Journal articles: 'Transit method'

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Windemuth, Diana, Eric Agol, Josh Carter, Eric B. Ford, Nader Haghighipour, Jerome A. Orosz, and William F. Welsh. "An automated method to detect transiting circumbinary planets." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490, no. 1 (September 21, 2019): 1313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2637.

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ABSTRACT To date a dozen transiting ‘Tatooines’ or circumbinary planets (CBPs) have been discovered, by eye, in the data from the Kepler mission; by contrast, thousands of confirmed circumstellar planets orbiting around single stars have been detected using automated algorithms. Automated detection of CBPs is challenging because their transits are strongly aperiodic with irregular profiles. Here, we describe an efficient and automated technique for detecting circumbinary planets that transit their binary hosts in Kepler light curves. Our method accounts for large transit timing variations (TTVs) and transit duration variations (TDVs), induced by binary reflex motion, in two ways: (1) We directly correct for large-scale TTVs and TDVs in the light curves by using Keplerian models to approximate binary and CBP orbits; and (2) We allow additional aperiodicities on the corrected light curves by employing the Quasi-periodic Automated Transit Search algorithm. We demonstrate that our method dramatically improves detection significance using simulated data and two previously identified CBP systems, Kepler-35 and Kepler-64.

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Jin, Haitao, Fengjun Jin, Jiao’e Wang, Wei Sun, and Libo Dong. "Competition and Cooperation between Shared Bicycles and Public Transit: A Case Study of Beijing." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (March 3, 2019): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051323.

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As an eco-friendly transportation mode, shared bicycles provide a new option for public transit users in urban areas. China’s bicycle-sharing market began flourishing in July 2016 and reached a plateau in 2017. How shared bicycles influenced public transit systems during this period is an interesting topic. A case study of Beijing is conducted. This study aims to identify the competitive and cooperative influences of shared bicycles on public transit by exploring the changes in public transit trip distances before and after the upsurge in bicycle-sharing. A histogram shifting method is introduced to examine the influences of shared bicycles on public transit services from a travel distance perspective. A spatial correlation of bicycling usage and public transit changes is calculated using units of gridded cell spaces. The results show: (1) overall transit usage continued growing after the shared bicycles market reached a plateau; (2) short public transits within 2 km decreased while transfers within 2 km increased; and (3) the decrease of short transits and increase of transfers within 3 km were spatially highly correlated to the usage of shared bicycles. Hence, the role of bicycle-sharing systems is competitive for existing public transit systems during short trips and cooperative for connecting transits.

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Carpintero, D. D., and M. Melita. "An alternative stable solution for the Kepler-419 system, obtained with the use of a genetic algorithm." Astronomy & Astrophysics 620 (November 30, 2018): A88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731997.

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Context. The mid-transit times of an exoplanet may be nonperiodic. The variations in the timing of the transits with respect to a single period, that is, the transit timing variations (TTVs), can sometimes be attributed to perturbations by other exoplanets present in the system, which may or may not transit the star. Aims. Our aim is to compute the mass and the six orbital elements of an nontransiting exoplanet, given only the central times of transit of the transiting body. We also aim to recover the mass of the star and the mass and orbital elements of the transiting exoplanet, suitably modified in order to decrease the deviation between the observed and the computed transit times by as much as possible. Methods. We have applied our method, based on a genetic algorithm, to the Kepler-419 system. Results. We were able to compute all 14 free parameters of the system, which, when integrated in time, give transits within the observational errors. We also studied the dynamics and the long-term orbital evolution of the Kepler-419 planetary system as defined by the orbital elements computed by us, in order to determine its stability.

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Zhao, Fang, Lee-Fang Chow, Min-Tang Li, Ike Ubaka, and Albert Gan. "Forecasting Transit Walk Accessibility: Regression Model Alternative to Buffer Method." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1835, no. 1 (January 2003): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1835-05.

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A description is given of a methodology for estimating transit walk accessibility at the home end of transit trips and for forecasting transit walk accessibility at the home end for a future year, given forecast population and employment data, transit route information, and type of street configuration. The methodology for estimating transit walk accessibility overcomes the problems associated with natural and man-made barriers such as water bodies and community walls and the problem of uneven distribution of population. A comparison of the results with those from the traditional buffer method, as well as with network ratio methods that consider actual walk distance along streets, showed that both the buffer method and network ratio methods tended to overestimate transit walk accessibility. Regression analysis also showed that the new transit walk accessibility measure was a stronger predictor of transit use than that produced using the buffer method. The methodologies may be applied to transit planning, urban design for sustainable development, and long-range transit demand modeling.

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Kipping, David. "Transit origami: a method to coherently fold exomoon transits in time series photometry." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 507, no. 3 (August 2, 2021): 4120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2013.

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ABSTRACT One of the simplest ways to identify an exoplanetary transit is to phase fold a photometric time series upon a trial period – leading to a coherent stack when using the correct value. Such phase-folded transits have become a standard data visualization in modern transit discovery papers. There is no analogous folding mechanism for exomoons, which would have to represent some kind of double fold: once for the planet and then another for the moon. Folding with the planet term only, a moon imparts a small decrease in the surrounding out-of-transit averaged intensity, but its incoherent nature makes it far less convincing than the crisp stacks familiar to exoplanet hunters. Here, a new approach is introduced that can be used to achieve the transit origami needed to double fold an exomoon, in the case where a planet exhibits transit timing variations (TTVs). This double fold has just one unknown parameter, the satellite-to-planet mass ratio, and thus a simple one-dimensional grid search can be used to rapidly identify power associated with candidate exomoons. The technique is demonstrated on simulated light curves, exploring the breakdown limits of close-in and/or inclined satellites. As an example, the method is deployed on Kepler-973b, a warm mini-Neptune exhibiting an 8-min TTV, where the possibility that the TTVs are caused by a single exomoon is broadly excluded, with upper limits probing down to a Ganymede-sized moon.

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Zimmer, T., J. B. Duluc, and N. Lewis. "Method for BJT transit time evaluation." Electronics Letters 34, no. 20 (1998): 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19981219.

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Armstrong, David, David V. Martin, and Don Pollacco. "Detecting Circumbinary Exoplanets: Understanding Transit Timing." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S299 (June 2013): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313008557.

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AbstractWe have derived and tested a simple analytical model for placing limits on the transit timing variations of circumbinary exoplanets. These are generally of days in magnitude, dwarfing those found in multi-planet systems. The derived method is fast, efficient and is accurate to approximately 1% in predicting limits on the possible times of transits over a 3-year campaign.

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Szabó, Gyula M., A. E. Simon, Laszlo L. Kiss, and Zsolt Regály. "Practical suggestions on detecting exomoons in exoplanet transit light curves." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 6, S276 (October 2010): 556–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131102120x.

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AbstractThe number of known transiting exoplanets is rapidly increasing, which has recently inspired significant interest as to whether they can host a detectable moon. Although there has been no such example where the presence of a satellite was proven, several methods have already been investigated for such a detection in the future. All these methods utilize post-processing of the measured light curves, and the presence of the moon is decided by the distribution of a timing parameter. Here we propose a method for the detection of the moon directly in the raw transit light curves. When the moon is in transit, it puts its own fingerprint on the intensity variation. In realistic cases, this distortion is too little to be detected in the individual light curves, and must be amplified. Averaging the folded light curve of several transits helps decrease the scatter, but it is not the best approach because it also reduces the signal. The relative position of the moon varies from transit to transit, the moon's wing will appear in different positions on different sides of the planet's transit. Here we show that a careful analysis of the scatter curve of the folded light curves enhances the chance of detecting the exomoons directly.

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Novaes, Antonio G. N. "RAPID-TRANSIT EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS WITH THE ASSURANCE-REGION DEA METHOD." Pesquisa Operacional 21, no. 2 (July 2001): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-74382001000200004.

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Rapid-transit services are a relevant part of the transportation network in most cities of the world. An important aspect of transport policy is the supply of public urban transportation. In particular, it is of interest to determine whether rapid-transit operators are working in a technically and scale-efficient way. Production analysis of transit services has been characterized by the econometric study of average practice technologies. A more recent method to study such production frontiers is Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). It is a non-parametric method, but its application to rapid-transit, where the relations among technological variables are more strict, requires a previous structural analysis of the intervening inputs and outputs. DEA is employed in this paper to investigate the efficiency and returns to scale of 21 rapid-transit properties of the world. DEA was also used for the benchmarking of non-efficient rapid-transit properties, with special emphasis to the São Paulo’s subway system

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Schiszler, Istvan, Minoru Tomita, Yasuo Fukuuchi, Norio Tanahashi, and Koji Inoue. "New optical method for analyzing cortical blood flow heterogeneity in small animals: validation of the method." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 279, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): H1291—H1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2000.279.3.h1291.

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In pentobarbital-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats, a small cranial window was trephined, and the cortex was transilluminated with a fine glass fiber inserted into the brain parenchyma. The light intensity at the surface area of 2 × 2 mm was recorded during intracarotid injection of 25 μl of carbon black (CB) solution. The region of interest (ROI) was divided into a 50 × 50 matrix, and the mean transit time of CB transport was calculated in each matrix element. We found rapid transits of CB along the microvasculature, with considerable heterogeneity in the avascular area, and heterogeneous efficiency in autoregulatory capacity in the ROI during hypotension. The method was validated by comparison with laser-Doppler flowmetry. The average mean difference was 0.03 ± 0.05%. Five percent CO2 inhalation increased the flow by 85%, but heterogeneously. We concluded that the technique is exclusively sensitive to indicator transits in a very small area on the brain surface with potential usefulness in detecting regional heterogeneity in blood flow.

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Tan, Xiao Yu, Jin Li, and Wen Deng. "Signal Strategy of Conditional Transit Priority Based on Transit Schedule." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.298.

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Combined with the actual situation of China, drawing on foreign models based on the quantitative methods, this paper gets a model based on conditional bus priority for signal timing design which is combined with the traditional model through the application of conditional bus priority. The model considers more about the actual situation of the intersection, as well as a variety of other general vehicles which also need to pass through the intersection; it is a more moderate, harmonious, and better public transport priority method which does not use at the expense of other general vehicles.

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Alves, Leda Maria Tavares, Soraia Ramos Cabette Fabio, and Roberto Oliveira Dantas. "The Effect of Bolus Taste on Oral and Pharyngeal Transit of Patients with Stroke." Revista Neurociências 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34024/rnc.2014.v22.8114.

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Objective. To evaluate the effect of different bolus flavors in oral and pharyngeal transit duration of patients with stroke and normal volunteers. Method. The investigation had the participation of 36 patients (44-82 years, mean age: 63 years) with occurrence of stroke from 1 month to 84 months (median: 5.5 months) and 30 normal subjects (33-85 years, mean age: 59 years) who comprised the control group. The scintigraphic method was used to evaluate the oral and pharyngeal transit. Each subject swallowed in random sequence 5 mL of a liquid bolus of bitter, sour, sweet, and neutral taste, all labeled with 37 MBq of 99mTechnetium coupled with phytate. Results. Oral transit was longer in patients with stroke than in the control subjects for the sweet, bitter and sour tastes. Pharyngeal transit and clearance was longer in patients with stroke for the sweet and bitter tastes. In both groups there were no differences between neutral, sweet, sour or bitter tastes. Conclusion. Bolus tastes evaluated did not change oral and pharyngeal transit in normal subjects and patients with stroke.

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Hou, Bowen, Yang Cao, Dongye Lv, and Shuzhi Zhao. "Transit-Based Evacuation for Urban Rail Transit Line Emergency." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 11, 2020): 3919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093919.

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Urban rail systems are the backbone of urban transit networks and are characterized by large passenger volumes, high speeds, punctuality, and low environmental impacts. However, unforeseen events such as rail transit line emergencies can lead to unexpected costs and delays. As a means of disruption management, we divide the decision support system for urban rail transit line emergency situations into two stages—transit-based evacuation and bus bridging management. This paper focuses on the transit-based evacuation under emergency scenarios on a single rail line. The model determines the vehicles and routes within traditional transit systems required to evacuate stranded passengers within a given time window. In addition, the proposed method ensures the reliability of traditional transit systems by considering the operating fleet and reserve fleet in the traditional transit systems. Therefore, the proposed optimization model is established with the objective of maximizing the total number of stranded passengers transferred within the given time window and headway constraint. Herein, we present the optimization model and solution method, and the proposed method is validated. The effectiveness of the proposed control method is evaluated in the Changchun urban transit network. By analyzing stranded passengers at stations under different numbers of vehicles and time periods, the results show that the proposed model can significantly provide routing arrangements to maximize the number of passengers evacuated from stations. The results are useful in the development of emergency evacuation plans to prevent secondary accidents and evacuate stranded passengers during a rail transit line emergency.

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Wu, Zixiao, Bo Shen, and Dawei Lv. "Study on the Transit Network Evaluation Method Based on the Transit Ridership Model." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 43 (2012): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.116.

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Afanasev, Dennis. "Detection of Exoplanets Using the Transit Method." George Washington University Undergraduate Review 1, Spring 2018 (2018): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/2578-9201.1(2018).03.

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Cranford, C. A., D. Sutton, S. A. Sadek, N. Kennedy, and A. Cuschieri. "New physiological method of evaluating oesophageal transit." British Journal of Surgery 74, no. 5 (May 1987): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800740531.

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Kolbe, Geoffrey. "A Test of the “Simultaneous Transit Method”." Journal for the History of Astronomy 39, no. 4 (November 2008): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182860803900406.

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Zolotorev, M. S., and A. A. Zholents. "Transit-time method of optical stochastic cooling." Physical Review E 50, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 3087–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.50.3087.

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An, Shi, Lei Wang, Haiqiang Yang, and Jian Wang. "Discovering Public Transit Riders’ Travel Pattern from GPS Data: A Case Study in Harbin." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5290795.

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This paper proposes a public transit riders’ travel pattern measuring method based on divided cells and public transit vehicle’s GPS data. The method consists of two parts: detecting urban origin and destination areas and measuring the public transit riders’ travel pattern. Moreover, a series of indicators are proposed to reflect the public transit riders’ travel pattern. A case study is carried out to evaluate the methods, which use the GPS data collected from taxis and buses in Harbin, China. The study is expected to provide a better understanding of public transit riders’ travel patterns.

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Xie, Wenbin, Costantino Sigismondi, Xiaofan Wang, and Paolo Tanga. "Venus transit, aureole and solar diameter." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S294 (August 2012): 485–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313002986.

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AbstractThe possibility to measure the solar diameter using the transits of Mercury has been exploited to investigate the past three centuries of its evolution and to calibrate these measurements made with satellites. This measurement basically consists to compare the ephemerides of the internal contact timings with the observed timings. The transits of Venus of 2004 and 2012 gave the possibility to apply this method, involving a planet with atmosphere, with the refraction of solar light through it creating a luminous arc all around the disk of the planet. The observations of the 2012 transit made to measure the solar diameter participate to the project Venus Twilight Experiment to study the aureole appearing around it near the ingress/egress phases.

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Lee, Jinwoo, Amer Shalaby, John Greenough, Mike Bowie, and Stanley Hung. "Advanced Transit Signal Priority Control with Online Microsimulation-Based Transit Prediction Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1925, no. 1 (January 2005): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192500119.

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An advanced transit signal priority (TSP) control method is presented: it provides priority operation in response to real-time traffic and transit conditions. A high-performance online microscopic simulation model was developed for the purpose of predicting transit travel time along an intersection approach. The proposed method was evaluated through application to a hypothetical intersection with a nearside bus stop. The performance of the proposed method was compared with that of normal signal operation without TSP and a conventional signal priority method. The experimental results indicated that the developed method provided efficient and effective priority operation for both transit vehicles and automobiles. The proposed method significantly reduced transit vehicle delays as well as side-street traffic delay compared with conventional active priority control.

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Kostogryz, Nadia M., Taras M. Yakobchuk, Olexandr V. Morozhenko, and Anatolij P. Vidmachenko. "Polarization of the transiting planetary system of the K dwarf HD 189733." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 6, S276 (October 2010): 480–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311020886.

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AbstractWe model the polarization in the system HD 189733 resulting from the planetary transit. This system has a short-period (2.2d) Jupiter-like planet with the radii ratio Rp/R* = 0.148, orbiting at the distance of 0.031 AU around the star.We calculated the polarization of the system HD189733 to be 0.022% at the limb, which is consistent with the recent observational data. We suggest the shapes of the polarization parameters curves to be used for deriving the planet orbit inclination at the near limb transits as an alternative to standard transit method.

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Robnik, Jakob, and Uroš Seljak. "Matched filtering with non-Gaussian noise for planet transit detections." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 504, no. 4 (April 26, 2021): 5829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1178.

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ABSTRACT We develop a method for planet detection in transit data, which is based on the matched filter technique, combined with the Gaussianization of the noise outliers. The method is based on Fourier transforms and is as fast as the existing methods for planet searches. The Gaussianized matched filter (GMF) method significantly outperforms the standard baseline methods in terms of the false positive rate, enabling planet detections at up to 30 per cent lower transit amplitudes. Moreover, the method extracts all the main planet transit parameters, amplitude, period, phase, and duration. By comparison to the state-of-the-art Gaussian process methods on both simulations and real data, we show that all the transit parameters are determined with an optimal accuracy (no bias and minimum variance), meaning that the GMF method can be used for both the initial planet detection and the follow-up planet parameter analysis.

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Rodenbeck, Kai, René Heller, Michael Hippke, and Laurent Gizon. "Revisiting the exomoon candidate signal around Kepler-1625 b." Astronomy & Astrophysics 617 (September 2018): A49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833085.

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Context. Transit photometry of the Jupiter-sized exoplanet candidate Kepler-1625 b has recently been interpreted as showing hints of a moon. This exomoon, the first of its kind, would be as large as Neptune and unlike any moon we know from the solar system. Aims. We aim to clarify whether the exomoon-like signal is indeed caused by a large object in orbit around Kepler-1625 b, or whether it is caused by stellar or instrumental noise or by the data detrending procedure. Methods. To prepare the transit data for model fitting, we explore several detrending procedures using second-, third-, and fourth-order polynomials and an implementation of the Cosine Filtering with Autocorrelation Minimization (CoFiAM). We then supply a light curve simulator with the co-planar orbital dynamics of the system and fit the resulting planet–moon transit light curves to the Kepler data. We employ the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) to assess whether a single planet or a planet–moon system is a more likely interpretation of the light curve variations. We carry out a blind hare-and-hounds exercise using many noise realizations by injecting simulated transits into different out-of-transit parts of the original Kepler-1625 light curve: (1) 100 sequences with three synthetic transits of a Kepler-1625 b-like Jupiter-size planet and (2) 100 sequences with three synthetic transits of a Kepler-1625 b-like planet with a Neptune-sized moon. Results. The statistical significance and characteristics of the exomoon-like signal strongly depend on the detrending method (polynomials versus cosines), the data chosen for detrending, and the treatment of gaps in the light curve. Our injection-retrieval experiment shows evidence of moons in about 10% of those light curves that do not contain an injected moon. Strikingly, many of these false-positive moons resemble the exomoon candidate, that is, a Neptune-sized moon at about 20 Jupiter radii from the planet. We recover between about one third and one half of the injected moons, depending on the detrending method, with radii and orbital distances broadly corresponding to the injected values. Conclusions. A ΔBIC of − 4.9 for the CoFiAM-based detrending is indicative of an exomoon in the three transits of Kepler-1625 b. This solution, however, is only one out of many and we find very different solutions depending on the details of the detrending method. We find it concerning that the detrending is so clearly key to the exomoon interpretation of the available data of Kepler-1625 b. Further high-accuracy transit observations may overcome the effects of red noise but the required amount of additional data might be large.

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Asnicar, Francesco, Emily R. Leeming, Eirini Dimidi, Mohsen Mazidi, Paul W. Franks, Haya Al Khatib, Ana M. Valdes, et al. "Blue poo: impact of gut transit time on the gut microbiome using a novel marker." Gut 70, no. 9 (March 15, 2021): 1665–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323877.

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Background and aimsGut transit time is a key modulator of host–microbiome interactions, yet this is often overlooked, partly because reliable methods are typically expensive or burdensome. The aim of this single-arm, single-blinded intervention study is to assess (1) the relationship between gut transit time and the human gut microbiome, and (2) the utility of the ‘blue dye’ method as an inexpensive and scalable technique to measure transit time.MethodsWe assessed interactions between the taxonomic and functional potential profiles of the gut microbiome (profiled via shotgun metagenomic sequencing), gut transit time (measured via the blue dye method), cardiometabolic health and diet in 863 healthy individuals from the PREDICT 1 study.ResultsWe found that gut microbiome taxonomic composition can accurately discriminate between gut transit time classes (0.82 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) and longer gut transit time is linked with specific microbial species such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides spp and Alistipes spp (false discovery rate-adjusted p values <0.01). The blue dye measure of gut transit time had the strongest association with the gut microbiome over typical transit time proxies such as stool consistency and frequency.ConclusionsGut transit time, measured via the blue dye method, is a more informative marker of gut microbiome function than traditional measures of stool consistency and frequency. The blue dye method can be applied in large-scale epidemiological studies to advance diet-microbiome-health research. Clinical trial registry website https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03479866 and trial number NCT03479866.

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Ma, Xi Qin, Chang Qi Yang, and Guang Sheng Ren. "A Novel Evaluation Method for Overall Performance Testing of Rail Transit Brake System." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.113.

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A system is developed to detect output pressure of rail transit brake system and the principle of the system design is expatiated. The function and the implement method of each block in the system are also discussed. According to the problems existed in detection of rail transit brake system, we propose a new evaluation index to detect overall performance of rail transit brake system.

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Xin, Xin, Yao Wu, Yan Yong Guo, and Ti Song. "Study on the Reasonable Scale of the Urban Rail Transit Network: A Case of Xi'an City." Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (December 2012): 1829–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.1829.

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In order to determine a reasonable scale of rail transit network in Xi'an, four influencing factors are analyzed. Based on the introduction of three indicators of rail transit network scale and the network density index, a method of rail transit network scale is proposed. Also, the determination method of parameters is given. The method is used to forecast the rail transit network scale with the actual situation of Xi'an. The result shows that the scale of Xi'an rail transit network is about 550km.

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Nikolov, N., J. Koppenhoefer, M. Lendl, T. Henning, and J. Greiner. "Multiband Transit Light Curve Modeling of WASP-4." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 7, S282 (July 2011): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311027220.

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AbstractWe report on the simultaneous g′,r′,i′,z′ multiband, high time sampling (18-24s) ground-based photometric observations, which we use to measure the planetary radius and orbital inclination of the extrasolar transiting hot Jupiter WASP-4b. We recorded 987 images during three complete transits with the GROND instrument, mounted on the MPG/ESO-2.2m telescope at La Silla Observatory. Assuming a quadratic law for the stellar limb darkening we derive system parameters by fitting a composite transit light curve over all bandpasses simultaneously. To compute uncertainties of the fitted parameters we employ the Bootstrap Monte Carlo Method. The three central transit times are measured with precision down to 6 s. We find a planetary radius Rp = 1.413 ± 0.020RJup, an orbital inclination i = 88.°57 ± 0.45° and calculate new ephemeris, a period P = 1.33823144 ± 0.00000032 days and reference transit epoch T0 = 2454697.798311 ± 0.000046 (BJD). The analysis of the new transit mid-times in combination with previous measurements imply a constant orbital period and no compelling evidence for TTVs due to additional bodies in the system.

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Zeng, Lu, Jun Liu, Yong Qin, Li Wang, and Jie Yang. "A Passenger Flow Control Method for Subway Network Based on Network Controllability." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2018 (September 4, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5961090.

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The volume of passenger flow in urban rail transit network operation continues to increase. Effective measures of passenger flow control can greatly alleviate the pressure of transportation and ensure the safe operation of urban rail transit systems. The controllability of an urban rail transit passenger flow network determines the equilibrium state of passenger flow density in time and space. First, a passenger flow network model of urban rail transit and an evaluation index of the alternative set of flow control stations are proposed. Then, the controllable determination model of the urban rail transit passenger flow network is formed by converting the passenger flow distribution into a system state equation based on system control theory. The optimization method of passenger flow control stations is established via driver node matching to realize the optimized control of network stations. Finally, a real-world case study of the Beijing subway network is presented to demonstrate that the passenger flow network is controllable when driver nodes compose 25.3% of the entire network. The optimization of the flow control station, set during the morning peak, proves the efficiency and validity of the proposed model and algorithm.

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Shesterov, Evgenii, and Alexander Mikhailov. "Method of evaluating transit hubs in Saint Petersburg." Transportation Research Procedia 50 (2020): 654–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.10.077.

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Mamun, Sha A., Nicholas E. Lownes, Jeffrey P. Osleeb, and Kelly Bertolaccini. "A method to define public transit opportunity space." Journal of Transport Geography 28 (April 2013): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.12.007.

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Notghi, A., R. Hutchinson, N. B. Smith, D. Kumar, and L. K. Harding. "66. A simplified method of colonic transit measurement." Nuclear Medicine Communications 14, no. 1 (April 1993): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-199304000-00068.

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Wagner, Zef, and Robert L. Bertini. "Benefit–Cost Evaluation Method for Transit Stop Removal." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2415, no. 1 (January 2014): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2415-06.

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Block, Peter. "Method and apparatus for echo transit time determination." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 86, no. 4 (October 1989): 1628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.398689.

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Daghastanli, N. A., F. J. H. N. Braga, R. B. Oliveira, and O. Baffa. "Oesophageal transit time evaluated by a biomagnetic method." Physiological Measurement 19, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/19/3/010.

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Martínez Ortega, Jaime, María Pinto Monedero, Nuria Gómez González, Naresh B. Tolani, Pablo Castro Tejero, Miguel Castanedo Álvarez, Luis Núñez Martín, and R. Sánchez Montero. "A collapsed-cone based transit EPID dosimetry method." Physica Medica 46 (February 2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.01.006.

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Kovacs, Geza. "More planetary candidates from K2 Campaign 5 using TRAN_K2." Astronomy & Astrophysics 643 (November 2020): A169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038726.

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Context. The exquisite precision of space-based photometric surveys and the unavoidable presence of instrumental systematics and intrinsic stellar variability call for the development of sophisticated methods that distinguish these signal components from those caused by planetary transits. Aims. Here, we introduce the standalone Fortran code TRAN_K2 to search for planetary transits under the colored noise of stellar variability and instrumental effects. We use this code to perform a survey to uncover new candidates. Methods. Stellar variability is represented by a Fourier series and, when necessary, by an autoregressive model aimed at avoiding excessive Gibbs overshoots at the edges. For the treatment of systematics, a cotrending and an external parameter decorrelation were employed by using cotrending stars with low stellar variability as well as the chip position and the background flux level at the target. The filtering was done within the framework of the standard weighted least squares, where the weights are determined iteratively, to allow a robust fit and to separate the transit signal from stellar variability and systematics. Once the periods of the transit components are determined from the filtered data by the box-fitting least squares method, we reconstruct the full signal and determine the transit parameters with a higher accuracy. This step greatly reduces the excessive attenuation of the transit depths and minimizes shape deformation. Results. We tested the code on the field of Campaign 5 of the K2 mission. We detected 98% of the systems with all their candidate planets as previously reported by other authors. We then surveyed the whole field and discovered 15 new systems. An additional three planets were found in three multiplanetary systems, and two more planets were found in a previously known single-planet system.

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Ji, Yanjie, Bo Hu, Jing Han, and Dounan Tang. "An Improved Algebraic Method for Transit Signal Priority Scheme and Its Impact on Traffic Emission." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/412132.

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Transit signal priority has a positive effect on improving traffic congestion and reducing transit delay and also has an influence on traffic emission. In this paper, an optimal transit signal priority scheme based on an improved algebraic method was developed and its impact on vehicle emission was evaluated as well. The improved algebraic method was proposed on the basis of classical algebraic method and has improvements in three aspects. First, the calculation rules of split loss are more reasonable. Second, the delay caused by transit stations and queued vehicles can be considered. Third, measures for finding optimal ideal intersection interval are improved. By establishing a microscopic traffic emission simulation platform based on microscopic traffic simulation model VISSIM and the comprehensive modal emission model (CMEM), the traffic emissions can be evaluated. Then, an optimal transit signal priority scheme based on the traffic data collected in Changzhou city was developed and its impact on emission was simulated in the VISSIM-CMEM platform. Comparative analysis results showed that proposed scheme can outperform original scheme in the aspects of reducing emission and passenger delay and an average reduction of 25.0% on transit emission and relative decrease in overall traffic emission can be achieved.

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Liu, Yang, and Rui Song. "Evaluation of Public Transit System." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 2227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.2227.

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To evaluate the comfort, safety, convenience, timeliness, coordination of urban public transport hubs, thereby optimizing planning, following the five evaluation principles, I established a comprehensive evaluation system of urban bus transfer system ,proposed transfer hub noise figure, transfer comfort, the per capita area ,etc.10 hubs evaluation, and gave definitions of indicators, calculation methods and indicators for classification value by a combination of quantitative and qualitative indicators method.

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Nasution, Achmad Delianur, and Ronaldo Immanuel Lubis. "Transit Hotel in Transit Oriented Development Area." International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 2, no. 1 (March 14, 2018): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijau.v2i1.297.

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According to the Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 62 The year 2011 on Spatial Plans of Medan, Binjai, Deli Serdang and Karo (Mebidangro), Pinang Baris was included in TOD Route Map. The commercial area will be redesigned by the division of each building function, corresponding to one of TOD's four segmentation divisions [1]. The building designed in this commercial area is a transit hotel due to its location right next to Pinang Baris Terminal, with the dominance of visitors with tourist destinations to Berastagi, Bukit Lawang, Tangkahan, Lake Toba or Aceh. Hotel Transit Pinang Baris is right in front of T.B Simatupangmain street, adjacent to Mall Pinang Baris, and fitted with Pinang Baris Market building. Inter-building integration will be applied to support the factor of commercial function in the built area. By raising the "Global Warming" Issues, the Pinang Baris Transit Hotel will apply the green architecture concept on a 2.7-hectare site area, with 1.1-hectare of land built, and overall 26.746m2 building area and a maximum height of 4 floors according to local regulations. Then the hotel will be systematically designed using Glass-Box Method with form following hotel's site and standard. From the analysis, the hotel is a 3-star hotel. The transit hotel has 128 rooms, with 120 rooms of 6x4m standard size and eight rooms of 6x6m Deluxe size. Additional facilities are available at this Transit Hotel, by 3-star standards, i.e., coffee shop, bar, swimming pool, fitness, spa & sauna, and a ballroom. Thus Transit Pinang Baris Hotel with its implementation can be a place to stay that can meet the needs of visitors in the commercial area TOD Pinang Baris.

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Lai, Xiongfei, Jing Teng, Paul Schonfeld, and Lu Ling. "Resilient Schedule Coordination for a Bus Transit Corridor." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (June 15, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5398298.

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Providing convenient transit services at reasonable cost is important for transit agencies. Timed transfers that schedule vehicles from various routes to arrive at some transfer stations simultaneously (or nearly so) can significantly reduce wait times in transit networks, while stochastic passenger flows and complex operating environments may reduce this improvement. Although transit priority methods have been applied in some high-density cities, operating delays may cause priority failures. This paper proposes a resilient schedule coordination method for a bus transit corridor, which analyzes link travel time, passenger loading delay, and priority signal intersection delay. It maximizes resilience based on realistic passenger flow volume, whether or not transit priority is provided. The data accuracy and result validity are improved with automatically collected data from multiple bus routes in a corridor. The Yan’an Road transit corridor in Shanghai is used as a case study. The results show that the proposed method can increase the system resilience by balancing operation cost and passenger-based cost. It also provides a guideline for realistic bus schedule coordination.

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Ma, Changxi, and Dong Yang. "Public transit network planning in small cites considering safety and convenience." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 2020): 168781402090235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020902351.

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Scientific and rational public transit network planning, not only can effectively alleviate city traffic congestion, but also can reduce the risk of accidents. First, based on the data of residents’ travel survey, this article employs the multiple regression method to forecast the traffic generation and adopts the double-constrained gravity model to forecast the residents’ travel distribution of small cites. Second, by aiming at public transit planning objectives, the unsafe roads for public transit are screened, and the public transit trip-mode sharing rate is set as the interval value. According to the interval value, the public transit trip-mode sharing rate is divided into three cases, and the three alternatives of public transit network are calculated based on the network optimization method and the public transit-oriented development model. Next, the alternatives are evaluated by the set pair analysis method, and the optimal scheme is selected. Finally, this article takes the public transit network planning of Huaiyuan County in Anhui Province as an example, and the results show the proposed method is feasible.

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Iwanaga, Yuji, Jipu Wen, Mikael S. Thollander, Louis J. Kost, George M. Thomforde, Richard G. Allen, and Sidney F. Phillips. "Scintigraphic measurement of regional gastrointestinal transit in the dog." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 275, no. 5 (November 1, 1998): G904—G910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1998.275.5.g904.

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Scintigraphic techniques can measure sequentially gastric emptying, small bowel transit, and colonic transit in humans, and comparable methods for experimental studies in animals would be useful. We developed such a method in dogs and examined the effects of prokinetic drugs on regional transit. Two isotopes were given to fasting dogs. Polystyrene pellets labeled with99mTc were mixed in a can of dog food and111In- labeled pellets were given in a gelatin capsule coated with a pH-sensitive polymer, designed to dissolve in the distal bowel. Gamma camera images were obtained for up to 24 h. Prokinetic drugs were given by intravenous injection. Duplicate baseline studies showed good agreement in seven dogs. In a second group ( n = 4), intra- and interanimal variabilities were established. Two novel prokinetic drugs (AU-116 and AU-130) accelerated small bowel and colonic transit. A simple noninvasive method for measuring whole gut transit in dogs was developed and validated. Two new prokinetics accelerated small bowel and colonic transit.

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Koroleva, Elena, Sergey Sokolov, and Evgeniya Filatova. "Digitalization as a method of implementation EEU transit potential." E3S Web of Conferences 138 (2019): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913802003.

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In today’s world digital solutions make life easier in various fields. Digital interaction provides a complete transition to automated systems and electronic document management, opening up new prospects for economic growth of the Eurasian economic Union, including the implementation of the transit potential of the Eurasian economic Union. The article considers digital solutions that can allow to develop the transit potential of the Eurasian economic Union, as well as identifies the existing problems of digitalization.

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Hermawan, Dedy, and Simon Sumanjoyo. "BUS RAPID TRANSIT POLICY IN MUNICIPAL CITY OF BANDAR LAMPUNG." Spirit Publik: Jurnal Administrasi Publik 10, no. 2 (May 20, 2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sp.v10i2.1262.

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The aim of the research is to describe and discess the policy cycle of Bus Rapid Transit, the polemic in the policy of bus rapid transit, and the involvement of the stakeholder and their role in bus rapid transpit policy in Bandar Lampung. This research uses post positivistic paradigm with the approach of qualitative descriptive research method. This research resulted as: firstly, the bus rapid transit is an derivative regulation of Act No. 22 2009 regarding Traffic and Road Transport, aimed to reduce traffic jam in Bandar Lampung city. Secondly, the policy of bus rapid transit was arranged stage-by-stage with a full iniative from the Municipal goverement of Bandar Lampung, collaborated with the leading sector from Transportation Bureau of Bandar Lampung, involving PT Trans Bandar Lampung as the management in charge. Thirdly, there was a polemic of bus rapid transit policy regarding the monopoly of route of people transportation by the bus rapid transit, special treatment to bus rapid transit which don’t pay bus station retribution which is unfair, and there was some illegal fees on the employee in PT Trans .Bandar Lampung. Fourthly, the of bus rapid transit involves many stakeholders, such as Ministry of Transportatio of The Republic of Indonesia, |Transportation Bureau of Bandar Lampung City, The Regional Representatives Council of Bandar Lampung, Road Transportation Organization of Bandar Lampung, PT. Trans Bandar Lampung, Perum DAMRI Bandar Lampung, Lampung Region of Indonesia Transportation Society, Communication Forum of Public Car Transportation Bandar Lampung, CV. Devis Jaya, and also Indonesian Police and Civil Servant Security Forces. Keyword: Public policy, Transportation, Bus Rapid Transit

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Barnes, Rory. "A method to identify the boundary between rocky and gaseous exoplanets from tidal theory and transit durations." International Journal of Astrobiology 14, no. 2 (March 6, 2014): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550413000499.

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AbstractThe determination of an exoplanet as rocky is critical for the assessment of planetary habitability. Observationally, the number of small-radius, transiting planets with accompanying mass measurements is insufficient for a robust determination of the transitional mass or radius. Theoretically, models predict that rocky planets can grow large enough to become gas giants when they reach ~10 MEarth, but the transitional mass remains unknown. Here I show how transit data, interpreted in the context of tidal theory, can reveal the critical radius that separates rocky and gaseous exoplanets. Standard tidal models predict that rocky exoplanets’ orbits are tidally circularized much more rapidly than gaseous bodies’, suggesting the former will tend to be found on circular orbits at larger semi-major axes than the latter. Well-sampled transits can provide a minimum eccentricity of the orbit, allowing a measurement of this differential circularization. I show that this effect should be present in the data from the Kepler spacecraft, but is not apparent. Instead, it appears that there is no evidence of tidal circularization at any planetary radius, probably because the publicly-available data, particularly the impact parameters, are not accurate enough. I also review the bias in the transit duration towards values that are smaller than that of planets on circular orbits, stressing that the azimuthal velocity of the planet determines the transit duration. The ensemble of Kepler planet candidates may be able to determine the critical radius between rocky and gaseous exoplanets, tidal dissipation as a function of planetary radius, and discriminate between tidal models.

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Chi, Li Bing, and Jian Wang. "Transit OD Generation Based on Information Technology." Advanced Engineering Forum 5 (July 2012): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.5.50.

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Due to development in computer and information technology, data access and collection have becoming more and more convenient. In many cities’ transit system, transit vehicle GPS data and passenger IC card data could be provided. This paper focuses on the method that uses the passenger IC card data (only record once per trip) and transit vehicle GPS data to generate the transit OD matrix. After analyzing the characteristic of transit trips, the author gives the definition of continuity for a transit trip. Based on this definition, this paper then presents a search method to generate the transit OD matrix. The validity of this method has been tested in the modeling process for Zhengzhou city’s comprehensive transportation system. At the end, it is hoped that this research may give a useful lesson for other cities’ transportation modeling practice.

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del Ser, D., O. Fors, and J. Núñez. "TFAW: Wavelet-based signal reconstruction to reduce photometric noise in time-domain surveys." Astronomy & Astrophysics 619 (November 2018): A86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730671.

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Context. There have been many efforts to correct systematic effects in astronomical light curves to improve the detection and characterization of planetary transits and astrophysical variability. Algorithms such as the trend filtering algorithm (TFA) use simultaneously-observed stars to measure and remove systematic effects, and binning is used to reduce high-frequency random noise. Aims. We present TFAW, a wavelet-based modified version of TFA. First, TFAW aims to increase the periodic signal detection and second, to return a detrended and denoised signal without modifying its intrinsic characteristics. Methods. We modified TFA’s frequency analysis step adding a stationary wavelet transform filter to perform an initial noise and outlier removal and increase the detection of variable signals. A wavelet-based filter was added to TFA’s signal reconstruction to perform an adaptive characterization of the noise- and trend-free signal and the underlying noise contribution at each iteration while preserving astrophysical signals. We carried out tests over simulated sinusoidal and transit-like signals to assess the effectiveness of the method and applied TFAW to real light curves from TFRM. We also studied TFAW’s application to simulated multiperiodic signals. Results. TFAW improves the signal detection rate by increasing the signal detection efficiency (SDE) up to a factor ∼2.5× for low S/R light curves. For simulated transits, the transit detection rate improves by a factor ∼2 − 5× in the low-S/R regime compared to TFA. TFAW signal approximation performs up to a factor ∼2× better than bin averaging for planetary transits. The standard deviations of simulated and real TFAW light curves are ∼40% better compared to TFA. TFAW yields better MCMC posterior distributions and returns lower uncertainties, less biased transit parameters and narrower (by approximately ten times) credibility intervals for simulated transits. TFAW is also able to improve the characterization of multiperiodic signals. We present a newly-discovered variable star from TFRM.

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Chen, Wan, and Kuan Min Chen. "Study on Connection of Rail Transit and Bicycle Traffic - A Case Study of Xi’an Metro Line2." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 1933–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.1933.

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The development of rail transit made travel convenient for urban residents, alleviated traffic pressure, but the long travel distance of the site and the surrounding areas affecting rail transit service level. In order to full play the rail transit large capacity, improve the appeal of the public transit, solve the problem of "last one kilometer", This paper summarized the importance of connection of rail transit and bicycle traffic with a case of xi 'an metro line 2, discussed the forecasting methods of rail transit and bicycle traffic transfer demand, then used vertical and horizontal analogy prediction method to predict the transfer demand at the Zhonglou station and Xiaozhai station in Xian metro, finally the transfer mode of rail transit and bicycle traffic transfer are proposed. This paper has certain reference value for study of rail transit and bicycle traffic.

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Chen, Jing. "Study on the Application of CVM in the Social Benefits Valuation of Urban Mass Transit." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 1625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.1625.

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The total social benefits of urban mass transit consist of determined and undetermined benefits. Traditional methods of market valuation can be used to assess the determined benefits, including savings in parking costs, energy conservation etc. However, the undetermined benefits, such as increased economic productivity as a result of improved mobility, are difficult to be estimated by using the traditional methods. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) represents a more encompassing alternative that can capture both determined and undetermined benefits. CVM is applied to valuate the social benefits of Shanghai's urban mass transit. The valuation result shows that the social benefits brought by urban mass transit system in the city of Shanghai are about 70.774-99.461 billion RMB per year. Meanwhile, the result is tested with the econometrics method. This study indicates that CVM can overcome the shortcomings of the traditional market valuation method. Furthermore, CVM provides a scientific way to evaluate the total social benefits of urban mass transit.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Transit method'

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