Books on the topic 'Transformative religious process'
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1
Life visioning: A transformative process for activating your unique gifts and highest potential. Boulder, CO: Sounds True, 2012.
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Ellis, Anne. Becoming a religious: A process of lifelong transformation. Chicago, Ill: Center for the Study of Religious Life, 2002.
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L, Moore Robert. The archetype of initiation: Sacred space, ritual process, and personal transformation : lectures and essays. [Philadelphia]: Xlibris Corp., 2001.
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4
Presence and process: A path toward transformative haith and inclusive community. 2017.
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Life Visioning: A Transformative Process for Activating Your Unique Gifts and Highest Potential. Sounds True, Incorporated, 2013.
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6
Bisschops, Ralph. Metaphor in Religious Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0012.
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Interpreting sacred notions of the Hebrew Bible in a figurative sense was part of the hermeneutical manoeuvres of Early Christian writers. They proceeded by deliteralisation and metaphorisation. Paul’s notion of the ‘circumcision of the heart’, which is intimately linked to that of the ‘inner Jew’, was an attempt to internalise Jewish law-abidingness whilst abolishing its initial dignity. The chapter develops a two-phase model behind Paul’s metaphorisations. First the initial values (Jewishness and ritual circumcision) are projected onto a newly created target, namely inwardness. Subsequently, the original value is abolished. This process can be termed a value-shift, in contradistinction to similar instances which should be seen as value-extensions the source value being preserved and merely extended. . Corollaries of value-shift and value-extension are duty-shift and duty-extension. From a socio-religious perspective, metaphorisation goes along with a widening of the religious community. In the last resort, however, it reveals itself to be a moment in the genesis of new theological and even philosophical concepts such as inwardness as the locus of redemption.
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(Editor), Rick Nurriestearns, Mary Nurriestearns (Editor), and Melissa Gayle West (Editor), eds. Soulful Living: The Process of Personal Transformation. Health Communications, 1999.
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8
Locke, Joseph. Making the Bible Belt. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190216283.001.0001.
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By reconstructing the religious crusade to achieve prohibition in Texas, Making the Bible Belt reveals how southern religious leaders overcame long-standing anticlerical traditions and built a powerful political movement that injected religion irreversibly into public life. H.L. Mencken coined the term “Bible Belt” in the 1920s to capture the peculiar alliance of religion and public life in the American South, but the reality he described was only the closing chapter of a long historical process. Through the politics of prohibition, and in the face of bitter resistance, a complex but shared commitment to expanding the power and scope of religion transformed southern evangelicals’ inward-looking restraints into an aggressive, self-assertive, and unapologetic political activism. Early defeats forced prohibitionist clergy to recast their campaign as a broader effort that churned notions of history, race, gender, and religion into a moral crusade that elevated ambitious leaders such as the pugnacious fundamentalist J. Frank Norris and US senator Morris Sheppard, the “Father of National Prohibition,” into national figures. By exploring the controversies surrounding the religious support of prohibition in Texas, Making the Bible Belt reconstructs the purposeful, decades-long campaign to politicize southern religion, hints at the historical origins of the religious right, and explores a compelling and transformative moment in American history.
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Kozelsky, Mara. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190644710.003.0001.
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Crimea in War and Transformation is the first book in any language to examine the Crimean War from home front through demobilization, and in so doing it addresses a wide range of historical questions. The book argues that the Crimean War was a transitional conflict, ushering in not just modern technological warfare, but also new population policies characterized by fears of diversity. The war was transformative as well as transitional, as it completely changed Crimea’s population and physical environment. In generating the Great Reforms, it also produced change on an imperial scale. Finally, the book addresses the costs of war, and the fraught process of reconstruction. Areas of interest include military history; demobilization and reconstruction; Russian military-civilian policy; war and society; forced migrations/deportations; Russia’s religious policy; and Russia’s Great Reforms.
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Pollack, Detlef, and Gergely Rosta. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801665.003.0009.
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The Conclusion to Part II recaps the most important outcomes of the study so far which can be summarized as follows: The decline in the significance of the religious is closely connected to the transformation of its dominant forms. That means assumptions of secularization theory and of individualization theory are not mutually exclusive. It seems that people’s ties to religion and church begin to loosen in the dimension of practice. The theorem of functional differentiation can by and large be regarded as corroborated. Processes of vertical differentiation, the pulling-apart of the constitutive levels of the social element, treated mainly under the concept of individualization, essentially have a negative effect on religious and church ties, especially on conventional ties to the church. Processes of religious individualization take place within the church and outside of it. Religiously diversified societies display no higher level of religiosity than ones that are more religiously homogeneous.
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Appleby, R. Scott, Atalia Omer, and David Little, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Religion, Conflict, and Peacebuilding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199731640.001.0001.
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This book provides a comprehensive, interdisciplinary account of the scholarship on religion, conflict, and peacebuilding. Extending that inquiry beyond its traditional parameters, the volume explores the legacies of colonialism, missionary activism, secularism, orientalism, and liberalism. While featuring case studies from diverse contexts and traditions, the volume is organized thematically, beginning with a mapping of scholarship on religion, violence, and peace. The second part scrutinizes challenges to secularist theorizing of questions of conflict transformation and broadens the discussion of violence to include an analysis of its cultural, religious, and structural forms. The third part engages contested issues such as religion’s relations to development, violent and nonviolent militancy, and the legitimate use of force; the protection of the freedom of religion in resolving conflicts; and gender as it relates to religious peacebuilding. The fourth part highlights the practice of peacebuilding through exploring constructive resources within various traditions, the transformative role of rituals, spiritual practices in the formation of peacebuilders, interfaith activism on American university campuses, the relation of religion to solidarity activism, and scriptural reasoning as a peacebuilding practice. It also offers extended reflections on the legacy of missionary peacebuilding activism and the neoliberal framing of peacebuilding schemes and agendas. The volume is innovative because the authors grapple with the tension between theory and practice, cultural theory’s critique of the historicity of the very categories informing the discussion, and the challenge that the justpeace frame makes to the liberal peace paradigm, offering elicitive, elastic, and context-specific insights for strategic peacebuilding processes.
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Cottingham, John. Transcending Science. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796732.003.0002.
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In many contemporary debates, religion and science are cast as rivals, supposedly offering competing explanations of the origins and nature of the cosmos. This chapter argues that we need a more “humane” model of religious understanding, one that is responsive to the actual role played by religion in the life of the believer. Understanding the world religiously is less about subscribing to explanatory hypotheses than about a certain mode of engagement with reality, requiring a moral and spiritual transformation of the subject. This has important implications for the appropriate way to philosophize about religion. Instead of an epistemology of control, operating through the detached evaluation of “spectator evidence,” we may need to substitute an epistemology of receptivity. In religion, as in many areas of human life, proper perception and understanding may require a process of attunement for the relevant evidence to become manifest.
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Jr, Pajo Avelino V. Born from Above: Understanding Our Royal Birth and the Process of Our Transformation in Christ. Book Vine Press, 2022.
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Jr, Pajo Avelino V. Born from Above: Understanding Our Royal Birth and the Process of Our Transformation in Christ. Book Vine Press, 2022.
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Jr, Pajo Avelino V. Born from Above: Understanding Our Royal Birth and the Process of Our Transformation in Christ. Book Vine Press, 2022.
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Senay, Banu. Musical Ethics and Islam. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043024.001.0001.
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At the heart of this study is a musical practice that occupies a significant place in the contemporary public soundscape of Turkey: the art of playing the ney. Intimately connected with Sufism in both the Ottoman Empire and, for better or worse, in modern secular Turkey, the ney has been a popular instrument throughout the Middle East and North Africa. After enduring a checkered social life during the Turkish Republic’s modernizing reforms, today in a more Islam-friendly socio-political environment the ney is flourishing. Based on extensive field research in Istanbul and an apprentice-style method of inquiry, the book documents the lifetime of preparation required to become an expert player of the ney (neyzen). It examines in particular the transformative power of this Islamic art pedagogy to cultivate new artistic and ethical perceptions in learners. Crafting oneself as a neyzen transcends ‘mere’ musical technique in profound ways, as it also involves developing a certain way of living. Exploring firsthand the practical process of musical teaching and learning, together with their ethical scaffolding, the book has theoretical implications for scholars studying many other forms of apprentice-style learning. It also helps redress the underdeveloped understandings and often-polemical claims made in both the media and by Islamophobic discourse concerning processes by which Muslims develop a religious and moral sense.
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Thomas, Aled. Free Zone Scientology. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350182578.
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In this novel academic study, Aled Thomas analyses modern issues surrounding boundaries and fluidity in contemporary Scientology. By using the Scientologist practice of ‘auditing’ as a case study, this book explores the ways in which new types of ‘Scientologies’ can emerge. The notion of Free Zone Scientology is characterised by its horizontal structure, in contrast to the vertical-hierarchy of the institutional Church of Scientology. With this in mind, Thomas explores the Free Zone as an example of a developing and fluid religion, directly addressing questions concerning authority, leadership and material objects. This book, by maintaining a double-focus on the top-down hierarchy of the Church of Scientology and the horizontal-fluid nature of the Free Zone, breaks away from previous research on new religions, with have tended to focus either on new religions as indices of broad social processes, such as secularization or globalization, or as exemplars of exotic processes, such as charismatic authority and brainwashing. Instead, Thomas adopts auditing as a method of providing an in-depth case study of a new religion in transition and transformation in the 21st century. This opens the study of contemporary and new religions to a series of new questions around hybrid religions (sacred and secular), and acts as a framework for the study of similar movements formed in recent decades.
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Field, Clive D. Periodizing Secularization. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848806.001.0001.
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Moving beyond the (now somewhat tired) debates about secularization as paradigm, theory, or master narrative, this book focuses upon the empirical evidence for secularization, viewed in its descriptive sense as the waning social influence of religion, in Britain. Particular emphasis is attached to the two key performance indicators of religious allegiance and churchgoing, each subsuming several sub-indicators, between 1880 and 1945, including the first substantive account of secularization during the fin de siècle. A wide range of primary sources is deployed, many relatively or entirely unknown, and with due regard to their methodological and interpretative challenges. On the back of them, a cross-cutting statistical measure of ‘active church adherence’ is devised, which clearly shows how secularization has been a reality and a gradual, not revolutionary, process. The most likely causes of secularization were an incremental demise of a Sabbatarian culture and of religious socialization (in the church, at home, and in the school). The analysis is also extended backwards, to include a summary of developments during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries; and laterally, to incorporate a preliminary evaluation of a six-dimensional model of ‘diffusive religion’, demonstrating that these alternative performance indicators have hitherto failed to prove that secularization has not occurred. The book is designed as a prequel to the author’s previous volumes on the chronology of British secularization – Britain’s Last Religious Revival? (2015) and Secularization in the Long 1960s (2017). Together, they offer a holistic picture of religious transformation in Britain during the key secularizing century of 1880–1980. [250 words]
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Pezzoli-Olgiati, Daria, and Anna-Katharina Höpflinger, eds. Religion, Medien und die Corona-Pandemie. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748922216.
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Suddenly a new virus has appeared which is threatening society. Fragility, illness and death have become fundamental topics in daily life and social distancing a new form of solidarity. In this unexpected transformation, digital media is playing a crucial role in conveying information about a public sphere that is no longer easily accessible. These changes have also influenced religious communities and their rituals. Through a broad range of selected case studies, this book addresses the complex relationship between religion and the media during the pandemic. On the one hand, it explores processes of (digitally) adapting rituals and messages; on the other hand, it highlights the ambiguous role of religious semantics and practices in addressing the crisis. With contributions by Verena Marie Eberhardt, Matthias Eder, Paulina Epischin, Hannah Griese, Anna-Katharina Höpflinger, Florian Kronawitter, Yifan Li, Michael Maderer, Katharina Luise Merkert, Jochen Mündlein, Guido Murillo, Caterina Panunzio and Daria Pezzoli-Olgiati.
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Gerke, Barbara. Buddhist Healing and Taming in Tibet. Edited by Michael Jerryson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199362387.013.38.
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This chapter centers on Tibetan Buddhist patterns and themes of healing and addresses the inter-relationship of medicine and religion in the practice of Tibetan medicine, also called Sowa Rigpa (gso ba rig pa), the “science of healing,” and how Buddhist rituals are employed to enhance the potency of medicines and to protect the pharmacy and the people working in it from accidents and obstacles during difficult manufacturing processes. Examples focus on the refinement of mercury in mercury sulphide ash for use in “precious pills” (rin chen ril bu). The chapter establishes an argument for a parallel between Buddhist ideas of “taming” demons into becoming protectors of the religious teachings and the pharmacological transformation of poisonous substances, especially the pharmacological practices of “taming” mercury into a potent elixir, and what this tells us about Tibetan medical approaches to what is considered “beneficial” and “harmful.”
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Zehmisch, Philipp. The Ranchis of Mini-India. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199469864.003.0009.
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Chapter 7 examines the subaltern lifeworld of the Andaman Ranchis by investigating ‘classical’ topics of social, religious, and economic anthropology. The first section focuses on the construction of a particular local form of collective diasporic belonging. The author argues that ‘Ranchi-ness’ must be regarded as a hybrid combination of values, norms, and practices incorporating both traits from Chotanagpur as well as the larger Andaman society. By engaging with the transformation of aspects such as ethnicity, language, religion, kinship, and marriage practices in the migration situation, he portrays the boundaries of this ethnic community-in-the-making. The second part of the chapter illuminates the Ranchis’ processes of place-making in the margins of the state. It is argued that the condition of marginality was conducive to the creation of a self-sufficient subaltern lifeworld, in which Ranchi socio-economic practices evolved in response to the specific ecological conditions set by the environment.
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Clooney, SJ, Francis X. Comparative Theology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797852.003.0017.
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This chapter focuses on comparative theology, a form of tradition-grounded theological practice that learns deeply and effectively from other religious traditions. Even solidly textual work—translations, the study of scholastic systems, the tracing of lines of thought in commentaries, the decipherment of ritual and moral codes—proceeds as transformative learning indebted to the religious Other. Such engaged, empathetic learning allows one to see inside that other tradition, even while the learning, its fruits, and the person of the comparativist remain grounded in a home tradition. For interreligious learning to flourish, certain virtues are essential: humility, conviction, interconnection, empathy, generosity, imagination, risk-taking, and patience with ambiguity. Although comparative theological learning exists in the liminal space between traditions, the comparative theologian still intends to return home, even if irrevocably changed by the journey abroad. Comparative theology thus cultivates virtues operative in anthropological research distinguished by empathetic dwelling in and with the Other.
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Mullett, Michael A. Bunyan’s Life, Bunyan’s Lives. Edited by Michael Davies and W. R. Owens. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199581306.013.2.
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The Nonconformist leader John Bunyan (1628–88) has left us a partial account of his life, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666), on the basis of which we can begin to assemble a fuller account of his life, which had at its central point the process of his transformative religion conversion in the 1650s. From an intensely self-preoccupied existence, Bunyan emerged as a fully public figure in the world of later seventeenth-century English Nonconformity. While subscribing to the prevalent Calvinism of the English Puritan tradition, in his preaching and writing Bunyan taught a vibrant practical and social morality, as well as disseminating a political code that helped to accommodate his faith to the realities of England under a securely restored Stuart monarchy.
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Zhou, Yin. Adaptation and Assimilation of Buddhism in China as reflected in Monastic Architecture. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190278359.003.0014.
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This chapter takes Buddhist architecture as an example of the dynamic interchange between East and West and the compromise between the original Indian style and native Chinese architecture so as to help demonstrate the transformation process of Buddhism in China during the first through sixth centuries CE. This chapter tries to point out that early medieval Buddhist monasteries, particularly the official ones, were constructed following Indian and Central Asian designs. These foreign types of monasteries brought in a new kind of religious architecture to China, which was later fused into the preexisting architectural culture and evolved into the distinct layout of Buddhist temple adopting the traditional Chinese residential design. This is a concrete and material way to contribute to the understanding of the interaction between a new faith and an old society.
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Penry, S. Elizabeth. The People Are King. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195161601.001.0001.
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The People Are King traces the transformation of Andean communities under Inca and Spanish rule. The sixteenth-century Spanish resettlement policy known as reducción was pivotal to this transformation. Modeled on the Spanish ideal of república (self-government within planned towns) and shared sovereignty with their monarch, Spaniards in the Viceroyalty of Peru forced Andeans into resettlement towns. Andeans turned the tables on forced resettlement by making the towns their own and the center of their social, political, and religious lives. Andeans made a coherent life for themselves in a complex process of ethnogenesis that blended preconquest ways of life (the ayllu) with the imposed institutions of town life and Christian religious practices. Within these towns, Andeans claimed the right to self-government, and increasingly regarded their native lords, the caciques, as tyrants. A series of microhistorical accounts in these repúblicas reveals that Andeans believed that commoner people, collectively called the común, could rule themselves. With both Andean and Spanish antecedents, this political philosophy of radical democracy was key to the Great Rebellion of the late eighteenth century. Rather than focusing on well-known leaders such as Tupac Amaru, this book demonstrates through commoner rebels’ holographic letters that it was commoner Andean people who made the late eighteenth-century a revolutionary moment by asserting their rights to self-government. In the final chapter the book follows the commoner-lead towns of the Andes from the era of independence into the present day of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.
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Molendijk, Arie L. Protestant Theology and Modernity in the Nineteenth-Century Netherlands. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898029.001.0001.
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This book researches the question of how nineteenth-century Dutch Protestant theologians and thinkers met the challenges of the modernizing world around them. The aim is to show that theology was fundamentally transformed and reinvented in a variety of ways—in response to the process of modernization. The focus is on intellectual history, but broader social and political transformations such as pillarization are discussed too. In-depth studies of a small number of significant and influential Protestant thinkers analyse how they addressed specific modern transformation processes, such as political modernization, the pluralization of worldviews, and the emergence of critical historical scholarship. It will also become clear that their careers were deeply impacted by these transitions. These intellectuals dealt with various aspects of modernization in different ways. Enlightenment values were fiercely attacked by orthodox Pietists, but embraced by ‘modern’ theologians, who strove for a synthesis of religion and the new findings of scholarship (biblical criticism, evolutionary theory, anti-supernaturalism). Positions were not fixed and theologians had to work hard to maintain their intellectual integrity. The Jew Isaac da Costa converted to Christianity and fulminated against the Zeitgeist. Allard Pierson, who in his youth had been under the spell of Da Costa, resigned from his ministry and adopted an ‘agnostic’ stance. Abraham Kuyper modernized theology and politics by laying the foundations of ‘pillarization’ (the segmented social structures based on differences in religion and worldview) of Dutch society. Abraham Kuenen revolutionized the study of the Old Testament, and Protestant theologians made ground-breaking contributions to the emerging science of religion.
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Cantarella, Eva. Women and Patriarchy in Roman Law. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.32.
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During the centuries between the date of the mythical founding of Rome and the first decades of the sixth century AD when Justinian’s Corpus Iuris Civilis was enacted, the legal condition of women underwent substantial transformation. To understand this process it is necessary to recall that during the first centuries of its history Rome was a patriarchal society, where only patres familias enjoyed full civil and political rights. Other members of the family enjoyed only certain rights, and some did not enjoy any at all. Over the centuries paternal authority underwent important changes, which in different ways limited it. Rome had grown from a small village of peasants and shepherds to a metropolis that ruled the world. Political, social, economic conditions (not to say mentalities and religious beliefs and practices) changed the way of thinking of the Romans, their way of life and their attitude and behaviour towards women.
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Pohl, Walter. Social Cohesion, Breaks, and Transformations in Italy, 535–600. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0004.
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When the Gothic War began in Italy in 535, the country still conserved many features of classical culture and late antique administration. Much of that was lost in the political upheavals of the following decades. Building on Chris Wickham’s work, this contribution sketches an integrated perspective of these changes, attempting to relate the contingency of events to the logic of long-term change, discussing political options in relation to military and economic means, and asking in what ways the erosion of consensus may be understood in a cultural and religious context. What was the role of military entrepreneurs of more or less barbarian or Roman extraction in the distribution or destruction of resources? How did Christianity contribute to the transformation of ancient society? The old model of barbarian invasions can contribute little to understanding this complex process. It is remarkable that for two generations, all political strategies in Italy ultimately failed.
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Parker, John. The African Diaspora. Edited by John Parker and Richard Reid. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199572472.013.0007.
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In recent decades, research on the African diaspora has increasingly expanded from its established focus on the northern Atlantic to Latin America, the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean world, and the African continent itself. This chapter discusses differing definitions of the diaspora, considers the role of pioneering scholars in early twentieth-century Cuba, Brazil, and the United States, and examines the debate between those who have stressed lines of cultural continuity between Africa and African American peoples, on the one hand, and those who have stressed cultural transformation or ‘creolization’ in the Americas, on the other. Recent research on African American religions has moved the field beyond the search for African origins by showing how the practitioners of these belief systems creatively and strategically imagined and reimagined ‘African’ ritual identities and Africa itself. Finally, the process of creolization in the African continent itself and in the Indian Ocean are considered.
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Schröter, Susanne. Islamic Feminism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788553.003.0006.
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The aims of Islamic feminism are at once theological and socially reformist. Its proponents are often activists, as well as authors and scholars. It is linked to democratic reform movements within the Islamic world as well as to civil rights movements in Europe and the USA, and is supported by actors who resist the advances of patriarchal religious positions as well as Western secular definitions of modernity. Unlike secular feminists, proponents of Islamic feminism see the justification for their fight for women’s rights and gender equality in their own interpretation of Islam’s sacred text, the statements attributed to the Prophet, and his supposed life circumstances. In addition, they draw on approaches taken from new Islamic historiography. This chapter deals with the foundations of Islamic feminism and its transnational political dimension, and asks in what national and local transformation processes its proponents were able to have an impact.
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Velji, Jamel. Apocalyptic Religion and Violence. Edited by Michael Jerryson, Mark Juergensmeyer, and Margo Kitts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.013.0014.
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This chapter offers a working definition of the apocalyptic, followed by some of the apocalyptic's most important constituent components. Then, it concentrates on associations between these components and violence, illuminating how structures of the apocalyptic can be deployed to serve violent ends. Apocalyptic texts and movements alike demonstrate a tendency to split the world and its contents into absolute good and absolute evil. Dualistic thinking has been noted by many scholars as a quintessential element of religious violence. Furthermore, the chapter examines three interrelated processes connected to duality that aid in the transformation of apocalyptic thinking into violence against others. Apocalyptic duality is deepened through a sense of temporality that envisions all of time having led up to the unique moment in history in which only the elect exclusively possess the truth. Duality and utopia coalesce as motive forces for foreign intervention to “free” those who are “oppressed.”
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O'Hara, Alexander. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190857967.003.0001.
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In the early Middle Ages Europe’s political landscape was significantly shaped by the emergence of new fundamental modes of identification, both ethnic and religious. These processes created new forms of social cohesion and conflict. The world into which the Irish ascetic exile and monastic founder Columbanus entered when he left Ireland toward the end of the sixth century was a world of gentes, new constellations of peoples. The pluralistic political landscape of the gentes had replaced a world of empire. This chapter introduces the themes and approach of this volume, which explores Columbanus’s influence on Robert Schuman, one of the founding fathers of the modern European Union; the emerging idea of Europe in the early Middle Ages, which Columbanus gave voice to; and how reciprocity and cultural hybridity can be useful lenses through which to study this period of transformation from Late Antiquity to the early Middle Ages.
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Wendorf, Richard. Printing History and Cultural Change. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898135.001.0001.
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This study provides one of the most detailed and comprehensive examinations ever devoted to a critical transformation in the material substance of the printed page; it carries out this exploration in the history of the book, moreover, by embedding these typographical changes in the context of other cultural phenomena in eighteenth-century Britain. The gradual abandonment of pervasive capitalization, italics, and caps and small caps in books printed in London, Dublin, and the American colonies between 1740 and 1780 is mapped in five-year increments which reveal that the appearance of the modern page in English began to emerge around 1765. This descriptive and analytical account focuses on poetry, classical texts, Shakespeare, contemporary plays, the novel, the Bible, the Book of Common Prayer, sermons and religious writings, newspapers, magazines, anthologies, government publications, and private correspondence; and also examines the reading public, canon formation, editorial theory and practice, and the role of typography in textual interpretation. These changes in printing conventions are then compared to other aspects of cultural change: the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1752, the publication of Johnson’s Dictionary in 1755, the transformation of shop signs and the imposition of house numbers in London beginning in 1762, and the evolution of the English language and of English prose style. This study concludes that this fundamental shift in printing conventions was closely tied to a pervasive interest in refinement, regularity, and standardization in the second half of the century—and that it was therefore an important component in the self-conscious process of modernizing British culture.
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Pollack, Detlef, and Gergely Rosta. East Germany. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801665.003.0012.
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The case of East Germany raises the question of why religion and church, which had fallen to an unprecedentedly low level after four decades of suppression, have not recovered since 1989. The repressive church politics of the SED were undoubtedly the decisive factor in the unique process of minoritizing churches in the GDR. However, other external factors such as increasing prosperity, socio-structural transformation, and the expansion of the leisure and entertainment sector played an important role, too. In addition, church activity itself probably also helped to weaken the social position of churches. The absence of a church renaissance after 1990 can be explained by several factors, such as the long-term effects of the break with tradition caused by the GDR system, the political and moral discrediting of the church by the state security service, and people’s dwindling confidence in the church, which was suddenly seen as a non-representative Western institution.
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Rime, Jacques. Le baptême de la montagne. Préalpes fribourgeoises et construction religieuse du territoire (XVIIe-XXe siècles). Éditions Alphil-Presses universitaires suisses, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/alphil.03160.
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Écrivant à son évêque le 6 juin 1791, le curé de Planfayon voit d’un mauvais oeil la construction d’une chapelle près du lac Noir, dans les montagnes du canton de Fribourg. Il redoute que les bergers des environs en profitent pour s’attarder à l’établissement des bains tout proche afin de s’amuser et de faire ripaille. Dans un article de 1934 en revanche, un autre prêtre de l’endroit fait un éloge appuyé de la nouvelle chapelle qui avait remplacé l’édifice du xvıııe siècle, espérant même qu’elle permettra la création d’une paroisse autour du lac et de la vallée. Ces anecdotes montrent que les gens d’Église fribourgeois ont changé leur regard sur la montagne. Éloigné du prêtre durant de longs siècles, le berger devient au fil du temps l’homme proche du ciel, habitant un monde qui invite à l’élévation spirituelle. De nombreuses chapelles sont construites sur les pentes des Préalpes, les prêtres montent dans les alpages et sur les sommets et contribuent à la création d’un folklore montagnard, comme l’abbé Bovet, l’auteur du Vieux chalet. De tels exemples illustrent de manière particulière un processus plus large, la transformation d’un espace indifférencié en un territoire. En se fondant sur la tradition orale, les travaux des folkloristes, les journaux locaux, les récits de voyages ainsi que les informations transmises par de nombreux prêtres qui s’adonnaient au folklore et à la pastorale alpestre, Jacques Rime nous offre, à travers son ouvrage, une recherche inédite et passionnante sur le rapport de l’Église fribourgeoise à la montagne durant plusieurs siècles, en intégrant l’histoire des bergers au coeur d’une recherche en histoire de l’Église.
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Rosenberg, Anat. The Rise of Mass Advertising. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192858917.001.0001.
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Abstract This book is a first cultural legal history of advertising in Britain, tracing the rise of mass advertising circa 1840–1914 and its legal shaping. The emergence of this new system disrupted the perceived foundations of modernity. The idea that culture was organized by identifiable fields of knowledge, experience, and authority came under strain as advertisers claimed to share values with the era’s most prominent fields, including news, art, science, and religiously inflected morality. While cultural boundaries grew blurry, the assumption that the world was becoming progressively disenchanted, itself closely related to concepts of boundaries, was undermined as enchanted experiences multiplied with the transformation of everyday environments by advertising. Non-rational ontologies and a play of mystery became apparent, involving possibilities for metamorphoses, magical efficacy, animated environments, affective connections between humans and things, imaginary worlds and fantasies that informed mundane lifed. These disrupted assumptions that the capitalist economy was a victory of reason. The Rise of Mass Advertising examines how contemporaries came to terms with the disruptive impact by mobilizing legal processes, powers, and concepts. Law was implicated in performing boundary work that preserved the modern sense of field distinctions. Advertising’s cultural meanings and its organization were shaped dialectically vis-à-vis other fields in a process that mainstreamed and legitimized it with legal means, but also construed it as an inferior simulation of the values of a progressive modernity, exhibiting epistemological shortfalls and aesthetic compromises that marked it apart from adjacent fields. The dual treatment meanwhile disavowed the central role of enchantment, in what amounted to a normative enterprise of disenchantment. One of the ironies of this enterprise was that it ultimately drove professional advertisers to embrace enchantment as their peculiar expertise.
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Stenger, Jan R. Education in Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869788.001.0001.
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Education in Late Antiquity explores how the Christian and pagan writers of the Graeco-Roman world between c.300 and 550 CE rethought the role of intellectual and ethical formation. Analysing explicit and implicit theorization of education, it traces changing attitudes towards the aims and methods of teaching, learning, and formation. Influential scholarship has seen the postclassical education system as an immovable and uniform field. In response, this book argues that writers of the period offered substantive critiques of established formal education and tried to reorient ancient approaches to learning. By bringing together a wide range of discourses and genres, Education in Late Antiquity reveals that educational thought was implicated in the ideas and practices of wider society. Educational ideologies addressed central preoccupations of the time, including morality, religion, the relationship with others and the world, and concepts of gender and the self. The idea that education was a transformative process that gave shape to the entire being of a person, instead of imparting formal knowledge and skills, was key. The debate revolved around attaining happiness, the good life, and fulfilment, thus orienting education toward the development of the notion of humanity within the person. By exploring the discourse on education, this book recovers the changing horizons of Graeco-Roman thought on learning and formation from the fourth to the sixth centuries.
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Brekke, Torkel, ed. The Oxford History of Hinduism: Modern Hinduism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790839.001.0001.
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In this volume, experts on modern Hinduism have been asked to write chapters that present findings and perspectives from their own research to a wide audience of readers with interest in the fascinating processes of transformation arising from the interaction between the cultural and religious life of Hindus and the great forces that we call ‘modernity’. No single volume can come close to capturing the totality of modern Hinduism, and the editor has made choices limiting the focus to three broad topics of particular importance. First, there are chapters about the historical emergence of modern forms of Hinduism, where we meet some of the reformers and movements that defined Hinduism in early modern times and during the colonial period. Secondly, there are chapters about new forms and new locations of Hinduism covering such topics as Hinduism on the Internet and New Age Hinduism; there is also a chapter about Hinduism in the diaspora, which is a topic covered more thoroughly by a separate volume in the book series. Thirdly, there is a section about ethics, politics, and law, with chapters covering important topics such as nationalism, caste, and legal reforms in India and in the Hindu-majority country of Nepal.
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Graber, Jennifer. The Gods of Indian Country. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190279615.001.0001.
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During the nineteenth century, Americans sought the cultural transformation and the physical displacement of American Indian nations. Native people resisted these efforts. Though this process is often understood as a clash of rival economic systems or racial ideologies, it was also a profound spiritual struggle. The conflict over Indian Country sparked crises for both Natives and Americans. In the end, the experience of intercultural encounter and conflict over land produced religious transformations on both sides. This book focuses on Kiowa Indians during Americans’ hundred-year effort to acquire, explore, and seize their homeland between 1803 and 1903. Kiowas had known struggle and dislocation before. But the forces bearing down on them in the form of soldiers, missionaries, and government representatives were unrelenting. Under increasing pressure, Kiowas adapted their rituals in the hopes of using sacred power more effectively. They drew on a wide range of sources and shifted significantly as circumstances demanded. With Indian Country under assault, Kiowas exercised creative improvisation to sustain their lands and people. Against Kiowas stood Protestants and Catholics who hoped to remake Indian Country. These activists asserted the primacy of white Christian civilization and the need to transform the lives of Native peoples. They also saw themselves as the Indian’s friend, teacher, and protector. But as Kiowas resisted their plans, these Christian representatives supported policies that broke treaties and appropriated Native lands. They argued that the benefits of Christianity and civilization outweighed the costs. In order to secure Indian Country and control indigenous populations, they sanctified the economic and racial hierarchies of their day.
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Irani, Ayesha A. The Muhammad Avatāra. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190089221.001.0001.
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The Muhammad Avatāra: Salvation History, Translation, and the Making of Bengali Islam reveals the powerful role of vernacular translation in the Islamization of Bengal. Its focus is on the magnificent seventeenth-century Nabīvaṃśa of Saiyad Sultān, who lived in Arakanese-controlled Chittagong. Drawing upon the Arabo-Persian Tales of the Prophets genre, the Nabīvaṃśa (“Lineage of the Prophet”) retells the life of the Prophet Muhammad for the first time to Bengalis in their mother-tongue. This book delineates the challenges faced by the author in articulating the pre-eminence of Islam and its Arabian prophet in a land where multiple religious affiliations were common, and when Gauṛīya Vaiṣṇava missionary activity was at its zenith. Sultān played a pioneering role in setting into motion various lexical, literary, performative, theological, and, ultimately, ideological processes that led to the establishment of a distinctively Bengali Islam in east Bengal. At the heart of this transformation lay the persuasiveness of translation on a new Islamic frontier. The Nabīvaṃśa not only kindled a veritable translation movement of Arabo-Persian Islamic literature into Bangla, but established the grammar of creative translation that was to become canonical for this regional tradition. This text-critical study lays bare the sophisticated strategies of translation used by a prominent early modern Muslim Bengali intellectual to invite others to his faith.
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Tobin, Robert. Privilege and Prophecy. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190906146.001.0001.
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For much of its history, the Episcopal Church has been regarded as the religion of choice for American elites. Alongside other mainline denominations, Episcopalianism formed part of an unofficial Protestant establishment that set the tone for public life in the United States well into the 1960s. Since the close of the Second World War, however, the Episcopal Church increasingly began to experience a crisis of identity, as its leaders sought to make it more responsive to the rapid changes underway in American society. Shaped by their exposure to the Great Depression and the war, this group of predominantly liberal white men ensured that social action became a defining feature of the church’s agenda during this period. Educated, energetic, and well-resourced, these leaders pursued a range of experimental ministries, learning programs, and policy reforms that would gradually shift the church’s self-image from that of custodian of tradition to catalyst for change. Certain ironies attended this process, not least the propensity of these men to take for granted their own privileged status while lobbying assiduously against the established order. Still, whatever their shortcomings and contradictions, this generation of liberal leaders oversaw the transformation of the Episcopal Church during the years 1945–1979. The church they inherited was widely regarded as a bastion of WASP wealth and respectability; the one they eventually handed over was known for its commitment to progressive causes.
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Nikiforov, Konstantin V., Anna K. Aleksandrova, Ella G. Zadorozhnyuk, and Aleksandr S. Stykalin, eds. Transformational Revolutions in the Countries of Central And South-Eastern Europe on their Thirtieth Anniversary. 1989–2019. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; Nestor-Istoriia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2712-8342.2021.2.
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This collective monograph validates the relevance of the complex concept of “Transformational Revolutions” introduced here for the first time in academic circulation, which essentially expands the perspective of revolutionary origins and outcomes in Central and South-Eastern Europe. The authors analyze the prerequisites, course, and results of transformational revolutions in the countries of the region during the thirty-year period of their modern history. The studies describe the features of post-socialist modernization and the domestic and foreign political crises inherent in each country, the pros and cons of their involvement in the processes of European integration, and the benefits of joining NATO. The previously used term, “Velvet” revolution, does not cover the entire set of fundamental transformations in these countries in domestic and foreign policy. The researchers underline the specifics of a democratic political structure combined with a market economy for the countries in the region, with particular emphasis on ideological and political confrontation between the forces of the left and right in the framework of a multiparty system, and characterize the mechanism of changes in power during elections. They portray the correlation of euro-optimism and euro-scepticism in different countries, and their opposition to the dictates of Brussels. The authors emphasize that not only the Soviet perestroika, but also the various versions of revolution in the countries of the region led to the reformatting of the European and even global civilizational space. They reveal that many events of 30 years ago still determine the course of current events in the countries of the region and these countries may have incomplete transformation processes. The authors for the first time conduct a comparative analysis of the inclusion of the former GDR as part of a single German state in the EU and the divergent processes in the former socialist federations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. They pay special attention to the relationship between European, regional, and national components in the course of the revolutions and also the resulting conflicts. The authors also examine the specifics of the entry of Central European countries and later the Balkan subregions into NATO and the EU, and the role played by religious-cultural factors in individual countries. This monograph examines the lessons of Greece's recovery from the financial and economic crisis, as well as on Turkey's special Balkan interest in a larger Euro-Asian context. These revolutions are investigated from a comparative historical point of view with the reasons, processes, and results of the deep changes in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe during their 30-year modern history analyzed. In addition, their experiences of post-socialist modernization, which includes their search and elaboration of optimal models for interaction among themselves as well as with the countries of the East, particularly Russia, and West, is described, and hindering factors are identified.