Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Transition énergétique – Île-de-France (France)'
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Mesnil, Camille. "Convertir la méthanisation en « solution de transition énergétique » : Le cas de la relance de la méthanisation en Île-de-France 1990-2020." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PESC2001.
Full textThe thesis focuses on the deployment of anaerobic digestion in Île-de-France to shed light on whatis happening through the devices called upon to develop in the name of the "green city". This processof breaking down organic matter in the absence of air produces a gas mixture and a digestate, a kindof humus. The multifunctional character (waste management, energy production, compostproduction), the significant plasticity (in terms of technical intensity, inputs and uses) and above allthe double environmental promise (as a mode of production of renewable energy or as a circulareconomy tool) with which anaerobic digestion can be associated, make it a preferred technique foranyone interested in environmental issues in the broad sense.With the analysis of diversified framing, enrolment and incentive scenes as well as the trajectory ofthe different types of assemblage in Île-de-France, the thesis shows the primacy of the visions anddevices most compatible with energetic regime, especially those associated with large gas networks.It also shows that the articulation of the issues of waste management and energy production is notstraightforward and is the subject of tensions. Beyond these two issues, the thesis shows the pluralityof "spillovers" of the development of anaerobic digestion in environmental terms (water, soil, etc.)and socio-economic matters (associated agricultural model)
Dégremont-Dorville, Marie. "Transitions énergétiques et politiques à l’orée du XXIe siècle : l’émergence en France d’un modèle territorial de transition énergétique." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0008/document.
Full textOur work focuses on energy transition policies launched by French local authorities through a historical perspective. We analyze renewable energy and energy efficiency local policies as well as grid modernization, especially since their development in the mid-2000s. They are embedded in a process where historical principles guiding public policies in the energy sector are being challenged, especially as regards electricity. This offers opportunities to actors contesting these organizational principles, who promote alternatives they crafted for a few decades. Thanks to policy entrepreneurs mobilizing resources acquired over the course of their career, an alternative territorialized energy model is emerging. Gradually, it gains ground through the development of local production systems, mostly controlled by regional councils and large urban centers. These processes bring about a number of changes, most of them being incremental. However, we identify accelerating periods that can lead to changes of energy systems on a wider scale. They introduce differentiation from the French energy system, organized and controlled at a national scale. These alternatives are standardized, and it makes them more powerful to confront strong path dependency in this area. Since energy policy has been central in the crafting of the French modern state, these transitions could have consequences on public policies in general and on the state itself
Darson, Alice. "Transition énergétique et transition juridique : le développement des énergies de sources renouvelables en France." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0095/document.
Full textThe way to an energy transition will be reached with an integration of renewable energies inour energy mix. This development includes a legal transition because the current legal context that appliesto green energies is not efficient and does not contribute to this emergency. Changing the legal framebecomes a necessity and particularly the way these energies are governed, planned and supported. It’salso important that administrative procedures that regulate the implantation of energies productionsystem are set. At last, this legal transition will have to conciliate imperatives linked to the development ofrenewable energies with those governing the protection of surroundings, all aiming to a sustainabledevelopment
Duruisseau, Kévin. "Transition énergétique et géographie : le photovoltaïque au sol dans le sud de la France." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3050/document.
Full textBegan in 2002 with the establishment of a financial supervisory regime based on a system of feed-in tariffs, the photovoltaic public policy on the ground enriches French energy and climate public policy, which have since become public policies for “low carbon” energy transition. These policies are deployed in a context of openness to competition associated with the liberalization of the European national markets for electricity, means splitting production and increasing devolution of "Electricians" powers to public territorial players favoring multiplication and diversification of actors involved in the metropolitan French electrical system. These changes have initiated a process of territorialization of renewable energy and create a new geography of electricity.This thesis questions the place of the territories in the "low carbon" energy transition, in an analysis of regionalization of public policy photovoltaic ground process in France, and discusses the emergence of a new geography of electricity. It articulates a study of the geography of photovoltaic ground units in operation on 31 December 2015 in the southern territories of France with an actorial analysis of the spatial distribution of these new industrial infrastructures. It proposes to do this a typology of photovoltaic ground initiators-actors and a typology of photovoltaic ground developers-operators to highlight the new electric actors of the metropolitan French electrical system. It offers a wider study of regulatory systems and sets of actors at work in the implementation of photovoltaic ground territories revealing the territorialization process of this renewable energy
Millot, Ariane. "Faire la transition énergétique bas-carbone ou comment réaliser l'avènement d'un mythe ?" Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM074.
Full textTo fight climate change and limit the rise in global temperatures, countries must reduce their CO2 emissions and achieve what is commonly known as an energy transition. However, this ambiguous notion covers various objectives, which makes it difficult to understand the challenges involved in transforming the energy system and further complicates its management. The aim of this thesis is to question the term of energy transition in order to propose a new approach to its management. We begin with an overview of the concept of energy transition, which involves both looking at its highly ambiguous definition and observing it throughout history, which indicates that the low-carbon energy transition will need to be handled very differently from in the past. In the second part, we analyze French attempts to steer the transition. Our examination of policies implemented to date shows that the French energy system has not really engaged in an energy transition that corresponds to the stated objectives. Based on the TIMES-France energy prospective model we then examine the impact of a carbon neutrality target on: the level of carbon tax, which will be too high to be acceptable politically and socially; decarbonization trajectories, which will involve a radical technological change of the energy system; and specific challenges facing France thanks to a comparison with the Swedish situation. In the last part, we explore new approaches to piloting the energy transition. Following a review of a proposal from a branch of the social sciences, Transition Management, we develop an analogy between the energy transition and the phase transition theory in physics, with the aim of improving control of the energy transition and enriching our understanding of this notion. More specifically, it allows us to put forward a set of taxes and subsidies evolving over time
Zoumenou, Anna. "L’action économique des collectivités territoriales pour la transition énergétique." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020061/document.
Full textThe conference of the member states of the United nations framework convention about climate change (COP 21) which took place in Paris, december 2015, increased the state’s interest either for the protection of the environment and the ecological transition. From more than a decade, many laws had have the goal to place local authorities into the hearth of this system. Today, the realization of the energy transition is based on a partnership between public authorities, garantor of the public service and private companies mastering engineering and energy techniques. This policy takes place in the story of a new public management, which profoundly changes the way public services are managed
Bouckaert, Stéphanie. "Contribution des Smart Grids à la transition énergétique : évaluation dans des scénarios long terme." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00959266.
Full textDobigny, Laure. "Quand l'énergie change de mains : socio-anthropologie de l'autonomie énergétique locale au moyen d'énergies renouvelables en Allemagne, Autriche et France." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H230.
Full textThe development of renewable energy (RE) in Europe has been sustained, inter alia, by unconventional players in the energy sector: individuals, fanners, and local communities. As a result, over 50% of renewable energy generation capacity in Germany is citizen-owned. Thus more and more rural communities are achieving local energy independence, producing as much or even more than they consume, whether they are connected to national power grids or not (microgrids). What has led these citizens and local governments to become individually and collectively energy self-sufficient? And what are the implications of this local appropriation of energy on representations of energy and its use, social organization, social cohesion, local economies, and collective identity? These questions have guided this socio-anthropological study of five communities in Germany, Austria, and France. The transnational analysis also compares two levels of energy independence: individual (domestic) and collective (community). Changing the level of analysis makes it possible to question the role of the technical system in energy use, as well as the pioneering and key role farmers play in the choice of renewables - in order to better understand its social meaning. Within the large technical system, the choice of local energy independence, and the alternative it represents, has political, social, environmental, technical, economic, and symbolic dimensions. Because, ultimately, when energy changes hands, power does as well
Wernert, Carole. "L'historicité de la transition énergétique bas carbone : analyse comparée des politiques énergie-climat locales en France (Metz) et en Allemagne (Sarrebruck)." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA3016.
Full textThis thesis questions the capacity of cities to seize the energy issue through history, then through a low carbon perspective. It is based on assumptions that the introduction of energy as a local resource, is to become a reason for low carbon transition in cities. The historicity of this transition indicates that its lineaments are sometimes identifiable before the advent of its imperatives. Through a territorial history of energy, the thesis contributes to decoding keys of interest of cities to the low carbon transition as well as "its atomic elements" at the local scale.The city of Metz has a Local Distribution Company (ELD), rare in France, created under German annexation in 1901: Usine d'Electricité de Metz (UEM). The company produces and distributes electricity and heat. It belongs to the city (85%) and consolidates public finances while developing local and / or renewable resources.Saarbrücken, the capital of a German coal and industrial land, seems reluctant to the low carbon transition. However, in the years 1980-1990, the city and its "Stadtwerk" (German ELD) challenged nuclear power-plants and played the role of laboratory for renewables. The energy transition in Saarbrücken also shows ruptures, coal path dependencies, and illustrates the non-linearity of the process. Depending on the historical characteristics of cities and the exogenous pressures on urban supply, low-carbon energy transitions interest local actors to different extents and take various forms and rhythms
Lee, Youhyun. "Les politiques de développement des énergies renouvelables et nouvelles en Corée du Sud et en France." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D047.
Full textThe South Korea and France, those who are recognized for high dependence on nuclear power, are now facing a new phase of energy policy. The development of new and renewable energy is a crucial task to reduce green house gas which provokes climate change problem. Furthermore, new and renewable energy leads the green growth of the country. The reason why we do appreciate the new and renewable energy is not only because of environment, but also because of economic reason. The importance of the new and renewable energy is still growing in accordance with Paris Accord in 2015 after C.O.P 21.This study approaches several major issues in public administration such as defining policy actors, analyzing the policy process and the policy instruments. It also deals with the definitions of new and renewable energy, legal systems, plans, implementation and discussion about global energy cooperation. By comparing and rethinking of two other countries policies, their concomitant challenges toward energy transition will be going forward
Garcia, Romain. "L'implantation des parcs éoliens et l'acceptabilité des installations par la population : Le cas des communes rurales du Centre-Ouest de la France (Indre, Vienne, Haute-Vienne)." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE1174.
Full textWind development start in France in the 2000s, under the various European directives. The targets set for 2030 are to achieve 32% renewable energy at the final energy consumption. Nevertheless, the conflicts of use related to the implantation of the one more mature RE, the wind, hinders the development of this energy. Acceptability is a crucial issue for achieving the objectives set at European level, and for providing rural areas supporting this energy with additional economic benefits. As part of the research, we were interested to wind projects located in Civraisien (Vienne), Champagne Berrichonne (Indre) and Basse Marche (Haute-Vienne). The study of these wind projects has made it possible to establish the factors acceptability, and to propose recommendations for the holders of this energy. Thus, the realization of a territorial project, integrating the expectations of the citizens and the territorial characteristics of the support communes are essential elements in the acceptability of these projects
Cany, Camille. "Interactions entre énergie nucléaire et énergies renouvelables variables dans la transition énergétique en France : adaptations du parc électrique vers plus de flexibilité." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC015/document.
Full textThe French power system is transitioning towards a more diversified low carbon mix. The power mix is characterised by a high nuclear share which is to remain significant and the target to increase variable renewables (wind and solar) by 2050. When introduced massively, wind and solar trigger new needs for back-up power, both in the short and long term, to answer the flexibility required in order to maintain the reliability target level of the power system. All flexibility options should be complementarily developed, given their characteristics, and nuclear will have a role to play in this context.How could the French power mix be adapted towards more flexibility while maintaining a low-carbon level and mastering associated costs? The purpose of this PhD thesis is to shed light on this issue thanks to a techno-economic analysisAt first, interactions between nuclear and variable renewables are analysed thanks to two complementary approaches. On the one hand, a technical perspective is adopted by confronting prospective nuclear load-following requirements to the fleet theoretical capabilities. On the other hand, thanks to a techno-economic approach, we evaluate the additional cost of ensuring part of the flexibility requirements with the nuclear fleet and examine options to reduce this cost to make nuclear back-up competitive. These two approaches are based on the construction of realistic scenarios by 2030 and 2050.The French nuclear fleet will be asked for a strong increase of the load following operations with growing wind and solar shares. Even if the nuclear fleet can enable higher power ramps and amplitude variations, when wind and solar account for more than 30% in the total demand, compensating for the power variations induced would require complementary means. From a fleet management perspective, it would be beneficial to favour wind compared to solar in the power mix. The latter induces extreme power ramps and amplitudes for the nuclear fleet.The nuclear production cost could be significantly increased with the decrease of the nuclear utilisation rate. In the transition phase, it would be of great importance to promote a progressive replacement of the nuclear fleet to compensate for the production cost increase. In the case of new nuclear investments, a carbon price increase could make nuclear back-up able to compete with combined-cycle gas turbine plants as the alternative back-up option. Anticipating the development of new outlets becomes crucial to guide future investments in low-carbon power plants.To bypass the issue of the nuclear utilisation rate reduction, it would be worth considering taking advantage of the available excess energy to produce valuable products while providing flexibility services to the grid. Hydrogen production, as a flexible power demand, could enhance synergies between nuclear and variable renewables through new markets to valorise the excess nuclear energy. When wind and solar shares increase, along with the hydrogen market expected growth driven by mobility uses, opportunities are created for the nuclear operator. If the French nuclear capacities are maintained and if an adapted business model is developed, nuclear-hydrogen coproduction could answer the hydrogen demand by 2030. Other options could be considered to find outlets to the excess power such as the development of power exportations or the coproduction of heat and electricity.Overall, in order to foster synergies between low-carbon power plants, the change of the nuclear share in the French power mix should be apprehended through dynamics adapted to the penetration of renewables as well as to the deployment of hydrogen markets, and new markets in general
Bigo, Aurélien. "Les transports face au défi de la transition énergétique. Explorations entre passé et avenir, technologie et sobriété, accélération et ralentissement." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX068.
Full textThe thesis deals with transport CO2 emissions in France. It questions the alignment of current trends and public policies with the French climate ambition of reaching carbon neutrality by 2050. The national low carbon strategy identifies 5 drivers to decarbonize the transport sector: the moderation of transport demand, modal shift, load factor optimization, energy efficiency, and carbon intensity of energy. The thesis studies (1) their evolution in the past, (2) their possible changes by 2050, (3) the importance of travel speed, and (4) some policy implications. It appears that the acceleration of transports and the subsequent increase of transport demand, participated in the rise of transport emissions in the second half of the 20th century. Since the beginning of the 21st century, these variables are relatively stable, due to long-term trends towards saturation and short-term changes as the rise of oil prices and the implementation of speed control radars. In the future, important changes in terms of technology and sufficiency measures will be needed to reach carbon neutrality
Ma, Kun. "Système énergétique territorial face à la montée en puissance des énergies renouvelables : modélisation de la transition appliquée à La Réunion." Phd thesis, Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUEL008.
Full textFrom the concept of territorial energy system (TES), defined as a coupling between a territorial system and an energy system, and after that the actual situation and different possibilities of energy transition being examined, we model the energy transition of the Reunion electrical system, with a multi-agent model developed under the Anylogic platform. In this model, the power plants and the substation HV/MV, localized in IRIS and connected with the electricity network, form the exchange interface between the two subsystems coupled. The dynamic of the model is based on two levels of nested temporalities. Interaction between territorial dynamics and energy dynamics is achieved through hourly simulation of resources (solar, wind, hydraulic) and demand (load curves), based on hourly observations (weather data, data of load curves, etc. ), and calibrated with the statistics of production and consumption of the reference year. Scenarios are structured by assumptions about the demand and production, and are with a time horizon of decades and an annual granularity. They allow to understand the effect of different combinations of parameters (threshold of saturation of PV, storage, PV coverage, demand, etc. ), to get insights on how the energy system can evolve. This could be used to provide aids to policies decisions according to objectives (reducing greenhouse gas emissions, control of prices of energy, development of renewable. . . )
Ma, Kun. "Système énergétique territorial face à la montée en puissance des énergies renouvelables : modélisation de la transition appliquée à La Réunion." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00732678.
Full textTian, Wenhui. "Transition énergétique et inégalité de carbone : une analyse prospective des feuilles de route technologique pour la Chine, la France et les États-Unis d’Amérique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLC001/document.
Full textIn the context of global warming, academic institutes, international institutions such as the IPCC, and governments of numerous countries have proposed global objectives of reducing CO2 emissions and announced national targets. The purpose of this thesis is to assess the governmental targets in comparing with the global objectives of various allocation methods, which correspond to different carbon equity principles.In order to evaluate the technology roadmaps which are necessary to achieve these reductions of CO2 emissions, a flexible modeling framework is proposed for policy makers. Our sectoral model avoids the complex computing operations. It can be customized according to different requirements and situations. We simulate the model up to the horizon 2050, which is often seen as a turning point in energy use patterns worldwide – forced by the probable decline in hydrocarbons extraction.In the thesis, the technology roadmaps for the governmental targets on CO2 emissions are studied for three typical countries: China, France, and the United States. The model covers the sectors responsible for the greatest part of CO2 emissions: power, transport, residence and industry sector, in studying the impacts of the principle energy technologies, such as energy mix, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), electric vehicles and energy efficiency.Various methods and approaches are used in our modeling. IPAT identity - which assumes the environment Impact is the results of Population, Affluence and Technology - is employed in the power sector emission decomposition. Besides STIRPAT - for Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology - model is used for the projection of CO2 emissions in the Business-as-Usual scenario. Then SVR - for Support Vector Regression - is used to forecast electricity production. Finally, the Theil index is employed as the measurement of per capita CO2 emission inequality. Different from classic cost-effective energy system models, our model provides the technology pathways for different criteria, such as balanced development of energy technology across sectors, availability of energy resources, etc. Besides, the carbon equity is employed as one of the constraints in the multi-objective optimization, under the consideration of the convergence of technologies in sectors in the long-term.Our results show that the governmental targets in France and the United States prove very strict, as they require all sectors to make large efforts in reducing CO2 emissions. In contrast, the governmental target in China seems more easily achievable, as the necessary advances of technologies are less demanding. More precisely: if the energy mix is expected to be kept unchanged in China and in the United States of America, the CCS prove indispensable in the power sector. In France, 80% of automobiles are required to be changed into electric vehicles, in order to get the target of CO2 emissions.However, under the sectoral carbon equity consideration, coal combustion is projected to be reduced by two thirds in China, and it will have to be almost eliminated in the United States to achieve their CO2 reduction target. But gas is encouraged to be used in the power sector, especially in the United States. Regarding the transport sector, more than 60% of vehicles should be replaced to electric vehicles in China, and this share will be about up to 90% in France and the United States.Finally the sensitivity of parameters in the model is tested for a robust simulation, at each step of the work, and for all technology roadmaps. The results of the sensitivity tests show that electricity production and the emission intensity of production are the two parameters with the most important influence on CO2 emissions. Thus improving the efficiency of coal combustion and the energy efficiency of electricity will play an important role in the CO2 emission reductions
Roussafi, Ferdaous. "La territorialisation des énergies renouvelables en France." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC045.
Full textThe energy transition to low-carbon energy is now a dominant paradigm in energy-related public policies. It is a central focus of work for the French regions. The evolution of their relationship with energy is both in line with European experiences and in the wake of a national incentive for transition. The objective of this thesis is to study the territorialization of renewable energy (RE) production according to its different origins (biomass, solar, geothermal, wind and hydro). We propose to assess the regions' performance in diversifying the energy mix in 2015 and over the period 1990-2015. Multidimensional data analysis methods were used. A typology of French regions characteristic of the regional development of renewable energies (RE) in France in 2015 is proposed, it highlights the emergence of five typical RE development profiles that are highly contrasted according to the RE sectors. The analysis of evolving data adopted to study regional dynamics in terms of RE promotion over the period 1990-2015 highlights four sub-periods of RE development. The Hierarchical Ascending Classification (HAC) over each sub-period has highlighted three distinct types of RE development profiles and a certain stability in the trajectories of the regions. This very stable structure shows that disparities between regions in the early 1990s persisted throughout the period. Finally, the study of the determinants of RE consumption at the regional level made it possible to identify the main levers favouring their deployment. Indeed, we have shown through the estimation of a VECM model that in the short term, past economic growth measured by the real GDP growth rate positively affects RE consumption, while nuclear and industrial production per capita have a negative impact. In the long term, estimates from the FM-OLS and DOLS models indicate that the level of economic development, measured by the logarithm of GDP per capita, has a positive impact on the share of RE in final energy consumption. The results also show that research and development spending favours the use of REs, which are largely dependent on population density. Finally, we show that at the regional level, the weight of "green" parties has a positive influence on the development of renewable energies
Kim, Eun Hye. "Les transitions énergétiques urbaines du XIXe au XXIe siècle : de la biomasse aux combustibles fossiles et fissiles à Paris (France)." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00999911.
Full textPistoni, Roberta. "Landscape planning and design for energy transition in France and the Netherlands. Principles, practices, recommendations." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IAVF0017.
Full textThe research relates to the ongoing discourse about energy transition, starting from the consideration that the energy transition generates a landscape transition too, thanks to the long-lasting relationship between energy development and spatial organization, the first one having inevitably an impact on the second. The period we are living, it is not an exception. The ongoing transition, which implies a gradual relocation and territorialisation of the energy system, need planning and design landscape according to reduction of energy consumption and renewable energy production goals. In this framework the main goal of this research is to establish and assess energy conscious landscape planning and design in the context of the ongoing energy transition.The research framework is based on different concepts: urban metabolism, circular economy and cradle-to-cradle. Through a critical view of the linear functioning ‘take-make-waste’ of our society, they could inform choices and strategies aiming a better energetic sustainability, with impacts on spatial and landscape planning and design.A comparison between France and the Netherlands, nations engaged in energy transition process and with an important and long lasting tradition in landscape architecture, but with differences, contributes to understand how landscape and spatial planning and design are taken into account and which energy development strategies and synergies are developed. The research analyses territories: two in France and one in the Netherlands, committed to a transition process. The contribution of landscape architects is also investigated. The similarities and differences found in the two national contexts allow to put the analysis into perspective.Results show that in French territories there is a general lack of recognition of landscape planning and design as able to contribute to energy transition, beyond the integration of renewable energy technologies. On the contrary, this role seems to be better addressed in the Dutch context. Nevertheless, territorial agents have a vision of the connection between landscape and energy transition which also includes the reduction of energy consumption and optimization of energy flows. Concerning landscape architects, energy transition does not lead to radical changes in their practice. They continue to rely on knowledge and design steps conventional for the discipline, but which have to be combined with new knowledge and steps specific to energy topic
Harchaoui, Souhil. "Modélisation des transitions en agriculture : énergie, azote, et capacité nourricière de la France dans la longue durée (1882-2016) et prémices pour une généralisation à l'échelle mondiale." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=3874&f=24611.
Full textTo overcome the challenges of climate change and energy transition, combined with the projected population growth in the 21st century, agriculture must transform itself to produce more food while reducing its dependence on non-renewables sources and preserving ecosystems. This thesis examines the impacts of biophysical constraints and socio-technical transformations on agricultural metabolism, transitions and feeding capacity of agriculture. Agricultural metabolism is modelled through both energy and nitrogen flows that the agricultural system mobilizes and converts to operate and to supply biomass. This analytical framework allows us, on the one hand, to position agriculture within the energy transition challenges and, on the other hand, to jointly quantify the achievable feeding capacity and its impact on global biogeochemical cycles. Agricultural metabolism is examined at two spatial and temporal scales: a long-term historical perspective modelling (1882-2016) at the scale of France and a historical (1961-2013) and prospective modelling at the global scale. The analysis of French agriculture is based on the modelling of historical production data and means of production. We explore the mechanisms that link the inputs and outputs of the agricultural system, together with the associated energy and nitrogen transitions continuously since 1882. We characterize the French trajectory on the basis of efficiency indicators, energy return on energy investment, farm surplus, self-sufficiency and energy neutrality of the system. Energy neutrality is a key indicator for positioning agriculture in the future energy transition. We quantify the impact of socio-technical transformations on transitions that have quadrupled the farm surplus and reduced its energy self-sufficiency to almost zero. Agriculture produced twice as much energy as it did in pre-industrial times, compared to four times today, but it has gone from an energy self-sufficient system fed by biomass to a system almost exclusively dependent on fossil fuels. Expressed in biomass equivalent, agriculture's current energy consumption is equal to its production, therefore a system that is not energetically viable. The challenge for agriculture is to contribute to the energy transition without encroaching on its food production. Meeting this challenge, which is little understood by society, requires improving the energy performance of agriculture and involves improving nitrogen use efficiency, as well as reducing livestock production, especially from monogastrics, decreasing farm labor needs, together with a high energy recovery from agricultural residues. Global-scale modelling allows us to describe the agriculture trajectory in terms of feeding capacity and environmental impact and to assess its food production limits on the basis of biophysical constraints. This modeling is a first module focused on the nitrogen metabolism and does not take into consideration the energy operating regime of agriculture. We examine the limits of world food production along with nitrogen losses according to degrees of nitrogen self-sufficiency. We show how maximum supportable human population on Earth can range from 6 to 17 billion people depending on the share of total grain production used in animal feed, the nitrogen use efficiency and the nitrogen fertilization regime. This analysis allows comparing, as it is rarely done, official population projections for the 21st century with planetary biophysical constraints and discuss the conditions under which these projections can be achieved
Cordrie, Benjamin. "L’entreprise, acteur politique : Une analyse institutionnaliste d’un compromis : la troisième révolution industrielle en Hauts-de-France." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1A016.
Full textThis thesis investigates the role played by businesses in regulating the tensions that capitalism produces. With the Fordist compromise and its regulations on the wane and the environmental issue on the rise, and the destabilising effects this causes, we see businesses emerge as political actors that help shape new forms of regulation. To analyse this process, we draw on John R. Commons’ institutional and pragmatic approach. As a first step, the thesis undertakes a reinterpretation of the concept of compromise, enabling us to apprehend these regulations and the role played in them by businesses. Subsequently, the thesis focuses on a field survey on an ongoing energy transition project in Hauts-de-France: the “third industrial revolution” (TIR), a project based upon the model outlined by Jeremy Rifkin in his eponym publication. The regional council and the chamber of commerce jointly launched this process in 2012. The survey, mostly based on semi-structured interviews (n=55) and on a review of grey literature conducted with the software Prospéro, first examines the strategy developed by the stakeholders of the TIR to respond to the environmental issue. This strategy mainly relies on a justification that can be described as “techno-economic”, in the sense that it considers the environmental issue as offering economic opportunities to businesses, especially through developing technological innovations. This research then shows how, as this new compromise gradually takes shape, businesses are becoming the dominant political players in it. This thesis thus intends to show that businesses are a political institution of capitalism
Meyer, Teva. "Une analyse comparative des géopolitiques du nucléaire civil en Allemagne, en France et en Suède." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080024.
Full textThe Fukushima atomic disaster had different political fallouts in the thirty-one countries where nuclear power is exploited. In Europe, while Germany decided to accelerate the phase-out engaged ten years before, the Swedish government repealed the moratorium on new nuclear reactors introduced in 1981 and France only committed to reduce marginally the share of nuclear electricity. Three European countries, facing the same event, took three different directions. In the past, differences between countries’ nuclear policies have been explained by economic, geographical or cultural determinism. This work offers to go beyond these approaches and to consider energy policies as the result of power struggles between opponents and supporters of atomic energy who fight to control the territory. Thanks to the local geopolitical approach, this thesis aims at highlighting the rivalries and the representation which structure the actors’ systems in each country as well as the strategies used in the conflict. In a context where nuclear energy is portrayed as a potential solution to mitigate climate change, the purpose of this work is to identity the elements which led to the elaboration of diametrically opposed energy policies in France, Germany and Sweden
Hoarau, Quentin. "Out with the Pipes, in with the Plugs : On the Economics of the Energy Transition in the Automobile Sector Interactions between electric mobility and photovoltaic generation Network tariff design with prosumers and electromobility: Who wins, who loses Stranded to be? Diesel ban and used car markets. Coordination of abatements and policies with sector coupling technologies." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASI006.
Full textThe development of electric mobility is the main technological compromise that will allow the automobile sector to drastically reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. From the ban of thermal vehicles to the integration of electric vehicles in the power sector, this dissertation investigates several economic aspects of this transition.First, it empirically studies the impacts of urban policies that limit the access of most polluting vehicles by analyzing the behavior of car sellers on second-hand markets. Then, it theoretically precises the optimal conditions of the electrification of the automobile fleet how governments may plan support policies for electric vehicles that take into account their interaction with the power system.Third, it investigates the interaction between electric mobility and photovoltaic energy. It develops a systematic framework that enlightens technical and economic conditions of synergy.Fourth, it discusses the distributional effects from tariff design of power network with both distributed energy resources and electric mobility
Jasnot, Pierre-Emmanuel. "Les transitions agro-écologiques en Île-de-France : acteurs et processus." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H011.
Full textPublic authorities announced the agroecological transition as a major turning point to come for agriculture. At the same time, consumers and civil society are more and more aware of food and agricultural issues. The environmental dimension of the agricultural production seems to strongly gain in importance. The agriculture of the Île-de-France region is dealing with these new injunctions in a context of well-established field crops on a territory facing high stakes (regarding food, the environment, the economy and land planning). What form does this agroecological transition take, what impacts will this transition have for the farmers of Île-de-France and how do these changes lead to new territorial configurations: here are some of the issues that drive this doctoral research
David, Mathieu. "Développement d'un générateur de climat multi-variable : application au programme régional de réhabilitation des écoles solaires : optimisation énergétique de bâtiments." La Réunion, 2005. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/05_29_David.pdf.
Full textThe way society has to organize its development is linked to the world but also local energy concerns. The political choices as well as the orientation of tej scientific researches have to accompany a reflection on our future within our global environment. In La Reunion, the variety of the climatic conditions plays a dominant role in the understanding and the management of the energy systems such as building and renewable energy systems. The development of numerical simulators by research as well as elaboration of technical solutions by the engineers requires detailed climatic data to supply reliable results. The specific climatic context of the Reunion Island requires adapted methods to generate accurate climatic data answering both the criteria of sizing and long-term performances forecasting. NewRuneole, a Reunion's weather data generator arose from the analysis of some medels of generation of climatic data developed in various scientific domains such as the energetic, the hydrology and the agriculture
Lecuyer, Oskar. "Quelle place pour les aides aux technologies de réduction d'émissions en présence d'un prix du carbone? : le cas du secteur électrique." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00914477.
Full textMoussaoui, Abdellah. "Femmes issues de l'immigration algérienne en Ile-de-France : une nuptialité et une fécondité en transition." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT5016.
Full textCarlisi-Ridacker, Cyrielle. "Les opérations de rénovation thermique de maisons individuelles : pratiques de collectifs et de ménages (Lorraine)." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCC008.
Full textThis thesis supports a reflection on the expertise deployed by a multitude of actors (human and non-human) on a multi-dimensional and complex subject: global, efficient, and collective energy retrofit. It questions the places and roles of actors in the design of collective and experimental actions which aim to achieve a massification of the energy retrofit of private individual housing. Four schemes, supported by a regional programme, are analysed through the sociology of organisations and the network actor. The careful study of the logic of actions, the articulation and the dynamics of the actors makes it possible to understand how the devices are built as «intermediaries» in their territory, or even as third-partiestrust in their target audience. This one is made up of private owners. The thesis provides an understanding of their practices and representations, and of their renovation paths. The joint study of private devices and uses provides an understanding of the strengths and limitations of collective operations. Through its research-action dimension, the thesis provides recommendations from a field of observation conducted for nearly three years in Lorraine. In this approach, the role of the sociologist, taken in the same way in the observations as any other actor, is the object of a reflexive work
Demade, Maxime. "Analyse sociale de cycles de vie : les cycles de vie des représentations paysagères de l'éolien." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BOR30047/document.
Full textThe increasing use of the transition terms in the public debate contributes to the emergence of new research methods whom geographers begin to apprehend. Transition invites to consider a new action framework. In the matter of energy domain, the transition concept involves geographers in their socio-spatial interpretations. This new spatiotemporal frame, where are introduced the notions of territorialisation of the energy and the reversibility, provides an opportunity to consider these issues from a reinterpretation of the space-time couple. In this context, the thesis aims in understanding and analyzing of socio-spatial mechanisms tested by the renewable energies development, especially wind turbines. The specificity of this approach may be a geographical rendition of the Life Cycle Assessment method. For this purpose, the thesis requires the concept of landscape in its dynamic meaning. However, the life cycle assessment invites us to reshape the idea of landscape dynamics according to the notion of event. The thesis explores the arrival of a wind turbines project as an event and it focus on its sudden emergence, the induced socio-spatial destabilizations and the individual and social adaptations. The purpose of this research is to investigate a Social Life Cycle Assessment of the landscape representations of the wind energy. This ambition faces a time constraint. The allowed time of a PhD thesis faces political times and the times of the experience. Created events or suffered events impact the socio-spatial representations differently and over various timescales. Considering a diachronic study brings about rethinking the epistemological and methodological issues raised by a corpus which gathers several types of data, from different sources and which would be analyzed together. The analysis is led on discourses and especially on spatial textual references along with the individual sensibilities revealed when a wind turbines project is initiated on territory. The thesis tracks the life cycle steps of windpower-events that we interpret according to the socio-spatial context of the study terrains
Chabriat, Jean-Pierre. "Analyse énergétique de procédés de fabrication en sucrerie de cannes : étude théorique et expérimentale." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10014.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is the creation of tools in order to analyse energy balances in manufacturing within a sugar mill. This work should also implement the basis of another tool enabling us to produce a diagnosis on the working of sugar mill. This research relies on diverse subjects such as energetics, thermochemistry, metrology, numerical analysis and data-processing. Following our introduction to the industrial process of milling sugar, we have then realized bibliographical studies about basic tools of energetic analysis of sugar manufacturing: energetic balances theory, the thermophysic of the constituants and the review of thermical balances in a sugar mill. An energetic analysis enabled us to reveal the essential action of the evaporation unit in the distribution of steam energy in the core of the sugar mill. We have built up both a physical and mathematical model of this process based on energetic balances equations of open thermodynamics systems. At the same rime, a portable device has been elaborated in order to realize measurements of thermodynamic quantities experimentally accessible. Thanks to the analyses led as well as the measurements gathered at the sugar mill of Beaufonds, several tools have been created. A computer programm relying on the physical model elaborated by ourselves has been run in three energetic models of calculation i. E. : data processing, global model and combined model. We validate our study by analysing comparatively and accurately the different results
Mauger, Romain. "Le droit de la transition énergétique, une tentative d'identification." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD003/document.
Full textThis doctoral thesis aims to study the legal framework of the energy transition in France since 2012. From this year on, the term “energy transition” has been increasingly used in environment and energy-linked public policies. The scope of the legal developments related to the energy transition is so wide that this work has only focused on the rules applicable to renewable sources of electricity, especially onshore wind and solar photovoltaics. As a result, it appears that the energy transition law lies at a crossroads between older and more recognised fields of the Law. Evolutionary more than revolutionary, it fits into the existing frame and submits itself to the classical principles of Law. Among the outcomes of this research, we found that the energy transition law is making a strong use of planning tools, potentially placing it under a measurable performance obligation. It is also forced to integrate very contemporary notions of justice, linked to its finality, denying it the qualification of a solely technical law. However, there was confusion in the writing process of the Energy Transition for Green Growth Act, the flagship energy transition act, because of its size, its conflicts and the inherent flaws of the institutions of the 5th Republic. This context did not promote the emergence of a stable and high-quality law. Actually, it is lacking of legal certainty. Finally, energy transition law is more often than not placing a break on than facilitating the development of renewable energy, while it is badly written and ill-equipped to organise the decrease of nuclear energy into the electrical mix
Gerardin, Noé. "Vers une centralité de la Région ? Émergence et affirmation du rôle de la Région Île-de-France en matière climat-air-énergie." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA007/document.
Full textThe rising power of regions seems obvious in academic literature in France and abroad. What is the contribution of emerging issues such as environment to this shift? Is there such an increasing power of regions in the climate, air, and energy field? If so, how does it happen? To answer these questions, this doctoral thesis focuses on the changing role of the Île-de-France regional council in climate, air and energy policies since the 90’s. The study highlights an increase in power of the Île-de-France Region (also known as « Paris Region ») to address climate, air, and energy issues. This Region has taken a major position among all stakeholders. This observation has been made possible through a combination of a law and political sciences approaches. It allowed to study the actors, their relationships, their area of competence, their constraints, their means, and the way they use it. We studied in this doctoral thesis the jurisdiction of the Île-de-France regional council, its human and financial resources, its positioning regarding other actors in the region, and the way the regional council uses legal rules. Two schemes seem to be essential to understand the increasingly central position of the Île-de-France regional council on climate, air, and energy questions: first, the climate, air, and energy regional plan (schéma régional du climat, de l’air et de l’énergie) and then the chef de file (which could be translate by “leadership role”) of regional councils
Tardieu, Charlotte. "Transition énergétique dans les projets urbains : conditions de mise en œuvre. Analyse des cas Paris Rive Gauche, Clichy-Batignolles et Paris Nord Est." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10024/document.
Full textUrban development projects provide an excellent opportunity to design energy and carbon efficient cities since they consider the relationship between a set of urban objects consuming and producing energy. Indeed, urban and architectural levers can be activated during an urban project. In this thesis, we compare three urban large-scale projects led by the City of Paris: Paris Rive Gauche, Clichy-Batignolles and Paris Nord Est. Through a qualitative and comparative approach, we seek to understand actor interactions, to highlight the spatio-temporal logics and identify the design parameters used to ensure energy quality. Our analysis is based on semi-structured interviews with the actors of these three urban projects, and all the technical documents we could access. After describing how energy issues have been taken into account in each of the three projects, we compare the procedures and actions that have been implemented. We observe that energy issues are not considered as strategic elements of the urban development process. Actions set up mainly focus on the reduction of building energy demand, ignoring other potential energy savings. The energy performance of buildings is ensured through a relatively conventional environmental quality approach. However, covering the energy needs of new districts with local renewable energy constitutes an important factor of change in urban development practices. Urban developers now need to consider urban areas as potential energy producers instead of energy consumers. This study leads us to question the appropriate scale to define and implement an energy strategy for the urban fabric as well as the best actor to coordinate it
Jean, Aurélien. "Contribution à l'étude des parois complexes végétalisées : évaluation de la performance énergétique globale en climat tropical humide." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0028.
Full textThe aim of this article is to present a vulgarized introduction to the vegetated complex partitions field, called VCP. To reach this goal, the green roof notions, their uses and implications are defined. The theory is illustrated by a Reunion Island case study, which allows to list several impacts of the green walls utilization
Ory, François. "Vers quelle transition énergétique en Martinique ? : Acteurs et gouvernance de la substitution des énergies fossiles par les énergies renouvelables pour la production électrique." Thesis, Le Mans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LEMA3009.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to analyze the integration of the energy transition within an Overseas Territory of France. Focusing on the island of Martinique as a case study, it analyzes in details the changes taking place in the industry of electricity production. By mobilizing the concept of governance, the study takes place under the triple context of decentralizing of energy-related decisions, opening up the electricity market to new private operators, and increasing dispute on planning emerging from civil society.This research addresses three main issues:• The territory and its exploitable energy potentials;• The actors operating the transition on the island;• Renewable energy exploitation projects. Based on a thorough analysis of technical documents, local press publications and field interviews, this research seeks to explain the reasons behind the progress or the stagnation of the energy transition in Martinique. It highlights the conflicting and non-consensual nature of its conception and definition. Various case studies, such as ground-mounted photovoltaics, the biomass power plant Galion 2 and the ocean thermal energy conversion project NEMO, provide insights on this antagonistic dynamic. Joining a vibrant conversation on the implementation of energy transition, our results reveal that regional development of renewable means of production is mainly driven by a local governance, which seeks to limit the potential impact on major activities such as agriculture, tourism... Historical stakeholders continue to influence the electricity industry, thus maintaining its dependency on petroleum products
Aubert, Flora. "« Communautés énergétiques » et fabrique urbaine ordinaire : analyses croisées Allemagne, France, Royaume-Uni." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2016.
Full textRenewables development in urban areas has sparked growing interest, stemming from professionals as well as from civil society as a whole, in sharing locally generated energy. Setting out such an objective regularly relies on local energy initiatives. As the energy industry was previously aiming to be invisible in the urban world, deployment of such energy initiatives raises questions on how urban making will relate with such projects. In this thesis, we hypothesized that these local energy initiatives contribute, in their own way, to make reappear energy systems in the urban area, as well as reconfigure its organization and its operation.This research work is built on four case studies located in three countries: Germany, France, and the United-Kingdom. Chosen cases are as follows: Les Colibres, a participatory housing in Forcalquier (France), Klimakommune in Saerbeck (Germany), European project on electrical storage named Sensible in Nottingham (United-Kingdom), and collective self-consumption project Smartmagne in Marmagne (France). The aim of this work is to understand these projects’making, thus, beyond their materiality, to analyse actors and mechanisms that are at stake in the on-going action. The results of the study are threefold. First, while “energy community” is a widely used notion in scientific literature and in national, European communications, the concept of assemblage is more relevant to characterize the energy initiatives this thesis is focused on. The object of study is at the crossover point between actors (enterprises, researchers, collectives of residents, promoters, collectivities, different groups of interests, etc.) and material and technical objects within a specific energy project: “local and urban socio-energetic assemblages” (LU-SEA, or ASE-LU in French). Their links are not based on social nor political affinities but are generated by the further realization of the project itself. From the four case studies analysed in this thesis, it is possible to link these projects and their effects in the field of what we call the ordinary urban making. As a matter of fact, such developments, which common objective can be casted as mutualisation of locally generated energy, are usually not within large development schemes. In this ordinary urban making, the project holders choose to avoid a socio-political confrontation that would be aimed at changing regulations, laws, or the making’ conditions. They rather take advantage of margins and cracks left open by the ordinary urban making to advance their project and process a social and material reality out of it. Lastly, this work is a mean to discuss the convergence of the outcome of the case studies and their analysis with commons. ASE-LU and urban and/or energy commons share similar issues: legal blocking, flaws and interstices mobilisation. They shape social organizations and spatio-technical sets that challenge at least the standard legal and social structures of the energy industry on the one hand, and of the field of urban making on the other hand
Huitelec, Richard. "Le développement durable et la gestion locale des ressources énergétiques." Bordeaux 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR40011.
Full textBigot, Dimitri. "Contribution à l’étude du couplage énergétique enveloppe / système dans le cas de parois complexes photovoltaïques (PC - PV)." Thesis, La Réunion, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LARE0024/document.
Full textThis thesis presents a thermal and electrical modelling of PV walls integrated to buildings. The particularity of this model is that the heat transfer that occurs through the panel to the building is described so that both building and PV thermal modelling are fully coupled. This has the advantage of allowing the prediction of the impact of PV installation on the building temperature field and also the comfort inside it. The aim of this study is to show the impact of the PV panels in terms of level of insulation or solar protection for the building. Moreover, the study has been conducted in La Reunion Island, where the climate is tropical and humid, with a strong solar radiation. In such conditions, it is important to minimise the thermal load through the roof of the building. The thermal model is integrated in a building simulation code and is able to predict the thermal impact of PV panels installed on buildings in several configurations and also their production of electricity. Finally, the experimental study is used to give elements of validation for the numerical model and a sensitivity analysis has been run to put in evidence the governing parameters. It has been shown that the radiative properties of the PV panel have a great impact on the temperature field of the tested building and the determination of these parameters has to be taken with care. Results of sensitivity analysis are used to optimize the PV thermal model using the GenOpt optimization program
Cardona, Aurélie. "L'agriculture à l'épreuve de l'écologisation : éléments pour une sociologie des transitions." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0132.
Full textIn spite of measures aiming to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture, changes in farming practices remain modest while societal concerns continue to rise. The environmental mission assigned to agriculture is complex and subject to interpretation. The growing number of diverse stakeholders turning their attention to farming increases the demands placed on agriculture. In this context, the goal of this thesis is first, to understand how a diversity of agricultural and non-agricultural stakeholders involve themselves in transition processes towards more environmentally-soundagriculture and second, to understand the effect of their involvement on farmers practices. To achieve this, I relied on a pragmatic approach wich highlights "frictions", as well as "holdfasts" used by stakeholders and makes it possible to give a faithful account of their interpretations and experience of transition processes. Based on a socio-historical analysis and three case-studies from the Paris region, I characterized, first, the conditions of the emergence of movements promoting change in agriculture practices, second, the enrollment processes throught wich the issue of transition makes sense and, third, the changes in terms of both agricultural practices and forms of governance of those changes as well. The study shows that transition processes emerge as the result of adjustements between diverse stakeholders embedded in different communities. This analysis suggests the emergence of a "territoire-based contribution" model of change, where a diversity of stakeholders contributes by their discourse and actions to the ecologization of agriculture in their territoire
Hatik, Christelle. "Proposition de scénarios de gestion raisonnée des déchets en vue de leur valorisation énergétique." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0034/document.
Full textToday's consumer society is generating a lot of pollution and waste . The exponential growth of garbage must lead us to rethink the way we consume and the way we consider the current system. Raising awareness of the damage is the best way to improve the situation so as to achieve better and more efficient results. That is why we chose to study waste management, to answer these objectives and to establish waste management scenarios adapted to a specific territory, here Reunion Island. Thereby, this study will contribute to the general development of insular territories. For the study, we have implemented a methodology allowing us to build waste management scenarios. To create these, we have developed a simulation and modelization tool for waste treatment and waste management. The methodology is organized in two parts: i) A description phase and ii) A quantification phase for each scenario of waste management. i) The description phase enables us to know and classify all the entities that compose the waste treatment system as well as raw flow and energy flow. For this, each part of a scenario can be divided into elementary components to simplify their creation. ii) The quantification phase is operational once all flows and entities are identified. This phase consists in defining and quantify all the parameters (flows and entities).Afterwards, we have developed a simulation and modelization tool for waste treatment and waste management to create scenarios. Each scenario requires environmental, economic and social parameters. At this stage, we can collect data for all management phases and establish a panel of scenarios. After scenarios are integrated in the tool, we can do a multi-criteria analysis to classify all possible alternatives that will help decision making. This analysis has proved relevant for choosing the best management and waste treatment scenarios. It also allows us to conduct a study that is as little oriented as possible, so as to ensure the reliability of the choices and decisions that will be selected
Lavallez, Catherine. "Territorialisation des politiques énergétiques dans l agglomération franco-valdo-genevoise : la planification énergétique comme opportunité de réaménagement des zones frontières ?" Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAE006/document.
Full textIn France as in Switzerland, local authorities stand out as leading players of energy transition, a transition that requires an important renewal of public intervention instruments. It is the stakes and the conditions of such a renewal that the present work aims to examine, based on the experiments of territorial energy planning led on the franco-valdo-genevan cross-border territory. Conceived as initiatives of relocation of the energy supply system, these energy planning initiatives are examined through an institutionalist and pragmatic « reading template ».This « reading template » consists of seeing these energy planning initiatives as pragmatist inquiries aiming, through a collective work of cognitive equipment of the territorial franco-valdo-genevan field of intervention, at the reconstruction of the means of coordination between people about their material, organizational and political territory. It opens towards a double reading of the energy planning initiatives. The first one concentrates on the organizational dimension of these inquiries - i.e. on the cultures of action which they gather and the modalities of interaction between them - whereas the second focuses on the cognitive substance which represents the medium of the interactions.This double reading provides insights at various levels. The first one concerns the (cognitive) territorial field of intervention that these energy-planning experiments contribute to draw. A field which, although better and better characterized in its technical dimensions, remains at the same time limited and " deformed " so that it values more the fossil energy systems, from which we want to release ourselves, than the renewable ones, which we would like to replace them with.The second level of teaching concerns the processes of production of territorial knowledge (PPTK) which presides over the demarcation and « equipment » of the territorial field of intervention. Examined through the institutional norms and the culture of action at stake in them, this PPTK turns out to create a sociocognitive "cross-border" area, the kind of area that could shelter the desired reconfigurations…on the condition that they are beforehand correctly “equipped”, in cognitive and also in organizational terms.The determining factor for the quality of this equipment is concentrated in the third category of teaching. Starting with the opportunities created by these energy planning experiments concerning the renewal of public intervention instruments, these elements also allow us to take a new look at the urban area project under construction in this cross-border territory, a project that shows itself closely linked to the energy experiments through a common challenge of territorialisation
Chabrol, Maximin. "Energie, territoire et Path dependence : enjeux spaciaux et territoriaux d'une déclinaison régionale de la transition énergétique en Provenc-Alpes-Côte d'Azur." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG1167/document.
Full textThe energy transition is a society project that imposes a sustainable energy model marking the shift from an energy economy based largely on fossil fuels to a more efficient economy based on an energy mix ensuring a level of economic performance at least equivalent to the actual situation today, the low-carbon economy. While in the past, energy transitions were integrated processes to the general evolution of societies by technological advances, today's energy transition is a process clearly committed to the initiative of the authorities, especially in Europe. This energy change involves the adaptation of territories to less energy-intensive modes and to develop renewable energy production. This thesis has a dual geographical questioning. Which, for the space organization and functioning of the territories, the implications of this energy change? What are the influences and roles of the spatial organization and territories on the energy change? The energy transition is here seen as a basically geographical process that involves the questioning of current spatial patterns of economic and social activity, and which can thus examine how space and territory meet it, adapt to it, forcing it or accelerating it. This thesis captures more precisely the issues of a regional version of the energy transition by revealing the spatial and territorial constraints that frame and determine. Building on the work of spatial analysis and data processing, spatial and territorial dimensions of the concept of Path dependence are developed as part of a regional analysis in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Three areas of the spatial dimension of the energy transition as an element of Path dependence are studied: the influence of spatial structures and place dependence or material lock-in, territorialization and uneven sustainable development or territorial lock-in, and the weight of inherited socio-spatial structures or socio-spatial lock-in. The energy transition is not only an economic and political issue, and space is not only a spatial differentiation factor in this process. The geographical space also acquired its principles of evolution that involve logic of Path dependence. The complexity of the energy transition is in the spatial and territorial complexity that surrounds and determines the organization of humanity into space
Boisgibault, Louis. "Territoires et transition énergétique : l’exemple de la Métropole Européenne de Lille et du Pays de Fayence ; les espoirs de Ouarzazate et de l’Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest-Africaine." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040098/document.
Full textThis thesis investigates territorial energy decentralization. It advocates the greater involvement of territories in the energy transition. Should this evolution be driven from the top by global, European and national decisions and targets, which are then transposed in the territories? Would it be better for territories to initiate local sustainable projects, which can then be approved on a regional and national level and then aggregated? How can intercommunal and regional levels increase their influence in energy and climate matters? How do regional schemes and plans interact with local planning documents? Is territorial Energy Independence feasible, and is it compatible with solidarity? The methodology is based on analysis of the corpus, statistical computation and field work. The field work was conducted in four different spatial typologies: the new European Metropolis of Lille, an urban space, the Pays de Fayence, a Southern France rural space, Ouarzazate, Morocco, a desert space and the West African Economic and Monetary Union. These different typologies have allowed us to draw a vertical line guiding the research conducted given the evolving context post-COP 21, the new European Commission initiatives and the 2015 French laws on territorial organization and energy transition. These factors are grouped into three pairs to interpret the results on France’s carbon constraints, the Mediterranean region and Africa, which will only be subject to carbon constraints when the COP 21 Paris agreement has entered into force
Diese Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit der regionalen Dezentralisierung der Energiegewinnung und -verteilung. Sie untersucht die Beziehungen zwischen der öffentlichen Politik, der Planung für Energie, Luft und Klima, sowie der Entwicklung der Gebiete hin zu einer positiven Energiebilanz. Sollte diese Evolution von Oben angestoßen werden, durch weltweite, europäische und nationale Entscheidungen und Ziele, die anschließend regional umgesetzt werden? Oder sollten nachhaltige Projekte regional initiiert werden, sodass „Régions“ und Nation sie genehmigen und in eine größerräumige Entwicklung eingliedern können? Inwiefern gewinnen Gemeindeverbände, Metropolen und Regionen in Energie-und Klimafragen an Macht? Wie fügen sich die neuen regionalen Konzepte und Planungen mit den Stadtentwicklungspapieren zusammen? Ist eine regionale energetische Autonomie möglich und mit dem Solidargedanken vereinbar? Die Arbeit beruht auf einer Korpusanalyse, der Verarbeitung statistischer Daten, der Teilnahme an Kolloquien und einer Arbeit vor Ort im städtischen Raum der Métropole Européenne de Lille, dem ländlich geprägten Pays de Fayence in Südfrankreich, mit einer Erweiterung in Richtung Ouarzazate in der Wüste Marokkos und zur Westafrikanischen Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion. Diese vier Gebiete liegen auf einer Forschungsvertikalen, und das in einem Kontext sich ändernder Gesetze im Zusammenhang mit den Fortschritten der COP21, mit den Initiativen der Europäischen Energie-und Klimakommission und mit der französischen Gesetzesänderungen im Sommer 2015, die die Neuverteilung der französischen Regionen und die Energiewende betrafen. Diese Gebiete sind in drei Paare aufgeteilt, um verschiedene Ergebnisse zu erbringen: einerseits in Frankreich, für das die Kohlendioxidgrenze gilt, anderseits der Mittelmeerraum und Afrika, die dieser Grenze noch nicht unterworfen sind, solange die Pariser Vereinbarung der COP21 noch nicht in Kraft getreten ist
Petit, Caroline. "Transitions des exploitations agricoles vers l'agriculture biologique dans un territoire : approche par les interactions entre systèmes techniques et de commercialisation. Application aux aires d'alimentation de captages en Île-de-France." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00876309.
Full textShirizadeh, Ghezeljeh Behrang. "Reaching carbon neutrality in France by 2050 : optimal choice of energy sources, carriers and storage options." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021EHES0013.
Full textTo stay in line with 1.5°C of global warming, the French government has adopted the target of net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The main greenhouse gas being carbon dioxide, and the majority of its emissions being due to energy combustion, this dissertation focuses on reaching carbon-neutrality in French energy-related CO2 emissions by 2050. This thesis dissertation aims to study the relative role of different low-carbon mitigation options in the energy sector in reaching carbon-neutrality. More precisely, this thesis first studies the French power sector, first in a fully renewable power system, and second in a power system containing other mitigation options i.e. nuclear energy and carbon capture and storage. I study the impact of uncertainties related to cost development of renewables and storage options and address the robustness of a fully renewable power system to cost uncertainties. Later, adding other low-carbon mitigation options in the power sector, I analyze the relative role of different low-carbon options. Similarly, to incentivize the investments in variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, I study the investment risk related to the price and volume volatility of renewable electricity technologies, and the performance of different public policy support schemes. The analysis in this thesis goes beyond the electricity system and it also considers the whole energy system in the presence of sector-coupling. During this thesis, I have developed a family of models optimizing dispatch and investment to answer different questions regarding the French energy transition. These models minimize the cost of the considered system (electricity system or the whole energy system) by satisfying the supply/demand equilibrium at each hour over at least one year, respecting the main technical and operational, resource related and land-use constraints. Thus, both short-term and long-term variability of renewable energy sources are taken into account. Using these models, I address the questions raised above. These models are not used to find a single optimal solution, but several optimal solutions depending on different weather, cost, energy demand and technology availability scenarios. Therefore, the importance of robustness to the uncertainties is at the center of the used methodology beside optimality. The findings of my thesis show that renewable energy supply sources are the main enablers of reaching carbon neutrality in a cost-effective way, no matter the considered energy system; either only electricity or the whole energy system. While the elimination of nuclear power barely increases the cost of a carbon-neutral energy system, the elimination of renewables is associated with high inefficiencies both from the cost and emission points of view. In fact, if renewable gas is not available, even a social cost of carbon of €500/tCO2 will not be enough to reach carbon-neutrality. This is partially due to the negative emissions that it can provide once combined with carbon capture and storage, and partially due to the cost-optimality of renewable gas-fired internal combustion engines in reaching carbon-neutrality in the transport sector. This dissertation has several important policy-related messages; however, the central one is that reaching carbon-neutrality for the lowest cost requires a highly renewable energy system. Therefore, if we are to prioritize investment in low-carbon options, renewable gas and electricity technologies are of the highest importance
Ayagapin, Leslie. "L’Analyse de Cycle de Vie au défi de l’urgence climatique : une analyse multi-échelle de la qualité environnementale des bâtiments en milieu subtropical insulaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LARE0030.
Full textEnvironmental impacts from anthropogenic activities remain significantly present in the atmosphere. A large part of these environmental impacts is attributable to the construction sector. This thesis was developed in the context of the ecological transition at the scale of Reunion Island. The objective of this work is to understand the factors of the environmental quality of buildings in an insular subtropical environment and to propose alternative approaches to these assessments. The environmental performance of buildings can allow a significant reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at both structural and functional scales. In this thesis, a first evaluation of the environmental impacts of the built single-family houses (SFH) allowed us to identify and define the total ratios while considering the representative share of the structural, functional, and end-of-life scales. For this, it was necessary to build a regional database that regionalizes the emission factors (EF) specific to the island. This holistic approach allowed us to highlight the environmental over cost of the island due to its geographical location. Furthermore, we considered another constraint: the impact of the local electricity production mix, which contributes strongly to the operational phase. For this purpose, a prospective approach was carried out through decarbonization scenarios and allowed to determine the decrease of the impact of local electricity generation for the next to 2040, thanks to the integration of new technologies. Finally, the local database having been primarily developed, two approaches, "simplified" and "synthesized," were proposed : the simplified approach was initiated to make LCA affordable to professionals so that they have simplified tools for evaluating their projects. Then, the synthesized approach (ICE) allowed us to simplify the information and propose an impact threshold applicable to the constructions in an insular environment. Finally, given all these works, we bring to the first light the importance of integrating a new paradigm of building sustainability. This definition must incorporate the capacity of the building recycling capacity. But it must be considered a short economic chain of revalorization at the scale of India-Oceania
Nciri, Aida. "The divergent diffusion of district energy systems in France and Alberta : state politics and the socio-material and socio-spatial construction of low-carbon transitions." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC2192.
Full textHow do different state structures and urban and energy socio-material contexts explain the uneven diffusion of district energy systems (DES) in urban areas of France and Alberta between 2000 and 2014 ? To answer this question, this thesis analyses the processes inherent to low-carbon energy transitions through socio-spatial and socio-material lenses, considering power relations and state structure. At the intersection of urban planning and energy systems, DES proves practical to explore the nexus between low-carbon governance, energy governance, and urban governance. Theoretical frameworks employed in the analysis include 1) recent contributions from (urban) transition studies and socio-technical systems ; 2) a Lefebvrian conceptualisation of socio-space and social changes ; and 3) Jessop’s (1990, 2008) strategic-relational approach of state power. An original inter-scale comparative research allows for examining the uneven construction of low-carbon energy policies in France and Alberta, and their relations with state structures, and existing urban and energy systems. Jessop et al.’s Territory-Place-Scale-Network (TPSN) framework is mobilised to overcome the issues of commensurability and spontaneous comparison. These theoretical and methodological approaches provide a robust demonstration that the provincial scale in Canada, and the national scale in France, are the scales dominating the construction of low-carbon energy transitions and urban governance. Despite similar state powers, French and Albertan governments developed different state policies on low-carbon transition, highlighting selectivity in the exercise of state capacities. They differently engaged and enabled local urban governments and developed different state interventions on DES. In France, state-sponsored DES activated new channels of growth compatible with existing dominant socio-materialities; in Alberta, state-funded DES experiments failed to activate new channels of growth compatible with dominant socio-materialities. This thesis posits that selective construction of low-carbon policies depends on the material interests of dominant energy and state actors. In other words, the state does not seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by all means. Rather, it seeks to reproduce dominant socio-material status quo, adapting low-carbon policies to existing socio-material configuration. Ultimately, this thesis validates how the concepts of state structure and the TPSN framework can enrich the theorisation of space and power relations for (urban) transition studies
Naudon, Frederic. "Analyses sociologique et expérimentale de la contribution de profanes-néophytes à la démocratie technique : le déploiement d’une filière hydrogène-énergie en Normandie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NORMC038.
Full textIs a person with no particular knowledge in a field – i.e. a layperson-neophyte – able to help a specialist in that field to produce new knowledge? This question originates from the intersection of two disciplinary fields: the study of the effects of scientific popularization on researchers who popularize their own subject of study and research on technical democracy devices such as citizen conferences. Many obvious traces of relevance from the general public and "ordinary" citizens, mainly in the form of testimonials, suggest that encounters with laypersons-neophytes can be an original cognitive resource. To explore this question, we study the relationship between field specialist(s) and non-specialists of the same field.The first research method is a qualitative survey of the actors involved in the deployment of a hydrogen-energy sector in Normandy (direct observations, interviews and analysis of key documents). The second method is based on experimental devices aiming at confirming or disproving the idea that laypersons-neophytes can be actors of reflection alongside specialists, in two contexts renowned for their complexity: scientific research (laboratory meetings integrating laypersons-neophytes) and the implementation of a new technology in a territory (interdisciplinary meetings about the project of an electric hydrogen training-boat in a professional fishing school). This work shows that a layperson-neophyte possesses a capacity to think clear of specific brakes linked to the knowledge of the subject. It shows also that the layperson is able to give the specialist more mobility in relation to his subject. The limiting factor is on the side of the specialist’s responsibility: his approach, particularly with humility and openness to others, plays a determining role
Guichard, Stéphane. "Contribution à l'étude des parois complexes intégrant des matériaux à changements de phase : modélisation, expérimentation, et évaluation de la performance énergétique globale." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0008/document.
Full textThis Ph.D thesis focusses on energy control in buildings in order to reach high energetic performances by the use of passive means. One of the proposed solution is based on the use of Phase Change Materials (PCMs). Located into walls, PCMs allow to stock thermal energy into latent heat. The aim of the study is thus to put in evidence PCMs actual impacts on the thermal field of a building and its role as thermal insulation. For these considerations, a thermal model has been developed and validated. An experimental device has been set-up for the collection of data in field environment and for a human scale. The measurement sequence has been conducted at Reunion Island, for a hot and humid tropical climate. For the determination of the thermal behaviour of a commplex wall included PCMs, we proposed a generic model, able to predict many configurations. The model has been implemented in a multizone building simulation code (ISOLAB), for the prediction of wall temperature profiles and PCMs impact on the thermal comfort. Following a combined metholodogy, including modelling and experimentation for validation, we were able to validate the model for actual conditions and to evaluate the model's prediction accuracy
Pagni, Olivier. "Economie du développement durable et politiques publiques d’énergies en Europe : de l’étude des paradigmes à une évaluation multicritère appliquée aux scénarios d’avenirs énergétiques en Corse." Thesis, Corte, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CORT0002/document.
Full textThe study reveals a multidisciplinary character concerning, in the first time, the economy of the sustainable development, economy of the environment and ecological economy.In the second time, we will study precisely, the way public policies on energy are carried out and regarded at, on a continental, national and territorial ladder, by leaning on the political data of the macroeconomics of energy politics for Europe, France and finally the Corsican region. The frame of the analysis was delimited by an applied formal perimeter, and inscribes itself in a continuum of integration of sustainable development as an aim. All the aspects of the particular situation of Corsica due to its insularity will be approached and studiedA multicriteria simulation and evaluation of different energy scenarios which will conclude our work. The objective here is to determine the best possible ways for Corsica to source its energy in the future.This includes the construction of scenarios, a presentation of the research typology of a multicriteria evaluation, including a summary of the scientific literature applied to energy scenarios as part of the multicriteria evaluation, and a synthesis of multicriteria problematic, as well as a development concerning the choice of the applied method.The results of our study point out a strong preference for the scenario of sustainable development. They determine the best possible compromise between the different hypothetical scenarios according to our chosen criteria. Our obtained result points out that sustainable development offers the best solutions to local given problems