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Journal articles on the topic 'Transition economies; Unemployment'
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1
Çağlayan Akay, Ebru, Zamira Oskonbaeva, and Hoşeng Bülbül. "What do unit root tests tell us about unemployment hysteresis in transition economies?" Applied Economic Analysis 28, no. 84 (October 26, 2020): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aea-05-2020-0048.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the hysteresis hypothesis in unemployment using monthly data from 13 countries in transition. Design/methodology/approach Stationarity in the unemployment rate of selected transition economies was analyzed using four different group unit root tests, namely, linear, structural breaks, non-linear and structural breaks and non-linear. Findings The empirical results show that the unemployment hysteresis hypothesis is valid for the majority of transition economies, including Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, the Kyrgyz Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovenia. However, the results strongly reject the null hypothesis of unemployment hysteresis for the Kazakhstan and the Slovak Republics. Originality/value This study revealed that, for countries in transition, advanced unit root tests exhibit greater validity when compared to standard tests
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Garibaldi, Pietro, and Zuzana Brixiova. "Labor Market Institutions and Unemployment Dynamics in Transition Economies." IMF Working Papers 97, no. 137 (1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451930566.001.
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Garibaldi, Pietro, and Zuzana Brixiova. "Labor Market Institutions and Unemployment Dynamics in Transition Economies." Staff Papers - International Monetary Fund 45, no. 2 (June 1998): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3867391.
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Kajzer, Alenka. "The Real-Wage—Employment Relationship and Unemployment in Transition Economies." Eastern European Economics 33, no. 4 (July 1995): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00128775.1995.11648569.
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Cuestas, Juan C., Luis A. Gil-Alana, and Karsten Staehr. "A further investigation of unemployment persistence in European transition economies." Journal of Comparative Economics 39, no. 4 (December 2011): 514–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2011.09.002.
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Moutos, Thomas. "Trade in quality goods, trading regimes and unemployment in transition economies." Economics of Transition 6, no. 2 (November 1998): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.1998.tb00056.x.
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Freund, Caroline, and Bob Rijkers. "Episodes of unemployment reduction in rich, middle-income and transition economies." Journal of Comparative Economics 42, no. 4 (December 2014): 907–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2014.04.009.
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Mihajlović, Vladimir, and Gordana Marjanović. "Challenges of the Output-Employment Growth Imbalance in Transition Economies." Naše gospodarstvo/Our economy 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ngoe-2021-0007.
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Abstract The trade-off between output and unemployment has become an essential part of modern macroeconomics and is known as Okun’s law. However, in transition and emerging markets economies’ context, the output-employment nexus has a much more important role as these countries strive to significantly improve the growth dynamics of both variables. This paper aims to analyze the particularities of this relationship in selected Central- and South-Eastern European transition (and former transition) countries to find out a discrepancy between the output and employment growth. Therefore, the employment elasticity coefficients are calculated. The estimated results suggest that, in the observed period, economic growth has not contributed to satisfactory employment growth, which is commonly referred to as a “jobless growth” hypothesis. Accordingly, this paper attempts to single out the main challenges of the output-employment growth misbalance in these countries and propose adequate policy measures that could reduce it. The industrial policy that differentiates from the “one-size-fits-all” paradigm is emphasized as the most important part of macroeconomic policy in transition economies to make their development more balanced. Additionally, short-run stabilization policy, especially the one focused on the labour market, has a significant role in these economies.
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Woźniak, Marcin. "Can the stochastic equilibrium job search models fit transition economies?" Acta Oeconomica 65, no. 4 (December 2015): 567–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.65.2015.4.4.
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The aim of this study is to apply the stochastic job search framework to the analysis of three transition economies (Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic). Two versions of equilibrium unemployment models have been developed resembling Mortensen and Pissarides’ models, namely the dynamic and stochastic models. The dynamic model’s properties were briefly examined by evaluating the Jacobian matrix and plotting the phase plane of the economy. In the primary analysis of the stochastic model, job destruction decisions are endogenous as a response to random productivity changes. A martingale, i.e. a discrete-space version of the geometric Brownian motion with the drift and volatility parameter, was used to enable fluctuation of endogenous variables and to perform numerical simulations. The results are promising, although ambiguous in some points, e.g. the main model-generated time-series are close to the empirical time-series, including reasonable fluctuations, correlation signs, and autocorrelations. However, the model was unable to capture some subtle differences in productivity and job destruction rate series across the countries, which is its main limitation.
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Bayar, Yilmaz, and Laura Diaconu Maxim. "Effects of labor market and business regulations on unemployment: evidence from EU transition economies." Labor History 61, no. 5-6 (October 30, 2020): 608–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2020.1841125.
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Cevik, Emrah Ismail, Sel Dibooglu, and Salih Barişik. "Asymmetry in the Unemployment–Output Relationship Over the Business Cycle: Evidence from Transition Economies." Comparative Economic Studies 55, no. 4 (April 25, 2013): 557–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ces.2013.7.
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Corm, Georges. "The political economy of democratic transition in the Arab situation." Contemporary Arab Affairs 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2014.976403.
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The present article is a translation of the text of a conference given in Arabic by the author in Tunis at the Presidential Palace at the invitation of President Al Mazoukiin in May 2014. Its main argument is that the poor quality of economic growth in Arabic economies has produced high unemployment rates, inexistent productivity and the total lack of appropriation of science and technology, in addition to a high rate of concentration of wealth in the hands of a few, including ruling elites. This lack of virtuous growth is due to the development of neo-patrimonialism within the context of rent economies that cannot produce real democratic institutions. The author first makes an attempt through several indicators to identify and describe the main symptoms of this bad growth; and then he describes how to move from a rent-based and unproductive economy to a virtuous and inclusive growth model whereby human resources are all mobilized in a national effort to appropriate an adequate cluster of technologies.
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Patulski, Andrzej. "Problems of Unemployment in Poland and some other Postcommunist Countries Arising from the Transition of a Centrally Planned to a Market Economy." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 5, no. 3 (July 1994): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9400500304.
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One of the results of the transformation of the former socialist economies is high levels of unemployment. This paper attempts to describe this phenomenon in some countries and show which steps have been undertaken by the governments in order to make it easier. Its worth adding that there was no experience in embracing such measures under the socialist system, because all those countries dealt at that time was underemployed labor and not its surplus. In result is that neither governments nor private citizens are accustomed to unemployment. Maybe for that reason this problem is so painful for both of them and still makes the implementation of the real changes in the economy difficult.
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Çağlayan-Akay, Ebru, and Zamira Oskonbaeva. "Socioeconomic and Environmental Determinants of Health Outcomes: The Case of Transition Economies." Problemy Ekorozwoju 16, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2021.2.10.
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This study examines the effects of economic and socio-demographic factors on the health status of men and women separately. The annual data of 16 selected transition countries for the period 2000-2016 were used. Life expectancy at birth was used as an indicator of health status in the study. Economic and environmental variables such as GDP per capita, health expenditures, unemployment, carbon emissions, access to safe water, and urbanization are considered as factors affecting life expectancy at birth. In the study, the Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model was used. The findings show that the effects of socioeconomic and environmental factors on life expectancy differ according to men and women. It has been found that above-mentioned factors are more effective on life expectancy of men than women in selected transition economies. Therefore, it can be recommended to prioritize economic and environmental targets in improving the health outcomes of countries.
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Caudill, Steven B. "A Logit Model with Missing Information Illustrated by Testing for Hidden Unemployment in Transition Economies." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 68, no. 5 (October 2006): 665–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2006.00182.x.
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Earle, John S., and Zuzana Sakova. "Business start-ups or disguised unemployment? Evidence on the character of self-employment from transition economies." Labour Economics 7, no. 5 (September 2000): 575–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-5371(00)00014-2.
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Navrotska, Iryna. "Economic features of monetary policy of countries in and their influence on unemployment rate of Ukraine." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 19 (December 28, 2016): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.19.3.
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Economic features of monetary policy of countries in transition and their influence on unemployment rate of UkraineThe aim of the article is to investigate the role of monetary policy in stimulating labor markets. The paper identifies instruments of monetary policy that affect labor market of countries in transition. The examined determinants are investment inflows, level of inflation and interest rate. Data were collected from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the National Bank of Ukraine. The empirical results reveal that high interest rates of the countries in the EU are almost the lowest in comparison to those in transition economies, which reflects existing risk and instability of the economic system of countries in transition. Furthermore, the paper discovers gross capital investment to GDP per country and demonstrates Belarus leading in inflows of investment to the country. The research was conducted using the methods of theoretical explanations, descriptive and econometric analysis. The results of the empiric research have determined that for the period 2008–2016 asignificant relationship between refinance rate, amount of government securities and unemployment rate of Ukraine is observed. Consequently, Ukraine is provided with recommendations to decrease refinance rate for the purpose of stimulating inflows of investment to the country.
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Mason, David S. "Attitudes toward the Market and Political Participation in the Postcommunist States." Slavic Review 54, no. 2 (1995): 385–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501627.
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In the aftermath of the anti-communist revolutions of 1989-1991, the new governments in eastern Europe faced the herculean task of attempting simultaneously to build market economies and democratic political institutions. Though capitalism and democracy are often considered to be natural allies, in the cases of these new states they sometimes pull against each other. The costs of the economic transition, in terms of growing unemployment, inequality and inflation, may erode support for the new governments and lead to calls for a "strong" government or leadership to cope with economic dislocations.
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Cooke, P. "Research Policy and Review 19. Britain's New Spatial Paradigm: Technology, Locality and Society in Transition." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, no. 10 (October 1987): 1289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a191289.
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‘Postmodernisation’ is introduced as a unifying concept for the set of processes which characterise the development of the space economy in the 1980s. The concept consists in effects which include: an increase in the unevenness of developmental potential between ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ British regions, growing polarisation in income and unemployment indices over space, a shift towards economies of scope by producers, a growing dynamism in localities with large service-class components displaying a privatistic consumption culture, and a growth of casualised and informal labour-market opportunities at the expense of ‘lifetime’ employment. This contrasts with a set of processes characteristic of what may be termed the ‘modernisation’ period circa 1945–1975 in which there was a relatively even spread of developmental opportunities across regional space, there was income and employment convergence, production pursued volume markets and economies of scale, collective consumption provision was socially predominant and employment was relatively secure. It is suggested that this change is consistent with but by no means fully explained by the recent monetarist shakeout of the British economy.
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Brown, J. David, and John S. Earle. "Creating Productive Jobs in East European Transition Economies: a Synthesis of Firm-Level Studies." National Institute Economic Review 204 (April 2008): 108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00279501082040011201.
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The challenge for labour market policy in the new member states and other transition economies of Eastern Europe has been to redress the sharp drops in employment and rises in unemployment in a way that fosters the creation of productive jobs. This paper first documents the magnitude and productivity of job and worker reallocation. It then investigates the effects of privatisation, product and labour market liberalisation, and obstacles to growth in the new private sector on reallocation and its productivity in Hungary, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine. We find that market reform has resulted in a large increase in the pace of job reallocation, particularly that occurring between sectors and via firm turnover. Unlike under central planning, the job reallocation during the transition has contributed significantly to aggregate productivity growth. Privatisation has not only stimulated intrasectoral job reallocation, but the reallocation is more productive than that among remaining state firms. The estimated effect of privatisation on firm productivity is usually positive, but it varies considerably across countries. The productivity gains from privatisation have generally not come at the expense of workers, but are associated rather with increased wages and employment.
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Tomić, Daniel, Saša Stjepanović, and Vanja Grbac. "Usporedba rezultata testiranja Okunovog zakona za Hrvatsku i Slovačku." Oeconomica Jadertina 10, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/oec.3163.
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With the publication of the work “Potential GNP: its measurement and significance” (Okun, 1962), the concept of Okun’s law became an important part of global macroeconomic issues. The empirically determined connection between the national product and unemployment, which is manifested through Okun’s law, belongs to a fundamental part of economic empiricism. Gross domestic product and unemployment are among the main macroeconomic variables that reflect the movement of a country’s economy. The countries we observe in this paper went through a transition period in the 1990s, namely a period of great economic, institutional and economic changes. Precisely because of these changes, we are interested in comparing the Slovak and Croatian economies and testing Okun’s law. The aim of this paper is to show whether Okun’s law is valid for Croatia and Slovakia, or whether there is a correlation between the observed variables for these countries. The final purpose of the paper is to show whether there are similarities between the two observed economies when it comes to Okun’s law. We will show this similarity based on the analysis of data for the period from 2000 to 2018 using vector autoregression. The results of the research have been presented at the end of the paper and they are related to the implications of economic policy in the sphere of the labour market that directly affect economic growth and development.
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Čaklovica, Lejla, and Adnan S. Efendic. "Determinants of Inflation in Europe – A Dynamic Panel Analysis." Financial Internet Quarterly 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 51–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fiqf-2020-0018.
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Abstract This article offers an empirical analysis of determinants of inflation in 28 European economies that belonged to the transition group of countries in the end of the last century. We rely on dynamic panel methodology and find that economic and structural variables, including economic openness, unemployment, real wages, institutional effects, as well as external factors, such as prices of food and oil, determine the short-run inflationary dynamics in these countries. The obtained results also indicate that inflation rate is autoregressive in the observed period (2005-2015), confirming that contemporaneous inflation rate is determined by the entire history of these determinants. Our further investigation reveals long- term effects of the majority of these variables on price dynamics. Interestingly, distinction between the current EU and transition countries in the model does not lead to different conclusions.
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Siljak, Dzenita, and Sándor Gyula Nagy. "Do Transition Countries Converge towards the European Union?" Baltic Journal of European Studies 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2019-0007.
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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to analyze if the Western Balkan and Eastern Partnership countries converge towards the twenty-eight members of the European Union. The relationships between the selected macroeconomic variables and per capita GDP growth rate are econometrically tested to support this research. The analyzed period is 2004–2017, with two sub-periods: 2004–2008 and 2009–2013. The subdivision is made to test whether the recent financial crisis affected the absolute and conditional convergence process in the analyzed group of countries. The empirical findings support the economic convergence hypothesis. The results show that the recent financial crisis negatively affected the absolute and conditional convergence process, when economic variables are included in the analysis. The negative effects of the crisis on conditional convergence with economic and socio-political variables are not identified. The poorer countries in the analyzed group should do more to attract investment and open their economies, as gross fixed capital formation and economic openness have a positive impact on per capita growth, and keep low inflation or stabilize it, while general government debt and unemployment should be decreased in the examined sample of countries.
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Musa, Siti Fatimahwati Pehin, and Khairul Hidayatullah Basir. "Youth Unemployment and The Rentier Economy in Brunei: Lessons from Norway." ‘Abqari Journal 20, no. 2 (November 9, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/abqari.vol20no2.211.
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This study is a comparative analysis between two rentier economies namely Brunei and Norway. Brunei is an oil-rich country however currently experiencing growing youth unemployment; recorded at 28.4%, the highest value recorded by International Labour Organization (ILO) so far for Brunei over the years. This qualitative study uses focus groups to investigate the issue of youth unemployment and occupational aspirations. The thematic analysis conducted revealed that occupational aspirations of youths in Brunei are very much related to the economic conditions, more specifically the rentier economy. This gives rise to a ‘rentier mentality’ of youths in Brunei whereby there is a tendency for youths to aim towards prestigious occupations. Norway’s education and labour market policies can be seen as a role model for Brunei due to its similar rentier economy and more so for having one of the lowest youth unemployment level in the world i.e. 9.4% in 2017. This study found that the key lessons from Norway for Brunei lie in the diverse education system which not only focuses on the academics but places greater emphasis on vocational training and entrepreneurial skills. This results in youths that are ready for the labour market and a smooth transition from education to work.
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ABDULRAZQ, MUSTAFA. "Adapting State Capitalism to Compensate for shortcomings of private sector in Iraq." Journal Ishraqat Tanmawya 27 (June 2021): 49–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.51424/ishq.27.28.
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The Iraqi decision-maker decided to move to a market economy after 2003, without the private and public sectors being able to compete against the policies of economic openness. Because of the great risks, local capital has fled and at the same time foreign investment has not been attracted, so the public sector has taken on the burden of tackling unemployment, which led to disguised unemployment and the spread of corruption and bureaucracy, so it is important to search for a policy that compensates for the shortcoming of the private sector while absorbing the disguised unemployment. It is appropriate for the Iraqi economy to follow the policy of "state capitalism" as it has been followed by many countries, both at the stage of creating free economies (Japan, Switzerland, Germany) or to support the development process (China, India, Brazil), or when faced with economic crises (1929,2008) In this policy, government spending is directed towards the establishment of productive (not administrative or service) projects that aim at profit and generate a capital accumulation that can support the government budget and absorb the surplus workers (disguised unemployment), especially since these projects have been examined by the (Nation Investment Commission), will be protected by government policies, as well as lower labor costs, mainly driven by the government budget, and the ultimate goal is to create a competitive production sector that Iraq can then sell to the private sector. Keywords: State Capitalism, General Policy, Economic Reform, Iraqi policy, Economic transition, Financial Policy, Government Investment, Government Projects
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Matthies, Aila-Leena, Ingo Stamm, Tuuli Hirvilammi, and Kati Närhi. "Ecosocial Innovations and Their Capacity to Integrate Ecological, Economic and Social Sustainability Transition." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072107.
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The article contributes to sustainability transition research by indicating the significance of transformative grassroots innovations in the context of social work research. We introduce the integrative concept of ecosocial innovation in order to demonstrate how grassroots innovations can successfully combine social, ecological and economic aspects of a sustainability transition. By ecosocial innovations, we refer to social innovations with a strong ecological orientation (e.g., recycling workshops, urban gardening, participatory unemployment projects and new local economies). The data consists of 50 examples of ecosocial innovations in Finland, Italy, Germany, Belgium and the UK. We investigate how ecosocial innovations interconnect ecological, economic and social goals and study the factors of their integrative crucial capacity. On the basis of qualitative data analysis and thematic categorisation of ecosocial innovations, we identify five integrative practices: diversity of activities, successful networking, addressing new livelihood, focus on food and explicit conceptual work on sustainability. Very often these integrative practices emerge as pragmatic solutions to local needs. For the participants, the ecosocial innovations can be relevant sources for new livelihood and wellbeing beyond the conventional labour market. Foremost, ecosocial innovations are valuable as forerunners for sustainability transition in practice.
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Kamerman, S. B., and A. J. Kahn. "Child and Family Benefits in Eastern and Central Europe and in the West: Learning from the Transition." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 2 (June 1993): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110199.
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As countries in Eastern and Central Europe attempt the transition to market economies, they challenge the theoretical and applied repertoires of political economy. It is the premise in this paper that the transition tests the social policy ‘wisdom’ of the pluralistic, democratic ‘Western’ societies and offers scholars the opportunity for monitoring and learning. The paper is focused on family benefits, a component of social policy, and is concentrated on Hungary, Poland, and the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. A contrast is made to European countries of the European Community and the European Free Trade Association. The United States is also covered. The discussion is concentrated on maternity and parental leave, care for infants, toddlers, and preschool children, and family allowances. One important question addressed is whether with current financial constraints the East will be forced to relinquish its family benefit policies as the West expands such policies. Or, to the contrary, will these policies be expanded further in the East, as a substitute for unemployment insurance and to solve other labor-market problems?
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Vishnevskaya, N. "Job and Worker Flows." World Economy and International Relations, no. 10 (2015): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-10-62-76.
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Current economic literature demonstrates an increasing interest to the process of job’s creation and destruction as well to labor force turnover. The article summarizes the results of recent foreign theoretical and empirical research on various aspects of labor mobility. Particular attention is paid to the research analyzing differences in dynamics of labor and job reallocations in developed and transitional economies. The cross-country comparative analysis provide a basis for several important conclusions. Firstly, despite significant cross-country differences the dynamics of job reallocation in economies under transition exceeds on the whole those in developed countries. Secondly, the structure of the economy (manufacturing sector versus services) is one of the main factors determining both job and worker flows. Thirdly, there is an opposite relationship between the dynamics of job turnover and the size of enterprise. Small firms play a very important role in job creation, while large firms dominate in absolute numbers of jobs created. Fourthly, among the factors determining the differences in job and labor force dynamics institutional characteristics occupy an important place. This suggests that country-specific policies and institutions are likely to play an important role in determining the level of job and worker reallocation. Stringent employment protection for regular contracts is believed to have a statistically significant negative effect on the workers’ reallocation. Unemployment benefits’ generosity appears to have a positive impact on average gross worker flows. By contrast, statutory minimum wages do not seem to have any sizeable effect on gross worker flows.
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Levchenko, Anna, Dmytro Plynokos, Ilona Tsarenko, Abdelmalek Boussadia, and Seyf-Eddine Bouaita. "Transformation of the Higher Education System of Ukraine and Algeria in the Context of The Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution." SHS Web of Conferences 100 (2021): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110001011.
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The paper focuses on the presence of a strong relationship between the level of education and unemployment in the EU and the OECD countries. A graphic confirmation of the change in the relative wages of employees depending on the level of education is given. The authors noted that in recent years there has been an expansion of the mass character of higher education, however, the latter has undergone transformations, in particular, the emergence of universities of a new format - University 21, School 35 and others. The author identifies the key features inherent in the field of higher education under the influence of the 4th Industrial Revolution. Of particular importance are the results on the existing imbalances in the field of higher education in the context of the transition to the new stage in the development of society - the 4th Industrial Revolution and the existing strategic gaps in the economies of the countries of the world depending on the level of development. The most optimal strategy for eliminating the existing imbalances in the field of higher education in the context of the 4th Industrial Revolution for the transition countries is proposed.
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STABOULIS, Miltiadis, and Irene LAZARIDOU. "THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON ECONOMY, EMPLOYMENT AND NEW SKILLS." JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY 19, Vol 19, No 3 (2020) (September 2020): 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2020.03.409.
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This paper discusses the economic features of the current Covid-19 outbreak and its relation to labour markets and new skills in demand. At the same time, it focuses on how it started to expand worldwide, while reporting the ways of transmission and their effects on daily social and professional life. It is argued that focusing on skills and human capital could offer a strong foundation for building sustainable economies, as the recent months have been a suitable period to progress and advance digital skills, thus reducing digital illiteracy, while at the same time developing certain major sectors such as online education, ecommerce, telemedicine, entertainment, digital collaboration tools, virtual reality applications, etc. The author mainly focuses on the analysis of the recent global trends in many affected sectors, examines possible unemployment issues with an emphasis on the kind of new skills and soft skills in demand that are necessary for an easier transition to the new Covid-19 way of life.
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Bartlett, Will. "Economic development in the European super-periphery: Evidence from the Western Balkans." Ekonomski anali 54, no. 181 (2009): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0981021b.
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This paper argues that the conflicts that afflicted the Western Balkan region in the 1990s pushed the countries into the European 'super-periphery', characterized by deindustrialization and high unemployment, ethnic and regional fragmentation, political turmoil, and instability. Integration into international trade has been disrupted, leading to chronic balance of payments deficits. Low inflows of international capital, due to high country risk, have hindered technological catch-up and weakened international competitiveness. An unattractive environment for productive entrepreneurship has created barriers to the entry of SMEs, and at the same time large informal economies. Several countries have become labour-export economies, with significant outflows of skilled labour. Economic development follows a low-skill growth path. The current global economic crisis is having a further deleterious effect as export revenues, foreign direct investment, and labour remittances all diminish. Furthermore, as transition has proceeded, disparities between capital cities and rural areas have increased, while weak administrative capacities have hindered the implementation of effective local development policies to counteract these effects. Endogenous local development cannot provide an alternative to greater engagement with the global economy. The conclusion is that the countries of the region have been left out of the most beneficial elements of the globalisation process, while simultaneously suffering from its main defects. Without a faster process of accession to the EU, local disparities are likely to widen, and the region may remain within the European super-periphery for the foreseeable future.
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Drapkin, Igor M., Anna A. Gainetdinova, and Aksanat Zh Panzabekova. "Determinants of High-tech Export in CEE and CIS Countries." Economy of Region 17, no. 2 (June 2021): 486–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-2-10.
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Any government strives to stimulate export activity in high-tech sectors of its economy. Surprisingly, there are few empirical papers on the determinants of high-tech export to date. This study analyses the economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) due to the differences they experienced in the transition period. To this end, we used the Balassa index, which is based on the concept of revealed comparative advantages. The research examines 73 groups of products from the automotive, chemical, mechanical engineering, electronics and electrical engineering industries in 27 countries from 1995 to 2018. Principal component analysis helped generate an indicator of comparative advantage of hightech industries for each country in each year. It is revealed that CEE countries, as well as the Baltic countries, have achieved significant success in the development of high-tech sectors of the economy, while the CIS countries have shown practically no progress in this direction. The article tests hypotheses on the impact of resources, foreign trade, macroeconomy and innovation on export activity in the country. The following factors stimulate the export growth in high-tech industries of the studied countries: level of wages and resource prices, openness of the economy to foreign trade; tax rate; unemployment rate; quality of human capital. We did not find empirical evidence of the positive impact of inflation, inflows of direct foreign investment, and the level of research and development (R&D) costs on the volume of high-tech export of the examined economies.
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Berisha, Fahredin. "Funding Challenges of Small and Medium Enterprises in Transition Countries: Kosovo Case Study." Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 20, 2020): p71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/jems.v3n2p71.
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SMEs play a very important role in the development of economies of different countries and they are now considered as a key factor of economic development. They affect unemployment, promote social welfare and can be treated as a promoter of economic growth. The paper addresses the role and importance of financing SMEs in transition countries including Kosovo. The study examines the key factors affecting the increase of SME financing from external sources, namely bank lending since other external sources of financing in Kosovo are scarce and almost non-existent. For the purposes of this paper, data from 215 SMEs surveyed in Kosovo were used, randomly distributed across manufacturing, services and commerce sectors. Data collection was done in the period January-April 2016, and their processing was carried out with SPSS (Social Package for Social Science). In order to have more consistent information during data processing, certain models were used in the paper: Paried-Samples T Test, which was used to investigate the difference between two sets of averages, which indicates that the business plan for the enterprise is relevant to bank loan access. The One Way Anova model was used to test the differences between two or more averages, and through this model is proved that high-profit enterprises have achieved easier access to bank loans. Also following the One Way Anova and Post Hoc LSD test, there were found differences between groups of enterprise by their types, activity and age. The research shows that enterprises with older ages have been able to obtain more easily bank loans. The One Way Anova and Welch-Brown-Forthyse test was used to deal with the level of education of business owners, whereby it was found that owners with a high level of education had easier access to bank loans. Through the Indepedent Samples T Test technique it was found that there is a significant difference between the age groups of the owners based on the mean and standard deviation.
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Kulu, Hill, and Francesco C. Billari. "Migration to Urban and Rural Destinations in Post-Soviet Estonia: A Multilevel Event-History Analysis." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 38, no. 4 (April 2006): 749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37367.
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Researchers are divided on the trends and causes of internal migration in postsocialist Central and Eastern Europe. Theories run in opposite directions: some scholars argue that increasing similarities with Western market economies are explaining the migration processes, whereas others claim that specific developments during the postsocialist socioeconomic restructuring are playing a major role. In this paper we contribute to the existing discussion by providing an analysis of personal and contextual determinants of migration to urban and rural destinations in post-Soviet Estonia. We base our study on the data of the Estonian Labour Force Survey from 1995. Our research population consists of 8480 people aged 15 years to 68 years in early 1989. We analyze the intensity of urban-bound and rural-bound migration from January 1989 to December 1994, using the techniques of multilevel event-history analysis. We show that personal characteristics (age, marital status, employment status, education, and ethnicity) and contextual factors (unemployment level and the share of ethnic minorities) are both important in shaping the intensity of migration to urban and rural destinations in post-Soviet Estonia. Although the differences in migration behaviour by demographic characteristics in Estonia are in line with universalistic explanations, the regionally varying effect of socioeconomic status on migration is specific to developments in postsocialist countries, as a result of general economic hardship during the socioeconomic transition.
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Cheterian, Vicken. "Georgia's Rose Revolution: Change or Repetition? Tension between State-Building and Modernization Projects." Nationalities Papers 36, no. 4 (September 2008): 689–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990802230530.
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The wave of Colour Revolutions, which started in Serbia in the year 2000, and spread to Georgia, Ukraine, and Kyrgyzstan, has changed the existing concepts on how transformation would take form in countries exiting from “really existing socialism.” In the early years following the collapse of the Soviet state, the dominant concepts were that of “transition” or slow, top-down reforms that would transform the existing political systems from ruling-party dictatorships to parliamentary democracies, and planned economies to market-based ones. Yet in the late 1990s there was a growing fatigue and pessimism towards the basic thesis of transition: the transition paradigm was formulated as a reaction to the perceived causes of the Soviet failure: a totalitarian state which monopolized the political space proved itself unable to provide either economic well-being or political legitimacy. The task in the early 1990s was to shrink the state apparatus, to make space for a multi-party political pluralism. Even though some argued that the main objective of transition was to achieve democracy,1 for transition theories and even more so for its translation into actual political choices the economic aspect of transition was perceived to be more immediate than the political one. Democracy needed a certain material context, and here too decreasing the role of the state was thought to liberate the market and provide material stability to the new democracies. It was necessary to create a new middle class by way of mass privatization of the former state properties to create a social demand for democracy. Those ideas reflected not only an ideological victory of the one side of the Cold War over the Eastern camp, but also very practical needs: the huge Soviet state sector was neither sustainable nor necessary after the fall of one-party rule, and it had to be radically transformed. At the time, this transition was thought to be an easy task: to take off the oppressing lid of the party-state and let democracy and market economies emerge naturally. Yet in the conception of transition there was a certain tension between the economic and political sides of the imagined reforms, between mass privatization with its dire social consequences of unemployment and fall in the standard of living, and the political goals of democratization where people who were being “restructured” were simultaneously promised to receive the right to change their rulers by casting their ballots. Would people who are threatened with job loss and lower living standards vote for the reformers? And in the event of a negative answer, how would the reforms proceed? Should economic reforms come before political ones; that is, first privatization and in a second stage freedom of political choice through parliamentary elections? These are some of the dilemma that the new republics of the Soviet Union and the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe were facing in the early 1990s. At the time, the answer was clear: the economy came first; it was more important to reform the economic sector, to privatize massively, and stabilize the economy as soon as possible. The economy came before politics, in the sense that restructuring of the property structure through mass privatization was supposed to create the material means for the creation of democracy. It was believed that once the middle class was created as a result of mass privatization, the democratic institutions, such as free elections, multi-party system, independent media, an active civil society, in a word, all the attributes of democracy, would evolve naturally.
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Gribincea, Alexandru. "An Overview of the Further Demographic Situation and Economy in 2035." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 37-38 (December 12, 2018): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2018.37-38.80-87.
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The study of the situation in Europe and other countries in the context of demographic evolution, the forecast of economic development has shown that the population, structural migration and economies are closely correlated. The population and economy in the EU in the near future will undergo dramatic changes. In some developed, industrialized countries, the population grows slowly or stagnates, while in economically poor economies, birth rates are accelerating, and as healthcare increases, it will lead to a demographic explosion. In recent years, the EU population has grown by 507 million, with a projected increase of 5% by 2050, reaching a maximum of 526 million, after which it will decrease to 523 million in 2060 yr. In about half of the EU countries, despite the population growth trend, the total population will diminish. This trend refers to Bulgaria, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, Croatia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Slovakia. In total, decline of population in Eastern European countries is linked to a number of factors. First is the reduction of the socio-economic level of the population, increasing labor migration to countries with advanced living standards. In these countries, as a rule, the standard of living, social and medical assistance, social protection is reduced. At the same time, world community is going through a difficult time. A deep and prolonged recession that followed the global financial crisis has changed with the slow recovery of employment.
Never in the history of mankind, the growth rate of the world population was not as large as in the second half of the 20th and early 21st century. Between 1960 and 1999, the population of the planet doubled (from 3 to 6 billion people), and in 2007 - 6.6 billion people. Although the average annual growth rate of the world's population declined from 2.2% in the early 1960s to 1.5% in the early 2000's absolute annual growth increased from 53 million to 80 million people. Demographic changes from traditional (high fertility - high mortality - low natural growth) to the modern reproductive population (low fertility - low mortality - low population growth) ended in developed countries in the first decade of the 20th century, and most of the transition economies - in middle of last century. At the same time, in the 1950s and 1960s, the demographic transition began in several countries and regions of the rest of the world and begin to the end only in Latin America, East Asia and Southeast Asia and continuing in East Asia, Africa Sub-Saharan Africa from the Sahara to the Middle East. Rapid population growth compared with the indicators of socio-economic development in these regions leads to aggravation of problems related to employment, poverty, food, land, low education and health risks.
Keywords: workforce, aging population, birth rate, living standards and life expectancy, inflation, unemployment and technical and scientific progress
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Nuti, Domenico Mario. "Fighting unemployment in transitional economies." MOCT-MOST Economic Policy in Transitional Economies 6, no. 1 (March 1996): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02430937.
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Vllasaj, Kushtrim. "The Landscape of Civil Society Organizations in the Economy of Kosovo." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 5, no. 1 (April 14, 2020): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2020.1.28.
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Civil society organizations (CSOs) in the scientific literature have been studied broadly from various aspects such as cultural, political, social and economic. But as far as the last one is concerned, there is still a research gap because there is a lack of study about their contribution to economies under development, such as Kosovo, and which must be filled because of its importance. This paper tends to analyze the present situation of CSOs in Kosovo and their potential contribution to economic activity. Highlighting the activities, the structure and the place of these organizations in the economy will be the approach, in the beginning, to pave the way for further study of specific areas related to them. The methodology established contains analyses of secondary sources that are done by using data from the Ministry of Public Administration of Kosovo, Kosovar Index of Civil Society which is a regular report of the Kosovar Civil Society Foundation (KCSF), and other supplementary data. However, this will proceed after the scientific conceptual issues of CSOs and their place within the economy. Finally, the results show that civil society in Kosovo is very diverse with organizations in different sectors, and the economic activity sector consists of mostly agricultural NGOs. In transition countries, CSOs are seen as an alternative that improves a particular sector. Thus far, there are over 10,000 organizations established in Kosovo, but relative studies suggest only 1000 to be active. Furthermore, their activity and contribution to economic development is little known so far, while the main problem of the economy remains unemployment.
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Meidayati, Anis Wahyu. "Impact of Telecommunication Infrastructure, Market Size, Trade Openness and Labor Force on Foreign Direct Investment in ASEAN." Journal of Developing Economies 2, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jde.v2i2.6677.
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AbstractForeign Direct Investment (FDI) in recent years has created a positive impact for ASEAN countries. FDI give spillover effects that directly contribute capital improvements, technological developments, and global market access, also skills and managerial transfers. In order to attract FDI inflow into country, ASEAN member countries need to know what factors which attract investment related to the needs of infrastructure types and other factors. The purpose of this study is examine the determinant of FDI in ASEAN countries. This research method used is panel data regression period 2005-2015 from 10 countries in ASEAN. The results showed simultaneously and partially telecommunication infrastructure, market size, trade openness, and labor force variable have significant relationship with FDI inflows in ASEAN countries.Keywords: panel data regression, telecommunication infrastructure, market size, trade openness, labor force, FDI.ReferencesAppleyard, DR. Field, JF. and Cobb, SL. 2008. International Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill.Azam, Muhammad. 2010. “Economic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Armenia, Kyrgyz Republic and Turkmenistan: Theory and Evidence”, Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics. 3 (6), 27-40.Botric, Valerija. 2006. “Main Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in the Southeast European Countries”, Transition Studies Review. Vol. 13(2): 359–377.Calderon, C., and Serven, L., 2010. “Infrastructure and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Journal of African Economies. Vol.19(4): 13-87.Carbaugh, Robert J. 2008. International Economics. Edisi Kedelapan. South Western: Thomson Learning.Chakrabarti, A. 2001. “The Determinant of Foreign Direct Investment: Sensivity Analysses of Cross-Country Regression”, International Symposium on Sustainable Development. Vol 54 (1):89-114.Demirhan, E., & Masca, M. 2008. Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Flows. Prague Economic Papers.Dutt, Pushan, et all. 2007. “International trade and unemployment: Theory and cross-national evidence”, Journal of International Economics. Volume 78(1): 32-44.Gharaibeh, A. M. 2015. “The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment-Empirical Evidence from Bahrain”, International Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol. 6(8): 94-106.Grigg, N. 2000. Infrastructure System Management & Optimazation. Working Paper of Internasional Civil Engineering Departement Diponegoro University.Hirsch, Caitlin E. 1976. Macroeconomics, Politics and Policy: The Determinants of Capital Flows to Latin America. Texas Tech University.Hymer, Stephen Herbert. 1976. The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), MIT Department of Economics PhD thesis originally presented 1960.Kaliappan, Shivee Ranjanee et all. 2013. “Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) Countries”, International Journal of Economics and Management. Vol 7(1): 136 – 149.Kurniati, Y., A. et al. 2007. Determinan FDI (Faktor-faktor yang Menentukan Investasi Asing Langsung). Jakarta: Bank Indonesia.Mughal, M.M., & Akram, M. 2011. “Does Market Size Affect FDI? The Case of Pakistan”, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business. Vol. 2(9): 237-247.Nasir, S. 2016. “FDI in India’s Retail Sector: Opportunities and Challenges”, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. Vol: 23(3): 155-125.Novianti, Tanti et all. 2014. “The Infrastructure’s Influence on the Asean Countries’ Economic Growth”, Journal of Economics and Development Studies. Vol. 2(4):243-254.Rehman, C. A., Ilyas, M., Alam, H. M., & Akram. M., (2011). “The impact of Infrastructure on Foreign Direct Investment: The case of Pakistan”, International Journal of Business and Management. Vol.6(5): 184-197.Salvatore, D. 2007. International Economics. United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Sarna, Ritash. 2005. The impact of core labour standards on Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia. Working Paper of the Japan Institute No. 1789.Shah, Mumtaz Hussain. 2014. The Significance of Infrastructure for Fdi Inflow in Developing Countries. Journal of Life Economics. Vol. 3(5):1-16.Shah, Mumtaz Hussain., and Khan, Yahya. 2016. Trade Liberalisation and FDI Inflow in Emerging Economies. Business & Economic Review. Vol 2(1): 35-52.Todaro, Michael P. and Smith, Stephen C. 2011. Economic Development. Ninth Edition. United States: Addison Wesley.Umoru, D. & Yaqub, J.O. 2013. “Labour productivity and Human capital in Nigeria: The empirical evidence”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol. 3(4). 199-221.Vernon, R. (1966). “The product cycle hypothesis in a new international environment”, Oxford bulletin of economics and statistics. Vol 41(4), 255-267.World Bank. 2015. World Development Indicator 2015.Zeb, Nayyra et all. 2015. “Telecommunication Infrastructure and Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan: An Empirical Study”, Global Journal of Management and Business Research. Vol. 14(4): 117-128.
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Fyliuk, Galуna, and Nataliіa Andreіuk. "CURRENT CHALLENGES FOR UKRAINIAN BUSINESS." THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ISSUES OF ECONOMICS, no. 38 (2019): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/tppe.2019.38.1.
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The challenges facing Ukrainian business in new socio-economic realities were considered. It was noted that the rapid pace of globalization and migration processes and the growth of the digital economy have increased the interest in business innovation and recruitment problems. It is emphasized that current problems should be seen as challenges for the revival and further dynamic development of business. It is revealed that the main challenges for Ukrainian enterprises are: the intensification of competition, especially in foreign markets, for the use of the resource potential of national economies and for markets; increased competition at the global level for labor, especially highly skilled, which is one of the reasons for the growing shortage of personnel in the domestic market; decreasing demand in the domestic market amid rising imports; high level of corruption; underdevelopment of industrial and social infrastructure, inefficiency of logistics; lack of knowledge and innovation of business; the dynamic growth of the digital economy (digitization). Ukrainian enterprises must respond to these challenges, first of all by technological modernization of their enterprises on an innovative basis, transition to creation of new productions and new types of products; involving employees through various motivational programs, in particular by investing in training and retraining through close collaboration with educational institutions at different levels of accreditation; increasing the capacity of the internal market by increasing the scale and efficiency of the business sector, which will be accompanied by a decrease in unemployment and an increase in real incomes, and by gradual import substitution; promising areas of business diversification; active use of digital technologies in business, unique software products which will provide indisputable advantages for increase of competitiveness.
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Sheludko, Nataliia. "Curtailing unconventional monetary policy: limitations and prospects." Ekonomìčna teorìâ 2019, no. 4 (2019): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/etet2019.04.068.
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The paper considers the monetary policy of leading world central banks that were used to overcome the global financial and economic crisis in 2008–2009. Advanced developed countries managed to overcome this crisis, primarily through monetary mechanisms. For this purpose, a non-traditional monetary policy was invented and applied for the first time. It included the following: quantitative easing with a corresponding rapid growth of central bank liabilities; de facto maintaining a plurality of their objectives, including ensuring financial stability and reducing unemployment; and expanded participation of central banks in financing governments' budget deficits. The measures taken helped to overcome the recession in developed countries and promoted the transition to a trajectory of economic growth. The current practice of monetary policy normalization, initiated in the United States, involves a gradual increase in the key interest rate and a curtailment of central bank balances. However, in many developed countries (EU), the practice of non-traditional monetary policy is still persistent and is an important factor for determining the trends of the global economy. In general, the results of this policy can be evaluated differently, but it is important for Ukraine to conclude on the relevance of monetary policy to stimulate economic development. Global volatility, increasingly determined by trade wars and other forms of protectionism in global economies, poses challenges (primarily in terms of maintaining/enhancing export and production capacity). For the economy of Ukraine, which is vulnerable to external shocks, these factors, combined with internal centres of instability, form a bunch of complicated tasks, in particular in terms of the cessation of further loss of investment potential, which should be addressed rationally by the monetary policy instruments.
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PAŞNICU, Daniela. "Book review: Francesco Pastore, The Youth Experience Gap. Explaining National Differences in the School-to-work Transition." Annals of "Spiru Haret". Economic Series 14, no. 4 (April 13, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/1447.
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Francesco Pastore is qualified as full professor of Economic Policy. Currently, he is Assistant Professor of Economics at Seconda Universita di Napoli. He is also secretary of the Italian Association of Labor Economics (AIEL) and a member of the executive board of the Italian Association of Comparative Economic Studies (AISSEC). His main research interests are in labor and education economics. He is also interested in development and transition economics. He has contributed extensively in several such fields as regional unemployment differentials, school-to-work transitions, labor market dynamics, gender discrimination, human capital investment, public employment services and passive as well as active labor market policy, labor market consequences of international trade and nonprofit organization.
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Sheludko, Nataliia. "Monetary policy in the conditions of global instability: conclusions for Ukraine." Ukrainian society 2019, no. 3 (2019): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2019.03.046.
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The paper considers the monetary policy of leading world central banks that have been used to overcome the global financial and economic crisis in 2008-2009. Advanced developed countries, which are current world’s technological leaders, managed to overcome this crisis, primarily through monetary mechanisms. For this purpose, a non-traditional monetary policy was invented and applied for the first time. It included the following: quantitative easing with a corresponding rapid growth of central bank liabilities; de facto maintaining a plurality of their objectives, including ensuring financial stability and reducing unemployment; expanded participation of central banks in financing governments’ budget deficits. The measures taken helped to overcome the recession in developed countries and the transition to a trajectory of economic growth. The current practice of monetary policy normalization, initiated in the United States, involves a gradual increase in the key interest rate and a curtailment of central bank balances. However, in many developed countries, the practice of non-traditional monetary policy is still persistent and is an important factor for determining the trends of the global economy. In general, the results of this policy can be evaluated differently, but it is important for Ukraine to conclude on the relevance of monetary policy to stimulate economic development. Global volatility, increasingly determined by trade wars and other forms of protectionism in global economies, poses challenges (primarily in terms of maintaining/enhancing export and production capacity). For the economy of Ukraine, which is vulnerable to external shocks, these factors, combined with internal centres of instability, form a complex of complicated tasks, in particular in terms of the cessation of further loss of investment potential, which should be addressed rationally by the monetary policy instruments.
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Jurajda, Štěpán, and Katherine Terrell. "Regional unemployment and human capital in transition economies1." Economics of Transition 17, no. 2 (April 2009): 241–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2009.00351.x.
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Al-Lawati, Essam Hussain, Umar Haiyat Abdul Kohar, and Ebi Shahrin Suleiman. "A SCOPING REVIEW OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION, ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE AND ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION AT HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 3 (June 11, 2020): 792–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8385.
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Purpose: The aim of this study to highlight the role of entrepreneurial culture in the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions at higher education institutions as study variables. This study could play a vital role in guiding students to choose entrepreneurship as a career by encouraging them.
Methodology: A scoping review method was used to identify critical evidence in the reviewed relationships between the three above mentioned variables, which are: entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial culture, and entrepreneurial intention. By using the scoping review method, the authors analyzed articles from Scopus and Web of Science databases published from the year 2003 to 2019, in which 52 relevant articles out of 105 related published articles were identified using Mendeley software to filter these articles.
Main Findings: The results show that there was a significant positive relationship between entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial culture, and entrepreneurial intention when the entrepreneurial culture was inculcated in entrepreneurship education activities at higher education institutions. This study shows that the most used theory is the Theory of Planned Behavior, in which most studies were done on the level of universities, and a significant volume of reviews have been carried out in developed countries.
Application of This study: The cultivation of entrepreneurial competencies is heavily influenced by the prevailing culture, which is usually strengthened through education and directed by individual entrepreneurial intention along with the role of entrepreneurial culture. Hence, this could be useful for developing and economies in transition countries that might face high unemployment rates to focus on these variables in comparison to developed countries.
Novelty: This study highlights and further proposes the mediation role of entrepreneurial culture in entrepreneurship education - entrepreneurial intention relationship based on the outcomes of the scoping review. Indeed, this relationship was just mentioned by words and not validated or measured comprehensively by the scholars. Hence, there is a chance for further studies in this body of knowledge.
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Flek, Vladislav, and Martina Mysíková. "Youth Labour Flows and Unemployment in Great Recession: Comparing Spain and the Czech Republic." Review of Economic Perspectives 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2015-0016.
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Abstract Using Spain and the Czech Republic as examples of two EU countries with different labour market performance, we apply a gross flow analysis based on EU-SILC longitudinal data. We find that while in Spain the increases in youth unemployment are driven mostly by young people who lose their jobs, in the Czech Republic, this is mainly due to new labour market entrants who failed to find a job. The analysis of flow transition rates suggests that youth labour markets with enormously high unemployment rates have not failed in all relevant respects. Their development seems to be hindered predominantly by high risk of job losses and diminishing employment prospects of the unemployed, rather than by impeded transitions from inactivity to employment. In countries with lower youth unemployment rates, unemployment policy agenda appears to be challenged by quite the opposite tendency
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Juselius, Katarina, and Javier Ordóñez. "Balassa-Samuelson and Wage, Price and Unemployment Dynamics in the Spanish Transition to EMU Membership." Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal 3, no. 2009-4 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2009-4.
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Abbring, Jaap H., Gerard J. Berg, and Jan C. Ours. "The Effect of Unemployment Insurance Sanctions on the Transition Rate from Unemployment to Employment." Economic Journal 115, no. 505 (July 2005): 602–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2005.01011.x.
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Tyrowicz, Joanna, and Piotr Wójcik. "Some Stylized Facts on Unemployment Dynamics in Transition." Eastern European Economics 48, no. 1 (January 2010): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/eee0012-8775480101.
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Boeri, Tito, and Hartmut Lehmann. "Unemployment and Labor Market Policies in Transition Countries." Journal of Comparative Economics 27, no. 1 (March 1999): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcec.1998.1572.
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