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Journal articles on the topic 'Transformer inrush current'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Wang, Xiao Fang. "Transformer Inrush Current Identification Based on EMD+TEO Methods." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 3129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.3129.

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Transformers is one of the most important power system components, its role is to carry power conversion and transmission, transformer manufacturing technology continues to develop, but there is a surge of its problems, factors that have caused the transformer inrush load switching, transformers string parallel operation and fault lines, etc, as a transformer inrush phenomenon often can lead to malfunction of its protection, the correct identification is particularly important means of this paper, the combination of EMD and TEO transformer inrush and fault operation effective identification, theory and simulation confirms the validity and reliability of the algorithm.

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2

Desai, B. T., H. O. Gupta, and M. K. Vasantha. "Current transformer performance for inrush current in power transformers." Electric Power Systems Research 14, no. 3 (June 1988): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7796(88)90057-0.

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3

Zhang, Bin Qiao, and Wei Wei Yao. "Recognition of the Transformer Sympathetic Inrush Current Based on Hilbert-Huang Transform." Applied Mechanics and Materials 441 (December 2013): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.441.227.

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Analyze the characteristic quantity difference between the transformer sympathetic inrush current and the internal fault current inside it depending on the Hilbert-huang transform and extract the new type Hilbert-huang criterion for the recognition of the sympathetic inrush current according to the transformed wave form features. Set up the transformer simulating models through PACAD for the sympathetic inrush current and internal fault current to extract their IMF component; identify the sympathetic inrush current and the internal fault current based on HHT criterion; verify whether HHT criterion can identify the sympathetic inrush current wave form and the transformer internal fault current correctly. The criterion has targeted feature with self-adaption ability.

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4

Wang, Hui, Kun Yan, Hou Lei Gao, and Xue Wei Chen. "Simulation and Analysis of Transformer Inrush Current and its Impact on Current Differential Protection." Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 712–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.712.

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A transformer model was built using PSCAD. The generation mechanism, waveform characteristics and influence factors of inrush current were simulated and analyzed. Combined with transformer differential protection, this paper discussed the conventional methods to identify inrush current and the operation logic to prevent mal-operation caused by inrush current. The typical transformer differential protection operating criteria were also simulated under different fault conditions. The results show that digital simulation can properly present inrush current waveform characteristics, different kinds of transformer fault status and inrush current influence on differential protection.

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5

Xiang, Dong, and Fei Yu. "Characteristic Analysis of Ship Transformer Magnetizing Inrush Current and its Suppression Method." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 1154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.1154.

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Medium voltage in the electric power system of ship typically is powered by a large capacity transformer for low voltage electrical apparatus. When switching on, the primary side of transformer will produce very large current, which would endanger the safe operation of power for ships. The mechanism and characteristics of magnetizing inrush current is analyzed when the transformer switches with no load. We think that the reason caused magnetizing inrush current is transformers saturation. Pre-excitation is presented through a small volume transformer magnetizing method of suppressing the inrush current of transformer and validated by simulation and experiment.

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6

Wojtasiewicz, G., G. Komarzyniec, T. Janowski, S. Kozak, J. Kozak, M. Majka, and B. Kondratowicz-Kucewicz. "Inrush Current of Superconducting Transformer." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 23, no. 3 (June 2013): 5500304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2012.2234498.

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7

Jiale, Suo Nan, Li Qiang Xu, Zai Bin Jiao, and Bin Du. "Discrimination of Three-Phase Three-Limb Transformer Inrush Current Based on Characteristics of Instantaneous Excitation Inductances." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 7267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.7267.

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Existing methods utilizing excitation inductances to discriminate inrush current and internal fault of transformer are all derived from the singe-phase transformer circuit model, yet there are no discussions considering the widely used three-phase three-limb transformers. In view of this question, the mathematical model of three-phase three-limb transformer based on the characteristics of its magnetic equivalent circuit is established, through which the excitation inductances of the three-phase three-limb transformer can be calculated. The calculated excitation inductances have definite physical meanings and can reflect the saturation state of the transformer core under inrush condition. Analysis of the circuit model demonstrates that the delta circulating current is not the excitation current of three-phase three-limb transformer, so the proposed method can be used to the transformers with delta connection directly. The proposed method has been verified by electromagnetic transients program including direct current (EMTDC) simulations, simulation results show that the calculated excitation inductances have different characteristics under inrush and internal fault conditions, and can be applied to identify the inrush current of three-phase three-limb transformer.

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8

Iqteit, Nassim A., and Khalid Yahya. "Simulink model of transformer differential protection using phase angle difference based algorithm." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i2.pp1088-1098.

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<p class="p1">An application of phase-angle-difference based algorithm with percentage differential relays is presented in this paper. In the situation where the transformer differential relay is under magnetizing inrush current, the algorithm will be utilized to block the process. In this study, the technique is modeled and implemented using Simulink integrated with MATLAB. The real circuit model of power transformer and current transformers are considered in the simulation model. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the technique in different operation modes; such as, magnetizing inrush currents, current transformers saturation and internal transformer faults.</p>

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9

Gunda, Sunil Kumar, and Venkata Samba Sesha Siva Sarma Dhanikonda. "Discrimination of Transformer Inrush Currents and Internal Fault Currents Using Extended Kalman Filter Algorithm (EKF)." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 6020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196020.

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The discrimination of inrush currents and internal fault currents in transformers is an important feature of a transformer protection scheme. The harmonic current restrained feature is used in conventional differential relay protection of transformers. A literature survey shows that the discrimination between the inrush currents and internal fault currents is still an area that is open to research. In this paper, the classification of internal fault currents and magnetic inrush currents in the transformer is performed by using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm. When a transformer is energized under normal conditions, the EKF estimates the primary side winding current and, hence, the absolute residual signal (ARS) value is zero. The ARS value will not be equal to zero for internal fault and inrush phenomena conditions; hence, the EKF algorithm will be used for discriminating the internal faults and inrush faults by keeping the threshold level to the ARS value. The simulation results are compared with the theoretical analysis under various conditions. It is also observed that the detection time of internal faults decreases with the severity of the fault. The results of various test cases using the EKF algorithm are presented. This scheme provides fast protection of the transformer for severe faults.

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10

Alibašić, Emir, Predrag Marić, and Srete N. Nikolovski. "Transient Phenomena during the Three-Phase 300MVA Transformer Energization on the Transmission Network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 2499. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i6.11406.

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<p>Connecting the transformer to the network may incur inrush current, which is significantly higher than the rated current of the transformer. The main cause of this phenomenon lies in the nonlinearity of the magnetic circuit. The value of the inrush current depends of the time moment of the energization and the residual magnetism in the transformer core. While connecting, the operating point of the magnetization characteristic can be found deep in the saturation region resulting in occurrence of large transformer currents that can trigger the transformer protection. Tripping of protection immediately after the transformer energization raises doubts about the transformer health. Inrush current can cause a number of other disadvantages such as the negative impact on other transformers connected on the same busbar; the increase of the transformer noise due to the large current value, the increase of the voltage drops in the network. The paper presents a simulation of the 300 MVA transformer energization using the MATLAB/Simulink software.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

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11

Alibašić, Emir, Predrag Marić, and Srete N. Nikolovski. "Transient Phenomena during the Three-Phase 300MVA Transformer Energization on the Transmission Network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 2499. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i6.pp2499-2505.

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<p>Connecting the transformer to the network may incur inrush current, which is significantly higher than the rated current of the transformer. The main cause of this phenomenon lies in the nonlinearity of the magnetic circuit. The value of the inrush current depends of the time moment of the energization and the residual magnetism in the transformer core. While connecting, the operating point of the magnetization characteristic can be found deep in the saturation region resulting in occurrence of large transformer currents that can trigger the transformer protection. Tripping of protection immediately after the transformer energization raises doubts about the transformer health. Inrush current can cause a number of other disadvantages such as the negative impact on other transformers connected on the same busbar; the increase of the transformer noise due to the large current value, the increase of the voltage drops in the network. The paper presents a simulation of the 300 MVA transformer energization using the MATLAB/Simulink software.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

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12

Chakravarthy, S. K., E. Vasu, and C. V. Nayar. "An Analytical Tool for Studying Transformer Inrush Current." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 30, no. 4 (October 1993): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099303000411.

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An analytical tool for studying transformer inrush current An analytical tool for studying transformer inrush current is proposed. The existing approaches dwell at length in solving differential equations which do not provide any insight into the parameters that affect inrush current. A block diagram form of representing the transformer has been proposed and verified based on typical transformer data.

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13

Ali Naghizadeh, Ramezan, Behrooz Vahidi, and Seyed Hossein Hosseinian. "Calculation of inrush current using adopted parameters of the hysteresis loop." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 33, no. 5 (August 26, 2014): 1794–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-08-2012-0133.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose an accurate model for simulation of inrush current in power transformers with taking into account the magnetic core structure and hysteresis phenomenon. Determination of the required model parameters and generalization of the obtained parameters to be used in different conditions with acceptable accuracy is the secondary purpose of this work. Design/methodology/approach – The duality transformation is used to construct the transformer model based on its topology. The inverse Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model is used to represent the magnetic core behavior. Measured inrush waveforms of a laboratory test power transformer are used to calculate a fitness function which is defined by comparing the measured and simulated currents. This fitness function is minimized by particle swarm optimization algorithm which calculates the optimal model parameters. Findings – An analytical and simple approach is proposed to generalize the obtained parameters from one inrush current measurement for simulation of this phenomenon in different situations. The measurement results verify the accuracy of the proposed method. The developed model with the determined parameters can be used for accurate simulation of inrush current transient in power transformers. Originality/value – A general and flexible topology-based model is developed in PSCAD/EMTDC software to represent the transformer behavior in inrush situation. The hysteresis model parameters which are obtained from one inrush current waveform are generalized using the structure parameters, switching angle, and residual flux for accurate simulation of this phenomenon in different conditions.

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14

Banerjee, Mudita, and Anita Khosla. "Mitigation of magnetising inrush current in three–phase power transformer." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 20, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v20.i1.pp39-45.

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<span>During energization of no – load transformers, a high and peaky current flow on the primary side which has rich second harmonics. This current is magnetising inrush current and it is generated when transformer core is driven deep into saturation. This current has various disturbances on transformer attribute; reduced life-span, major voltage drop, insulation weakening, electrical and mechanical vibrations in coils, difficulties in protecting relays and all leads to poor power quality of the electric system. This paper presents the analysis and comparison of recent techniques to reduce the magnitude of inrush current during energization of power transformer. The simulation results are provided for Pre – insertion of resistors, Controlled swithing and Pre – fluxing method. The best method is suggested for mitigating inrush current by simulating in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.</span>

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15

Xu, Hang, Xu Hong Yang, Jian Hua Ye, Hong Qian, Yang Xue, and Gang Liu. "Identifying Transformer Inrush Current Based on Artificial Neural Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 1779–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.1779.

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In this paper, lots of digital simulations of transformer magnetizing inrush current and fault current have been done through Matlab software. A neural network method used to identify magnetizing inrush current has been proposed and established. The simulation results show that this method can identify magnetizing inrush current well, with high accuracy.

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16

Tseng, H. T., and J. F. Chen. "Voltage compensation-type inrush current limiter for reducing power transformer inrush current." IET Electric Power Applications 6, no. 2 (2012): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa.2011.0151.

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17

Chen, Da Zhuang, and Jia Dong Huang. "Research on Identifying Inrush Current of Transformer Based on Correlation Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 6921–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.6921.

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This paper presents correlation analysis to discriminate the magnetizing inrush current from the fault currents in transformers. The proposed technique is based on the normalized correlation coefficient flowing into transformers during the fault current or the transformer inrush current. The method need the imaginary parts of fundamental frequency components, which are obtained from sampling differential current based on full-wave fourier algorithm and half-wave fourier algorithm, then calculate the normalized correlation coefficient with theory of correlation coefficient. Theoretical analysis and dynamic simulation results show that the method is effective and reliable under various fault conditions and simple to be applied.

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18

Seo, Hun-Chul, and Gi-Hyeon Gwon. "Systematization of the Simulation Process of Transformer Inrush Current Using EMTP." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 12, 2019): 2398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122398.

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An inrush current is generated when a transformer is energized. This current has a large magnitude and rich harmonics, thereby causing mal-operation of the protection relay. Therefore, the development of countermeasures against inrush current is necessary, and this study has been performed by computer simulations. However, it is difficult for a power system operator to perform a computer simulation as it is difficult to determine what data should be selected and entered. Therefore, this paper establishes the simulation process of transformer inrush current using the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). Two methods to simulate the transformer inrush current are described in detail. Based on the actual 154 kV transformer test report in Korea, the simulation results of the inrush current using the two methods are discussed.

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19

Sun, Guo Feng. "Analysis of HZD Series Single-Phase Transformer Inrush Current Suppression Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 1412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.1412.

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Transformer inrush current generated has been plagued by engineering and technical personnel, is also a hot topic in the industry. Electro slag furnace is a common metallurgical industry furnace, used in the metal crystal more closely requirements, performance requirements and a variety of high quality roll alloys, high temperature alloys, nonferrous alloys. Electro slag furnace transformer is the core component, have a great no-load closing inrush current protection trip often makes itself affect the product quality and production efficiency or to expand on a power trip protection range. In order to suppress inrush current, with the primary winding series resistance speed-load closing the attenuation of inrush current, inrush current generated from the theoretical reasons to be discussed and a simple series resistance deduce the resistance of this method. Theoretical basis for comparison with other methods are not subject to a number of objective factors sufficient interference, the results demonstrate the practical application of this method is simple and inrush current suppression effect is very significant. Thus, the series resistance ESR furnace transformer inrush current suppression is a method of high cost.

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20

Petrescu, L., E. Cazacu, V. Ioniţă, and Maria-Cătălina Petrescu. "An Experimental Device for Measuring the Single-Phase Transformers Inrush Current." Scientific Bulletin of Electrical Engineering Faculty 19, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sbeef-2019-0004.

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AbstractElectrical transformers are essential parts of power supply networks and it is important that their life-time to be preserved. The inrush current of this devices could determine malfunctioning of the transformers or even others component of the network. For this reason, determining the inrush current for single-phase transformers is an important issue in power quality analysis of electrical grids. In this paper we presented an experimental device (hardware set-up and software program) that can measure this in rush current features for small transformers (up to 10 kVA). Also, the device affords the users to measure inrush current knowing the geometry of the transformer, the dimensions and the magnetic characteristic of the core.

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21

Gong, Mao Fa, Mei Rong Li, Zheng Gong, Fan Jiao Yin, Zhong Gang Wang, and An Yang Wang. "Identification of Transformer Inrush Current Based on Wavelet Packet Energy Spectrum." Applied Mechanics and Materials 741 (March 2015): 340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.741.340.

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In this paper, a new method using wavelet packet energy spectrum to identify transformer inrush and internal fault current was proposed. Wavelet packet transform respectively decomposed inrush and fault current, then calculated the energy of each frequency band of decomposed signal. Finally, the conclusion showed that the energy of internal fault in high frequency band is much less than that of inrush. The difference was quantified and it could be observed intuitively. Through extensive simulations, this paper proves that the method in terms of identifying transformer inrush is accurate and effective.

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22

Li, Jia, Xi, and Chen. "Mechanism Analysis of Sympathetic Inrush in Traction Network Cascaded Transformers Based on Flux-Current Circuit Model." Energies 12, no. 21 (November 4, 2019): 4210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214210.

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When electric multiple units (EMU) pass the neutral zone, the traction transformer may generate sympathetic inrush, which will cause a malfunction in the transformer differential protection. In order to study the mechanism of the sympathetic inrush of the cascaded traction transformer, the flux–current model of the transformer, line impedance, power system voltage source, and other loads was established. On the basis of the flux–current circuit model, the influence of different factors on the sympathetic inrush of the traction transformer was analyzed. The analysis results were verified by simulation. Research results show that the remanence, closing angle, line impedance, and load will affect the duration and amplitude of the sympathetic inrush.

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23

Banerjee, Mudita, and Dr Anita Khosla. "Comparison and Analysis of Magnetizing Inrush and Fault Condition for Power Transformer." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.5 (September 22, 2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.20027.

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This paper presents the second harmonics present in the primary current of a power transformer at different conditions using Fast Fourier Transform and Total Harmonic Distortion techniques to analyze the inrush condition and to distinguish it with fault condition of a power transformer. Result shows that the 2nd harmonic content is pre-dominant in inrush condition of primary current of the power transformer. It is observed that there are significant differences amongst the parameters found during inrush condition, normal condition and internal fault condition which are useful in the identification of magnetizing inrush current of power transformer. The simulation is done in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

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24

Ekwue, A. O., and B. Rawn. "Investigations into the transformer inrush current problem." Nigerian Journal of Technology 37, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v37i4.27.

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25

Ghanbari, T., and E. Farjah. "Efficient resonant-type transformer inrush current limiter." IET Electric Power Applications 6, no. 7 (2012): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa.2011.0274.

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26

Sun, P., J. F. Zhang, D. J. Zhang, Q. H. Wu, and S. Potts. "Morphological identification of transformer magnetising inrush current." Electronics Letters 38, no. 9 (2002): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20020215.

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27

Tarafdar Hagh, M., and M. Abapour. "DC reactor type transformer inrush current limiter." IET Electric Power Applications 1, no. 5 (2007): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa:20060511.

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28

Tseng, Hsu-Ting, and Jiann-Fuh Chen. "Bidirectional impedance-type transformer inrush current limiter." Electric Power Systems Research 104 (November 2013): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2013.06.007.

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29

KUVSHINOV, Aleksey A., Vera V. VAKHNINA, and Aleksey N. CHERNENKO. "Evaluation of the Power Transformer Magnetizing Inrush Currents." Elektrichestvo 10, no. 10 (2020): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2020-10-20-32.

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The mathematical model of a shell-core power transformer’s magnetization branch is substantiated. By using the model, analytical expressions for the magnetizing current instantaneous values under the conditions of geomagnetic disturbances can be obtained. Quantitative assessments of the magnetizing inrush current amplitudes and durations versus the geomagnetic disturbance intensity are obtained. The dynamics of the power transformer magnetic system saturation transient and changes in the magnetization inrush current amplitudes and durations after a sudden occurrence of geomagnetic disturbances are shown. The error of estimating the magnetizing inrush current amplitudes under geomagnetic disturbances is determined based on comparison with experimental data.

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30

Huang, Shao Feng, Hong Ming Shen, and Jia Wang. "A New Method to Discriminate the Inrush Current Based on Prony Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 1671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1671.

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The main problem for transformer protection is still how to identify inrush current. The inrush current is likely to occur when the transformer is closed with no-load or when the voltage recovers after fault. False operation may take place for the inrush current is big enough. This paper takes prony analysis as tool to fit the current waveform, and finds that there are two attenuation factors in asymmetrical inrush current’s aperiodic component, one attenuation factor in fault current’s aperiodic component, zero attenuation factor in symmetrical inrush current’s aperiodic component. It is necessary to point out that the two attenuation factors in asymmetrical inrush current are very different in value. Thus, it is possible to identify the inrush current through the number of aperiodic component’s attenuation factor. A large number of MATLAB simulation results prove the method.

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31

Gong, Mao Fa, Guo Liang Li, Wen Hua Xia, Hong Lin Yan, Jing Wen Qu, and Xiao Yu Wang. "New Method to Identify Transformer Inrush Current Based on FFT and SVM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (March 2013): 887–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.887.

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To improve transformer longitudinal differential protections reliability, this paper deeply analyzes generation mechanism and characteristic of transformer inrush current, and uses PSCAD/EMTDC software to simulate 188 kinds of transformer operation states. They are including internal fault current, inrush current and no-load closing with internal fault. On the background of those simulations, it proposes a simple and accurate method to identify inrush current based on SVM. SVM selects Gaussion Kernel, and takes three-phase differential current, fundamental, secondary harmonic and third harmonic as characteristic quantities. Many cross-validation results verify that the training SVM has high accuracy. This method can identify inrush current and internal fault current (including no-load closing with internal fault current) rapidly and accurately. It takes less time, and is easy to perform.

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32

Gong, Maofa, Ran Zheng, Linyuan Hou, Jingyu Wei, and Na Wu. "A Method for Identification of Transformer Inrush Current Based on Box Dimension." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2095896.

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Magnetizing inrush current can lead to the maloperation of transformer differential protection. To overcome such an issue, a method is proposed to distinguish inrush current from inner fault current based on box dimension. According to the fundamental difference in waveform between the two, the algorithm can extract the three-phase current and calculate its box dimensions. If the box dimension value is smaller than the setting value, it is the inrush current; otherwise, it is inner fault current. Using PSACD and MATLAB, the simulation has been performed to prove the efficiency reliability of the presented algorithm in distinguishing inrush current and fault current.

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33

Wuyun, Gao Wa. "An Optimization Algorithm of Inrush Currents Inhibition of Closing Time." Applied Mechanics and Materials 475-476 (December 2013): 996–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.475-476.996.

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To meet the complex electromagnetic environmental conditions of power transformer on-site, an optimization algorithm of the closing time based on fuzzy reasoning is proposed. It can not only improve the robustness and stability of inrush currents inhibition of algorithm, but also can be a theoretical basis for the research of transformer inrush current restraining method.

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34

Gong, Mao Fa, Wen Hua Xia, Guo Liang Li, Xing Zhen Bai, and Lan Bing Li. "New Method to Identify Sympathetic Inrush in Transformer Based on Hilbert Huang Transform." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.863.

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Sympathetic inrush may cause the mal-operation of differential protection. Aiming at this problem, based on the characteristic that sympathetic inrush contains a lot of aperiodic component and high harmonics, this paper proposes to use Hilbert Huang transform to identify sympathetic inrush. Firstly, the mathematical model of sympathetic inrush is established to analyze its characteristic. Then Hilbert transform is used to obtain harmonic contents of sympathetic inrush and internal fault current. According to the proportion of fundamental to current, sympathetic current can be identified and differential protection can be blocked. The simulation results show that this method has better reliability and sensitivity than the second harmonic restraint scheme. Besides, it has a good ability against TA saturation.

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35

A. Abdelsalam, Hany, Abdelsalam Ahmed, and Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz. "Mitigation of Transformer Inrush Current Using PV Energy." Recent Advances in Communications and Networking Technology 4, no. 2 (April 5, 2016): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2215081104666150822001924.

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36

Adly, A. A. "Computation of inrush current forces on transformer windings." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 37, no. 4 (July 2001): 2855–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.951327.

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37

Nishimiya, S., T. Ishigohka, A. Ninomiya, and K. Arai. "Quench Characteristic of Superconducting Transformer by Inrush Current." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 17, no. 2 (June 2007): 1931–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2007.897758.

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Faiz, Jawad, and Saeed Saffari. "Inrush Current Modeling in a Single-Phase Transformer." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 46, no. 2 (February 2010): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2009.2032929.

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39

Taylor, Douglas I., Joseph D. Law, Brian K. Johnson, and Normann Fischer. "Single-Phase Transformer Inrush Current Reduction Using Prefluxing." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 27, no. 1 (January 2012): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2011.2174162.

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40

Cheng, Chih-Kun, Jiann-Fuh Chen, Tsorng-Juu Liang, and Shin-Der Chen. "Transformer design with consideration of restrained inrush current." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 28, no. 2 (February 2006): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2005.11.003.

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41

Namdari, Farhad, Mohammad Bakhshipour, Behroz Rezaeealam, and Mohammad Sedaghat. "Modeling of Magnetizing Inrush and Internal Faults for Three-Phase Transformers." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v6.i3.pp203-212.

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Among the most noticeable root causes of improper performance in power transformers, internal short circuit faults can be noted and if not quickly be identified and addressed in the accepted time interval, irrecoverable damages such as interruption or even collapse of the network connected to the power transformer would happen. In this contribution, three-phase transformer behaviors under magnetizing inrush, internal short circuit condition and their current values determination have been surveyed using electromagnetic coupling model approach and structural finite element method. Utilizing the definition of transformer in the form of multi-coil and their electromagnetic and electric couple, a three dimensional geometric model of transformer is developed which includes nonlinear characteristics of the transformer, different states of normal and under internal short circuit occurrence and the moment of magnetizing inrush creation are investigated. The comparison between obtained results of presented model simulation with the consequences of practical studies on a typical three phase transformer reveals that the proposed model has a reliable accuracy in detection and modelling the transformer behavior in normal conditions, magnetizing inrush and different types of internal faults. The proposed approach represents an accurate model of a three-phase transformer for protection aims.

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42

Bakhshipour, Mohammad, Farhad Namdari, and Mohammad Sedaghat. "Modeling of Magnetizing Inrush and Internal Faults for Three-phase Transformers." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 3, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v3.i1.pp26-37.

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Abstract:

Among the most noticeable root causes of improper performance in power transformers, internal short circuit faults can be noted and if not quickly be identified and addressed in the accepted time interval, irrecoverable damages such as interruption or even collapse of the network connected to the power transformer would happen. In this contribution, three-phase transformer behaviors under magnetizing inrush, internal short circuit condition and their current values determination have been surveyed using electromagnetic coupling model approach and structural finite element method. Utilizing the definition of transformer in the form of multi-coil and their electromagnetic and electric couple, a three dimensional geometric model of transformer is developed which includes nonlinear characteristics of the transformer, different states of normal and under internal short circuit occurrence and the moment of magnetizing inrush creation are investigated. The comparison between obtained results of presented model simulation with the consequences of practical studies on a typical three phase transformer reveals that the proposed model has a reliable accuracy in detection and modelling the transformer behavior in normal conditions, magnetizing inrush and different types of internal faults. The proposed approach represents an accurate model of a three-phase transformer for protection aims.

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43

Cao, Wenbin, Xianggen Yin, Yongxin Chen, Yuanlin Pan, Xiangyuan Yin, and Yuxue Wang. "The Impact of Zero-Mode Inrush Current of T-Hin on Zero-Sequence Overcurrent Protection and an Improved Protection with the Second Harmonic Restraint." Energies 12, no. 15 (July 29, 2019): 2911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152911.

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In recent years, the zero-mode inrush current of high-impedance transformer with built-in high-voltage winding (T-Hin), which has large amplitude and decays slowly, causes the misoperation of zero-sequence overcurrent protection. Compared with magnetizing inrush current, the waveform of zero-mode inrush current is inconsistent and irregular, and few researches have proposed the mathematical analysis as well as the improved protection using waveform characteristics. In this paper, the mathematical expression of transformer zero-mode inrush current is derived. Further considering the parameter differences, the zero-mode inrush current of T-Hin is larger, which tends to cause the misoperation. The mathematical waveforms fit well with the recorded waveforms. Both recorded waveforms and mathematical waveforms in various conditions prove that the second harmonic ratio (the ratio between the second harmonic and first harmonic) of zero-mode inrush current is significant. Based on the above analysis, a criterion based on the second harmonic ratio restraint of zero-mode inrush current is proposed. If the second harmonic ratio exceeds the setting value, it is considered that the inrush current is generated and sends a signal to restrain the protection. The theoretical setting value of the proposed criterion and the practical engineering method for determining the setting value are obtained.

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Zheng, Tao, Xinhui Yang, Xingchao Guo, Xingguo Wang, and Chengqi Zhang. "Zero-Sequence Differential Current Protection Scheme for Converter Transformer Based on Waveform Correlation Analysis." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 9, 2020): 1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071814.

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Through the analysis of the recovery inrush current generated by the external fault removal of the converter transformer, it is pointed out that the zero-sequence current caused by the recovery inrush may result in the saturation of the neutral current transformer (CT), whose measurement distortion contributes to the mis-operation of zero-sequence differential current protection. In this paper, a new scheme of zero-sequence differential current protection based on waveform correlation is proposed. By analyzing the characteristics of zero-sequence current under internal fault, external fault and external fault removal, the waveform correlation of the zero-sequence current measured at the terminal of the transformer and the zero-sequence current measured at the neutral point of the transformer is used for identification. The polarity of the CT is selected to guarantee the zero-sequence currents at the terminal and neutral point of the transformer exhibit a "ride through" characteristic under external fault, then the waveform similarity is high, and the correlation coefficient is positive. On the other hand, when internal fault occurs, zero-sequence current waveforms on both sides differ from each other largely, and the correlation coefficient is negative. Through a large number of simulations verified by PSCAD/EMTDC, this criterion can accurately identify internal and external faults, exempt from effects of the recovery inrush. Moreover, it presents certain ability for CT anti-saturation.

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Li, Lan Bing, Mao Fa Gong, Lei Li, Jian Yu Zhang, and Hui Ting Ge. "Identification of Transformer Sympathetic Inrush Based on W-DHNN." Applied Mechanics and Materials 441 (December 2013): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.441.200.

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A new method to identify sympathetic inrush and internal fault current of transformer based on W-DHNN is put forward. Wavelet analysis can detect the abrupt change of the current signal. And extract the feature vectors of the signal. The characteristic values as the input value of discrete Hopfield neural network. Then using discrete Hopfield neural network to discriminate sympathetic inrush and internal fault current. This paper uses PSCAD/EMTDC software to model and emulates different parameters of transformer and fault types. The results show that the method is feasible.

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46

Wang, Jin Hao, Chao Ying Yang, Guang Qi Mu, and Xiao Qin Wu. "A Method to Estimate Voltage Sag Caused by Transformer Excitation Inrush Current." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 1418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.1418.

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Due to excitation inrush current, no-load transformer accesses system can cause different degree of voltage sag. Therefore presents a method to estimate voltage sag caused by closing no-load transformer. Firstly, accord to the point of saturation magnetic flux and transformer core general single value curve equation to establish general nonlinear magnetization curve. Use the linear features of saturated magnetization curve segment to estimate the maximum inrush current and calculate the maximum depth of voltage sag. According to the magnetic flux decay time to estimate the duration of voltage sag. Simulate closing no-load transformer in a 10kV distribution network, and compare the simulated result with the calculated result. The results show that the proposed method is validity and accuracy.

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47

Pan, Ai Qiang, Ling Luo, Jia Pei Jin, and Xiao Qing Wu. "A Method to Estimate Voltage Sag Caused by Transformer Excitation Inrush Current." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 1491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.1491.

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Abstract:

Due to excitation inrush current, no-load transformer accesses system can cause different degree of voltage sag. Therefore presents a method to estimate voltage sag caused by closing no-load transformer. Firstly, accord to the point of saturation magnetic flux and transformer core general single value curve equation to establish general nonlinear magnetization curve. Use the linear features of saturated magnetization curve segment to estimate the maximum inrush current and calculate the maximum depth of voltage sag. According to the magnetic flux decay time to estimate the duration of voltage sag. Simulate closing no-load transformer in a 10kV distribution network, and compare the simulated result with the calculated result. The results show that the proposed method is validity and accuracy.

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48

Tokić, Amir, Ivo Uglešić, and Gorazd Štumberger. "Simulations of Transformer Inrush Current by Using BDF-Based Numerical Methods." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/215647.

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This paper describes three different ways of transformer modeling for inrush current simulations. The developed transformer models are not dependent on an integration step, thus they can be incorporated in a state-space form of stiff differential equation systems. The eigenvalue propagations during simulation time cause very stiff equation systems. The state-space equation systems are solved by usingA- andL-stable numerical differentiation formulas (NDF2) method. This method suppresses spurious numerical oscillations in the transient simulations. The comparisons between measured and simulated inrush and steady-state transformer currents are done for all three of the proposed models. The realized nonlinear inductor, nonlinear resistor, and hysteresis model can be incorporated in the EMTP-type programs by using a combination of existing trapezoidal and proposed NDF2 methods.

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Abdulsalam, S. G., W. Xu, W. L. A. Neves, and X. Liu. "Estimation of Transformer Saturation Characteristics From Inrush Current Waveforms." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 21, no. 1 (January 2006): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2005.859295.

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50

Ebadi, M. R. "Estimation of Transformer Inrush Current using Non-Sinusoidal Harmonics." Physics and Technical Sciences 1, no. 1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12966/pts.03.01.2013.

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