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Journal articles on the topic 'Transfert pavlovian à instrumental'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 23 November 2024

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1

Talmi, D., B. Seymour, P. Dayan, and R. J. Dolan. "Human Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer." Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 2 (January 9, 2008): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4028-07.2008.

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2

Geurts, Dirk E. M., Quentin J. M. Huys, Hanneke E. M. den Ouden, and Roshan Cools. "Aversive Pavlovian Control of Instrumental Behavior in Humans." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 9 (September 2013): 1428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00425.

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Adaptive behavior involves interactions between systems regulating Pavlovian and instrumental control of actions. Here, we present the first investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying aversive Pavlovian–instrumental transfer using fMRI in humans. Recent evidence indicates that these Pavlovian influences on instrumental actions are action-specific: Instrumental approach is invigorated by appetitive Pavlovian cues but inhibited by aversive Pavlovian cues. Conversely, instrumental withdrawal is inhibited by appetitive Pavlovian cues but invigorated by aversive Pavlovian cues. We show that BOLD responses in the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens were associated with behavioral inhibition by aversive Pavlovian cues, irrespective of action context. Furthermore, BOLD responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex differed between approach and withdrawal actions. Aversive Pavlovian conditioned stimuli modulated connectivity between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the caudate nucleus. These results show that action-specific aversive control of instrumental behavior involves the modulation of fronto-striatal interactions by Pavlovian conditioned stimuli.

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3

Peng, Ziwen, Luning He, Rongzhen Wen, Tom Verguts, Carol A. Seger, and Qi Chen. "Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by decreased Pavlovian influence on instrumental behavior." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): e1009945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009945.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by uncontrollable repetitive actions thought to rely on abnormalities within fundamental instrumental learning systems. We investigated cognitive and computational mechanisms underlying Pavlovian biases on instrumental behavior in both clinical OCD patients and healthy controls using a Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) task. PIT is typically evidenced by increased responding in the presence of a positive (previously rewarded) Pavlovian cue, and reduced responding in the presence of a negative cue. Thirty OCD patients and thirty-one healthy controls completed the Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer test, which included instrumental training, Pavlovian training for positive, negative and neutral cues, and a PIT phase in which participants performed the instrumental task in the presence of the Pavlovian cues. Modified Rescorla-Wagner models were fitted to trial-by-trial data of participants to estimate underlying computational mechanism and quantify individual differences during training and transfer stages. Bayesian hierarchical methods were used to estimate free parameters and compare the models. Behavioral and computational results indicated a weaker Pavlovian influence on instrumental behavior in OCD patients than in HC, especially for negative Pavlovian cues. Our results contrast with the increased PIT effects reported for another set of disorders characterized by compulsivity, substance use disorders, in which PIT is enhanced. A possible reason for the reduced PIT in OCD may be impairment in using the contextual information provided by the cues to appropriately adjust behavior, especially when inhibiting responding when a negative cue is present. This study provides deeper insight into our understanding of deficits in OCD from the perspective of Pavlovian influences on instrumental behavior and may have implications for OCD treatment modalities focused on reducing compulsive behaviors.

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Quail, Stephanie L., Vincent Laurent, and Bernard W. Balleine. "Inhibitory Pavlovian–instrumental transfer in humans." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition 43, no. 4 (October 2017): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xan0000148.

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5

Cartoni, Emilio, Bernard Balleine, and Gianluca Baldassarre. "Appetitive Pavlovian-instrumental Transfer: A review." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 71 (December 2016): 829–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.020.

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6

Cohen-Hatton, Sabrina R., Josephine E. Haddon, David N. George, and R. C. Honey. "Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer: Paradoxical effects of the Pavlovian relationship explained." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 39, no. 1 (2013): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030594.

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7

Lewis, Andrea H., Michael A. Niznikiewicz, Andrew R. Delamater, and Mauricio R. Delgado. "Avoidance-based human Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer." European Journal of Neuroscience 38, no. 12 (October 10, 2013): 3740–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12377.

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8

Seabrooke, Tina, Lee Hogarth, C. E. R. Edmunds, and Chris J. Mitchell. "Goal-directed control in Pavlovian-instrumental transfer." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition 45, no. 1 (January 2019): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xan0000191.

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9

Matell, Matthew S., and Rebecca B. Della Valle. "Temporal specificity in Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer." Learning & Memory 25, no. 1 (December 15, 2017): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.046383.117.

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10

Campese, Vinn D., Ian T. Kim, Botagoz Kurpas, Lauren Branigan, Cassandra Draus, and Joseph E. LeDoux. "Motivational factors underlying aversive Pavlovian-instrumental transfer." Learning & Memory 27, no. 11 (October 15, 2020): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.052316.120.

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11

Holmes, Nathan M., Alain R. Marchand, and Etienne Coutureau. "Pavlovian to instrumental transfer: A neurobehavioural perspective." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 34, no. 8 (July 2010): 1277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.03.007.

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12

Sebold, Miriam, Daniel J. Schad, Stephan Nebe, Maria Garbusow, Elisabeth Jünger, Nils B. Kroemer, Norbert Kathmann, et al. "Don't Think, Just Feel the Music: Individuals with Strong Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Effects Rely Less on Model-based Reinforcement Learning." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 7 (July 2016): 985–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00945.

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Behavioral choice can be characterized along two axes. One axis distinguishes reflexive, model-free systems that slowly accumulate values through experience and a model-based system that uses knowledge to reason prospectively. The second axis distinguishes Pavlovian valuation of stimuli from instrumental valuation of actions or stimulus–action pairs. This results in four values and many possible interactions between them, with important consequences for accounts of individual variation. We here explored whether individual variation along one axis was related to individual variation along the other. Specifically, we asked whether individuals' balance between model-based and model-free learning was related to their tendency to show Pavlovian interferences with instrumental decisions. In two independent samples with a total of 243 participants, Pavlovian–instrumental transfer effects were negatively correlated with the strength of model-based reasoning in a two-step task. This suggests a potential common underlying substrate predisposing individuals to both have strong Pavlovian interference and be less model-based and provides a framework within which to interpret the observation of both effects in addiction.

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13

Davidson, T. L., Juan Aparicio, and Robert A. Rescorla. "Transfer between Pavlovian facilitators and instrumental discriminative stimuli." Animal Learning & Behavior 16, no. 3 (September 1988): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03209078.

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14

LeBlanc, Kimberly H., Sean B. Ostlund, and Nigel T. Maidment. "Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in cocaine seeking rats." Behavioral Neuroscience 126, no. 5 (2012): 681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029534.

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15

Xia, Yanfang, Angelina Gurkina, and Dominik R. Bach. "Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer after human threat conditioning." Learning & Memory 26, no. 5 (April 19, 2019): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.049338.119.

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16

Corbit, Laura H., and Patricia H. Janak. "Ethanol-Associated Cues Produce General Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 31, no. 5 (May 2007): 766–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00359.x.

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17

Holland, Peter C. "Relations Between Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer and Reinforcer Devaluation." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 30, no. 2 (2004): 104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.30.2.104.

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18

Laurent, Vincent, Progya Priya, Byron E. Crimmins, and Bernard W. Balleine. "General Pavlovian-instrumental transfer tests reveal selective inhibition of the response type – whether Pavlovian or instrumental – performed during extinction." Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 183 (September 2021): 107483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107483.

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19

Pielock, Steffi M., Susanne Sommer, and Wolfgang Hauber. "Post-training glucocorticoid receptor activation during Pavlovian conditioning reduces Pavlovian-instrumental transfer in rats." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 104 (March 2013): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2012.12.017.

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20

Jeffs, Stephens, and Theodora Duka. "Predictive but not emotional value of Pavlovian stimuli leads to pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer." Behavioural Brain Research 321 (March 2017): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.022.

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21

Sommer, Susanne, Alexandra Münster, Jean-Alain Fehrentz, and Wolfgang Hauber. "Effects of Motivational Downshifts on Specific Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer in Rats." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 25, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyab075.

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Abstract Background Pavlovian stimuli predictive of appetitive outcomes can exert a powerful influence on the selection and initiation of action, a phenomenon termed outcome-selective Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (sPIT). Rodent studies suggest that sPIT is insensitive to motivational downshift induced by outcome devaluation, an effect that is, however, relatively underexplored. Methods Here we examined in detail the effects of distinct shifts in motivation from hunger to a state of relative satiety on sPIT in rats. Results A motivational downshift by outcome-specific devaluation immediately prior to testing markedly reduced overall lever responding and magazine entries but left intact the sPIT effect. A motivational downshift prior testing by (1) giving ad libitum rather than restricted access to maintenance diet in the home cage for 24 hours or by (2) a systemic blockade of hormone secretagogue receptor subtype 1A receptors to inhibit orexigenic actions of ghrelin both reduced overall lever responding and magazine entries. Moreover, these latter motivational downshifts reduced the sPIT effect; however, the sizes of the sPIT effects were still large. Conclusions Collectively, our rodent findings indicate that major effects of various motivational downshifts are overall inhibition of lever pressing and magazine approach, possibly reflecting reduced general motivation. The observed effects of motivational downshifts on sPIT have implications with regard to the role of general motivating effects in sPIT and to the contribution of Pavlovian-instrumental interactions to excessive food seeking as well as obesity in humans.

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22

Jeffs, Stephen, and Theodora Duka. "Single-response appetitive Pavlovian to instrumental transfer is suppressed by aversive counter-conditioning." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 12 (July 25, 2019): 2820–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819862996.

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Environmental stimuli, when paired with reward, can influence behaviour in maladaptive ways, for example, by encouraging overeating or addiction. Such behaviour can be sensitive to reward value manipulations, under circumscribed conditions, but whether reward-seeking is also sensitive to stimulus value manipulations remains unclear. Thus, the current experiment investigated whether reducing the hedonic value of a reward-paired stimulus would reduce reward-seeking behaviour. In total, 36 participants successfully completed a single-response Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) task with a counter-conditioning procedure. The Pavlovian phase associated three conditioned stimuli (CSs) with money at 100%, 50%, or 0% contingency. Counter-conditioning then followed for the experimental group, who saw the 100% CS paired with unpleasant pictures, while the control group saw only neutral images. Instrumental training required participants to learn a button-pressing response to win money. The transfer phase contrasted instrumental responding during baseline and CS presentation. Both experimental and control groups liked the 100% CS more than the other CSs after Pavlovian training, but counter-conditioning reduced this 100% CS liking. In transfer, the experimental group showed an abolition of appetitive PIT, while the control group showed maintenance of appetitive PIT. However, this group difference was only evident in response vigour, not response initiation. In summary, CS hedonic value influences cue-potentiated instrumental responding. More specifically, hedonic value of a reward-paired cue influences the vigour of instrumental responses, but not the decision to initiate a response. These data may have relevance to smoking cessation policies, where the introduction of health warnings may be viewed as a real-world example of counter conditioning.

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23

Campese, Vincent D. "The lesser evil: Pavlovian-instrumental transfer & aversive motivation." Behavioural Brain Research 412 (August 2021): 113431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113431.

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24

Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, and Iris M. Engelhard. "Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in subclinical obsessive–compulsive disorder." Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 204380872092524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043808720925244.

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Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) refers to the effect of stimuli that have been associated with a pleasant or aversive event on instrumental behaviors. Given that obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is linked to excessive compulsions, which in the laboratory can be tested via testing instrumental responses, we assessed PIT effects in individuals with subclinical levels of OCD. Participants from a nonclinical population were separated in groups with low (OC−) and high (OC+) levels of OCD. Participants learned to associate one button press ( R1) with the cancellation of an aversive outcome ( O1) and another button press ( R2) with the cancellation of another aversive outcome ( O2). Subsequently, they watched stimuli of five different colors ( S1– S5) that were followed by O1, O2, a novel negative outcome ( O3: video of a house on fire), or two neutral outcomes ( O4: plus sign; O5: caret symbol), respectively. In the last phase, participants saw S1– S5 while they were allowed to press the R1 or the R2 button. Contrary to predictions, the OC− compared to OC+ group showed somewhat stronger specific PIT effects, indicated by more R1 and R2 responses during the presentation of the S1 and S2, respectively. No reliable evidence was found for general PIT.

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25

Mahlberg, Justin, Gabrielle Weidemann, Lee Hogarth, and Ahmed A. Moustafa. "Cue-elicited craving and human Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer." Addiction Research & Theory 27, no. 6 (January 9, 2019): 482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2018.1544625.

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26

Trick, Leanne, Lee Hogarth, and Theodora Duka. "Prediction and uncertainty in human Pavlovian to instrumental transfer." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 37, no. 3 (2011): 757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022310.

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27

Lee, J. L. C., and B. J. Everitt. "Reactivation-dependent amnesia in Pavlovian approach and instrumental transfer." Learning & Memory 15, no. 8 (August 6, 2008): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.1029808.

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28

Quail, Stephanie L., Richard W. Morris, and Bernard W. Balleine. "Stress associated changes in Pavlovian-instrumental transfer in humans." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 70, no. 4 (April 2017): 675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1149198.

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Hall, Darien A., and Joshua M. Gulley. "Disruptive effect of amphetamines on Pavlovian to instrumental transfer." Behavioural Brain Research 216, no. 1 (January 2011): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.08.040.

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30

Seabrooke, Tina, Mike E. Le Pelley, Alexis Porter, and Chris J. Mitchell. "Extinguishing cue-controlled reward choice: Effects of Pavlovian extinction on outcome-selective Pavlovian-instrumental transfer." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition 44, no. 3 (July 2018): 280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xan0000176.

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Heinz, Andreas, Anne Beck, Melissa Gül Halil, Maximilian Pilhatsch, Michael N. Smolka, and Shuyan Liu. "Addiction as Learned Behavior Patterns." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2019): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081086.

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Individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) have to cope with drug-related cues and contexts which can affect instrumental drug seeking, as shown with Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tasks among humans and animals. Our review addresses two potential mechanisms that may contribute to habitual or even compulsive drug seeking and taking. One mechanism is represented by Pavlovian and PIT effects on drug intake. The other is a shift from goal-directed to habitual drug intake, which can be accessed via model-based versus model-free decision-making in respective learning tasks. We discuss the impact of these learning mechanisms on drug consumption. First, we describe how Pavlovian and instrumental learning mechanisms interact in drug addiction. Secondly, we address the effects of acute and chronic stress exposure on behavioral and neural PIT effects in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Thirdly, we discuss how these learning mechanisms and their respective neurobiological correlates can contribute to losing versus regaining control over drug intake. Utilizing mobile technology (mobile applications on smartphones including games that measure learning mechanisms, activity bracelets), computational models, and real-world data may help to better identify patients with a high relapse risk and to offer targeted behavioral and pharmacotherapeutic interventions for vulnerable patients.

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32

Ostlund, Sean B., and Andrew T. Marshall. "Probing the role of reward expectancy in Pavlovian-instrumental transfer." Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 41 (October 2021): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.04.021.

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33

Garbusow, Maria, Daniel J. Schad, Christian Sommer, Elisabeth Jünger, Miriam Sebold, Eva Friedel, Jean Wendt, et al. "Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer in Alcohol Dependence: A Pilot Study." Neuropsychobiology 70, no. 2 (2014): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000363507.

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34

Huys, Q. J. M., M. Gölzer, E. Friedel, A. Heinz, R. Cools, P. Dayan, and R. J. Dolan. "The specificity of Pavlovian regulation is associated with recovery from depression." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 5 (February 4, 2016): 1027–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002597.

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BackgroundChanges in reflexive emotional responses are hallmarks of depression, but how emotional reflexes make an impact on adaptive decision-making in depression has not been examined formally. Using a Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) task, we compared the influence of affectively valenced stimuli on decision-making in depression and generalized anxiety disorder compared with healthy controls; and related this to the longitudinal course of the illness.MethodA total of 40 subjects with a current DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of major depressive disorder, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, or a combination thereof, and 40 matched healthy controls performed a PIT task that assesses how instrumental approach and withdrawal behaviours are influenced by appetitive and aversive Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CSs). Patients were followed up after 4–6 months. Analyses focused on patients with depression alone (n = 25).ResultsIn healthy controls, Pavlovian CSs exerted action-specific effects, with appetitive CSs boosting active approach and aversive CSs active withdrawal. This action-specificity was absent in currently depressed subjects. Greater action-specificity in patients was associated with better recovery over the follow-up period.ConclusionsDepression is associated with an abnormal influence of emotional reactions on decision-making in a way that may predict recovery.

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Wells, Timothy J., Lucie Krejčová, Jakub Binter, James G. Pfaus, and Rachel R. Horsley. "No significant effect of frequent online sexual behaviour on Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT): Implications for compulsive sexual behaviour disorder." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): e0274913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274913.

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Reward based learning is broadly acknowledged to underpin the development and maintenance of addictive behaviour although the mechanism in sexual compulsivity is less understood. Using a Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) task we tested whether the motivational aspect of conditioned Pavlovian conditioned stimulus invigorated instrumental responding in relation to specific compatible monetary rewards. Performance on the task was analysed between two groups of males based on Low (N = 38) and High (N = 41) self-report online sexual behaviour (OSB). Psychometric tests including sexual compulsivity scale and behavioural activation/behavioural inhibition (BIS/BAS) were also administered to determine the relationship between OSB and general reward sensitivity. We show clear evidence of acquisition in the Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning phases. Specific transfer effect was greater in the High-OSB group although the difference compared to the Low-OSB group was non-significant. OSB negatively correlated with both BIS and BAS indicative of introversion and low reward sensitivity. OSB positively correlated with sexual compulsivity although it is unclear whether individuals in the High-OSB group considered their behaviour either excessive or problematic. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate regarding the nature of problematic OSB. Fundamental differences in motivational characteristics and mechanism contributing to compulsive behaviour in relation to high-OSB might indicate incompatibility with behavioural addiction models. PIT was not enhanced in high-OSB by appetitive conditioning, although problematic OSB could stem from failure to inhibit actions. Further research should investigate whether aversive conditioning differentially affects responding in high-OSB individuals, potentially explaining perseverant behaviour despite negative consequences.

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Petrie, Daniel J., Sy-Miin Chow, and Charles F. Geier. "Effective Connectivity during an Avoidance-Based Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Task." Brain Sciences 11, no. 11 (November 6, 2021): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111472.

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Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) refers to a phenomenon whereby a classically conditioned stimulus (CS) impacts the motivational salience of instrumental behavior. We examined behavioral response patterns and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based effective connectivity during an avoidance-based PIT task. Eleven participants (8 females; Mage = 28.2, SD = 2.8, range = 25–32 years) completed the task. Effective connectivity between a priori brain regions engaged during the task was determined using hemodynamic response function group iterative multiple model estimation (HRF-GIMME). Participants exhibited behavior that was suggestive of specific PIT, a CS previously associated with a reinforcing outcome increased instrumental responding directed at the same outcome. We did not find evidence for general PIT; a CS did not significantly increase instrumental responding towards a different but related outcome. Using HRF-GIMME, we recovered effective connectivity maps among corticostriatal circuits engaged during the task. Group-level paths revealed directional effects from left putamen to right insula and from right putamen to right cingulate. Importantly, a direct effect of specific PIT stimuli on blood–oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activity in the left putamen was found. Results provide initial evidence of effective connectivity in key brain regions in an avoidance-based PIT task network. This study adds to the literature studying PIT effects in humans and employing GIMME models to understand how psychological phenomena are supported in the brain.

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37

Sennwald, Vanessa, Eva R. Pool, Sylvain Delplanque, Francesco Bianchi-Demicheli, and David Sander. "Outcome-specific and general Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfers involving sexual rewards." Motivation Science 6, no. 1 (March 2020): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/mot0000129.

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38

Pielock, Steffi M., Stephanie Braun, and Wolfgang Hauber. "The effects of acute stress on Pavlovian-instrumental transfer in rats." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 13, no. 1 (October 13, 2012): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-012-0129-3.

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39

Seabrooke, Tina, Mike E. Le Pelley, Lee Hogarth, and Chris J. Mitchell. "Evidence of a goal-directed process in human Pavlovian-instrumental transfer." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition 43, no. 4 (October 2017): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xan0000147.

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40

Campese, Vincent D., Jose M. Soroeta, Elena M. Vazey, Gary Aston-Jones, Joseph E. LeDoux, and Robert M. Sears. "Noradrenergic Regulation of Central Amygdala in Aversive Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer." eneuro 4, no. 5 (September 2017): ENEURO.0224–17.2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0224-17.2017.

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41

Nadler, Natasha, Mauricio R. Delgado, and Andrew R. Delamater. "Pavlovian to instrumental transfer of control in a human learning task." Emotion 11, no. 5 (2011): 1112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022760.

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42

Lamb, R. J., Charles W. Schindler, and Jonathan W. Pinkston. "Conditioned stimuli’s role in relapse: preclinical research on Pavlovian-Instrumental-Transfer." Psychopharmacology 233, no. 10 (January 23, 2016): 1933–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4216-y.

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43

Marshall, Andrew T., Briac Halbout, Christy N. Munson, Collin Hutson, and Sean B. Ostlund. "Flexible control of Pavlovian-instrumental transfer based on expected reward value." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition 49, no. 1 (January 2023): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xan0000348.

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44

Hardy, Lorna, Chris Mitchell, Tina Seabrooke, and Lee Hogarth. "Drug cue reactivity involves hierarchical instrumental learning: evidence from a biconditional Pavlovian to instrumental transfer task." Psychopharmacology 234, no. 13 (April 15, 2017): 1977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4605-x.

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45

Meemken, Marie-Theres, and Annette Horstmann. "Appetitive Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer in Participants with Normal-Weight and Obesity." Nutrients 11, no. 5 (May 9, 2019): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11051037.

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Altered eating behavior due to modern, food-enriched environments has a share in the recent obesity upsurge, though the exact mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to assess whether higher weight or weight gain are related to stronger effects of external cues on motivation-driven behavior. 51 people with and without obesity completed an appetitive Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) paradigm. During training, button presses as well as presentation of fractal images resulted in three palatable and one neutral taste outcome. In the subsequent test phase, outcome-specific and general behavioral bias of the positively associated fractal images on deliberate button press were tested under extinction. While all participants showed signs of specific transfer, general transfer was not elicited. Contrary to our expectations, there was no main effect of weight group on PIT magnitude. Participants with obesity exhibited higher scores in the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire Disinhibition scale, replicating a very robust effect from previous literature. Individual Restraint scores were able to predict body-mass index (BMI) change after a three-year period. Our data indicate that PIT is an important player in how our environment influences the initiation of food intake, but its effects alone cannot explain differences in—or future development of—individual weight.

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Alarcón, Daniel E., Charlotte Bonardi, and Andrew R. Delamater. "Associative mechanisms involved in specific Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in human learning tasks." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 7 (January 1, 2018): 1607–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1342671.

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Four experiments compared the effect of forward and backward conditioning procedures on the ability of conditioned stimuli (CS) to elevate instrumental responding in a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) task. Two responses were each trained with one distinct outcome (R1->O1, R2->O2), either concurrently (Experiment 1) or separately (Experiments 2, 3 and 4). Then, in Experiments 1 and 2, four CSs were either followed or preceded by one outcome (A->O1, B->O2, O1->C, O2->D). In Experiment 3, each CS was preceded and followed by an outcome: for one group of participants, both outcomes were identical (e.g., O1->A->O1, O2->B->O2), but for the other, they were different (e.g., O1->A->O2, O2->B->O1). In Experiment 4, two CSs were preceded and followed by identical outcomes, and two CSs by different outcomes. In the PIT tests, participants performed R1 and R2 in the presence and absence of the CSs. In Experiments 1 and 2, only the CSs followed by outcomes in Pavlovian training elevated responding. In Experiments 3 and 4, all the CSs elevated responding but based on the outcome that followed them in training. These results support the stimulus-outcome-response (S-O-R) mechanism of specific PIT, according to which CSs elevate responding via activation of its associated outcome representation.

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Alarcón, Daniel, and Charlotte Bonardi. "The effect of conditioned inhibition on the specific Pavlovian-instrumental transfer effect." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition 42, no. 1 (2016): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xan0000087.

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Homayoun, Houman, and Bita Moghaddam. "Differential representation of Pavlovian-instrumental transfer by prefrontal cortex subregions and striatum." European Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 7 (April 2009): 1461–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06679.x.

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Holland, Peter C. ""Relations between Pavlovian-instrumental transfer and reinforcer devaluation": Correction to Holland (2004)." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 30, no. 4 (October 2004): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.30.4.258.

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van Timmeren, Tim, Stephanie L. Quail, Dirk E. M. Geurts, Bernard W. Balleine, Ruth J. van Holst, and Anna E. Goudriaan. "T268. Pavlovian-To-Instrumental Transfer and Outcome Devaluation in Human Alcohol Dependence." Biological Psychiatry 83, no. 9 (May 2018): S233—S234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.605.

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