Journal articles: 'Transit dose'

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Palmer, A. "Impact of software changes: Transit dose and source position accuracy of the Eckert & Ziegler BEBIG GmbH MultiSource® high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy treatment unit." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 12, no. 1 (August 2, 2012): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396912000192.

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AbstractPurpose: Medical device performance checks are essential following changes to control system software. This work investigates the effects of new software on the performance of a high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy treatment unit.Methods and Materials: A performance assessment was undertaken of the Eckert & Ziegler BEBIG GmbH MultiSource® HDR treatment unit following software upgrade. Video recordings of source transits were used to calculate transit doses, and autoradiography used to measure source dwell positions. Results were compared to a previous study.1Results: All results showed improved performance with the new compared to old control software. Optimal source movement profiles were observed with maximum transit speeds of 63 (+/−4) mm s−1 between dwells of 5.0 mm separation. The maximum error in transit dose correction with the new software was 2.5 % at 10.0 mm perpendicular from the source axis, compared to 5.6 % previously. The new software eliminated a causal relationship between curvature of the source transfer tubes and dwell position uncertainty.Conclusions: This work demonstrates the need for comprehensive medical device system checks following software changes. Technical improvements in HDR device performance have been achieved with the new software; reducing transit doses, improving transit dose correction, and improving source positioning accuracy.

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Giménez-Alventosa, Vicent, Javier Vijande, Facundo Ballester, and Jose Perez-Calatayud. "Transit dose comparisons for60Co and192Ir HDR sources." Journal of Radiological Protection 36, no. 4 (October 14, 2016): 858–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0952-4746/36/4/858.

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Persoon, L. C. G. G., M. Podesta, S. M. J. J. G. Nijsten, E. G. C. Troost, and F. Verhaegen. "Time-Resolved Versus Integrated Transit Planar Dosimetry for Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 15, no. 6 (July 9, 2016): NP79—NP87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533034615617668.

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Purpose: It is desirable that dosimetric deviations during radiation treatments are detected. Integrated transit planar dosimetry is commonly used to evaluate external beam treatments such as volumetric-modulated arc therapy. This work focuses on patient geometry changes which result in differences between the planned and the delivered radiation dose. Integrated transit planar dosimetry will average out some deviations. Novel time-resolved transit planar dosimetry compares the delivered dose of volumetric-modulated arc therapy to the planned dose at various time points. Four patient cases are shown where time-resolved transit planar dosimetry detects patient geometry changes during treatment. Methods: A control point to control point comparison between the planned dose and the treatment dose of volumetric-modulated arc therapy beams is calculated using the planning computed tomography and the kV cone-beam computed tomography of the day and evaluated with a time-resolved γ function. Results were computed for 4 patients treated with volumetric-modulated arc therapy, each showing an anatomical change: pleural effusion, rectal gas pockets, and tumor regression. Results: In all cases, the geometrical change was detected by time-resolved transit planar dosimetry, whereas integrated transit planar dosimetry showed minor or no indication of the dose discrepancy. Both tumor regression cases were detected earlier in the treatment with time-resolved planar dosimetry in comparison to integrated transit planar dosimetry. The pleural effusion and the gas pocket were detected exclusively with time-resolved transit planar dosimetry. Conclusions: Clinical cases were presented in this proof-of-principle study in which integrated transit planar dosimetry did not detect dosimetrically relevant deviations to the same extent time-resolved transit planar dosimetry was able to. Time-resolved transit planar dosimetry also provides results that can be presented as a function of arc delivery angle allowing easier interpretation compared to integrated transit planar dosimetry.

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Bouras, E. P., M. Camilleri, D. D. Burton, and S. McKinzie. "Selective stimulation of colonic transit by the benzofuran 5HT4 agonist, prucalopride, in healthy humans." Gut 44, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.44.5.682.

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BACKGROUNDPrucalopride (R093877) is a selective and specific 5HT4 agonist, the first of a new chemical class of benzofurans, with gastrointestinal prokinetic activities in vitro.AIMSTo evaluate the effects of prucalopride on gastrointestinal and colonic transit.METHODSA validated scintigraphic technique was used to measure gastrointestinal and colonic transit over 48 hours in 50 healthy volunteers. For seven days, each subject received a daily dose of 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg prucalopride, or placebo in a double blind, randomised fashion. The transit test was performed over the last 48 hours.RESULTSThere were significant accelerations of overall colonic transit at 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours (p<0.05) and proximal colonic emptying t1/2 (p<0.05). The 0.5, 2, and 4 mg doses of prucalopride were almost equally effective and accelerated colonic transit compared with placebo. Prucalopride did not significantly alter gastric emptying (p>0.5) or small bowel transit (overall p=0.12). The medication appeared to be well tolerated during the seven day treatment of healthy subjects.CONCLUSIONPrucalopride accelerates colonic transit, partly by stimulating proximal colonic emptying, but does not alter gastric or small bowel transit in healthy human subjects. Prucalopride deserves further study in patients with constipation.

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Viramontes, Blanca E., Allison Malcolm, Michael Camilleri, Lawrence A. Szarka, Sanna McKinzie, Duane D. Burton, and Alan R. Zinsmeister. "Effects of an α2-adrenergic agonist on gastrointestinal transit, colonic motility, and sensation in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 281, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): G1468—G1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.6.g1468.

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To characterize α2-adrenergic control of motor and sensory functions of gastrointestinal tract and colon, we studied dose-related effects of clonidine (placebo or up to 0.3 mg po) by random assignment in 55 healthy humans. Gastrointestinal transit was measured in all subjects; in 35, we assessed colonic compliance, tone, and sensations of gas and pain during phasic distensions. Clonidine did not significantly alter gastrointestinal or colonic transit, but it increased colonic compliance and reduced fasting tone without altering colonic response to a meal. Clonidine significantly reduced aggregate sensation to distensions overall and had significant linear dose-related sensory effects at 8- and 24-mmHg distensions. Effect on pain (including dose-response relationship) was due to 0.3-mg dose for distensions at 24 mmHg. We confirmed that clonidine relaxes fasting colonic tone and reduces sensation of pain. In this study, gut transit was not altered by clonidine, and novel dose-response characteristics and clonidine's effect on gas sensation are provided. Doses as low as 0.05 mg may be effective and potentially useful in reducing colonic tone and gas sensation.

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Anvari, Akbar, Seyed Mahmoud Reza Aghamiri, Seyed Rabi Mahdavi, Parham Alaei, and Mohammad Mohammadi. "Dosimetric properties of fluoroscopic EPID for transit dosimetry." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 14, no. 1 (October 30, 2014): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396914000405.

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AbstractThe aim of this work was to evaluate dose response of fluoroscopic EPID for transit dosimetry applications. Properties studied included warm up time, build-up thickness evaluation, dose history, linearity, stability, and short and long-term reproducibility of EPID response, as well as field size dependence.Pixel value matrices of electronic portal images in DICOM format were analysed in central and 8 off axis points using customised written codes in Matlab. In order to do this, nine 26×26 pixel matrices were selected as regions of interest, the regions represented by these arrays were 1×1 and 0·65×0·65 cm2 at the EPID and isocentre level, respectively.Necessary warm up time for stable operation of EPID is 30 minutes, and there is no need for extra build-up layer to increase the dose response. Linearity tests indicate charged coupled device camera of EPID saturates at 50 cGy level, and does not have linear relationship with dose. Reproducibility and stability of the measurements were excellent and the detector showed same signal with a maximum deviation of <0·3% both in short and long terms. Results of dosimetric evaluation have shown the TheraView fluoroscopic EPID can be used for transit dosimetry purposes.

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Wong, Tony P. Y., Wasantha Fernando, Peter N. Johnston, and Ian F. Bubb. "Transit dose of an Ir-192 high dose rate brachytherapy stepping source." Physics in Medicine and Biology 46, no. 2 (December 21, 2000): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/46/2/304.

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Bastin, K. T., M. B. Podgorsak, B. R. Thomadsen, B. R. Paliwal, and T. J. Kinsella. "Transit dose in high dose rate brachytherapy: Direct measurements and clinical implications." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 24 (January 1992): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(92)90154-a.

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Puig, M. M., O. Pol, and W. Warner. "Interaction of Morphine and Clonidine on Gastrointestinal Transit in Mice." Anesthesiology 85, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 1403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199612000-00022.

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Background Combinations of drugs are frequently used to achieve effective analgesia while minimizing side effects. Although the analgesic effects of morphine and clonidine seem to be synergistic, few studies have investigated other effects. Their role in inhibiting gastrointestinal transit was evaluated using different methods of analysis. Methods Percentage inhibition of transit induced by morphine, clonidine, or their combination was measured in mice that had been given an intragastric charcoal meal. Dose-response curves were obtained for each drug individually; for morphine:clonidine at 1:3, 1:1, and 1:0.33 ratios; and for morphine in the presence of 0.0138 mg/kg clonidine. The interaction was evaluated by isobolograms, combination indexes, and fixed-dose analysis. Results Each drug and their combinations inhibited transit in a dose-related manner. Combinations of morphine and clonidine produced interaction that depended on the ratio and level of response. The interaction analyzed by isobolograms and combination indexes showed that combinations in 1:1 and 1:3 proportions were synergistic at the median effective doses or less and were antagonistic at larger doses. Fixed-dose analysis using different ratios showed similar results. The effects of the combination (median effective dose at 1:1 ratio) were antagonized by efaroxan but not by naloxone, suggesting a predominant role of alpha-2-mediated effects. Conclusions Investigations into drug interactions should include several levels of response and combinations at different ratios. Isobolographic analysis permits the statistical evaluation of results without making assumptions about mechanisms of action of the drugs or their interactions. In this study, the combination of morphine and clonidine should produce synergy, antagonism, or no interaction depending on the relative doses and the level of effect.

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Winterton, S. S., and N. G. Tarr. "BASE TRANSIT TIME MINIMIZATION WITH FIXED BASE DOPANT DOSE." Solid-State Electronics 42, no. 4 (April 1998): 667–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1101(97)00252-9.

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Fonseca, G. P., G. Landry, B. Reniers, A. Hoffmann, R. A. Rubo, P. C. G. Antunes, H. Yoriyaz, and F. Verhaegen. "The contribution from transit dose for192Ir HDR brachytherapy treatments." Physics in Medicine and Biology 59, no. 7 (March 14, 2014): 1831–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/59/7/1831.

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Fonseca, G. P., R. A. Rubo, R. A. Minamisawa, G. R. dos Santos, P. C. G. Antunes, and H. Yoriyaz. "Determination of transit dose profile for a192Ir HDR source." Medical Physics 40, no. 5 (April 30, 2013): 051717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4802731.

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Camilleri, Michael, Maria Vazquez-Roque, Johanna Iturrino, Amy Boldingh, Duane Burton, Sanna McKinzie, Banny S. Wong, et al. "Effect of a glucagon-like peptide 1 analog, ROSE-010, on GI motor functions in female patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 303, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): G120—G128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00076.2012.

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The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analog ROSE-010 reduced pain during acute exacerbations of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Our objective was to assess effects of ROSE-010 on several gastrointestinal (GI) motor and bowel functions in constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C). In a single-center, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study, we evaluated safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics in female patients with IBS-C. ROSE-010 (30, 100, or 300 μg sc) or matching placebo was administered once daily for 3 consecutive days and on 1 day 2–10 days later. We measured GI and colonic transit by validated scintigraphy and gastric volumes by single-photon emission computed tomography. The primary end points were half time of gastric emptying of solids, colonic transit geometric center at 24 h, and gastric accommodation volume. Analysis included intent-to-treat principle, analysis of covariance (with body mass index as covariate), and Dunnett-Hsu test for multiple comparisons. Exposure to ROSE-010 was approximately dose-proportional across the dose range tested. Demographic data in four treatment groups of female IBS-C patients (total 46) were not different. Gastric emptying was significantly retarded by 100 and 300 μg of ROSE-010. There were no significant effects of ROSE-010 on gastric volumes, small bowel or colonic transit at 24 h, or bowel functions. The 30- and 100-μg doses accelerated colonic transit at 48 h. Adverse effects were nausea ( P < 0.001 vs. placebo) and vomiting ( P = 0.008 vs. placebo). Laboratory safety results were not clinically significant. In IBS-C, ROSE-010 delayed gastric emptying of solids but did not retard colonic transit or alter gastric accommodation; the accelerated colonic transit at 48 h with 30 and 100 μg of ROSE-010 suggests potential for relief of constipation in IBS-C.

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Seow, Kok-Min, Jyun-Lin Lee, Ming-Luen Doong, Seng-Wong Huang, Jiann-Loung Hwang, Wei-Ju Huang, Full-Young Chang, Low-Tone Ho, and Chi-Chang Juan. "Human chorionic gonadotropin regulates gastric emptying in ovariectomized rats." Journal of Endocrinology 216, no. 3 (November 28, 2012): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-12-0421.

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Prolongation of gastrointestinal transit resulting in nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) is the most common phenomenon during the first trimester of pregnancy. Increased human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentration during the first trimester is the most likely cause of NVP. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hCG on gastrointestinal transit and plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin (CCK) in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats. I.p. injection of hCG was used to evaluate the dose effect of hCG on gastrointestinal transit in Ovx rats. The CCK antagonist lorglumide was used to clarify the role of CCK in regulating gastrointestinal transit. Gastrointestinal transit was assessed 15 min after intragastric gavage of a mixture of 10% charcoal and Na251CrO4(0.5 μCi/ml). After i.p. administration of hCG, gastric emptying was inhibited in Ovx rats, but intestinal transit was not affected. Plasma CCK concentrations were increased in a dose-dependent manner after hCG treatment, and gastric emptying showed a significant negative correlation with CCK concentrations (P=0.01,r2=−0.5104). Peripheral administration (i.p.) of lorglumide, a selective CCK1receptor antagonist, attenuated the hCG-induced inhibition of gastric emptying in Ovx rats, whereas central administration via the i.c.v. route did not. hCG treatment of Ovx rats inhibits gastric emptying in a dose-dependent manner via a peripheral mechanism of CCK hypersecretion and activation of CCK1receptors.

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Grudell, April B. M., Michael Camilleri, Kim L. Jensen, Amy E. Foxx-Orenstein, Duane D. Burton, Michael D. Ryks, Kari L. Baxter, et al. "Dose-response effect of a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist, solabegron, on gastrointestinal transit, bowel function, and somatostatin levels in health." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 294, no. 5 (May 2008): G1114—G1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00051.2008.

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β3-Adrenoceptors(β3-AR) are expressed by cholinergic myenteric neurons and β3-AR agonists are effective in experimental models of diarrhea. Our aim was to explore the effects of a β3-AR agonist, solabegron, on gastrointestinal transit, safety, bowel function, plasma somatostatin, and solabegron pharmacokinetics (PK) following single and multiple doses. In a single-center, double-blind, parallel-group trial, 36 healthy volunteers were randomized to oral solabegron (50 or 200 mg twice daily) or placebo. Transit was measured by a validated method (99mTc-labeled egg meal and 111In charcoal delivered to the colon via delayed-release capsule). Stool frequency, form, and ease of passage were measured on a validated daily diary; plasma somatostatin by radioimmunoassay and plasma solabegron and its active metabolite by validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy analysis followed by PK analysis using noncompartmental methods. There were no overall or dose-related effects of solabegron on gastric, small bowel, or colonic transit, plasma somatostatin levels, stool frequency, form, or ease of passage in healthy volunteers. Solabegron and active metabolite exposures (area under the curve and maximum serum concentration) at both dose levels were consistent with PK at similar doses in previous phase I studies. We concluded that 7 days of the β3-AR agonist, solabegron, 50 or 200 mg twice daily, did not significantly alter gastrointestinal or colonic transit or bowel function. In this study, medication was generally well tolerated with few adverse events reported and no clinically significant changes in vital signs observed. Further studies on clinical efficacy, visceral sensitivity, and gastrointestinal transit are required in irritable bowel syndrome patients.

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Jeong, S., M. Yoon, D. W. Kim, W. K. Chung, and M. Chung. "EP-1557: Development of dose calculation algorithm in homogeneous phantom through the transit dose." Radiotherapy and Oncology 119 (April 2016): S722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(16)32807-9.

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Calcina, Carmen S. Guzmán, Adelaide de Almeida, José R. Oliveira Rocha, Felipe Chen Abrego, and Oswaldo Baffa. "Ir-192 HDR transit dose and radial dose function determination using alanine/EPR dosimetry." Physics in Medicine and Biology 50, no. 6 (February 24, 2005): 1109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/50/6/005.

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Bastin, Kenneth T., Matthew B. Podgorsak, and Bruce R. Thomadsen. "The transit dose component of high dose rate brachytherapy: direct measurements and clinical implications." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 26, no. 4 (July 1993): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(93)90291-3.

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Sweetser, Seth, Michael Camilleri, Sara J. Linker Nord, Duane D. Burton, Lorna Castenada, Robert Croop, Gary Tong, Randy Dockens, and Alan R. Zinsmeister. "Do corticotropin releasing factor-1 receptors influence colonic transit and bowel function in women with irritable bowel syndrome?" American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 296, no. 6 (June 2009): G1299—G1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00011.2009.

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Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), a mediator of stress response, alters gastrointestinal (GI) functions. Stress-related changes in colonic motility are blocked by selective CRF1 receptor antagonists. Our aim was to assess whether modulation of central and peripheral CRF1 receptors affects colonic transit and bowel function in female patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (D-IBS). This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-wk study evaluated the effects of oral pexacerfont (BMS-562086), a selective CRF1 receptor antagonist, 25 and 100 mg qd, on GI and colonic transit of solids [by validated scintigraphy with primary end point colonic geometric center (GC) at 24 h] and bowel function (by validated daily diaries) in 39 women with D-IBS. The 100-mg dose was comparable to a dose that inhibited colonic motility in stressed rats. Treatment effects were compared by analysis of covariance with baseline colonic transit as covariate. The study had 80% power (α = 0.05) to detect clinically meaningful (26%) differences in colonic transit. Thirty-nine of 55 patients fulfilled eligibility criteria (9 screen failures, 5 baseline GC24 outside prespecified range). At baseline, three treatment groups had comparable age, body mass index, and GC 24 h. Significant effects of pexacerfont relative to placebo were not detected on colonic GC24 ( P = 0.53), gastric emptying, orocecal transit, ascending colon emptying half-time, and stool frequency, consistency, and ease of passage. No safety issues were identified. We conclude that in women with D-IBS, pexacerfont, 25 or 100 mg qd, does not significantly alter colonic or other regional transit or bowel function. The role of central and peripheral CRF1 receptors in bowel function in D-IBS requires further study.

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VAN NIEUWENHOVEN, M. A., E. A. M. DE SWART, H. M. VAN EIJK, N. E. P. DEUTZ, F. BROUNS, and R. J. M. BRUMMER. "Effects of pre- and post-absorptive factors on the lactulose/rhamnose gut permeability test." Clinical Science 98, no. 3 (February 9, 2000): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0980349.

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It is assumed that the outcome of the lactulose/rhamnose gut permeability test is not influenced by pre- or post-absorptive factors. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of a pre-absorptive factor, i.e. small-intestinal transit, and a post-absorptive factor, i.e. renal clearance. Ten healthy male subjects were studied. Urinary lactulose and rhamnose excretion was measured after intraduodenal administration of lactulose and rhamnose following induction of increased intestinal permeability using chenodeoxycholic acid (chenodiol), in the absence and in the presence of accelerated intestinal transit. Urinary sugar excretion was measured after intravenous administration of either a regular dose (50 mg/50 mg) or a high dose (250 mg/250 mg) of lactulose/rhamnose. The intraduodenal experiments showed that a combination of accelerated small-bowel transit and increased permeability did not lead to significant differences in the recovery of lactulose (P = 0.647) or rhamnose (P = 0.889), or in the lactulose/rhamnose ratio, compared with those under conditions of increased permeability alone (P = 0.68). However, lactulose recovery was significantly lower (P = 0.025) after intravenous administration of a high dose of the sugars. There was no significant difference in urinary rhamnose recovery (P = 0.575) between the high and the regular doses. This resulted in a significantly lower lactulose/rhamnose ratio (P = 0.021) after intravenous administration of a high dose, compared with a regular dose, of the sugars. In conclusion, the assumption that post-absorptive processes do not influence the outcome of the lactulose/rhamnose permeability test appears not to be valid.

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Li, Qigui, Thomas G. Brewer, and James O. Peggins. "Anorectic Toxicity of Dih Ydroartemisinin, Artemether, and Arteether in Rats Following Multiple Intramuscular Doses." International Journal of Toxicology 17, no. 6 (October 1998): 663–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158198225900.

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During studies of arteether (AE), artemether (AM), and dihydroartemisinin (DQHS) neurotoxicity, the effect of 7 daily intramuscular doses (25, 50, and 100 mg/ kg/d) of those antimalarial drugs on gastrointestinal function was investigated in rats. A modified Nichols' method was used to measure daily food and water consumption. To estimate gastric transit, the total length amaranth (administered 40 minutes prior to sacrifice) dye traveled through small intestine were measured, and to determine gastric retention, the tied-off stomach pouch was removed and the contents weighed 24 hours after the last dose or when a rat became moribund or died. AM and AE dose solutions were prepared using sesame oil, whereas 50% dimethylacetamide (DMAC) sesame oil was used for DQHS. The results showed that after dosing with 50 mg/ kg for 7 days, 50% inhibition of food consumption (ID50) occurred at 1.9 days for DQHS, 3.9 days for AM, and 4.1 days for AE. Similar data were observed for water intake. After 100 mg/kg dosing, the ID50 s for food and water consumption decreased to 2.8-2.9 days for AM and 3.1-3.7 days for AE. Food consumption and body weights were decreased following all three treatments, and rats exhibited neurologic symptoms at 25-100 mg/kg dose of DQHS and 50-100 mg/kg dose of AM and AE. In addition, the results constituted a 53% and 82% inhibition of gastric transit for AM and AE, respectively, at 25 mg/kg animals compared to control, and 100% inhibition was found in high doses (50 and 100 mg/kg) for all the three drugs. The gastric retention ratio (controls equal 1.0) was 26.0 for DQHS, 5.8 with AE, and 2.3 for AM rats following 50 mg/kg dosing. When the 100 mg/kg dose was administered, the gastric retention ratio doubled for AE (11.6) and AM (4.3). The consumption data indicated that DQHS was about 2-3 times more toxic to the anorexia than AM and AE at 25 and 50 mg/kg/day dose levels. Significant differences in gastric emptying and gastric transit activities between AE and AM were observed. Data demonstrated that after multiple intramuscular doses of DQHS, AM, or AE in rats, food consumption and gastric emptying were decreased, gastric transit was inhibited, as reflected in a significant body weight reduction and death. Since an exhibition of the anorectic symptoms of AM and AE was at a lower dose than the neurologic signs in rats, the anorexia could be an early portent or prediction of the neurotoxicity in animals or humans.

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Bogaerts, Ria, Dominique Huyskens, Caroline Weltens, and Andrèe Dutreix. "Variation of relative transit dose profiles with patient–detector distance." Radiotherapy and Oncology 54, no. 1 (January 2000): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(99)00172-3.

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Menon, Geetha V., Marco C. Carlone, and Ron S. Sloboda. "Transit dose contributions to intracavitary and interstitial PDR brachytherapy treatments." Physics in Medicine and Biology 53, no. 13 (June 11, 2008): 3447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/53/13/003.

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Osinski, M. A., P. Bass, and E. A. Gaumnitz. "Peripheral and central actions of orphanin FQ (nociceptin) on murine colon." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 276, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): G125—G131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.1.g125.

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Orphanin FQ (OFQ), also known as nociceptin, is a recently isolated endogenous peptide with a structure similar to the endogenous opioid peptides. The present study examines the actions of centrally administered OFQ on in vivo murine gastrointestinal and colonic transit as well as the actions of OFQ on the isolated colon. Intracerebroventricular injections of OFQ dose dependently inhibited colonic propulsive activity. OFQ inhibition of colonic propulsion was unaffected by coadministration of the competitive opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone. A subadditive response was observed when approximately equipotent doses of either morphine sulfate or the δ-agonist DPDPE were coadministered with OFQ. No subadditivity was observed with coadministration of the μ-agonist DAMGO, suggesting a functional interaction between OFQ and δ-opioid central pathways regulating colonic transit. High, but not low, doses of OFQ also inhibited the transit of a nonabsorbable charcoal marker through the stomach and/or small intestine. OFQ potently contracted isolated colon preparations; contractile activity was abolished by TTX or chlorpromazine. Our results suggest that OFQ may be an important peptide ligand acting on a novel inhibitory neural pathway that modulates gastrointestinal transit.

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Zakhary, Mark J., Christopher L. Deufel, and John P. Mullins. "Estimating Transit Dose for Nasobiliary High Dose Rate (HDR) Brachytherapy Using a Novel QA Device." Brachytherapy 17, no. 4 (July 2018): S128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brachy.2018.04.238.

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Barone, F. C., J. F. Deegan, W. J. Price, P. J. Fowler, J. D. Fondacaro, and H. S. Ormsbee. "Cold-restraint stress increases rat fecal pellet output and colonic transit." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 258, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): G329—G337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1990.258.3.g329.

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Increased fecal pellet output that occurs during cold-restraint stress (CRS) was evaluated systematically. Free-feeding rats, which exhibit a reduced occurrence of gastric ulcers under these conditions, were studied. CRS significantly increased fecal pellet production and fluid content. However, the fecal output produced during CRS was not associated with increased gut secretory activity or somatic motor activity associated with cold restraint and did not occur in anesthetized animals. Cold and restraint stress were additive in producing increased fecal output. Significant dose-related decreases in fecal output were produced by drugs that decrease gut transit (i.e., B-HT 920, clonidine, Lomotil, loperamide, and lidamidine). Anticholinergic-antisecretory drugs, antidepressants, and tranquilizers had little effect on fecal output or fluid content. Changes in gastrointestinal transit did not contribute to the increased fecal output during CRS. Transit in the lower small intestine was not altered, but the cecum tended to empty more contents into the large intestine during CRS. Colonic transit was dramatically affected by CRS, which eliminated retrograde transit and produced the evacuation of the majority of colonic contents. The increased colonic transit produced by CRS was decreased in a dose-related fashion by hexamethonium, nifedipine, loperamide, and B-HT 920. In several time-response and drug-inhibition studies during CRS, both fecal pellet output and colonic transit were affected similarly. These data indicate that CRS appears to change central nervous system output to the colon and that it alters colonic smooth muscle motility in a manner that facilitates colonic transit and evacuation. Small intestinal transit is not involved in this phenomenon and is regulated differently during CRS.

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Ouwehand, A. C. "A review of dose-responses of probiotics in human studies." Beneficial Microbes 8, no. 2 (April 26, 2017): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2016.0140.

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The probiotic definition requires the administration of an ‘adequate amount’ in order to obtain a health benefit. What that amount should be is not indicated. Here, an overview is given of studies that investigated the dose-response relation of probiotics in human interventions. Studies were divided in; meta-analyses, meta-analyses on specific probiotic strains, and studies testing two or more doses of a probiotic (combination) in the same study. Meta-analyses on the effect of probiotics on antibiotic associated diarrhoea (AAD) suggest a dose-response effect; for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea on the other hand no dose-response was observed. For other end-points; such as necrotising enterocolitis, prevention of atopic dermatitis and slow intestinal transit, no dose-response relation was identified in meta-analyses. For prophylaxis in colorectal cancer and relief of irritable bowel syndrome, no dose-response relation was determined. However, for blood pressure, a meta-analysis observed that higher doses (greater than 1011 cfu) were more effective than lower doses. Meta-analyses of specific strains suggest a break-point for effectiveness of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children; no dose-response was observed for two other probiotics assessed. Studies comparing two or more doses indicate that faecal recovery and risk reduction of AAD follow a positive dose-response relationship. Other end-points such as immune markers, general health, and bowel function did not exhibit clear dose-response relations. For AAD, the findings are very compelling; both meta-analyses and dedicated dose-response studies observe a positive correlation between dose and AAD risk. These findings do not allow for extrapolation, but suggest that studying higher doses for this end-point would be worthwhile. The lack of a clear dose-response for other end-points, does not mean it does not exist; present data does just not allow drawing any conclusions.

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Husein, Saddam, Marline Nainggolan, Yuandani Yuandani, and Irzal Fanany. "Evaluation of Antidiarrheal Activity of the Ethanol Extract Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit Seed." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, A (April 25, 2020): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4060.

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BACKGROUND: Leucaena leucocephala belongs to the Leguminosae/Fabaceae family. L. leucocephala seeds contain alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins which according to the previous research have antidiarrhea activity. AIM: This study was investigate the antidiarrheal activity of the ethanol extracts of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit seeds induced by oleum ricini and intestinal transit methods for rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: L. leucocephala seeds were extracted by maceration with 80% ethanol. Evaluation of antidiarrheal extract activity was performed by induction of oleum ricini and intestinal transit methods. The extract at dose doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW was orally administered to the animals 1 h after induction by oleum ricini. Then diarrhea time, frequency, consistency, stool weight, and duration of diarrhea were observed every 30 min for 6 h. In determining the intestinal transit method, a percentage of the distance of the Chinese ink determined. This study was used positive control as Loperamide (1 mg/kg BW) and 0.5% Na-CMC as a negative control. RESULT: In diarrhea induced by castor oil, L. leucocephala seed extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw has been shown to significantly delay the onset of diarrhea, reduce diarrhea frequency, stool weight and duration of diarrhea compared with Na CMC as a negative control (p < 0.05). The extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg bw did not differ significantly from loperamide as positive control (p > 0.05). In this study, L. leucocephala extract reduced the distance traveled by Chinese ink in the intestine but only at a dose of 400 mg/kg bw which has a comparable activity with loperamide significantly . The antidiarrheal activity of extract showed at a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION: The ethanol extract of L. leucocephala seeds has antidiarrheal activity which supports its use in folk medicines.

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Sallam, H. S., H. M. Oliveira, H. T. Gan, D. N. Herndon, and J. D. Z. Chen. "Ghrelin improves burn-induced delayed gastrointestinal transit in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 292, no. 1 (January 2007): R253—R257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00100.2006.

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Delayed gastrointestinal transit is common in patients with severe burn. Ghrelin is a potent prokinetic peptide. We aimed at testing the effect of ghrelin on burn-induced delayed gastrointestinal transit in rats. Gastric emptying (GE), intestinal transit (IT), and colonic transit (CT) studies were performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were randomized into two main groups as follows: sham injury and ghrelin-treated burn injury with doses of 0, 2, 5, and 10 nmol/rat ip 6 h after burn. Sham/burn injury was induced under anesthesia. Rats received a phenol red meal 20 min following ghrelin injection. Based on the most effective ghrelin dose, 1 mg/kg sc atropine was given 30 min before the ghrelin in one group of rats for each study. The rats in each group were killed 30–90 min later; their stomachs, intestines, and colons were harvested immediately, and the amount of phenol red recovered was measured. Percentage of gastric emptying (GE%) and geometric center for IT and CT were calculated. We found 1) severe cutaneous burn injury significantly delayed GE, IT, and CT compared with sham injury ( P < 0.05); 2) ghrelin normalized both GE and IT, but not the CT; 3) the most effective dose of ghrelin was 2 nmol/rat; and 4) atropine blocked the prokinetic effects of ghrelin on GE% and IT. In conclusion, ghrelin normalizes burn-induced delayed GE and IT but has no effect on CT in rats. The prokinetic effects of ghrelin are exerted via the cholinergic pathway. Ghrelin may have a therapeutic potential for burn patients with delayed upper gastrointestinal transit.

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Wojcicka, J. B., R. Yankelevich, F. Trichter, and D. P. Fontenla. "Comparison of the transit dose components and source kinematics of three high dose rate afterloading systems." Medical Dosimetry 24, no. 1 (March 1999): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-3947(98)00051-x.

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Lin, Mu-Han, Tsi-Chian Chao, Chung-Chi Lee, Chuan-Jong Tung, Chie-Yi Yeh, and Ji-Hong Hong. "Measurement-based Monte Carlo dose calculation system for IMRT pretreatment and on-line transit dose verifications." Medical Physics 36, no. 4 (March 12, 2009): 1167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3089790.

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Berry, S. L., R. Sheu, C. Polvorosa, and C. S. Wuu. "In Vivo Treatment Verification using EPID Transit Dose Images Created from Thru-Air Portal Dose Images." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 81, no. 2 (October 2011): S823—S824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.06.1452.

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Cullen, JJ, R. Dotie, KS Ephgrave, MM Hinkhouse, and K. Broadhurst. "Changes in intestinal transit and absorption during endotoxemia are dose-dependent." Gastroenterology 114 (April 1998): A362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(98)81466-2.

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Cullen, Joseph J., Robert C. Doty, Kimberly S. Ephgrave, Marilyn M. Hinkhouse, and Kimberly Broadhurst. "Changes in Intestinal Transit and Absorption during Endotoxemia Are Dose Dependent." Journal of Surgical Research 81, no. 1 (January 1999): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsre.1998.5452.

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35

Manabe, Noriaki, Michael Camilleri, Archana Rao, Banny S. Wong, Duane Burton, Irene Busciglio, Alan R. Zinsmeister, and Ken Haruma. "Effect of daikenchuto (TU-100) on gastrointestinal and colonic transit in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 298, no. 6 (June 2010): G970—G975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00043.2010.

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Daikenchuto (TU-100) is a traditional Japanese (Kampo) medicine used to treat postoperative ileus. TU-100 dose dependently increases gastrointestinal (GI) motility by modulating cholinergic and serotonergic mechanisms in animal studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of orally administered TU-100 on GI and colonic transit and bowel function in healthy humans. In a randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study, 60 healthy subjects were randomly assigned to placebo or TU-100 2.5 g or 5 g tid ingested immediately before meals for 5 consecutive days. We measured GI and colonic transit by validated scintigraphy and stool frequency and consistency by daily diaries of bowel function. There were overall treatment effects on colonic filling at 6 h without any significant differences between each dose of TU-100 and placebo. There tended to be overall treatment effects on ascending colon (AC) emptying half-time; the TU-100 (7.5 g/day) treatment significantly accelerated AC emptying compared with placebo. There were numerically higher values of GC24 (which reflect overall colonic transit) with both doses of TU-100, but these changes were not statistically significant. There were no significant overall treatment effects on gastric emptying or stool frequency and consistency. One subject, who received 7.5 g/day of TU-100, had elevated creatine phosphokinase following the study. TU-100 (7.5 g/day) significantly accelerated AC emptying. Further randomized controlled trials in patients with functional constipation or irritable bowel syndrome with constipation are warranted to evaluate the clinical efficacy of TU-100 in these disorders.

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Saslow, S. B., J. S. Scolapio, M. Camilleri, L. A. Forstrom, G. M. Thomforde, D. D. Burton, J. Rubin, H. C. Pitot, and A. R. Zinsmeister. "Medium term effects of a new 5HT3 antagonist, alosetron, in patients with carcinoid diarrhoea." Gut 42, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.42.5.628.

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Background—Carcinoid diarrhoea is associated with rapid small bowel and proximal colonic transit. Intravenous administration of a serotonin type 3 receptor (5HT3) antagonist restores postprandial colonic tone towards normal in carcinoid patients.Aims—To evaluate the medium term effects of an oral 5HT3 antagonist, alosetron, on symptoms, stool fat, and transit in patients with carcinoid diarrhoea.Methods—In 27 patients with carcinoid diarrhoea, symptoms were recorded daily and gastrointestinal transit was measured by scintigraphy in a three dose (0.1, 0.5, 2.0 mg, twice daily), randomised (1:1:1), parallel group, four week study. Placebo was given during the first week. Loperamide (2 mg capsules) was used as rescue medication.Results—There were numerical improvements in median diarrhoea score, stool weight, loperamide use, and overall colonic transit at four hours, but no overall significant drug effect was shown. Alosetron reduced the proximal colon emptying rate (p<0.05 in 20 evaluable comparisons), but did not significantly alter small bowel transit.Conclusions—Alosetron retardation of proximal colonic emptying in patients with carcinoid diarrhoea confirms the potential role of a 5HT3 mechanism in this disorder. Doses of alosetron higher than 2.0 mg twice daily will be required for symptomatic benefit in carcinoid diarrhoea.

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Shen, Jun, Alison Boeckmann, and Andrew Vick. "Implementation of dose superimposition to introduce multiple doses for a mathematical absorption model (transit compartment model)." Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 39, no. 3 (May 4, 2012): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10928-012-9247-3.

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Jeong, Seonghoon, Myonggeun Yoon, Dong Wook Kim, Weon Kuu Chung, and Mijoo Chung. "Development of a patient dose verification method that uses the transit dose measured with a glass dosimeter." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 70, no. 10 (May 2017): 948–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.70.948.

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Deufel, Christopher L., John P. Mullins, and Mark J. Zakhary. "A quality assurance device for measuring afterloader performance and transit dose for nasobiliary high-dose-rate brachytherapy." Brachytherapy 17, no. 4 (July 2018): 726–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brachy.2018.03.005.

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40

Williams, C. L., J. M. Peterson, R. G. Villar, and T. F. Burks. "Corticotropin-releasing factor directly mediates colonic responses to stress." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 253, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): G582—G586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1987.253.4.g582.

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A new stress model in rats produced changes in intestinal function that resemble patterns of intestinal dysfunction associated with stress in humans: small intestinal transit was inhibited, large intestinal transit was stimulated, and fecal excretion was stimulated. To evaluate the role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in mediating the effects of stress on the intestine, we studied the actions of exogenous CRF on small and large intestinal transit in the rat and characterized the effects of pharmacological blockade of CRF receptors on stress-induced intestinal dysfunction. Administration of exogenous CRF (0.3-10.0 micrograms iv or icv) resulted in dose-related inhibition of gastric emptying, inhibition of small intestinal transit, stimulation of colonic transit, and stimulation of fecal excretion. The actions of exogenous CRF mimicked the effects of stress on the motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract. Administration of alpha-helical CRF-(9-41) (50 micrograms iv or icv), an antagonist of CRF, prevented the stress-induced increase in large intestinal transit and the associated increase in fecal excretion. These data suggest that endogenous CRF may mediate stress-induced changes in colonic function.

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Persoon, L. C. G. G., S. M. J. J. G. Nijsten, F. J. Wilbrink, M. Podesta, J. A. D. Snaith, T. Lustberg, W. J. C. van Elmpt, F. van Gils, and F. Verhaegen. "Interfractional trend analysis of dose differences based on 2D transit portal dosimetry." Physics in Medicine and Biology 57, no. 20 (September 21, 2012): 6445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/57/20/6445.

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Guo, Jingnan, Cary Zeitlin, Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, Donald M. Hassler, Arik Posner, Bernd Heber, Jan Köhler, et al. "Variations of dose rate observed by MSL/RAD in transit to Mars." Astronomy & Astrophysics 577 (May 2015): A58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525680.

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Monnikes, H., B. G. Schmidt, H. E. Raybould, and Y. Tache. "CRF in the paraventricular nucleus mediates gastric and colonic motor response to restraint stress." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 262, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): G137—G143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1992.262.1.g137.

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The role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in the control of gastric emptying of a nonnutrient meal and colonic transit was investigated in conscious fasted rats chronically implanted with hypothalamic cannulas and catheters in both the stomach and proximal colon. CRF (0.06-0.6 nmol) microinfused unilaterally into the PVN resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of gastric emptying (0-51%) and stimulation of colonic transit (0-93%). CRF (0.6 nmol)-induced delay in gastric emptying was inhibited by 50% by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy or atropine methyl nitrate (1 mg/kg ip), whereas the stimulation of colonic transit was completely abolished by atropine methyl nitrate and reduced by 19% by vagotomy. Microinfusion of CRF (0.6 nmol) into the lateral hypothalamus or central amygdala had no effect. Restraint exposure for 1 h delayed gastric emptying and stimulated colonic transit by 28 and 78%, respectively. Bilateral microinfusion of the CRF antagonist alpha-helical CRF-(9-41) (13 nmol) into the PVN before restraint abolished stress-induced alterations of gastric and colonic transit. The CRF antagonist did not alter basal gastric and colonic transit under basal conditions. These data indicate that the PVN is a specific responsive site for central CRF-induced alterations of gastric and colonic transit and suggest that endogenous CRF in the PVN plays a role in mediating restraint stress-related alterations of gastrointestinal transit.

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Oka, Victor Otu, Victor Udo Nna, Ememfon G. Inyang, and John B. Ikpe. "Methanolic extract of Malus domestica mitigates formalin - Induced derangements in small intestinal motility and transit." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 5, no. 3 (February 25, 2014): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i3.9106.

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Objective: This study was carried out to ascertain the effect of formalin ingestion on smallintestinal motility and transit, and the impact of treatment with Malus domestica on same.Methodology: Twenty albino wistar rats weighing 180 - 200 g were used for this study.The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each. Group 1 served as control,group 2 - formalin treated group, group 3 - M. domestica treated group and group 4 - formalintreated group administered with M. domestica. The daily oral dose employed in this studywas 2.5mg/100g and 40mg/100g for formalin and M. domestica respectively. After 21days of treatment, intestinal transit experiment was carried out on the animals and intestinalmotility was also carried out on the isolated rat ileum using graded doses of acetylcholine andatropine.Results: Basal contraction of isolated rat ileum was signifi cantly (p<0.001) lower inthe formalin treated and M. domestica treated group compared to control. It was signifi cantly(p<0.001) higher in Formalin+M. domestica group compared to formalin treated and M.domestica treated group. Formalin+M. domestica group showed a dose dependent increasein contraction of isolated rat ileum when acetylcholine was administered, and a signifi cantly(p<0.001) lower percentage relaxation in response to atropine administration, compared toformalin treated and M. domestica treated group. Small intestinal transit was signifi cantly(p<0.05) reduced in formalin treated and M. domestica treated group, compared to control.It was also signifi cantly (p<0.05) reduced in formalin+M. domestica group compared toformalin treated and M. domestica treated group.Conclusion: Malus domestica reversesformalin induced decrease in small intestinal motility and transit and may be benefi cial intreating constipation occasioned by ingestion of formalin. Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(3) 2014: 45-50 http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i3.9106

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Kim, Min Joo, Se Hee Min, Seon Young Shin, Mi Na Kim, Hakmo Lee, Jin Young Jang, Sun-Whe Kim, Kyong Soo Park, and Hye Seung Jung. "Attenuation of PERK enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in islets." Journal of Endocrinology 236, no. 3 (March 2018): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-17-0497.

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PERK is a pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase. Its complete deletion in pancreatic β cells induces insulin deficiency; however, the effects of partial Perk suppression are unclear. We investigated the effect of partial PERK suppression using the specific PERK inhibitors GSK2606414 and GSK2656157. Low-dose GSK2606414 treatment for 24 h enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), islet insulin content and calcium transit in mouse (at 40 nM) and human (at 50–100 nM) pancreatic islets. GSK2606414 also induced the expression of the ER chaperone BiP and the release of calcium from the ER. When Bip expression was inhibited using a Bip siRNA, the GSK2606414-induced augmentation of the ER calcium level, islet insulin contents, glucose-stimulated cytosolic calcium transit and GSIS were abrogated. In both wild-type and insulin-deficient Atg7-knockout mice, 8 weeks of GSK2656157 treatment enhanced GSIS and improved hyperglycemia without affecting body weight. In conclusion, partial PERK inhibition induced BiP expression in islets, increased glucose-stimulated calcium transit and islet insulin contents and enhanced GSIS, suggesting that low-dose PERK inhibitors could potentially be used to treat insulin deficiency.

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Gielkens, H. A. J., A. van den Biggelaar, J. Vecht, W. Onkenhout, C. B. H. W. Lamers, and A. A. M. Masclee. "Effect of intravenous amino acids on interdigestive antroduodenal motility and small bowel transit time." Gut 44, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.44.2.240.

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BackgroundPatients on total parenteral nutrition have an increased risk of developing gallstones because of gall bladder hypomotility. High dose amino acids may prevent biliary stasis by stimulating gall bladder emptying.AimsTo investigate whether intravenous amino acids also influence antroduodenal motility.MethodsEight healthy volunteers received, on three separate occasions, intravenous saline (control), low dose amino acids (LDA), or high dose amino acids (HDA). Antroduodenal motility was recorded by perfusion manometry and duodenocaecal transit time (DCTT) using the lactulose breath hydrogen test.ResultsDCTT was significantly prolonged during LDA and HDA treatment compared with control. The interdigestive motor pattern was maintained and migrating motor complex (MMC) cycle length was significantly reduced during HDA compared with control and LDA due to a significant reduction in phase II duration. Significantly fewer phase IIIs originated in the gastric antrum during LDA and HDA compared with control. Duodenal phase II motility index was significantly reduced during HDA, but not during LDA, compared with control.ConclusionsSeparate intravenous infusion of high doses of amino acids in healthy volunteers: (1) modulates interdigestive antroduodenal motility; (2) shortens MMC cycle length due to a reduced duration of phase II with a lower contractile incidence both in the antrum and duodenum (phase I remains unchanged whereas the effect on phase III is diverse: in the antrum phase III is suppressed and in the duodenum the frequency is increased); and (3) prolongs interdigestive DCTT.

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Chen, T. S., M. L. Doong, F. Y. Chang, S. D. Lee, and P. S. Wang. "Effects of sex steroid hormones on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 268, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): G171—G176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1995.268.1.g171.

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In vitro studies have shown that estrogen and progesterone can affect the contractile response and myoelectric activity of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of sex steroid hormones on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit were assessed in rats 15 min after intragastric instillation of a test meal containing charcoal and 51Cr. Gastric emptying was determined by measuring the amount of labeled chromium contained in the small intestine as a percentage of the initial amount received. Gastrointestinal transit was evaluated by calculating both the geometric center of distribution of the radiolabeled marker and the charcoal transit in the intestine. The experimental animals included diestrus rats; ovariectomized rats treated with vehicle, estradiol, and/or progesterone; and normal male and orchiectomized rats treated with vehicle or testosterone. Female rats in diestrus had a slower gastric emptying and a lesser geometric center value than ovariectomized rats. Estradiol inhibited gastric emptying but did not affect gastrointestinal transit. Progesterone increased gastric emptying. Progesterone at lower dose (10 mg/kg) decreased the geometric center compared with higher doses (20 or 40 mg/kg) or vehicle controls. A mixture of estradiol (10 micrograms/kg) and progesterone (20 mg/kg) inhibited gastric emptying to a similar degree as estradiol (10 micrograms/kg) did. Testosterone had no influence on gastric emptying or gastrointestinal transit. These results suggest that estradiol and a mixture of estradiol and progesterone inhibit, whereas progesterone enhances, gastric emptying. Testosterone did not play a role in gastrointestinal motility.

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Salamun, Sukri, Luluk Elvitaria, and Liza Trisnawati. "Quick Response Code untuk Monitoring Kehadiran Kuliah Dosen." SATIN - Sains dan Teknologi Informasi 6, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33372/stn.v6i1.585.

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Kelas Bersama dosen merupkan salah satu fasilitas yang ada di Universitas Abdurrab Pekanbaru, kelas ini digunakan oleh dosen-dosen yang mengajar mata kuliah teori. Dalam aktifitas yang sedang berjalan sebelum adanya system absensi ini para dosen masih menggunakan absensi tertulis yang mana aktifitas ini tidak efisiean dikarenakan terjadinya antrian jika dalam jam yang sama terdapat jumlah dosen yang mengajar sangat banyak. Oleh karena itu dibuatlah sebuah system absensi dengan Quick Response code atau yang lebih dikenal dengan QR code. System yang di buat akan di integrasikan melalui peraangkat android dosen sehingga dosen tidak perlu mencetak QR code lagi, mereka cukup login pada aplikasi yang sudah terpasang pada perangkat android masing-masing dan aktifitas absensi ini dilakukan pada sebuah ruangan yang dinamakan ruang transit dosen, ruangan ini berfungsi sebagai ruang tunggu dosen, sebelum dose memasuki ruang kelas kuliah. Pada ruang transit dosen disediakan perangkat komputer yang sudah memiliki kamera yang berfungsi untuk membaca QR code pada saat absensi. Pada penelitian ini metode yang digunakan adalah analisis situasi dan analisis kebtuhan yang mana sebelum membuat aplikasi ini dibutuhkan data berupa aktifitas mengajar dosen dan laporan kehadiran pada setiap perkuliahan.

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Samsom, Melvin, Lawrence A. Szarka, Michael Camilleri, Adrian Vella, Alan R. Zinsmeister, and Robert A. Rizza. "Pramlintide, an amylin analog, selectively delays gastric emptying: potential role of vagal inhibition." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 278, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): G946—G951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2000.278.6.g946.

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The amylin analog pramlintide delays gastric emptying in type I diabetics. The effects of multiple doses of pramlintide and the mechanism of action in non-amylin-deficient humans are unknown. We investigated the effects of pramlintide on gastrointestinal and colonic transit and on the plasma pancreatic polypeptide response to the meal in a parallel-group dose-response study with subjects randomized to placebo, or 30 or 60 μg (tid, sc) of pramlintide. Pramlintide delayed gastric emptying [half-time ( t½): 112 min (SE 8.7 min), 169 min (SE 12 min), or 177 min (SE 25 min) after placebo or 30- or 60-μg pramlintide treatment, respectively; P = 0.033]. Pramlintide did not significantly affect small bowel or colonic transit. Pancreatic polypeptide concentrations in the first postprandial hour were lower with pramlintide than with placebo ( P < 0.01 for drug effect). An inverse correlation was observed between mean pancreatic polypeptide concentrations in the first postprandial hour and gastric emptying t½[Spearman correlation coefficient ( Rs) = 0.48; P = 0.044]. Pramlintide at 30 and 60 μg delays gastric emptying in healthy humans without affecting small bowel or colonic transit. Vagal inhibition is a potential mechanism of the effects of pramlintide on gastric emptying.

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Kinhikar, RajeshA, Sachin Patkar, ChandrashekharM Tambe, and DeepakD Deshpande. "On the transit dose from motorized wedge treatment in Equinox-80 telecobalt unit." Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics 3, no. 3 (2007): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.34014.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Transit dose'

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