influenced Spinoza. The problem is that Maimonides’ philosophy is notoriously difficult to interpret. In the Introduction of the Guide to the Perplexed, he says that he will not put all of his thoughts on a given topic in one place and that he intends to contradict himself. The result is that Maimonides appears in the history of philosophy under several guises: Aristotelian and critic of Aristotle, rationalist and skeptic, defender of creation and defender of eternity, pious Jew and Jewish heretic. According to one account, the transition from one thinker to another is smooth; according to another account, it represents a radical break. After discussing both of these views, a third option is offered: that Spinoza had little patience with trying to decipher Maimonides’ inner thoughts and set out to put philosophy on a new and much clearer footing.
14
Bateman, John, and Michael Zock. Natural Language Generation. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0015.
Abstract:
Communication via a natural language requires two fundamental skills, producing text and understanding it. This article introduces the field of computational approaches to the former-natural language generation (NLG) showing some of the theoretical and practical problems that linguists, computer scientists, and psychologists have encountered when trying to explain how language works in machines or in their minds. The corresponding task of NLG spans a wide spectrum: ranging from planning some action to executing it. Providing architectures in which all of these decisions can be made to coexist, while still allowing the production of natural sounding texts within a reasonable amount of time, is one of the major challenges of NLG. Another challenge is ascertaining just what the decisions involved in NLG are. This article overviews the cognitive, social and linguistic dimensions of NLG and finally opens issues and problems related to the field.
15
Sandole-Staroste, Ingrid. Women in Transition. Praeger, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216037453.
Abstract:
As the transition from state socialism to capitalism takes place in various parts of the world, the everyday experiences of those individuals who are primarily affected by the drastic changes are often overlooked. Here, the authentic voices of 52 East German women who lived under state socialism and under the current reunified capitalist system are presented and examined in an effort to underscore the complexity of the transition on the most personal level. East German women, the author asserts, have had to shift their identities, expectations, and actions from accommodating one type of patriarchy to another, experiencing less gender equality in their everyday lives under capitalism than under state socialism. The author concludes that the women of East Germany, and possibly other post-communist states in general, are worse off, having regressed to fit into a more primitive form of patriarchy. At the end of the Cold War, East German women's private lives and emotional capacities took on vital public significance, as ruling elites expected women to make significant contributions to the political and economic stability of the reunited country. To accomplish this stability, the social roles and spaces of East German women had to be redefined to fit into the West German model. Through the voices of these women, the author shows that they fared better in some respects under the old socialist system and that they were now subjected to new, and much more traditional, gender roles even as they were expected to work and advance within the more patriarchal system. By presenting and analyzing the thoughts and perceptions of these women, the author illustrates how they have resisted, to various degrees, complying with the demands made by the newly established institutions, which require them to relinquish the crucial part of their identity that was shaped by socialist norms and values.
16
Andersson, Samuel, Oliver Sayeed, and Bert Vaux. The Phonology of Language Contact. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.55.
Abstract:
This chapter surveys the impact of language contact on phonological systems. The phonology of one language may influence that of another in several ways, including lexical borrowing, rule borrowing, Sprachbund features, and interlanguage effects. Illustrations of these phenomena are drawn from interactions between English and French, Hawaiian, and Japanese at different historical periods; from Quichean languages; from Slavic-influenced dialects of Albanian; from Dravidian influences on Sanskrit; and from South African English, among other examples. The evidence indicates that language contact may lead to various changes in phoneme inventory, phonotactics, and rule inventory, or to no change at all. Analyses of the data argue against the view that language contact invariably involves simplification but suggest that markedness is an important notion in accounting for certain features of interlanguages.
17
Newmeyer, Frederick J. American Linguistics in Transition. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843760.001.0001.
Abstract:
Abstract American Linguistics in Transition is devoted to a major chapter in the history of linguistics in the United States. From the 1930s to the 1960s a form of structural linguistics was dominant in that country. By the end of the 1960s Chomsky’s generative grammar had to a significant extent eclipsed its structuralist antecedents. The book discusses the rise of structuralism in the 1930s, explaining its successes and its limitations. One chapter is devoted to the interplay between American structuralism and European structuralism. Another deals with the early debate between structuralism and generative grammar, pinpointing what the two approaches shared and how they differed. Other chapters focus on the what generativists did to make their new ideas known, on how their theory was accepted (or not) in Europe, and on the resistance to the new theory by leading structuralists, which continued into the 1980s. The final chapter demonstrates that generative grammarians were not organizationally dominant in the field in the US in the 1970s and 1980s, despite what has often been claimed.
18
Baker, Mark C. Ergative Case in Burushaski: A Dependent Case Analysis. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.31.
Abstract:
This chapter analyzes ergative case in the Burushaski language as a strictly structural case, not subject to arbitrary lexical variation. More specifically, ergative is a dependent case: an NP is ergative if and if it c-commands another NP in the same local domain (phase). Three apparent deviations from canonical ergativity are considered: verbs that take two absolutive arguments and no ergative, verbs that take an ergative NP and a dative NP but no absolutive, and clauses in future tense in which the transitive subject can be absolutive. In each instance, it turns out that the syntactic structure is more complex than it appears, as shown by independent tests such as agreement. Once the structures in question are properly understood, ergative case can be assigned purely structurally, with no direct sensitivity to semantic nuances or idiosyncratic lexical properties.
19
Culicover, Peter W. Language Change, Variation, and Universals. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865391.001.0001.
Abstract:
This volume is about how human languages get to be the way they are, why they are different from one another in some ways and not others, and why they change in the ways that they do. Given that language is a universal creation of the human mind, the puzzle is why there are different languages at all, why we don’t all speak the same language. And while there is considerable variation, there are ways in which grammars show consistent patterns. The solution to these puzzles, the author proposes, is a constructional one. Grammars consist of constructions that carry out the function of expressing universal conceptual structure. While there are in principle many different ways of accomplishing this task, the constructions that languages actually use are under pressure to reduce complexity. The result is that there is constructional change in the direction of less complexity, and grammatical patterns emerge that reflect conceptual universals. The volume consists of three parts. Part I establishes the theoretical foundations: situating universals in conceptual structure, formally defining constructions, and characterizing constructional complexity. Part II explores variation in argument structure, grammatical functions, and A′ constructions, drawing on data from a variety of languages, including English and Plains Cree. Part III looks at constructional change, focusing primarily on English and German. The study ends with some observations and speculations on parameter theory, analogy, the origins of typological patterns, and Greenbergian ‘universals’.
20
Grant, Anthony P., ed. The Oxford Handbook of Language Contact. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199945092.001.0001.
Abstract:
Every language has been influenced in some way by other languages through contact-induced linguistic change. Potentially any features can be transferred from one language to another if the sociolinguistic and structural circumstances are right. New languages –pidgins, creoles and mixed languages- can come into being as the result of language contact. This book examines the various forms of contact-induced linguistic change and the levels of language which have provided instances of these influences. In addition it provides accounts of how language contact has affected some twenty languages, spoken and signed, from all parts of the world. Each chapter is written by experts, in many cases native speakers of the language in question, each with many years of studying and analysing the field. Drawing on the most up-to-date work on relevant language an themes, this book is an invaluable account of the possibilities and products of contact-induced linguistic change.
21
Smith, Barry C. What I Know When I Know a Language. Edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0037.
Abstract:
Every speaker of a language knows a bewildering variety of linguistic facts, and will come to know many more. It is nowledge that connects sound and meaning. Questions about the nature of this knowledge cannot be separated from fundamental questions about the nature of language. The conception of language we should adopt depends on the part it plays in explaining our knowledge of language. This article explores options in accounting for language, and our knowledge of language, and defends the view that individuals' languages are constituted by the standing knowledge they carry from one speech situation to another.
22
Sundaresan, Sandhya, and Thomas McFadden. The articulated v layer: evidence from Tamil. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0007.
Abstract:
This chapter argues for a particular articulation of the functional domain immediately above the verb, what is called the “v layer.” The crucial evidence comes primarily from the Dravidian language Tamil, in comparison with relevant phenomena in other languages. Tamil has a series of agglutinative verbal suffixes, each related to a different aspect of the syntax and semantics of voice (broadly construed), which can combine flexibly with one another, but only in one particular order. This leads to a breakdown of Kratzer’s (1996) Voice or Chomsky’s (1995) v into a layer consisting of at least four distinct functional heads in a rigid sequence above the root: Pass(ive) > Mid(dle) > Voice > vcause.
23
Marginean, Alexandra. Language and Symbols in Contemporary Fiction. Editura Universitara, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5682/9786062812263.
Abstract:
The method of analysis is, as usual in what I write, a mélange. I have resorted to identity studies, cultural studies, visual studies, iconology, space and city studies, interculturalism, as well as gender or minority studies. Also, psychology or sociology cannot be missing from an interest that is, primarily, in human identity and culture. This blended approach is the one I consider the most suitable, because I have always been of the opinion that the logic of the tools is, and/or should be, dictated by the elements that are present in the object of the study. It is those that point to certain kits, not the other way around. I have never established for my extensive researches one kit or another as a definite instrument set in stone when I have looked at a cultural product, as I feel that I would be implicitly bent towards partiality of interpretation, to a limited viewing angle. I believe it is important to allow the cultural object to speak, to have its own voice as it were, and only then see what avenues of analysis it opens and favors – I use here the verb “favors”, as the search for the ingredients of a work of art is also a question of ration, not only presence, i.e. we identify what is preponderant, where the scales tip more, towards what recurrent aspects. For the sake of the faithfulness and open mindedness owed to the object of my glance, I find it difficult to limit myself to only one theoretical approach, especially in a world in which boundaries have been, are, and will be questioned to an incredibly high degree. And I refer here chiefly to cultural boundaries, but not only to these.
24
Balcells, Laia, José Fernández-Albertos, and Alexander Kuo. Secession and social polarization: Evidence from Catalonia. 2nd ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/936-5.
Abstract:
Does secessionism lead to social polarization? Despite much research on independence movements, their relationship to polarization, a key mechanism theorized as increasing the chances of violent conflict, remains less understood. We argue that secessionist conflicts can polarize along both policy and ethnic group lines even when they take the form of non-violent disputes. However, polarization does not necessarily lead to violence. We explore the case of Catalonia, a region that experienced a deep secessionist crisis in the last months of 2017, using novel data from a panel survey fielded across two key time periods and embedded experiments. We find a society with great levels of affective polarization in that pro- and anti-independence advocates have strong negative views of one another. In addition, there is spillover in terms of the assessment of associated language groups. However, there is a group of moderates in between the two policy poles that limit the extent of this polarization. Contrary to common wisdom, these moderates have very stable preferences. Our results contribute to the understanding of the underexplored polarization dynamics of secessionist movements, particularly in places where high-intensity violence (i.e. terrorism, civil war) has not yet occurred.
25
Jha, Mithilesh Kumar. Language Politics and Public Sphere in North India. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199479344.001.0001.
Abstract:
Moving beyond the existing scholarship on language politics in north India which implicitly or explicitly focuses on Hindi–Urdu debates, this book examines the formation of the Maithili movement in the context of expansion of Hindi as the ‘national’ language. For a long time, the Hindi–Urdu debate has provided an important source to critically asses various facets of the nationalist movement in north India. But much emphasis on this debate has undermined simultaneous developments taking place in ‘minor’ linguistic spheres within the ‘Hindi heartland’ like Maithili, Braj, Awadhi, and Bhojpuri. This work also revisits the dynamic hierarchy through which a distinction is produced between ‘major’ and ‘minor’ languages. Significance of these ‘minor’ linguistic movements lies in the ways through which they resist such domination and appropriations while asserting their own independence. Throughout the history of the Maithili movement, what one finds is not just an opposition to Hindi’s claim of Maithili being its ‘dialect’ or the ambivalent relationship between the two. But more appropriately, one can see a double movement. The authority of Hindi has strengthened within the Maithili-speaking region even when the movement for the recognition of Maithili as an independent language has become more assertive. Another paradox of the Maithili movement has been its increasing politicization—from Hindi–Maithili ambiguities and antagonisms to territorial consciousness and finally demands for a separate statehood of Mithila, along with the persistent indifferent attitude of the masses. This work examines these processes historically since the middle of the nineteenth century until the inclusion of Maithili into the eighth schedule of the Indian Constitution in 2004.
26
Gold, Jonathan C. Vasubandhu on the Conditioning Factors and the Buddha’s Use of Language. Edited by Jonardon Ganeri. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.013.12.
Abstract:
The great Indian Buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu (fourth/fifth century) critiqued his contemporaries for their profuse ontologies, which he felt they had developed out of a naïvely reificationist reading of Buddhist scripture. The present essay is a study of the section from Vasubandhu’s Commentary on the Treasury of Abhidharma (Abhidharma-kośa-bhāṣya) in which he explains, and argues against, Vaibhāṣika realism about the four qualities of conditioned things: birth, stability, ageing, and impermanence. Throughout this section, Vasubandhu argues against the conditioning factors while at the same time showing how it is often necessary to read the Buddha’s words as referring to unreal objects. These views entail one another, and together display how the doctrines and interpretive methods of the Vaibhāṣika are mistaken and non-Buddhist.
27
Electoral Processes: Navigating and Emerging from Crisis (Global State of Democracy Thematic Paper 2021). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.85.
Abstract:
Elections that take place regularly and provide for the orderly transition of power from one elected government to another are the cornerstone of democratic governance and political stability. During 2020–2021, the Covid-19 pandemic profoundly affected the conduct and integrity of elections worldwide. This paper notes a decline in clean elections across both democratic and non-democratic (hybrid and authoritarian) regimes that has been exacerbated by the pandemic. At the same time, there are important cases of electoral resilience displayed by democratic institutions and civil society. The paper offers policy recommendations for national governments, parliaments, electoral management bodies and international development organizations, and makes forward-looking conclusions.
28
Steane, Andrew. The Human Being. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824589.003.0021.
Abstract:
The nature of human being is considered. To be human is to be a part of a network of connected people who bear with one another, and teach and support and receive and give one another. Our life comes both from below and from above: that is to say, both from the physical structures of the world, and from the shaping influence which moulds what those structures can express. This is especially true of the way we see ourselves and each other. Humans both build on existing resources, and also receive creative inspiration. This inspiration is not able to be fully captured in impersonal language. We find our life in full by being willing to admit this.
29
Saussy, Haun. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812531.003.0001.
Abstract:
We commonly understand by “translation” the creation, in one language, of an expression that will be the equivalent of a pre-existing expression in another language. But much happens in actual translating, especially literary translation, that is not covered by that definition. For example, calques and transliterations import expressions from one language to another; and translators often allude to elements of the cultural background of the target language, thus artificially creating a context for the translated text. The intent of this book is to scrutinize such aspects of translation and to consider them as normal and central to the translating process, not exceptional or marginal. Indeed, they are a mark of the creativity of translators. These features also remind us of the internal diversity of languages, which are always in contact and always in a process of change.
30
Belletti, Adriana, and Chris Collins, eds. Smuggling in Syntax. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509869.001.0001.
Abstract:
One of the fundamental properties of human language is movement, where a constituent moves from one position in a sentence to another position. Syntactic theory has long been concerned with properties of movement, including locality restrictions. This work investigates how different movement operations interact with one another, focusing on the special case of smuggling. The contributions in this volume each describe different areas where smuggling derivations play a role, including passives, causatives, adverb placement, the dative alternation, the placement of measure phrases, wh-in-situ and word order in ergative languages. Other issues addressed in the volume include the freezing constraint on movement and the acquisition of smuggling derivations by children.
31
Ivor, Roberts. Book II Diplomatic and Consular Relations, 6 Diplomatic Communication. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739104.003.0006.
Abstract:
This chapter discusses language and communications in the context of diplomacy. It first describes the language practices from the early days of diplomacy—particularly the use of Latin—before describing the modern practices. Nowadays, the right of the representative of every nation to use the official language of that nation is generally accepted. Furthermore, there is no universal rule making obligatory the use of one language rather than another, and practice even varies. The forms and means of official diplomatic communication are discussed next: Notes Verbales, collective notes, despatches, speaking notes, non-papers and démarches, and others. In addition, the chapter also considers megaphone diplomacy, the ‘rejection’ of diplomatic communications, and the correspondences between sovereigns and Heads of State.
32
Lauri, Mälksoo. Part I Histories, Ch.13 International Legal Theory in Russia: A Civilizational Perspective, or Can Individuals be Subjects of International Law? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198701958.003.0014.
Abstract:
This chapter argues that the concept of ‘civilization’ may be a useful analytical lens to look through for making sense of international legal theory outside the West. Specifically, it focuses on international legal theory in Russia and in the Russian language, broadly sketching an international legal theory in the country from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. Throughout the last few centuries, other non-Western civilizations have struggled with the predominance of the West, and have related and referred to it one way or another. Therefore, this dialogue — and often contest — of civilizations and the ways they have been constructed by political leaders and intellectuals has left its marks on international legal theory as well. For one reason or another, but perhaps also for reasons of cultures, histories, and civilizations differing from each other, scholars outside the West such as in Russia tend to put different emphases in terms of how they construct international law.
33
Yamaura, Chigusa. Marriage and Marriageability. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750144.001.0001.
Abstract:
How do the Japanese men and Chinese women who participate in cross-border matchmaking—individuals whose only interaction is often just one brief meeting—come to see one another as potential marriage partners? This book traces the practices of Sino-Japanese matchmaking from transnational marriage agencies in Tokyo to branch offices and language schools in China, from initial meetings to marriage, the visa application processes, and beyond to marital life in Japan. Engaging issues of colonial history, local norms, and the very ability to conceive of another or oneself as marriageable, the book rethinks cross-border marriage not only as a form of gendered migration, but also as a set of practices that constructs marriageable partners and imaginable marriages. The book shows that instead of desiring different others, these transnational marital relations are based on the tactical deployment of socially and historically created conceptions of proximity between Japan and northeast China. Far from seeking to escape local practices, participants in these marriages actively seek to avoid transgressing local norms. By doing so on a transnational scale, they paradoxically reaffirm and attempt to remain within the boundaries of local marital ideologies.
34
Smith, Edwin. Umalusi (The Shepherd). Emerging Scholars Initiative Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35293/esi.9.
Abstract:
In Xhosa, a shepherd is Umalusi. As imagined in this poetry collection, shepherds mind their charges. Furthermore, communication connects people. Speech and writing are material expressions of experiences, thoughts, dreams, fears, aspirations, and wonders. With the diversity of languages in South Africa, access to people’s experiences and thoughts is often limited and constrained through one’s command of language, spoken and written. As a result, there can be hurdles to connecting with one another. Language can divide, separate, and alienate us from one another. Consequently, a shepherd’s responsibilities in this context are multifold. The poems collected in Umalusi were conceived and written in Xhosa because my mother, the central subject of the collection, is a Xhosa woman and spoke Xhosa to me throughout my life with her. This is how I learned the language without formal instruction in school. Through writing the poems in Xhosa, I gift the original giver her treasures in return. In essence, Umalusi is an amalgamation of my formal learning to read and write Afrikaans and English in school and my mother’s tuition by immersing me in the culture and traditions of her people.
35
Wilson, Mark. Pragmatics’ Place at the Table. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803478.003.0001.
Abstract:
Physical events that transpire across many size scales require significant data compression for their successful handling. A popular remedy practiced within modern multiscalar methods breaks a descriptive task into sub-problems focused upon dominant behaviors that arise on different length scales. Each localized form of description employs the same language in different ways. This contextualization requires that these localized veins of description share data with one another in non-standard ways. We employ allied techniques in everyday life as well and philosophical confusions arise when the underlying strategic architecture is not properly recognized. Nine general morals concerning language usage are abstracted from this examination.
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Saussy, Haun. Norns and Norms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812531.003.0002.
Abstract:
We often hear that certain words or texts are “untranslatable.” At the root of this judgment lies an exaggerated respect for the native language, which must not be altered by contact with other languages. Against this superstition, it is here argued that translation is one of the great movers of change in language, and accomplishes this precisely through the rendering of difficult and unidiomatic texts. At another level, a purported ethics of translation urges that translations should be “foreignizing” rather than domesticating: this too evidences a normative idea of the integrity of the language and culture of the foreign text. Against such defences of purity, a sense of both language and translation as inherently hybrid, and literary language in particular as macaronic, should open to examination the historical individuality of encounters that every translation records. Examples from Western European languages indicate how this hybridity is to be understood.
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Bowd, Stephen D. Remembering and Representing the Massacre. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832614.003.0007.
Abstract:
The rhetoric of violence during the Italian Wars assumed different forms in the poetry, painting, chronicles, sculpture, and other objects which can be linked to war and mass murder. These rhetorical expressions drew on classical and scriptural precedents and were sometimes common to different textual genres, or crossed from one medium to another—for example from the print to the maiolica dish. Although the emotional range of such evidence appears quite muted in comparison with modern representations of war and violence, nevertheless Renaissance Italians were able to explore the experience of war by means of the ancient language of the passions, the dehumanization and objectification or enumeration of casualties, and through the potent lens of Christian martyrdom.
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Uhlmann, Anthony, ed. Gerald Murnane. Sydney University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30722/sup.9781743326404.
Abstract:
Gerald Murnane is one of Australia’s most important contemporary authors, but for years was neglected by critics. In 2018 the New York Times described him as “the greatest living English-language writer most people have never heard of” and tipped him as a future Nobel Prize winner. Gerald Murnane: Another World in This One coincides with a renewed interest in his work. It includes an important new essay by Murnane himself, alongside chapters by established and emerging literary critics from Australia and internationally. Together they provide a stimulating reassessment of Murnane’s diverse body of work.
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Ghodsee, Kristen, and Mitchell Orenstein. Taking Stock of Shock. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001.
Abstract:
Using an interdisciplinary approach, this book evaluates the social consequences of the post-1989 transition from state socialism to free market capitalism across Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Blending ethnographic accounts with economic, demographic, and public opinion data, it provides insight into the development of new, unequal, social orders. It explores the contradictory narratives on transition promoted by Western international institutions and their opponents, one of qualified success and another of epic catastrophe, and surprisingly shows that data support both narratives, for different countries, regions, and people. While many citizens of the postsocialist countries experienced significant progress in living standards and life satisfaction, enabling them to catch up with the West after a relatively brief recession, others suffered demographic and social collapses resulting from rising economic precarity; large-scale degradation of social welfare that came with privatization; and growing gender, class, and regional disparities that have accompanied neoliberal reforms. Transition recessions lasted for decades in many countries, exceeding the US Great Depression in severity. Some countries still have not returned to pre-1989 levels of economic production or mortality; some have lost more than one-fifth of their population and are projected to lose more. Thirty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, this book deploys a sweeping array of data from different social science fields to provide a more holistic perspective on the successes and failures of transition while unpacking the failed assumptions and narratives of Western institutions, Eastern policymakers, and citizens of former socialist states.
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Brown, Steven. The Unification of the Arts. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864875.001.0001.
Abstract:
The Unification of the Arts presents the first integrated cognitive account of the arts that attempts to unite all of the arts into a single framework, covering visual art, theatre, literature, dance, and music, with supporting discussions about creativity and aesthetics that span all of the arts. The book’s comparative approach identifies both what is unique to each artform and what artforms share with one another. An understanding of shared mechanisms sheds light on how the arts are able to combine with one another to form syntheses, such as choreographing dance movements to music, or setting lyrics to music to create a song. While most psychological analyses of the arts focus on perceptual mechanisms alone—most commonly aesthetic responses—the book offers a holistic sensorimotor account of the arts that examines the full gamut of processes from creation to perception for each artform. This allows for a broad discussion of the evolution of the arts, including the origins of rhythm, the co-evolution of music and language, the evolution of drawing, and cultural evolution of the arts. Finally, the book aims to unify a number of topics that have not been adequately related to one another in previous discussions, including theatre and literature, music and language, creativity and aesthetics, dancing and acting, and visual art and music. The Unification of the Arts provides a bold new approach to the integration of the arts, one that covers cognition, evolution, and neuroscience.
41
Finkel, Meir. Military Agility. Translated by Moshe Tlamim. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178844.001.0001.
Abstract:
The ability to change swiftly from peace, or prolonged low intensity conflict, to the high intensity of war and succeed in the initial engagements is usually discussed in terms of readiness, capabilities, and capacity, and their related materiel, personnel, doctrine, and training. Every security establishment - whether state or non-state - is familiar with these aspects. This book deals with important, complementary, but generally neglected "soft" aspects of moving from peace to war, such as the mental ability to shift from one reality to another; consolidating a coherent doctrine when war erupts in the course of an ongoing peacetime conceptual-doctrinal debate; gaining proficiency on short notice when new weapon systems become available only at the last minute (or even after units have deployed) and so forth. The book draws from historical examples of Israeli “worst case" transition scenarios – namely the Yom Kippur and Second Lebanon Wars, as well as others. Concise examples from American military history demonstrate the endurance and universality of the challenge. Recommendations aimed at enhancing military organizations' preparations for rapidly and successfully transitioning from peace to war complete each chapter and are presented comprehensively in the conclusions.
42
Cohen, Ted. Metaphor. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0020.
Abstract:
Metaphor is one of a variety of uses of language in which what is communicated is not what the words mean literally. It is, therefore, so to speak, a way of speaking of something by talking about something else. Thus, one has said (or written) X and thereby communicated Y. This characteristic of ‘indirectness’ is not alone sufficient to distinguish metaphors from other non-standard uses of language, but there is also a question as to whether metaphors in general are sufficiently similar to one another to permit a single, unified description of them. On one hand, metaphor has been a feature of poetry for centuries, conspicuous in the work of Homer and Shakespeare and countless other poets. But on the other hand, metaphor is pervasive in ordinary language, both in speech and in writing. It is not obvious that a single account of metaphor could be adequate to both poetic and more prosaic uses of figurative language.
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Streiner, David L., Geoffrey R. Norman, and John Cairney. Devising the items. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685219.003.0003.
Abstract:
This chapter discusses various sources for the items that make up a scale (e.g. existing item banks, patient interviews, research, clinical judgement, expert opinion, and theory). It then covers ways of ensuring content validity of the resulting items. This involves assessing whether all domains are covered, and each item maps onto one and only one domain. The chapter covers both subjective and objective ways of doing this. It reviews the arguments for and against disease-specific scales as opposed to generic ones. Finally, it discusses the issues that arise when a scale is translated from one language to another.
44
Owens, Jonathan. Dialects (speech communities), the apparent past, and grammaticalization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701378.003.0008.
Abstract:
Over a long-term time frame in a language with several discrete dialects, how far does grammaticalization theory elucidate the history of individual morphemes? This issue is addressed using the tense/mode prefix b-, found in Gulf/Najdi, Yemeni, Uzbekistan, Nigerian, and Egyptian/Levantine Arabic. It is argued that while standard grammaticalization theory correctly predicts its assumed origin, from a variant of the verb ‘want’ (yibġa, yiba, yibbi > *b-), it does little to predict its further development. This paper first examines the functions of the prefix *b-. Once integrated as a prefix, *b- takes odd twists and turns, sometimes a tense marker, sometimes a marker of deontic modality, sometimes a generalized modal/indicative marker. Grammaticalization theory says nothing about why *b- should have developed in one way in one dialect and in another way in another. As a step towards answering these questions, the idea of dialects as speech communities is introduced.
45
Schimpfössl, Elisabeth. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677763.003.0001.
Abstract:
This introduction provides an overview of Rich Russians, a sociological study of Russia’s new rich. It delineates the approach applied in conducting biographical narrative interviews with multimillionaires, billionaires, their spouses, and their children. It underlines that the individuals concerned are themselves highly conscious of the need to explain their success during the transition to a market economy and justify the more refined forms of distinction which they now display in order to distance themselves from upstart imitators. It also reviews the critical literature on the study of the Russian elite and of social distinction in other countries, especially the work of Max Weber and Pierre Bourdieu. These studies remained distinct from one another due to the absence of a Russian bourgeoisie in twentieth-century history. The current study is the first to bring these traditions together in recognition of the fact that a bourgeoisie has now appeared in Russia.
46
Vincent, J. Keith. Better Than Sex? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190240400.003.0013.
Abstract:
This chapter analyzes the food passions of Meiji-era poet and inventor of the modern haiku Masaoka Shiki (1867–1902). Bedridden for his final five years, he continued to obsessively consume and write about choice morsels he demanded from his family and disciples although his body was no longer capable of digesting them. The chapter illustrates the deceptive simplicity in Masaoka’s poetry and prose on food, and how his use of descriptive minimalism, lists, and personification worked to impart the “essences” of food and the (homo)social relationships evoked by eating. It suggests that Masaoka employed minimalism because language was insufficient to wholly convey one individual's sensual experience to another.
47
Hess, Earl J. Fighting for Atlanta. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643427.001.0001.
Abstract:
As William T. Sherman’s Union troops began their campaign for Atlanta in the spring of 1864, they encountered Confederate forces employing field fortifications located to take advantage of rugged terrain. While the Confederate Army of Tennessee consistently acted on the defensive, digging eighteen lines of earthworks from May to September, the Federals used fieldworks both defensively and offensively. With 160,000 troops engaged on both sides and hundreds of miles of trenches dug, fortifications became a defining factor in the Atlanta campaign battles. These engagements took place on topography ranging from Appalachian foothills to the clay fields of Georgia’s piedmont. This book examines how commanders adapted their operations to the physical environment, how the environment in turn affected their movements, and how Civil War armies altered the terrain through the science of field fortification. It also illuminates the impact of fighting and living in ditches for four months on the everyday lives of both Union and Confederate soldiers. The Atlanta campaign represents one of the best examples of a prolonged Union invasion deep into southern territory, and it marked another important transition in the conduct of war from open field battles to fighting from improvised field fortifications.
48
Linnebo, Øystein. Predicative vs. Impredicative Abstraction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199641314.003.0006.
Abstract:
According to Frege and many of his followers, there is no “metaphysical distance” between the two sides of an acceptable abstraction principle. How should this attractive idea be understood? An analysis is developed in terms of the existence of a translation from the language concerned with the relevant abstract objects to a language not committed to such objects, such that this translation maps one side of the abstraction principle to the other. Next, two different notions of predicativity are distinguished: one pertaining to the background higher-order logic, and another associated with the abstraction principle itself. Finally, it is shown that only abstraction which is predicative in the latter sense satisfies our explication of the attractive idea about no “metaphysical distance”. This provides a reason to favor a conception of abstraction which is predicative in this sense.
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Roman, Zoltan. Decadent Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199316090.003.0014.
Abstract:
Not unlike Jugendstil, ‘decadence’ has had a difficult time establishing itself in musical scholarship. In both cases, concept and label originated and were used chiefly in other fields: the former in the visual arts, the latter in literature. Moreover, both had been entrenched in specific cultures: German(ic) in the one case, French in the other. Yet another impediment to an objective application of ‘decadence’ in musical discourse arises from the contradictions, misunderstandings, and misinterpretations that span the term’s history in all disciplines. Finally, for a broadly interdisciplinary examination of Mahler’s life and music under the convolute concept of decadence, transition, and modernism (the purpose of this chapter), the historian must take into account Vienna’s unique social, political, and artistic complexion around 1900.
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Lewis, Hannah. French Musical Culture and the Coming of Sound Cinema. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190635978.001.0001.
Abstract:
French Musical Culture and the Coming of Sound Cinema examines film music practices in France during a period of widespread artistic and creative experimentation: the transition from silent to synchronized sound film. While this period in Hollywood has been examined from a range of scholarly perspectives, the transition to sound in France—and the unique interactions between French sound cinema and French musical discourses—remains underexplored. In France, debates about sound cinema were fierce and widespread, and many filmmakers addressed theoretical questions about the potential of the new technology head-on, articulating their responses to these questions both in writing and in their films. Music played an integral role in the debate. Lewis argues that debates about sound film had a powerful effect on French musical culture of the early 1930s, and that diverse French musical styles and traditions—from Les Six, to the opera house, to the popular music-hall—played a crucial role in shaping the cinematic soundscape. Filmmakers experimented with music’s role in sound cinema within a range of genres, including avant-garde surrealist cinema (Luis Buñuel and Jean Cocteau), recorded theater (Marcel Pagnol), early poetic realism (Jean Renoir, Jean Vigo), and the film musical (René Clair). Lewis’s analysis of the experiments undertaken in these few important years in French cinematic history encourages readers to challenge commonly held assumptions of how genres, media, and artistic forms relate to one another, and how these relationships are renegotiated during moments of technological change.