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Books on the topic 'Transient function'

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Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Vijay, Vittal, ed. Power system transient stability analysis using the transient energy function method. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1992.

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2

Siegel, Robert. Two-flux Green's function analysis for transient spectral radiation in a composite. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1996.

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3

Siegel, Robert. Two-flux Green's function analysis for transient spectral radiation in a composite. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1996.

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4

Siegel, Robert. Two-flux Green's function analysis for transient spectral radiation in a composite. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1996.

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5

Siegel, Robert. Two-flux and Green's function method for transient radiative transfer in a semitransparent layer. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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6

Siegel, Robert. Two-flux and Green's function method for transient radiative transfer in a semitransparent layer. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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7

Siegel, Robert. Two-flux and Green's function method for transient radiative transfer in a semitransparent layer. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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8

O'Reilly, Andrew M. A method for simulating transient ground-water recharge in deep water-table settings in central Florida by using a simple water-balance/transfer-function model. Reston, Va: U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.

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9

O'Reilly, Andrew M. A method for simulating transient ground-water recharge in deep water-table settings in central Florida by using a simple water-balance/transfer-function model. Reston, Va: U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.

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10

Tygel, M. Transient waves in layered media. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.

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11

P, Hubral, ed. Transient waves in layered media. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.

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12

Schiavone, John J. Transit bus service line and cleaning functions. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1995.

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13

Admire, J. R. A transient response method for linear coupled substructures. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1989.

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14

Bauer, Dominique, and Camilla Murgia, eds. Ephemeral Spectacles, Exhibition Spaces and Museums. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463720908.

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This book examines ephemeral exhibitions from 1750 to 1918. In an era of acceleration and elusiveness, these transient spaces functioned as microcosms in which reality was shown, simulated, staged, imagined, experienced and known. They therefore had a dimension of spectacle to them, as the volume demonstrates. Against this backdrop, the different chapters deal with a plethora of spaces and spatial installations: the Wunderkammer, the spectacle garden, cosmoramas and panoramas, the literary space, the temporary museum, and the alternative exhibition space.
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15

Leprince, F. Cycle counting function of TSI 1990A and 1980 LDV processors as a means of particle transit time measurement. Rhode Saint Genese, Belgium: Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 1991.

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16

McElwee, Neil. The National Transit Co., Standard Oil's great pipeline company: A history of the pipeline men and enterprises that organized, operated, and mastered the oil industry's nineteenth and early twentieth century transportation function. Oil City, Pa: Oil Creek Press, 2007.

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17

United States. General Accounting Office. RCED. Results Act: Observations on the Federal Emergency Management Agency's draft strategic plan. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.

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18

United States. General Accounting Office. RCED. Results Act: Observations on USDA's draft strategic plan. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.

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19

Fouad, Abdel-Azia, and Vijay Vittal. Power System Transient Stability Analysis Using the Transient Energy Function Method. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.

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20

Power System Transient Stability Analysis Using the Transient Energy Function Method. Pearson Education, Limited, 1992.

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21

Fouad, Abdel-Azia, and Vijay Vittal. Power System Transient Stability Analysis Using the Transient Energy Function Method. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.

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22

Morawetz, Klaus. Transient Time Period. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0019.

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The formation of correlations at short- time scales is considered. A universal response function is found which allows describing the formation of collective modes in plasmas created by femto-second lasers as well as the formation of occupations in cold atomic optical lattices. Quantum quench and sudden switching of interactions are possible to describe by such Levinson-type kinetic equations on the transient time regime. On larger time scales it is shown that non-Markovian–Levnson equations double count correlations and the extended quasiparticle picture to distinguish between the reduced density matrix and quasiparticle distribution solve this shortcoming. The problem of initial correlations and how they can be incorporated into the Green’s function technique to result into modified kinetic equations is solved and a systematic expansion is suggested.
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23

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Two-flux Green's function analysis for transient spectral radiation in a composite. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1996.

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24

Two-flux and Green's function method for transient radiative transfer in a semitransparent layer. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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25

Postma, Gertjan. Modelling transient states in language change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0006.

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Models of language change may include, apart from the initial and terminal state, an intermediate state T. Building further on Postma (2010), who observed that the dynamics of the transient state T (’failed change’) is algebraically related to the overall change A → B (the former is the first derivative of the latter), we present a generalized algebraic model that includes both the failed change A → B and the successful change A → B. We first generalize the two-state logistic function of A → B to a differential equation (DE) that represents the underlying processes. This DE has a bundle of time shifted logistic curves as its solution. This derives Kroch’s Constant Rate Effect. By modifying this DE, we describe the dynamics of the entire A → T → B process, i.e. we develop a model that includes both the successful and the failed change. The algebraic link between failed change and successful change turns out to be an approximation.
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26

Drane, Daniel L., and Dona E. C. Locke. Mechanisms of Possible Neurocognitive Dysfunction. Edited by Barbara A. Dworetzky and Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0005.

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This chapter covers what is known about the possible mechanisms of neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). It begins with a review of all research examining possible cognitive deficits in this population. Cognitive research in PNES is often obscured by noise created by a host of comorbid conditions (e.g., depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic pain) and associated issues (e.g., effects of medications and psychological processes that can compromise attention or broader cognition). More recent studies employing performance validity tests raise the possibility that studies finding broad cognitive problems in PNES may be highlighting a more transient phenomenon secondary to these comorbid or secondary factors. Such dysfunction would likely improve with successful management of PNES symptomatology, yet the effects of even transient variability likely compromises daily function until these issues are resolved. Future research must combine the use of neuropsychological testing, performance validity measures, psychological theory, neuroimaging analysis, and a thorough understanding of brain–behavior relationships to address whether there is a focal neuropathological syndrome associated with PNES.
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27

Narayana, Shalini, Felipe Salinas, Frederick A. Boop, James W. Wheless, and Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.11.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used to study cortical function by applying localized magnetic fields in a noninvasive manner. This chapter reviews the basic principles of TMS, including the stimulator unit, coils, and the interaction of TMS-induced electric field with the cortex. The advantages of TMS over invasive brain mapping techniques are highlighted. Improvements in the spatial accuracy of TMS are described in the context of image-guided TMS. Types of responses induced by motor cortex stimulation and their utility in mapping normal and diseased motor cortex are discussed. Language mapping with TMS takes advantage of the TMS-induced transient disruption of function, also termed “virtual lesion.” The authors provide examples of successful application of TMS in presurgical mapping of the motor and language areas in the brain. Emerging applications of TMS in the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders and safety of TMS are also discussed.
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28

Saeed, Sahrai, and Eva Gerdts. Echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0010.

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Current guidelines recommend extensive cardiovascular imaging in patients who experience ischaemic stroke or a transient ischaemic attack to prevent recurrent stroke. High-quality echocardiography is crucial for detection of the wide range of cardiac and proximal aortic conditions that can predispose to cerebral embolism. These conditions may be classified as major, minor, or uncertain risk sources of embolism. Although both transthoracic (TTE) and transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) have substantial clinical utility in patients with cryptogenic stroke, these methods offer complementary information. TOE is typically used for assessment of defects in the atrial septum or detection of thrombus in the left atrial appendage. In contrast, TTE is the recommended method for assessment of cardiac chamber structure and function, and valvular disease. Furthermore, assessment of aortic stiffness and electrocardiography may offer additional insight to cardiac function. This chapter gives an overview of the use of echocardiography in ischaemic stroke patients.
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29

Gao, Baofu. Assessment of power system transient stability using energy functions. 1987.

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30

C, Park K., Pelerin-Dubois Y, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. An unconditional stable staggered algorithm for transient finite element analysis of coupled thermoelastic problems. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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31

Schütz-Bosbach, Simone, Patrick Haggard, Luciano Fadiga, and Laila Craighero. Motor cognition: TMS studies of action generation. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0030.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used to study motor configuration in three ways. TMS can be used to provide a controllable and physiologically specified input to the skeletomotor system. Second, use of TMS has been as an online probe of cortical motor excitability. Third, TMS can be used to interfere with cognitive-motor processes involved in action control. TMS allows the experimenter to selectively interfere with a specific brain process. TMS has proved a valuable tool for testing parallel models of perception–action linkage, because it can be used to measure cortical excitability. TMS has been used as both an excitability measure and a transient inactivation. TMS has allowed neuroscientists to activate or inactivate the brain's action systems artificially. This has provided key insights into normal motor function.
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32

Meaney, Michael J., and Rachel Yehuda. Epigenetic Mechanisms and the Risk for PTSD. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0017.

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This chapter discusses the epigenetic mechanisms involved in individual variation in and persistence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Such mechanisms make it possible to trace vulnerability for PTSD to effects that predate development of PTSD. While some may be genetic in origin, others may involve parental stress occurring pre-conception, in utero changes in the maternal environment contributing to developmental programming, and childhood adversity, resulting in modifications of genes’ contribution to PTSD risk. The chapter discusses epigenetic alterations implicated in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) function in PTSD that mark increased risk. Unlike the transient alterations in neural, endocrine, or immunological signals that follow exposure to trauma, certain epigenetic markers can be chemically stable over extended periods and can serve as a basis for understanding the persistence of PTSD symptoms. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how epigenetic modification may offer insights into future treatments for PTSD.
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33

Sicari, Rosa, and Raluca Dulgheru. Stress echocardiography: introduction and pathophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0011.

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Stress echocardiography is the combination of two-dimensional echocardiography with a physical, pharmacological, or electrical stress. The diagnostic end point for the detection of myocardial ischaemia is the induction of a transient worsening in left ventricular regional function during stress. Among different stress modalities of comparable diagnostic and prognostic accuracy available, semisupine exercise is the most frequently used; dobutamine-the best test for viability assessment; dipyridamole-the safest and simplest pharmacological stress test; and the most suitable for combined wall motion-coronary flow reserve assessment. Identification of viable myocardium and evaluation of severity of valvular heart disease are additional recognized applications of stress echocardiography. In spite of its dependence upon operators’ training, stress echocardiography is today the best (most cost-effective and risk-effective) possible imaging modality to achieve the still elusive target of sustainable cardiac imaging in the field of non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease.
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34

Haunton, Victoria, Aung Sett, Amit Mistri, and Martin Fotherby. Stroke. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0227.

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The World Health Organization defines stroke as ‘a clinical syndrome consisting of rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (at times global) disturbance of cerebral function lasting greater than 24 hours (or leading to death) with no apparent cause other than that of vascular origin’. Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is defined as a rapid presentation of neurological deficit with complete recovery within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. However, the 24-hour cut-off is arbitrary, has no biological basis, and is of limited use clinically. A shorter duration is now regarded as more appropriate, although it has yet to be universally accepted. In clinical practice, stroke and TIA are best thought of as comprising a continuum, as they have similar pathological mechanisms, etiologies, and management strategies. While subarachnoid haemorrhage is a type of stroke based on the above definition, it is not covered in this chapter, as its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management are distinct from those for ischaemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke.
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35

Chadwick, David. Seizures, epilepsy, and other episodic disorders in adults. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0709.

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Epilepsy, or more correctly a seizure, is most easily defined in physiological terms, being ‘the name for occasional sudden, excessive, rapid, and local discharges of grey matter’ (Jackson 1873). It is more difficult to offer a comprehensive clinical definition of epileptic seizures and epilepsy because of the varied clinical manifestations produced by cerebral neuronal discharge. However, an epileptic seizure can be defined as an intermittent and stereotyped disturbance of consciousness, behaviour, emotion, motor function, or sensation that on clinical grounds is believed to result from cortical neuronal discharge. Epilepsy can then be defined as a condition in which seizures recur, usually spontaneously. The differential diagnosis of epilepsy is large because of the enormous range of symptoms that can occur during seizures. Inevitably, the differential diagnosis for tonic-clonic seizures is very different from that for simple partial seizures with autonomic symptoms. The most common clinical problem is the differential diagnosis from other causes of transient loss of consciousness associated with collapse, the commonest cause of which is syncope.
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36

Gottlieb, Jacqueline. Neuronal Mechanisms of Attentional Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.033.

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Damage to the human inferior parietal lobe produces an attentional disturbance known as contralateral neglect, and neurophysiological studies in monkeys have begun to unravel the cellular basis of this function. Converging evidence suggests that LIP encodes a sparse topographic map of the visual world that highlights attention-worthy objects or locations. LIP cells may facilitate sensory attentional modulations, and ultimately the transient improvement in perceptual thresholds that is the behavioural signature of visual attention. In addition, LIP projects to oculomotor centres where it can prime the production of a rapid eye movement (saccade). Importantly, LIP cells can select visual targets without triggering saccades, showing that they implement an internal (covert) form of selection that can be flexibly linked with action by virtue of additional, independent mechanisms. The target selection response in LIP is modulated by bottom-up factors and by multiple task-related factors. These modulations are likely to arise through learning and may reflect a multitude of computations through which the brain decides when and to what to attend.
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37

Lameire, Norbert, Raymond Vanholder, and Wim Van Biesen. Clinical approach to the patient with acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0222_update_001.

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The prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) depends on early diagnosis and therapy. A multitude of causes are classified according to their origin as prerenal, intrinsic (intrarenal), and post-renal.Prerenal AKI means a loss of renal function despite intact nephrons, for example, because of volume depletion and/or hypotension.There is a broad spectrum of intrinsic causes of AKI including acute tubular necrosis (ATN), interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis, and vasculitis. Evaluation includes careful review of the patient’s history, physical examination, urinalysis, selected urine chemistries, imaging of the urinary tree, and eventual kidney biopsy. The history should focus on the tempo of loss of function (if known), associated systemic diseases, and symptoms related to the urinary tract (especially those that suggest obstruction). In addition, a review of the medications looking for potentially nephrotoxic drugs is essential. The physical examination is directed towards the identification of findings of a systemic disease and a detailed assessment of the patient’s haemodynamic status. This latter goal may require invasive monitoring, especially in the oliguric patient with conflicting clinical findings, where the physical examination has limited accuracy.Excluding urinary tract obstruction is necessary in all cases and may be established easily by renal ultrasound.Distinction between the two most common causes of AKI (prerenal AKI and ATN) is sometimes difficult, especially because the clinical examination is often misleading in the setting of mild volume depletion or overload. Urinary chemistries, like calculation of the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), may be used to help in this distinction. In contrast to FENa, the fractional excretion of urea has the advantage of being rather independent of diuretic therapy. Response to fluid repletion is still regarded as the gold standard in the differentiation between prerenal and intrinsic AKI. Return of renal function to baseline or resuming of diuresis within 24 to 72 hours is considered to indicate ‘transient, mostly prerenal AKI’, whereas persistent renal failure usually indicates intrinsic disease. Transient AKI may, however, also occur in short-lived ATN. Furthermore, rapid fluid application is contraindicated in a substantial number of patients, such as those with congestive heart failure.‘Muddy brown’ casts and/or tubular epithelial cell casts in the urine sediment are typically seen in patients with ATN. Their presence is an important tool in the distinction between ATN and prerenal AKI, which is characterized by a normal sediment, or by occasional hyaline casts. There is a possible role for new serum and/or urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of the patient with AKI, including the differential diagnosis between pre-renal AKI and ATN. Further studies are needed before their routine determination can be recommended.When a diagnosis cannot be made with reasonable certainty through this evaluation, renal biopsy should be considered; when intrarenal causes such as crescentic glomerulonephritis or vasculitis are suspected, immediate biopsy to avoid delay in the initiation of therapy is mandatory.
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38

Kruk, Richard S. *. Functional consequences of a transient visual processing deficit in reading disabled children. 1991.

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39

Rossi, Simone, Stefano F. Cappa, and Paolo Maria Rossini. Higher cognitive functions: memory and reasoning. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0032.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a sophisticated approach for interfering with human memory and reasoning due to its ability to transiently interfere with the functions of the specialized cortical network, especially when applied as repetitive (r)TMS. This article reviews TMS studies dealing with short-term retention, working memory, and with the episodic component of declarative memory. It also considers certain aspects of semantic memory and nonverbal reasoning. Furthermore, it discusses methodological considerations about the experimental designs, which can be used for the investigation of human cognitive functions. This article emphasizes the fact that higher cognitive functions provide an example as to how underlying physiological mechanisms cannot be fully disclosed by investigations based on a single technique. Studies to develop a true multimodal approach are being undertaken. In this light, behavioural interference studies will gain new power in combination with disruptive and correlational methodologies, establishing causality in a more sophisticated manner.
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40

Legal Aspects Relevant to Outsourcing Transit Functions Not Traditionally Outsourced. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/22861.

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41

Structural Preserving Energy Functions in Power Systems. CRC Press, 2013.

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42

Han, Shihui. Cultural priming on cognition and underlying brain activity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198743194.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 examines the effects of cultural priming on cognition and brain activity by reviewing brain imaging evidence that temporary shifts of cultural knowledge systems toward independence or interdependence can significantly modulated brain activities involved in pain-related sensory processing, visual perception, self-face recognition and self-reflection, monetary reward, empathy, and a resting state. These findings provide evidence for a causal relationship between cultural belief/value and functional organization of the human brain. The findings further suggest that functional brain activity is constrained by both the sustained cultural frameworks formulated during long-term cultural experiences and the transient cultural frameworks induced by short-term exposure to cultural values.
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43

Standard for Verification of Vital Functions in Process-Based Systems Used in Rail Transit Control. IEEE Standards Office, 2000.

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44

Standard for Verification of Vital Functions in Process-Based Systems Used in Rail Transit Control. IEEE Standards Office, 2000.

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45

IEEE standard for verification of vital functions in processor-based systems used in rail transit control. New York, N.Y., USA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2000.

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46

Danae, Azaria. 1 Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198717423.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 illustrates the importance of means of transportation in the development of international law, and the modern relevance of transit of energy via pipelines in this respect. The chapter sets the framework and method used in the study. Key concepts (transit, energy, and pipelines) and the scope of application of the treaties (ratione loci and ratione materiae) examined in the study are explained. It explains the rules of treaty interpretation that are used in the study for determining the scope and content of obligations regarding transit of energy, for identifying the nature of these obligations with a view to establishing standing to invoke international responsibility in case of their breach, and for determining the relationship between treaty rules and customary international law. It focuses on the role of subsequent agreements and practice, which is extensively used in this study as a means of treaty interpretation. The elements of an internationally wrongful act are then discussed. Emphasis is placed on attribution of conduct of private entities, and on the dual function of countermeasures under the law of international responsibility.
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47

Winyard, Paul. Human kidney development. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0343.

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The kidneys perform diverse functions including excretion of nitrogenous waste products, homeostasis of water, electrolytes and acid–base balance, and hormone secretion. The simplest functional unit within the kidneys is the nephron, which consists of specialized segments from glomerulus, through proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Human nephrogenesis starts with two stages of transient kidneys, termed the pronephros and mesonephros, and ends with development of a permanent organ from the metanephros on each side. The latter consists of just a few hundred cells when it is formed in the fifth week of pregnancy but progresses to a nephron endowment of between 0.6 to 1.3 million by the time nephrogenesis is completed at 32–36 weeks of gestation. Key events during this process include outgrowth of the epithelial ureteric bud from the mesonephric duct, interactions between the bud and the metanephric blastema (a specific region of mesenchyme) that cause the bud to branch and mesenchyme to condense, epithelialization of the mesenchyme to form proximal parts of the nephron, and differentiation of segment specific cells. Molecular control of these events is being unpicked with data from human genetic syndromes and animal models, and this chapter highlights several of the most important factors/systems involved. Increased understanding of development is not just relevant to congenital kidney malformations, but may also be important in designing rational therapies for diseases of the mature kidney where recapitulation of developmental pathways is common.
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48

Wendling, Fabrice, Marco Congendo, and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. EEG Analysis. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0044.

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This chapter addresses the analysis and quantification of electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals. Topics include characteristics of these signals and practical issues such as sampling, filtering, and artifact rejection. Basic concepts of analysis in time and frequency domains are presented, with attention to non-stationary signals focusing on time-frequency signal decomposition, analytic signal and Hilbert transform, wavelet transform, matching pursuit, blind source separation and independent component analysis, canonical correlation analysis, and empirical model decomposition. The behavior of these methods in denoising EEG signals is illustrated. Concepts of functional and effective connectivity are developed with emphasis on methods to estimate causality and phase and time delays using linear and nonlinear methods. Attention is given to Granger causality and methods inspired by this concept. A concrete example is provided to show how information processing methods can be combined in the detection and classification of transient events in EEG/MEG signals.
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49

Stern, Thomas. Hedda Gabler and the Uses of Beauty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190467876.003.0004.

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Ibsen connects the character of Hedda Gabler with beauty in two ways. First, there is her attractiveness, both functional and transient, which is associated in the play with the concept of loveliness (as indicated by the term ‘lovely’, [dejlig]). Second is her ideal of beauty [skønhed] and, relatedly, of freedom—ostensibly a peculiar ideal in that it appears to be both free from any meaningful content and, more importantly, useless. The play also explores usefulness and uselessness in relation to the work of its two historians. This chapter offers a critical analysis of how various Marxist critics, including Löwenthal and Adorno, tried to make sense of the relation between use, beauty, and those historians’ academic work. Ultimately the central notion at work in the play is that of not being conditioned by external forces, although Ibsen’s take on the possibility and desirability of such a condition remains highly ambiguous.
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50

United States. Federal Transit Administration., ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc., Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transit Development Corporation, and National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board., eds. Guidebook for evaluating, selecting, and implementing fuel choices for transit bus operations. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1998.

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