Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Transient grating'

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2018.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. "June 2018."
Includes bibliographical references (pages 286-303).
Nuclear power applications are characterized by harsh mechanical, chemical, thermal, and irradiation environments that present a challenge for the materials engineer. Nuclear materials research and development is a subject of managing constraints: a component must be proven to retain its integrity in the reactor environment for the entirety its operating lifetime, and the material must not impede the delicate neutronics balance that makes a reactor work. It is not surprising, then, that materials often represent the major engineering hurdle in moving a new reactor concept closer to reality, especially since many advanced reactor concepts utilize higher temperature regimes, larger radiation fluxes, and more corrosive coolants. However, if nuclear materials research is the bridge between academic concept and commercial reality, it is frequently a long and expensive bridge to cross. In order to validate a new material for use in a specific reactor environment, one must test the material in representative conditions, or test the material in a sucient number of conditions that the material's response to an arbitrary reactor environment can be accurately predicted. Transient grating spectroscopy (TGS), long used in the materials science field to characterize the properties of thin films, is adapted for use as a method of characterizing radiation-damaged samples. TGS has the ability to simultaneously measure elastic, thermal, and acoustic material properties. It is also non-contact and non-destructive, and relatively inexpensive to build and adapt for dierent uses. This means it is an ideal candidate for moving the field of nuclear materials closer to the goal of having the ability to fully characterize the radiation-induced property changes in samples in situ and in real-time while they are irradiated. This thesis demonstrates, via a TGS setup built in the MIT Mesoscale Nuclear Materials laboratory, that TGS will be a valid method for quantifying radiation damage by using it to characterize (1) cold-worked irradiated samples, (2) samples with high concentrations of constitutional vacancies, and (3) samples irradiated for 14 years in the EBR-II reactor. In (1), it is shown that TGS is a viable method for measuring thermal diffusivity changes due to radiation damage at low doses in cold-worked single crystal niobium. In particular, an initial decrease in thermal diffusivity at very low doses is measured, which is attributed to electron scattering by point defects, followed by an increase and saturation of thermal diffusivity as dose increases, which is attributed to less ecient electron scattering as point defects cluster into mesoscale defects. In (2), the impact of vacancies on the TGS signal is considered by using a material with a high concentration of constitutional vacancies that are stable at room temperature. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that increasing vacancies led to a softening material, but the opposite eect was observed in experiments. This study underlines the importance of having better methods of measuring radiation damage in situ, in real time, because ex situ experiments are not capable of capturing defect populations that are produced during irradiation but which anneal out when the irradiation source is removed. In (3), we observe a similar increase in thermal diffusivity with irradiation as was observed in (1), but in this case, the eect is due to radiation-induced segregation removing minor alloying elements. Study (3) also demonstrates the utility of using TGS on real nuclear materials, as the TGS results are consistent with the extensive characterization carried out on these samples by previous researchers. These three studies illustrate the utility of TGS for characterizing radiation damage in nuclear materials in a cost-eective, time-ecient manner.
by Sara Elizabeth Ferry.
Ph. D.

Thermal switch is very important in today’s world and it has varies of applications including heat dissipation and engine efficiency improving. The commercial thermal switch based on mechanical design is very slow and the structure is too complicated to make them smaller. To enable fast thermal switch as well as to make thermal switch more compact, I try to use second-order phase transition material to enable our thermal switch. Noticing the transition properties of thermoresponsive polymer for drug delivery, its potential in thermal switch can be expected. I used Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) as an example to show the abrupt thermal conductivity change of thermoresponsive polymer solutions below and above their phase transition temperature. A novel technique, transition grating method, is used to measure the thermal conductivity. The ratio of thermal switch up to 1.15 in transparent PNIPAM solutions after the transition is observed. This work will demonstrate the new design of using second-order phase transition material to enable fast and efficient thermal switch.
Master of Science
Controllable thermal conductivity (thermal switching) is very important to thermal management area and useful in a wide area of applications. Nowadays, mechanical thermal conductivity controller device suffers from large scale and slow transition speeds. To solve these problems, I tired the phase transition thermoresponsive polymers to create quick thermal switching because the thermal conductivity will change with the phase. Thermoresponsive polymers show sharp phase changes upon small changes in temperature. Such polymers are already widely used in biomedical-like applications, the thermal switch applications are not well-studied. In this work, I tested Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (the abbreviation is PNIPAM) as an example to show the quick thermal conductivity changing ability of thermoresponsive polymer when the transition was happened .I used a novel approach, called the TTG, transient thermal grating. It has easy setup and high sensitivity. The thermal conductivity switching ratio as high as 1.15 in transparent PNIPAM solutions after transition is observed. This work will give new opportunities to control thermal switches using the phase change of thermoresponsive material or abrupt other phase change material in general.

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 109-119).
The laser-based transient grating technique was used to study phonon mediated thermal transport in bulk and nanostructured semiconductors and surface wave propagation in a monolayer of micron sized spheres. In the transient grating technique two picosecond pulses are crossed to generate a spatially periodic intensity profile. The spatially periodic profile generates a material excitation with a well-defined wave vector. The time dependence of the spatially periodic material response is measured by monitoring the diffracted signal of an incident probe beam. Non-diffusive thermal transport was observed in thin Si membranes as well as bulk GaAs at relatively short (micron) transient grating periods. First-principles calculations of the phonon mean free paths in Si and GaAs were compared with experimental results and showed good agreement. Preliminary measurements on promising thermoelectric materials such as PbTe and Bi2Te3 are presented showing evidence of non-diffusive transport at short length scales. The transient grating technique was used to measure the thermal conductivity of Si membranes with thickness ranging from 15 nm to 1518 nm. Using the Fuchs-Sondheimer suppression function along with first-principles results, the thermal conductivity as a function of membrane thickness was calculated. The calculations showed excellent agreement with experimental measurements. A convex optimization algorithm was employed to reconstruct the phonon mean free path distribution from experimental measurements. This marks the first experimental determination of the mean free path distribution for a bulk material. Thermal conductivity measurements at low temperatures in a 200 nm Si membrane indicate the breakdown of the diffuse boundary scattering approximation. The transient grating technique was used to generate surface acoustic waves and measure their dispersion in a monolayer of 0.5 - 1 [mu]m diameter silica spheres. The measured dispersion curves show "avoided crossing" behavior due to the interaction between an axial contact resonance of the microspheres and the surface acoustic wave at a frequency of -200MHz for the 1 [mu]m spheres and -700 MHz for the 0.5 [m spheres. The experimental measurements were fit with an analytical model in which the contact stiffness was the only fitting parameter. Preliminary results of surface acoustic wave propagation in microsphere waveguides, transmission through a microsphere strip, and evidence of a nonlinear response in a 2D array of microspheres are presented.
by Jeffrey Kristian Eliason.
Ph. D.

III-nitrides, diamonds are extremely promising wide band gap semiconductor materials for optoelectronics and high temperature, high power electronics. Therefore, there is huge scientific interest in investigation electrical and optical properties of these materials. The light induced transient grating technique (LITG) is very suitable for exploration of carrier dynamics which governed by fundamental and defect related properties of materials. The main goals of the thesis were gain a new knowledge on carrier dynamics in wide bandgap semiconductors (namely GaN, InGaN, and diamonds) by using and developing light induced transient grating technique. The experimental studies on numerous samples, grown at different conditions, combined with extensive measurements in a wide range of carrier densities (1016-1020 cm-3) and temperature (9-300K) was targeted to identify the interplay of radiative an nonradiative recombination mechanisms, to determine carrier lifetime dependence on the excess carrier density, to explain the carrier diffusion coefficient dependence on excitation intensity, to find the optimal materials growth conditions. A novel heterodyne detection scheme for LITG technique was presented. The heterodyning was achieved by coherently mixing the picosecond pulses of diffracted and scattered light. A phase difference between theses fields was controlled by moving holographic beam splitter (HBS) along its grating vector. LITG signal decay kinetics, recorded at two HBS... [to full text]
III grupės nitridai bei deimantai tai platų draustinės energijos tarpą turintys puslaidininkiai, pasižymintys unikaliomis medžiagos savybėmis ir turintys didelį potencialą aukštų temperatūrų, didelių galių, opto/elektroniniams taikymams. Todėl šių medžiagų elektrinės bei optinės savybės pastaruoju metu yra intensyviai tiriamos. Šviesa indukuotų dinaminių gardelių (ŠIDG) metodas labai tinka tyrinėti krūvininkų dinamiką, kuri yra nulemta fundamentinių bei defektinių medžiagos savybių. Pagrindiniai darbo tikslai buvo gauti naujų žinių apie krūvininkų dinamiką plačiatarpiuose puslaidininkiuose (GaN, InGaN bei deimantuose) naudojat bei plėtojant šviesa indukuotų gardelių metodiką. Ištirti didelio nepusiausvirųjų krūvininkų tankio rekombinacijos ir difuzijos ypatumus skirtingo defektiškumo GaN, InGaN sluoksniuose bei sintetiniuose deimantuose. Skaitmeniškai modeliuojant krūvininkų dinamiką nustatyti dominuojančius krūvininkų rekombinacijos mechanizmus bei krūvininkų gyvavimo trukmes, difuzijos koeficientus ir nuotolius. Darbe pristatoma nauja ŠIDG eksperimento schema su holografiniu pluoštelio dalikliu, leidžianti supaprastinti eksperimentą. Ši schema taip pat įgalino heterodininį difrakcijos signalo detektavimą. Parodoma, kad fazės skirtumas tarp signalo ir foninės šviesos gali būti kontroliuojamas keičiant holografinio daliklio padėtį išilgai jo gardelės vektoriaus krypties. Ištyrus didelį kiekį GaN sluoksnių, užaugintų skirtingomis technologijomis bei pasižyminčiu skirtingu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
First, Phillip, Committee Member ; Adibi, Ali, Committee Member ; Raman, Chandra, Committee Member ; Buck, John, Committee Member ; Trebino, Rick, Committee Chair.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2017.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 95-99).
The design and validation of new alloys for engineering applications is limited by the speed at which materials may be tested. In particular, there exist few methods by which the thermal, mechanical, and structural properties of materials may be monitored in conditions that are dynamically changing their microstructure. These conditions, such as heat treatments, radiation exposure, or corrosive environments, are common when material performance needs to be validated. To offset this lack of capability, new non-destructive experimental tools must be developed to facilitate on-line, realtime testing of materials undergoing some type of evolution. In this thesis, a flexible, all-optical methodology known as dual heterodyne phase collection transient grating spectroscopy is developed for this purpose. This method adapts a traditional spectroscopic technique sensitive to thermal and mechanical properties for real-time use. A formalism is also developed to quantify both elastic and thermal transport properties of materials with second-scale resolution. These new tools are then used to study the short-timescale oxidation kinetics of Fe-12Cr-2Si, a model alloy with oxide layer formation properties similar to large classes of Fr-Cr alloys. By monitoring the effect of thin oxide layers on surface thermal transport, there exists a pathway to continuously determine the thickness of a tens of nanometers thick growing oxide layer in real-time. Despite the lack of clarity in the particular set of experimental results presented here, the potential for the methods developed in this thesis is large. In-situ materials testing of this type may allow for a drastic increase in the pace of materials development by reducing the need for post-evolution, destructive materials testing between each design iteration.
by Cody Andrew Dennett.
S.M.

This thesis describes a method developed to quickly measure the Rayleigh wave Q for a test material using a minimally invasive laser probe. The probe was donated to our lab by Dr. Alex Maznev at Phillips AMS in Natick, Ma. The machine was originally used to measure ultra thin film metal thicknesses; however we have utilized it to suit our needs. The optics head relies on a technique known as the transient grating method to generate a dispersion curve. This dispersion curve is then operated on by a local approximation for the Kramers-Kronig relations. The Kramers-Kronig relations for acoustic waves relate the real and imaginary parts of the dynamic compressibility to one another. The real part of the compressibility relates to the phase velocity of the wave and the imaginary part relates to the attenuation. Once the attenuation for the corresponding range of frequencies is determined the last step is to apply both the dispersion data and the attenuation data to the material Q equation to find Q over a range of frequencies. This thesis discusses the design of the machine, the theory behind the Kramers-Kronig relations and surface acoustic waves, the experimental procedure, and lastly results generated by the technique.

Semiconductor nanostructures exhibit many remarkable electronic and optical properties. The key to designing and utilising semiconductor quantum structures is a physical understanding of the detailed excitation, transport and energy relaxation processes. Thus the nonequilibrium dynamics of semiconductor quantum structures have attracted extensive attention in recent years. Ultrafast spectroscopy has proven to be a versatile and powerful tool for investigating transient phenomena related to the relaxation and transport dynamics in semiconductors. In this thesis, we report investigations into the electronic and optical properties of various semiconductor quantum systems using a variety of ultrafast techniques, including up-conversion photoluminescence, pump-probe, photon echoes and four-wave mixing. The semiconductor quantum systems studied include ZnO/ZnMgO multiple quantum wells with oxygen ion implantation, InGaAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots with different doping, InGaAs/InP quantum wells with proton implantation, and silicon quantum dots. The spectra of these semiconductor nanostructures range from the ultraviolet region, through the visible, to the infrared. In the UV region we investigate excitons, biexcitons and oxygen implantation effects in ZnO/ZnMgO multi-quantum wells using four-wave mixing, pump-probe and photoluminescence techniques. Using time-resolved up-conversion photoluminescence, we investigate the relaxation dynamics and state filling effect in InGaAs self-assembled quantum dots with different doping, and the implantation effect in InGaAs/InP quantum wells. Finally, we study the optical properties of silicon quantum dots using time-resolved photoluminescence and photon echo spectroscopy on various time scales, ranging from microseconds to femtoseconds.

2013/2014
The present work of thesis is situated within the framework of the study of disordered systems as liquids and glasses. A liquid is a system characterized by long range translational invariance and by a short range ordered structure. In the liquid state, contrarily to the crystalline one, there is not structural periodicity and all we learnt from solid state physics (Block’s theorem, phonons, Brillouin’s zones, eigen-states of plane waves, etc.) must be fully revised. The macroscopic collective properties of condensed matter are the result of inter and intra-molecular interactions that are typified by characteristic time and space scales. A longstanding and powerful tool to investigate the collective nature of the microscopic processes inside the system is the acoustic spectroscopy. While in the case of crystalline phase we could take advantage of the periodical structure of the system, limiting our investigation to the so called first Brillouin zone, in order to characterize a disordered system we need to explore a widest as possible spectral range to access the all time and space scales in which the dynamical phenomena occur. This approach can be called Broad Band Acoustic Spectroscopy . My PhD activity was devoted to the development of new experimental methods and techniques allowing the exploration with continuity of dynamics evolving with timescales from tenth’s of ns’s to ps’s. I could test such Broad Band Acoustic Spectroscopy on a prototypical sample: acetonitrile, the liquid with highest dipole moment, known for its many different inter- and intra-molecular dynamics. Using several experimental and computational approaches I could characterize the main dynamical processes for such compound in its whole liquid phase. Thanks to the crossing of the all acquired information, it was possible to identify a mutual influence between different relaxations whose behaviour otherwise was not possible to correctly understand. After a brief introduction to contextualize the Broad Band Acoustic Spectroscopy in disordered systems, in Chapter 1 is presented an overview of the experimental techniques used to perform the measurements within this work. In this chapter, the first my original contribution to the extension of acoustic spectral range finds the place. Thanks to the design and realization of particular spatial filters it is now possible to perform Brillouin Light Scattering experiments with angle tunabil- ity without incurring in annoying spurious contributions issues. In the chapter are also recalled the main physical principles at the ground of every presented tech- nique, in particular stressing the complementarity of the energy and time resolved spectroscopies. Because all the information from the inner dynamics of the sample are mediated by the acoustic modes interaction, Chapter 2 is dedicated to the formalism of the density fluctuations, highlighting the differences between the hydrodynamic model, valid at macroscopic length-scales, and the memory functions approach, necessary to describe the mesoscopic region where the characteristic length-scales of the acoustic modes are comparable to the inter-particles distances. In Chapter 3 are shown the experimental results obtained thanks to the Broad Band Spectroscopy in the whole temperature range of the liquid phase of acetoni- trile. We could first measure some thermodynamical quantities by a non linear spectroscopy named Transient Grating, shedding light on the literature debate on them. Among the obtained results, we appreciated a temperature dependency of the heat capacity ratio which is usually considered a constant. Starting from these results and using the filtering approach introduced in Chapter 1, we could profitably study the vibrational relaxation of acetonitrile discovering some relevant discrepan- cies with previous studies. In this way we demonstrated the importance to avoid eventual spurious contributions and to have complementary information from dif- ferent spectral domains. Then there will be shown the results for the so called structural relaxation, obtained in the high energy domain by Inelastic X-ray Scat- tering. A really interesting correlation has been found with the result obtained by the ultrafast response of the Transient Grating method. Once again, to obtain such comparison was necessary to combine the information arising from many different spectral ranges, fact that highlights the utility and endorses the multi-techniques broad band acoustic spectroscopy method. The temperature dependence of the aforementioned relaxation processes sug- gested to evaluate if any coupling there exist between the two. This is exactly what we were able to appreciate in the deep-UV domain and we proposed a phenomeno- logical model to give a picture of the occurring interaction. To further investigate such dynamics coupling effect, could be extremely useful to explore the soft-UV spectral range but so far any technique was able to access such energy domain. In Chapter 4 we thus present our innovative solution to the problem: a novel table top Fabry-Perot interferometer conceived to operate with UV laser source and with only reflecting optics. The last chapters of the thesis describe my contribution to the forthcoming Free Electron Laser (FEL) based experiment to further increase the accessible spectral range to the acoustic spectroscopy: the TIMER project. In particular I will show the result obtained with the pilot experiment named “mini-TIMER” in which we could demonstrate the feasibility of a Transient Grating experiment in the Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV) domain. When TIMER will be operative it will be the first experimental setup able to probe the EUV mesoscopic region of crucial importance for the study of glasses and nano-structures. This result paves the way to a new class of intriguing experiments only matter of theoretical considerations so far: the so called four wave mixing experiments with elemental selectivity.
Il presente lavoro di tesi si colloca nell’ambito dello studio dei sistemi disordi- nati quali liquidi e vetri. Un liquido ´e un sistema caratterizzato da invarianza traslazionale a lungo raggio e da una struttura ordinata a corto raggio. Lo stato liquido, a differenza di quello cristallino, non gode di una periodicit`a strutturale e tutto ci`o che avevamo imparato dalla fisica dello stato solido (teorema di Block, fononi, zone di Brillouin, autostati di onde piane, etc.) deve essere completamente rivisto. Le propriet`a collettive della materia sono il risultato di interazioni a livello inter- e intra-molecolare identificate da caratteristiche scale temporali e spaziali. Uno strumento ormai affermato e utile per lo studio della natura collettiva dei processi microscopici attivi all’interno del sistema ´e la spettroscopia acustica. Mentre nel caso della fase cristallina si poteva sfruttare la natura periodica della struttura del sistema, limitando lo studio alla cosiddetta prima zona di Brillouin, per caratteriz- zare un sistema disordinato ´e necessario esplorare un intervallo spettrale il pi`u ampio possibile cosí da poter aver accesso alle scale spazio-temporali in cui le dinamiche avvengo. Questo tipo di approccio pu`o essere chiamato Spettroscopia Acustica ad Ampia Banda Spettrale . Il mio dottorato ´e stato dedicato allo sviluppo di nuovi metodi e tecniche speri- mentali per esplorare con continuit`a i processi dinamici la cui evoluzione avviene su scale di tempi tra le decine di ns e i ps. Tale Spettroscopia Acustica ad Ampia Banda Spettrale ´e stata testata su un campione prototipo di acetonitrile, il liquido con il pi´u alto momento di dipolo esistente, noto per le sue molteplici dinamiche di orgine inter- e intra-molecolare. Usando diversi approcci sperimentali e computazionali ´e stato possibile caratterizzare i principali processi di rilassamento per tale composto in tutta la sua fase liquida. Combinando poi tutte le informazioni acquisite, ´e stato possibile indentificare una mutua influenza tra i diversi processi di rilassamento il cui comportamento altrimenti sarebbe rimasto incompreso. Dopo una breve introduzione per contestualizzare la Spettroscopia Acustica ad Ampia Banda Spettrale nell’ambito dei sistemi disordinati, nel Capitolo 1 viene offerta una panoramica delle tecniche sperimentali usate per effettuare le misure nel corso di questo lavoro. Trova posto in questo capitolo la descrizione del mio primo originale contributo all’estensione dell’intervallo spettrale acustico. Grazie alla progettazione e realizzazione di particolari filtri spaziali ´e ora possibile effet- tuare esperimenti di diffusione di luce Brillouin con angolo di scattering variabile senza dover incorrere in fastidiosi problemi di contributi spuri. Nel capitolo vengono anche richiamati i principali elementi di fisica alla base di ogni tecnica, marcando in particolare la caratteristica di complementariet`a tra esperimenti risolti in tempo e in energia. Siccome tutte le informazioni a proposito delle dinamiche interne del campione sono mediate dall’interazione coi modi acustici, il Capitolo 2´e dedicato al formalismo delle fluttuazioni di densit`a, evidenziando le differenze tra il modello idrodinamico, valido per scale spaziali macroscopiche, e l’approccio delle funzioni memoria, nec- essario per descrivere la regione mesoscopica dove le dimensioni caratteristiche dei modi acustici diventano confrontabili con le distanze tra le particelle. Nel Capitolo 3 sono riportati i risultati sperimentali ottenuti mediante la Spet- troscopia Acustica ad Ampio Intervallo Spettrale nell’intero range di temperature in cui l’acetonitrile permane allo stato liquido. Per prima cosa, attraverso un tecnica fotonica di spettroscopia non lineare (Transient Grating) ´e stato possibile misurare alcune variabili termodinamiche, potendo fare chiarezza tra i vari contributi presenti in letteratura. Tra i risultati ottenuti, la dipendenza in temperatura del rapporto tra i calori specifici laddove usualmente viene considerata costante. Partendo da questi risultati e usando l’approccio di filtraggio introdotto nel Capitolo 1, ´e stato possibile studiare il rilassamento vibrazionale dell’acetonitrile scoprendo alcune ril- evanti discrepanze con i precedenti lavori riportati in letteratura. Abbiamo cosí dimostrato l’importanza di eliminare eventuali contributi spuri e di poter attingere a informazioni complementari da diversi domini spettrali. Verr`a inoltre mostrato il risultato dello studio del cosiddetto rilassamento strutturale effettuato nel range di alte energie grazie allo Scattering di raggi X. Una interessante correlazione si ´e po- tuta riscontrare tra i risultati di questo esperimento e quelli ottenuti con la tecnica Transient Grating nella sua risposta ultraveloce. Ancora una volta, per ottenere tale risultato ´e stato necessario combinare informazioni provenienti da molti inter- valli spettrali diversi, confermando la validit`a di un approccio multi-tecnica come quello della spettroscopia acustica a larga banda spettrale. L’andamento in tem- peratura dei suddetti processi di rilassamento suggerivano di valutare la presenza di un eventuale accoppiamento tra i due fenomeni. ´E esattamente ci`o che abbiamo osservato esplorando il dominio del profondo ultravioletto e per il quale abbiamo proposto un modello fenomenologico in grado di fornire una rappresentazione delle interazioni in gioco. Per poter approfondire tale fenomeno di accoppiamento sarebbe estremamente utile poter esplorare l’intervallo spettrale degli UV soffici, ma fino ad oggi nessuna tecnica era in grado accedere a tale range. Nel Capitolo 4 mostriamo la nostra innovativa soluzione al problema: un nuovo interferometro Farby-Perot “table-top”, concepito per lavorare con una sorgente UV laser e con sole ottiche riflettive. Gli ultimi capitoli della tesi descrivono il mio contributo al prossimo esperi- mento avente come sorgente di luce un laser ad elettroni liberi: il progetto TIMER, destinato ad aumentare ulteriormente il range spettrale sperimentalmente acces- sibile con la spettroscopia acustica. In particolare, mostrer`o i risultati ottenuti nell’esperimentopilotachiamato“mini-TIMER”graziealqualedimostratolapossibilit`a di effettuare un esperimento Transient Grating anche nel range spettrale dell’estremo UV (EUV). Quando TIMER sar`a operativo sar`a il primo setup sperimentale in grado di sondare la regione mesoscopica nell’EUV, zona di cruciale importanza per lo studio dei vetri e delle nanostrutture. Questo risultato apre inoltre la strada ad una nuova classe di interessanti esperimenti ad oggi oggetto solo di considerazioni teoriche: i cosiddetti esperimenti di “four wave mixing” combinati con la selettivit`a elementale che la radiazione EUV pu`o fornire.
XXVI Ciclo
1985

Disertacija skirta nepusiausvirųjų krūvininkų dinamikos tyrimams InN, InGaN ir GaAsBi heterosandarose naudojant šviesa indukuotų dinaminių gardelių ir skirtuminio pralaidumo metodikas. Atlikti tyrimai plačiame nepusiausvirųjų krūvininkų tankių ir bandinio temperatūrų intervale parodė, kad krūvininkų rekombinacijos sparta MBE būdu užaugintuose InN sluoksniuose dominuojantis rekombinacijos mechanizmas kambario temperatūroje yra gaudyklių įtakota Ožė rekombinacija. Nustatyta koreliacija tarp krūvininkų gyvavimo trukmės ir difuzijos koeficiento MOCVD būdu užaugintame InGaN sluoksnyje su 13% In parodė, kad krūvininkų gyvavimo trukmę lemia difuzinė jų perneša link rekobinacijos centrų. Parodoma, kad MBE metodu užaugintuose InGaN sluoksniuose su dideliu In kiekiu (x>0,7) didėjant Ga kiekiui didėja nespindulinės rekombinacijos centrų tankis, o krūvininkų rekombinacijos sparta yra termiškai aktyvuojama. MOCVD metodu užaugintose InGaN kvantinėse sandarose dinaminių gardelių tyrimais parodoma, kad spartėjančią krūvininkų rekombinaciją didėjant sužadinimo intensyvumui lemia ne tik spindulinė rekombinacija, tačiau reikia atsižvelgti ir į nespindulinės rekombinacijos spartėjimą. Nustatyta, kad į GaAs įterpiant Bi atomus daugiau nei dešimt kartų sumažėja skylių judris dėl Bi atomų kuriamų valentinės juostos fliuktuacijų.
The thesis is dedicated to investigation of carrier dynamics in InN, InGaN, and GaAsBi heterostructures by using light-induced transient gratings and differential transmission techniques. The experimental studies in a wide range of excess carrier densities and temperatures revealed that trap-assisted Auger recombination is the dominant recombination mechanism in MBE-grown InN layers at room temperature. Investigation of carrier dynamics in In-rich InGaN alloys revealed that density of fast nonradiative recombination centers increases with Ga content. The correlation between excess carrier lifetime and diffusion coefficient in MOCVD-grown single InGaN layer with 13% In is governed by diffusive flow to the extended defects. Investigations of carrier lifetime and diffusivity dependence on excitation fluence indicated that both nonradiative and radiative recombination contribute to an increase of excess carrier recombination rate at high photo-excitation levels in MOCVD-grown InGaN multiple quantum wells. Transient grating measurements in MBE-grown GaAsBi layers with different Bi content revealed that Bi induced potential fluctuations determine the tenfold decrease in nonequilibrium hole mobility, if compare to GaAs.

The thesis is dedicated to investigation of carrier dynamics in InN, InGaN, and GaAsBi heterostructures by using light-induced transient gratings and differential transmission techniques. The experimental studies in a wide range of excess carrier densities and temperatures revealed that trap-assisted Auger recombination is the dominant recombination mechanism in MBE-grown InN layers at room temperature. Investigation of carrier dynamics in In-rich InGaN alloys revealed that density of fast nonradiative recombination centers increases with Ga content. The correlation between excess carrier lifetime and diffusion coefficient in MOCVD-grown single InGaN layer with 13% In is governed by diffusive flow to the extended defects. Investigations of carrier lifetime and diffusivity dependence on excitation fluence indicated that both nonradiative and radiative recombination contribute to an increase of excess carrier recombination rate at high photo-excitation levels in MOCVD-grown InGaN multiple quantum wells. Transient grating measurements in MBE-grown GaAsBi layers with different Bi content revealed that Bi induced potential fluctuations determine the tenfold decrease in nonequilibrium hole mobility, if compare to GaAs.
Disertacija skirta nepusiausvirųjų krūvininkų dinamikos tyrimams InN, InGaN ir GaAsBi heterosandarose naudojant šviesa indukuotų dinaminių gardelių ir skirtuminio pralaidumo metodikas. Atlikti tyrimai plačiame nepusiausvirųjų krūvininkų tankių ir bandinio temperatūrų intervale parodė, kad krūvininkų rekombinacijos sparta MBE būdu užaugintuose InN sluoksniuose dominuojantis rekombinacijos mechanizmas kambario temperatūroje yra gaudyklių įtakota Ožė rekombinacija. Nustatyta koreliacija tarp krūvininkų gyvavimo trukmės ir difuzijos koeficiento MOCVD būdu užaugintame InGaN sluoksnyje su 13% In parodė, kad krūvininkų gyvavimo trukmę lemia difuzinė jų perneša link rekobinacijos centrų. Parodoma, kad MBE metodu užaugintuose InGaN sluoksniuose su dideliu In kiekiu (x>0,7) didėjant Ga kiekiui didėja nespindulinės rekombinacijos centrų tankis, o krūvininkų rekombinacijos sparta yra termiškai aktyvuojama. MOCVD metodu užaugintose InGaN kvantinėse sandarose dinaminių gardelių tyrimais parodoma, kad spartėjančią krūvininkų rekombinaciją didėjant sužadinimo intensyvumui lemia ne tik spindulinė rekombinacija, tačiau reikia atsižvelgti ir į nespindulinės rekombinacijos spartėjimą. Nustatyta, kad į GaAs įterpiant Bi atomus daugiau nei dešimt kartų sumažėja skylių judris dėl Bi atomų kuriamų valentinės juostos fliuktuacijų.

Disertacija skirta nepusiausvirųjų krūvininkų dinamikos tyrimams SiC, GaN bei deimantuose naudojant šviesa indukuotų dinaminių gardelių, diferencinio pralaidumo, diferencinio atspindžio bei fotoliuminescencijos metodikas. Taipogi pristatomos naujos sugerties koeficiento matavimo bei gyvavimo trukmės mikroskopijos metodikos. Tyrimai atlikti plačiame nepusiausvirųjų krūvininkų tankių ir temperatūrų intervale esant vienfotoniam bei dvifotoniam sužadinimui. Nustatytas stiprus krūvininkų difuzijos koeficiento priklausomumas nuo krūvininkų tankio ir temperatūros. Jis paaiškintas fononine sklaida, krūvininkų tarpusavio sąveikos procesais bei išsigimimu. Buvo nustatyta, kad netiesiatarpiuose SiC ir deimanto puslaidininkiuose prie mažų sužadinimų rekombinacija yra ribota taškiniais bei paviršiniais defektais, o GaN dominuoja rekombinacija ant tarpkristalitinių ribų. Taipogi pasireiškė netiesinis Ože rekombinacijos procesas, kuris prie žemų sužadinimų buvo sustiprintas kulonine sąveika bei susilpnintas prie didelių dėl elektron-fononinės sąveikos ekranavimo bei išsigimimo. Fotoliuminescencijos efektyvumas parodė, kad spindulinės rekombinacijos koeficientas GaN mažėja nuo sužadinimo, tuo tarpu SiC jis nuo žadinimo nepriklauso. Kompensuojančių defektų (aliuminio SiC ir boro deimante) koncentracijos ir aktyvacijos energijos nustatytos stebint jų sąlygotos sugerties įsisotinimą bei jų signalo relaksacijos spartos priklausomybę nuo temperatūros.
The thesis is dedicated to investigation of carrier dynamics in SiC, GaN and diamond by using light-induced transient gratings, differential transmittivity, differential reflectivity and photoluminescence techniques. Also new absorption coefficient measurement and carrier lifetime microscopy techniques are presented. The experimental studies were performed in a wide range of excess carrier densities and temperatures under single- and two- photon excitation conditions. Strong diffusion coefficient temperature and injection dependences were determined. They were explained by phonon scattering, inter-carrier interaction processes and degeneracy. It was determined, that in indirect-gap SiC and diamond semiconductors at low injections lifetime is limited by point and surface defects, while in GaN recombination on grain boundaries prevails. Also nonlinear Auger recombination coefficient was observed. It was Coulombically enhanced at low injections and screened at high ones. Photoluminescence efficiency revealed radiative recombination coefficient reduction with injection in GaN. On the other hand, in SiC radiative coefficient was injection independent. Compensating defect (aluminum in SiC and boron in diamond) concentrations and activation energies were determined from their absorption saturation and recovery rate temperature dependences.

Une molécule soumise à un champ laser infra-rouge intense (dans la gamme des 10 14 W.cm−2) peut être ionisée par effet tunnel. Le paquet d’ondes électroniques (POE) ainsi libéré est alors accéléré par le champ laser et, lorsqu’il repasse à proximité de l’ion parent, il a une certaine probabilité de se recombiner dans son état fondamental. Lors de cette recombinaison, le POE libère son énergie sous la forme d’un flash attoseconde (1as=10 −18s) de rayons XUV. Cette émission cohérente est produite à chaque demi-cycle laser résultant en un train d’impulsions attosecondes. Dans le domaine spectral, ce train correspond à un spectre discret d’harmoniques de la fréquence lasers. L’étape de recombinaison de l’électron avec l’ion parent peut être considérée comme une sonde de la structure des orbitales de valence moléculaires participant à la génération d’harmoniques et de la dynamique ayant lieu dans l’ion pendant l’excursion de l’électron dans le continuum. En caractérisant en amplitude, phase et polarisation, l’émission harmonique associée à cette recombinaison, il est possible de remonter à ces informations structurales et dynamiques avec une précision de l’ordre de l’Ångström et une résolution attoseconde. En particulier, la phase de l’émission harmonique qui est difficile à caractériser, encode des informations indispensables à la bonne compréhension des processus ayant lieu dans le milieu de génération. Nous présentons les principes et testons de nouvelles techniques permet tant de caractériser la phase de l’émission attoseconde suivant plusieurs dimensions à la fois et dans un laps de temps optimisé. Dans une première partie, nous présentons une méthode permettant de caractériser rapidement la phase spectrale de l’émission harmonique, fondée sur un modèle en champ fort de la photoionisation à deux couleurs (RABBIT). Nous introduisons ensuite une nouveau dispositif interférométrique à deux sources, permettant de mesurer les variations de phase de l’émission attoseconde induites par l’excitation d’un paquet d’ondes rotationnelles ou vibrationnelles. Ce dispositif très stable, compact et sobre énergétiquement repose sur l’utilisation d’un élément optique de diffraction (DOE) binaire. Après avoir qualifié notre dispositif par des simulations numériques et des expériences préliminaires, nous montrons qu’il est si sensible qu’il permet de mesurer les variations de phase en fonction du paramètre d’excitation pour différentes trajectoires électroniques dans le continuum. Pour l’azote et le dioxyde de carbone, les mesures expérimentales montrent des variations de phase très différentes pour les deux premières trajectoires électroniques. Ce DOE est ensuite utilisé pour mesurer la phase de l’émission harmonique dans les molécules alignées dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales que le RABBIT. Les deux expériences menées successivement donnent des résultats compatibles que nous combinons par deux méthodes différentes : le CHASSEUR et le MAMMOTH. Enfin, nous proposons de combiner le DOE avec un réseau transitoire pour caractériser simultanément la phase de l'émission attoseconde moléculaire suivant deux axes de polarisation différents. Ces différentes techniques de mesure de phase nous ont permis d’étudier précisément l’émission harmonique suivant différentes dimensions (angle d’alignement, intensité de génération, trajectoire électronique) et d’en tirer de nouvelles informations sur le mécanisme de génération dans les molécules
When a low-frequency laser pulse is focused to a high intensity into a gas, the electric field of the laser light may become of comparable strength to that felt by the electrons bound in an atom or molecule. A valence electron can then be 'freed' by tunnel ionization, accelerated by the strong oscillating laser field and can eventually recollide and recombine with the ion. The gained kinetic energy is then released as a burst of coherent XUV light which is spectrally organized as harmonics of the fundamental driving field frequency.In high-harmonic molecular spectroscopy, the recombining electron wave-packet probes the structure of the molecule and the dynamics occurring in the ion left after tunnel ionization. The XUV burst is imprinted with this information which can be retrieved through an accurate characterization of the amplitude, phase and polarization of the harmonics. In the case of small molecules as nitrogen and carbon dioxide, impulsive alignment allows to change the direction of recombination of the electron wave-packet with respect to the molecular axis. The XUV burst from the molecular sample should then be characterized both along the spectral dimension and the alignment angle one, and this for the two polarization components. In this report, we present a new experimental scheme to perform two-source interferometry to measure the phase of the emission in aligned molecules along the alignment angle dimension. We how a refined spatio-spectral analysis of the fringe patterns obtained with this very stable interferometer allows one to extend high-harmonic spectroscopy from short to long trajectories. We then show how the combination of this setup together with RABBIT gives access to a bidimensionnal (spectrum and alignment angle) phase map with no arbitrary constant. Finally comparing two-source interferometry with transient grating spectroscopy leads to inconsistent results that can be interpreted taking into consideration polarization effects

La "cryopolymérisation" permet d'obtenir des gels de polymère macroporeux ou "cryogels". Cette méthode a été utilisée pour la synthèse d'hydrogels thermosensibles à base de pNIPA. La température critique TC correspondant à la transition de volume a été déterminée par des mesures de taux de gonflement et par DSC. La macroporosité (distribution de la taille des pores et épaisseur des parois) et son évolution en fonction de T ont été étudiées par la microscopie biphotonique donnant des informations à l'échelle du µm à plusieurs dizaines de µm. La diffusion de rayons X (SAXS et WAXS) a été utilisée pour caractériser la structure multi-échelle (de quelques dixièmes à quelques dizaines de nm) du gel constituant les parois des macropores. Les courbes de diffusion ont été décrites analytiquement. L'évolution des dix paramètres contenus dans l'équation a été étudiée en fonction de T et discutée. Enfin, des expériences utilisant les phonons hyperfréquences générés par la technique des réseaux transitoires avec détection hétérodyne (HD-TG) ont été réalisées. Ces mesures ont permis de déterminer la vitesse de propagation de l'onde ultra-sonore (à 340 MHz), son atténuation, et la constante de diffusion thermique à différentes températures.

碩士
國立清華大學
光電工程研究所
104
In the thesis, we have investigated on distributed feedback structure toward optical parametric oscillation. In order to fabricate a grating structure in the nonlinear gain medium such as MgO: LN, we used nano-second 355 nm UV pulse laser with interferometer technique to induce a periodical refractive index modulation (grating) structure, and this phenomenon is generated by photorefractive effect. Also, we demonstrated an optical parametric generation in MgO: LN which is used to detect the DFB structure. In our knowledge, Mg-doped LiNbO3 is better than pure congruent LiNbO3 with low noise, fast photorefractive response time, higher photorefractive sensitivity and optical damage threshold. We demonstrated a type I phase matching optical parametric generation with pump 532 nm by changing the temperature of the crystal from 200.7 to 106.5℃. The results shows a wide tuning range of signal and idler from 817.5 to 1523 nm. In order to design a tunable resonated cavity structure which means a tunable grating structure, we investigated on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). In the experiment, when we pump a 355 nm UV with interferometer pattern, we discovered that there is a transient grating structure in the ITO by two-photon absorption. The maxima value of the refractive index change in ITO is ∆n=4.1×〖10〗^(-3). The tunable grating period in our interferometer setup is widely from 193.6 nm to 766.7 nm, which means the resonated wavelength is from 890nm to 2.5 μm. This particular transient grating result may give a chance on DFB OPO wave guide in future. Furthermore, in theoretical simulation, we combined the coupled-wave theory with DFB theory to discuss the longitudinal mode selectivity and parametric threshold gain, also we modified the simulation with considering the absorption term completely. At last, we used the present experimental results and then combined it into the theory. To understand the physics and the opportunity for application.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
100
Recently, Fiber Bragg Grating has become a popular sensor to all walks of life for its excellent transmission characteristics and mechanical properties. And its static and dynamic, especially with power modulation, measurement ability has been recognized as well. Different from other sensors such as strain gauge and piezoelectric file, optical fiber has slender geometric characteristic that can apply to some tricky positions, which other sensors failed to achieve. The thesis is to discuss the result by using FBG’s slender geometric characteristic to measure the dynamic strain behavior on edge and vertex of a three-dimensional solid. The experiments will be divided into two parts, the measurement of one-dimensional transient strain on solid edge and the measurement of three-dimensional transient strain on solid vertex. First, by using free fall steel ball to impact the structure, a long time response will be generated. Transferring the long time response to get the resonant frequency by using Fast Fourier Transform, then compare with the simulate result by using finite element method. After confirming the resonant frequency is correct, I use PVDF sensor to measure the force history of the impact of free fall steel ball. With the force history, we can simulate the transient wave propagation result by using finite element method and compare with the measurement result by using Fiber Bragg Grating sensor. After getting the dynamic characteristic of solid in the air, the next step is to analysis the problem of the solid-liquid coupling. Put the solid into the water and measure the change of time response and resonant frequency under different water levels.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
103
Recently, the optical fiber sensors, especially the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, have been rapidly developed due to the advantages such as excellent mechanical properties, thin geometries, high sensitivity and electromagnetics immunity. It can be applied to static analysis by demodulating the FBG central wavelength or dynamic measurement by power modulated system, and both of them can measure multiple points in the same time with wavelength division multiplexer. On the other hand, digital image correlation (DIC), which is a non-contact and full field measurement technique, has also been used widely for measurement of displacement and strain problems. Both of them are developed in our laboratory and this thesis is going to use these techniques to design the high precision pressure sensors and improve these developed measurement techniques. The main object of this research is focused on the application of FBG on measuring small pressure changes due to the disturbance of fluid. We also use the theory of thin plate and the coupled mode theory to design FBG pressure sensors. The FBG pressure sensor we designed and manufactured can be used for measuring not only the air pressure but also the water pressure. It can detect the small pressure change by the I-MON system or the dynamic pressure change from power modulated system. Then we compared the signals, which include the water pressure, the pressure change of the loudspeaker system and the fan system, with the commercially available pressure sensors. We also compared the sensitivity and response of the FBG pressure sensor with theoretical simulation. In terms of the FBG measurement techniques, we did a series experiments and compared to other measurement system to confirm the accuracy of the signals acquired by the I-MON system. We also introduced a wide bandwidth tilted fiber Bragg grating as the filter in power modulated system to measure the high amplitude and dynamic signals. Furthermore, we evaluate the feasibility of the application of FBG on the turning tools monitoring by comparing the experiment results with the dynamometer.

碩士
國立中山大學
物理學系研究所
92
Azo-Dye Doped Liquid Crystal (DDLC) is a developed material which can be used to fabricate optical shutter, displays, etc. In this thesis, we presents of the transient grating on a planar aligned DDLC. The effect of various polarizations of writing and probing beams, and of temperature on the transient grating are examined. Then, we propose a model to explain the result. Through this study, we understand the factors that determine the light-induced aligning Dye effect on nematic liquid crystals.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
96
Recently, the optical fiber sensing technologies, especially fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, have been rapidly developed due to the advantages such as excellent mechanical properties, high sensitivity and electromagnetic immunity. The measurement ability of FBG sensors in static and low frequency responses has been demonstrated, and there are many successful engineering applications. However, further investigations are needed for FBG to improve the measurement ability in high frequency and transient responses. In the theoretical analysis of FBG, the coupled-mode theory is used to present the reflected spectra and to simulate the responses under static and dynamic strain fields. The results indicate that the sensitivity declines with the increase of input frequency and the increase of frequency and amplitude of strain result in signal distortion. The concept of distortion that limit the practical applications is established to discuss the dynamic sensing range of FBG. In the experiments of FBG, the power modulated sensing system is established to measure the transient responses of dynamic strain for structural components under impact loadings, which include solid rod, hollow tube and suspended cable. The strain gage is also used to measure simultaneously with the FBG sensors to compare the results obtained from two different techniques. In addition, the frequency spectra of experimental results are analyzed and compared with theory and finite element method. According to the available results, it is proved that FBG sensors have excellent ability for dynamic strain measurement. At the same time, the transient wave propagation properties of structural components are analyzed in detail and the associated applications are established.

The physics of transport of heat-carrying atomic vibrations in amorphous and semi-crystalline solids is a topic of fundamental interest. Diverse tools have been employed to study thermal transport in these materials, including cryogenic thermal conductivity measurements and various inelastic scattering tools. However, unambiguously identifying the damping mechanisms of few THz and smaller frequency excitations remains difficult owing to the lack of the experimental probes in the frequency band. As a result, debate has remained regarding the microscopic origin of weak acoustic damping in amorphous silicon (Si), the unusually high thermal conductivity of ultra-drawn polyethylene, and other topics.

In this thesis, we investigate the transport properties of heat-carrying acoustic excitations in semi-crystalline and amorphous solids using transient grating spectroscopy. This optical method permits the creation of thermal gradients over sub-micron length scales which may be comparable to the attenuation lengths of the excitations. We show how these measurements can be used to constrain the damping mechanisms in the sub-THz range that has been historically inaccessible by typical methods such as inelastic scattering.

First, we report measurements of the bulk thermal conductivity and elastic properties of MoS₂ thin films. Specifically, we use TG to measure the in-plane longitudinal sound velocity and thermal conductivity. We do not observe any size effects of thermal conductivity with grating period, indicating that the propagating distance of heat-carrying acoustic phonons are smaller than the thermal length scale accessible in the experiment. This result is consistent with the mean free paths predicted from ab-initio numerical methods.

Second, we utilize the capability of TG to resolve the microscopic heat transport properties of phonons in highly oriented semi-crystalline polyethylene (PE). Earlier experimental studies have reported thermal conductivities of up to ~ 100 Wm⁻¹ K⁻¹ crystalline polyethylene, orders of magnitude larger than the bulk value of ~ 0.4 Wm⁻¹ K⁻¹. However, the microscopic origin of the high thermal conductivity remains unclear. We address this question by applying TG to highly oriented polyethylene to show that mean free paths on micron length scales are the dominant heat carriers. Using a low-energy anisotropic Debye model to interpret these data, we find evidence of one-dimensional phonon density of states for excitations of frequency less than ~ 2 THz. This transition frequency is consistent with the unique features of ultradrawn PE, in particular the stiff longitudinal branch leading to wavelengths of 8 nm at 2 THz frequency; and fiber diameters < 10 nm observed in prior structural studies of ultradrawn polymers; so that the wavelength does indeed exceed the fiber diameter at the relevant frequencies.

Finally, we report the measurements of the frequency-resolved mean free path of heat-carrying acoustic excitation in amorphous silicon (aSi), for the first time. The heat-carrying acoustic excitations of amorphous silicon are of interest because their mean free paths approach the micron scale at room temperature. Despite extensive investigation, the origin of the weak acoustic damping in the heat-carrying frequencies remains a topic of debate for decades. A prior study suggested a framework of classifying the vibrations into propagons, diffusons, and locons. Propagons were considered phonon-like, delocalized, propagating vibrations; locons as localized vibrations, and diffusons as delocalized yet non-propagating vibrations. Following the framework, numerous works have predicted mechanism of acoustic damping in aSi, but the predictions have contradicted to observations in experiments. In this work, we obtained measurements of the frequency-dependent mean free path in amorphous silicon thin films from ~0.1-3 THz and over temperatures from 60 - 315 K using picosecond acoustics (PSA) and transient grating spectroscopy. We first describe our PSA experiments to resolve the attenuation of 0.1 THz acoustic excitations in aSi. We then present our table-top approach to resolve MFP of heat-carrying acoustic excitation between ~ 0.1-3 using TG spectroscopy. The mean free paths are independent of temperature and exhibit a Rayleigh scattering trend over most of this frequency range. The observed trend is inconsistent with the predictions of numerical studies based on normal mode analysis, but agrees with diverse measurements on other glasses. The micron-scale MFPs in amorphous Si arise from the absence of Akhiezer and two-level system damping in the sub-THz frequencies, leading to heat-carrying acoustic excitations with room-temperature damping comparable to that of other glasses at cryogenic temperatures. Our results allow us to establish a clear picture for the origin of micron-scale damping in aSi by understanding vibrations as acoustic excitation rather than propagons, diffusons, and locons.

博士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
96
A method for setting up a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor which can measure the point-wise, out-of-plane or in-plane dynamic displacement is proposed. A multiplexing demodulation system based on a single long-period fiber grating (LPFG) or an FBG filter is used in this study. First, the FBG displacement sensor is employed as a feedback sensor in a multilayer piezoceramic actuator tracking control system. The dynamic measurement ability of the proposed FBG sensor is demonstrated by the system identification experiment and various control strategies. The experimental results compared with a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) simultaneously show that the proposed sensor system can serve as a feedback control sensor which has a displacement sensitivity of 5 mV/nm. We further measure the dynamic response of a cantilever beam or a cantilever plate subjected to impact loadings. An optical amplitude-fluctuation electronic speckle pattern interferometry (AF-ESPI) technique and FEM numerical calculations are used to provide full-field vibration mode shapes and resonant frequencies of the cantilever structures. The amplitudes of the frequency spectrums are emphasized from the mode shapes and impact locations. Finally, we employ three orthogonal FBG displacement sensors to measure the three-dimensional displacements for transient wave propagation in a solid. The experimental results also indicate the excellent dynamic measurement ability of the proposed in-plane FBG strain sensor.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
94
In the measurement of strain field and temperature variation, fiber grating sensor detection technique has been widely used. It has many advantages, such as high sensitivity, low insertion loss, electromagnetic immunity and potentially low cost. The characteristics of fiber grating sensor in sensing static and low frequency response have been frequently reported in the literature. However, in the capability of sensing dynamic response for fiber grating sensor may need for further investigations. The main objective of this thesis is to establish the experimental measurement system based on the grating based fiber sensors to obtain the dynamic transient response of structures subjected to dynamic impact loadings. In this thesis, the tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) and normal fiber Bragg grating (FBG) are proposed as new filter to increase the sensitivity of the fiber grating sensor measuring system. We also provide a new gluing method, it can be used to perform the measurement of out-of-plane motion . The fiber grating sensing-system is used as a displacement sensor and measurement sensitivity is in the order of submicrometer. The etched fiber grating sensor is developed to analyze the in-plane and out-plane coupling effect in transient wave propagation. All the transient responses are simutaneously measured by Laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), and the results are in excellent agreement with that obtained by fiber grating sensing system.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
104
In recent years, the optical fiber sensors, especially Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, have been developed very rapidly due to its excellent mechanical properties, electromagnetics immunity and high sensitivity. FBG can be used to monitor the static problems by using I-MON system. It also can be used to measure the transient response of mechanical structures by using power modulating method. Both of them can be used to measure mutiple points simultaneously with wavelength division multiplexer. Digital image correlation (DIC) is a full field and non-contact measurement technique and can be widely used to measure displacement and strain. PVDF has some excellent properties, such as flexibility, piezoelectricity and can be made for any size. It is widely used as a sensor or a transducer. All of them were developed in our laboratory and will be used in this thesis. The main object of this research is to use the advantages of FBG to perform the measurement under water to show it has the ability to measure the transient response of cylinder and cantilever plate structure in both air and water. Not only use FS sensor to measure displacement, velocity, acceleration field to enhance the credibility of experiment, but also use DIC to measure the dynamic displacement along the length of the plate. The transient displacement obtained by DIC can be filtered to construct the mode shape of plate. On the other hand, the boundary condition of the plate in the water can be checked by frequency annlysis of I-MON system. The last part of this research is focused on the prediction of the length and location of the defect in a beam structure from measured frequencies.

This thesis presents an exploration of the photophysics of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals using both linear and non-linear optical measurement techniques. These optical methodologies are used to follow population dynamics in both singly and multiply excited nanocrystal systems as well as determine material properties of the ensemble. Topics covered in the thesis include, the identification and characterization of bulk-like nanocrystals, study of the fine structure states of the lowest energy exciton, single and multiexciton population dynamics, acoustic phonon modes, elasticity and surface stress properties of a colloidal ensemble in solution.Through linear spectroscopy, the properties of both quantum confined and bulk-like colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals are compared. The identification of a model system of bulk-like nanocrystals with a non-standard absorption profile serves to resolve an ambiguity in literature concerning their characterization. The remainder of the thesis is focused on the size-dependent properties of quantum confined CdSe colloidal nanocrystals. The population dynamics and material properties of these systems are studied using a nonlinear optical technique called transient grating. A third order transient grating measurement with a cross-polarized configuration, which follows the relaxation within the fine structure levels of the lowest energy exciton state, is demonstrated and used to compare systems with different crystal field splittings. Transient grating experiments performed with specific polarization sequences allow for selective observation of the dynamics amongst nearly degenerate levels at room temperature. Cross-polarized transient grating is also used to observe a quantized acoustic phonon mode in a series of nanocrystal samples. The observation of this mode allows experimental determination of the elasticity and surface stress of the nanocrystal ensemble in solution. The anisotropic origin of the acoustic phonon is discussed using a combination of theoretical analysis, modelling and experimental data. In addition, third- and fifth-order transient grating experiments are used to study exciton and multiexciton population relaxation dynamics. The work presented here spans the optical and material properties of quantum confined and `bulk' nanocrystals. This thesis attempts to illustrate the broad scope of the observed behaviour of colloidal nanocrystal systems and to contribute to a greater understanding of their physical properties.

This work is dedicated to a comprehensive experimental study on the interaction of femtosecond laser pulses with the nonlinear optical medium lithium niobate. The nonlinear optical response in the nanosecond regime was already studied extensively with a variety of techniques, whereas femtosecond pulses were mainly used in transient absorption or transient grating experiments. Naturally, the temporal resolution of these measurements depends on the pulse duration, however, dynamics during the pulse excitation were barely investigated. The motivation of this work is to widen the limits of femtosecond spectroscopy, not only to temporally resolve faster nonlinear optical processes, but further to show a sensitivity to other coupling mechanisms between the pulses and the material. Especially, the role of transient, dynamic holographic gratings is investigated with a careful determination of the pulse duration, bandwidth and frequency chirp. A basis of this work is established in the first part by studying the material response via light-induced absorption before focusing on the main topic, the pulse interaction with elementary (holographic) gratings, both self-induced and static, in the second part. By this detailed study, several features of femtosecond laser pulses, holographic gratings and the ultrafast material response can be revealed: (i) grating recording is feasible even with pulses of different frequencies, provided that their pulse duration is sufficiently short, (ii) grating based pulse coupling causes a pronounced energy transfer even in a common pump-probe setup for transient absorption measurements with (non-)degenerated frequencies, (iii) beyond expectation, oscillations in the phonon frequency range become apparent in different measurements. The presented results point towards appropriate future experiments to obtain a more consistent, microscopic model for the ultrafast response of the crystal, involving the interplay between photo-generated polarons, self-induced gratings, and phonons.