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1
Keys, M. J., and P. W. Orchard. "The Prime Pasture Program - using marketing concepts to achieve technology transfer." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 4 (2000): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99084.
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The Prime Pasture Program was set up to increase the success of perennial pasture establishment. The program was a practical example of successful technology transfer from applied research to farmer adoption. It was based on a marketing approach akin to the launch of a new commercial product, involving a unique partnership between government extension services, agribusiness and farmers. The processes of product development, advertising and product support are described together with the outcomes from this approach. Evaluation studies revealed wide recognition of the project’s messages and a high degree of satisfaction by producers who adopted the technology.
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Sun, Dongyun, Wei Wang, and Zhaoping Liu. "Establishment of a reliable transfer process for fabricating chemical vapor deposition-grown graphene films with advanced and repeatable electrical properties." RSC Advances 8, no. 35 (2018): 19846–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra02478b.
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Graphene films grown by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method have attracted intensive attention due to their native advantages of both high quality and large quantity for commercial applications.
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Shen, P. C., J. C. Huang, C. H. Wang, W. T. K. Cheng, L. Y. Sung, J. Xu, C. X. Tian, X. Yang, F. L. Du, and S. N. Lee. "74PREGNANCY ESTABLISHMENT OF NUCLEAR TRANSFERRED EMBRYOS AFTER VITRIFICATION AND EMBRYO TRANSFER IN CATTLE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 2 (2004): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv16n1ab74.
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The success of cryopreservation of bovine cloned embryos is important to commercial application of somatic nuclear transfer (NT) in the dairy and beef industry, especially for solving the problem of embryo transfer (ET) between fresh NT embryos and recipients. This experiment was conducted to test the possibility of establishing pregnancy by embryo transfer of vitrified bovine NT embryos. Oocytes were aspirated from antral follicles of slaughterhouse ovaries, and subsequently cultured in maturation medium for 20h. Cumulus cells were then denuded from the oocytes by vigorous vortexing for later enucleation and donor nuclear transfer. Skin fibroblast cells used for NT were derived from cultured ear explants taken from an elite dairy cow, and cumulus cells were cultured from the cumulus-oocytes complexes collected by ultrasound-guided transvaginal retrieval. Fibroblasts and cumulus cells were cultured at passage 5 or 6 in 10% FBS DMEM at 37°C in 5% CO2 humidified air, and used as nuclear donors. After donor cell transfer, somatic cell-cytoplast pairs were then fused by applying two direct current pulses at 2.0kVcm−1 for a duration of 10μs/pulse. Fused embryos were activated in 10mgmL−1 cycloheximide in M199+7.5% FBS for 4h. Embryos were cultured in CR1aa plus 3mgmL−1 BSA for 2 days (initiation of activation=Day 0) at 39°C, 5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2, and then cultured on bovine cumulus monolayers in CR1aa medium supplemented with 7.5% FBS for 5 successive days. Expanding and hatching blastocysts on Day 7 were selected for cyropreservation via liquid nitrogen surface vitrification (LNSV). Vitrification solution contained HEPES-buffered TCM199 supplemented with 20% FBS, ethylene glycol and dimethylsulphoxide. A droplet of 1–2μL vitrification solution containing two blastocysts was directly dropped onto a cooled surface within 30s after 3min incubation in equilibration solution. Vitrified NT embryos were kept at −150°C vapor phase until recipients were synchronized to Day 7 for ET. Embryos are warmed and subsequently washed several times in rehydration solutions and M199+7.5% FBS medium. The warmed embryos from initial trials were cultured for 2h to evaluate their viability after cryopreservation. Non-surgical transfer was carried out to transfer two embryos to a synchronous recipient, and pregnancy was determined by palpation via rectum around Day 70 of transfer. After warming of vitrified embryos, similar high survival rates were achieved in NT embryos derived from either cumulus (93.8%, n=16), or fibroblast cells (95.8%, n=48) as nuclear donors, respectively (P>0.05). The pregnancy data (Table 1) on Day 70 of gestation indicated that there were no significant differences among ET groups with fresh NT blastocysts, vitrified cumulus NT and fibroblast NT embryos (P>0.05). This study demonstrates that cryopreserved bovine NT embryos via LNSV vitrification can maintain an in vivo developmental viability comparable to freshly produced NT counterparts. Further developmental potential of vitrified NT embryos to term is under investigation. Table 1 Pregnancy outcomes of vitrifield bovine NT embryos after embryo transfer
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Kemerink, J. S., L. E. Méndez, R. Ahlers, P. Wester, and P. van der Zaag. "The question of inclusion and representation in rural South Africa: challenging the concept of water user associations as a vehicle for transformation." Water Policy 15, no. 2 (December 5, 2012): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.127.
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The promotion of local governance and the transfer of water management responsibilities to water user associations (WUAs) have been central in water reform processes throughout the world, including in the reforms that took place in post-apartheid South Africa. This paper reflects on the notions of inclusion and representation as put forward by the various actors involved in the establishment of a WUA in a tertiary catchment in the Thukela River Basin. The paper describes how the WUA in the study catchment came to be dominated by commercial farmers, despite the South African government's aim to redress the inequities of the past by the inclusion and representation of historically disadvantaged individuals. The authors argue that the notions of inclusion and representation as embedded in the concept of the WUA are highly contested and more aligned with the institutional settings familiar to the commercial farmers. The paper concludes that, unless the inherently political nature of the participatory process is recognized and the different institutional settings become part of the negotiation process of the ‘why’ and the ‘how’ of progressive collaboration at catchment level, the establishment of the WUA in the study catchment will not contribute to achieving the envisioned transformation.
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Pedlar, John, Daniel McKenney, Jean Beaulieu, Stephen Colombo, Jason McLachlan, and Gregory O'Neill. "The implementation of assisted migrationin Canadian forests." Forestry Chronicle 87, no. 06 (December 2011): 766–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-093.
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We outline the major steps involved in implementing assisted migration (AM) and assess, in a general way, the capacity to carry out each step in Canadian forests. Our findings highlight the fact that capacity to implement AM differs between forest species; in particular, the existence of established provenance trials, seed transfer guidelines, seed procurement systems, and plantation establishment protocols makes AM considerably more feasible for most commercial tree species than for most species of conservation concern. We report on several AM efforts involving commercial tree species that are already underway in Canada and identify a number of initiatives that could be undertaken to help build AM capacity. This paper is not intended as an endorsement of the AM approach; however, we feel there is considerable value in discussing implementation issues at this point in the AM debate.
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Burns, G., C. Long, J. Gibbons, and J. Shull. "105 BOVINE EMBRYO TYPE, GRADE AND RECIPIENT SYNCHRONY, BUT NOT CORPUS LUTEUM QUALITY, INFLUENCED PREGNANCY RATES IN COMMERCIAL EMBRYO TRANSFER." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab105.
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Embryo transfer is a tool that enables progressive cattle producers to reach their reproductive, genetic and financial goals. The complexity of pregnancy establishment increases with any reproductive technology, especially with one with many variables. This clinical analysis employed a statistical model capable of explaining factors that affect pregnancy probability resulting from over 8000 embryo transfers. These data included corpus luteum (CL) quality score, embryo stage (morula to blastocyst) and grade (1–3), recipient synchrony (relative to the embryo age) and pregnancy rate (≥45 days). The CL score was an amalgamation of the palpable diameter of the CL, whether or not a crown was present and the overall quality of the reproductive tract (size of the uterine horns and perceived patency of the cervix). Embryos produced by IVF were transferred fresh and in vivo–produced embryos were transferred fresh (VIVO FRESH) or following cryopreservation (VIVO FROZ). Statistical methods were used to compare types of embryos transferred and pregnancy rates. All data were analysed using JMP 2009 software by logistic regression with the Logit link. Analysis for the odds of pregnancy occurring among groups using contrasts was conducted. Fisher's exact test showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among groups for pregnancy rate, with the VIVO FRESH embryos group having the highest rate (68.5 ± 1.5%) and the VIVO FROZ the lowest (54.7 ± 1.6%) and the IVF embryos were intermediate (62.1 ± 3.3%). Synchrony, stage, embryo grade and CL quality were analysed for their predictive ability of pregnancy rates in the IVF, VIVO FRESH and VIVO FROZ groups using effect tests with a P < 0.05. Interestingly, the CL quality had no predictive ability for any of the groups. Effectors that had an influence on the VIVO FROZ group included synchrony, stage and embryo grade. However, for the IVF and VIVO FRESH groups, pregnancy rates were affected by only embryo grade. Retrospective, observational analysis of commercial embryo transfer data represents a challenge to meaningful interpretation. Because of the nature of the business, experimental treatments cannot always be developed and implemented. Nonetheless, valuable information is gained by using appropriate statistical methods. As anticipated, these data suggested that the type of embryo transferred, grade and synchrony of the recipient are all important factors, particularly for cryopreserved embryos. Unexpectedly, the score of the CL did not influence pregnancy outcome regardless of embryo type. Evaluation of clinical data allows adjustment of embryo transfer protocols, facilitates genetic gain via enhanced reproductive success and provides a unique opportunity to analyse large, real-world data sets.
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Foreman, Peter. "The transfer of accounting technology: a study of the Commonwealth of Australia government factories, 1910-1916." Accounting History 6, no. 1 (May 2001): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103237320100600104.
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The establishment of government factories by the Commonwealth of Australia, 1910-1916, required, inter alia, the development of an accounting system to suit the commercial activities carried on by government. All these factories were suppliers to the defence forces. Their primary aim was not profit generation, but the maintenance of facilities that could be expanded rapidly in time of need. Some of these factories were in direct competition with private industry and it was important that their costs and prices compared favourably with the nongovernment sector. The Australian government introduced a system of accounting that was developed by John Jensen, a Defence Department public servant. Jensen espoused scientific management techniques observed during a visit to the USA and Canada in 1910. This study explores the origins of, and influences on, the accounting system as established by Jensen. It does so through the use of the technology transfer construct advanced by Jeremy (1991). The conclusion reached is that Taylorist precepts were significantly modified to meet the particular control requirements and the environmental factors faced by Australian governments.
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Osaragi, Toshihiro. "Selection of Stopover Stations by Homeward-bound Railway Users." AGILE: GIScience Series 1 (July 15, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-1-18-2020.
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Abstract. This study discusses the behavior of railway users who commute to work or school as they choose a station on the way home for eating or shopping. A quantitative grasp of the tendencies in this selection based on personal attributes and time points was obtained by creating models that accounted for the geographical relationships between individuals’ residences and their workplaces or schools, and for the environments surrounding stopover stations. It was found that the increased time required for a stopover, or the number of transfers between trains were points of resistance and that the fact that a station on the route home was a transfer station, and the extent of commercial space near that station, affected the attractiveness of that station. The results of a simulation applying the stopover station selection model, indicated that an increase in the commercial establishments near a station and the availability of interconnected railway companies affected the attractiveness of a stopover station.
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Solilová, Veronika. "Revised OECD Transfer pricing Guidelines and the Czech tax policy." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 4 (2011): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159040301.
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In applying the international principles to the taxation of Multinational Enterprises, one of the most difficult issues that have arisen is the establishment for tax purposes of appropriate transfer prices. Transfer prices are significant for both taxpayers and tax administrations because they determine in large part the income and expenses, and therefore taxable profits, of associated enterprises in different tax jurisdictions. The Committee on Fiscal Affairs, which is the main tax policy body of the OECD, has issued a number of reports relating to the transfer pricing issues. The most important are the Transfer pricing Guidelines for multinational enterprises and tax authorities which was published in 1995. These Guidelines focus on the application of the arm’s length principle to evaluate the transfer pricing of associated enterprises, the analysis of the methods for evaluating whether the conditions of commercial and financial relations within Multinational Enterprises satisfy the arm’s length principle and discussion of the practical application of those methods. Simply, these Guidelines focus on the main issues of principle that arise in the transfer pricing area. The Committee on Fiscal Affairs continues its work in this area, on 22 July 2010 approved and released the proposed revisions to Chaps. I through III of these Guidelines and simultaneously published a new Chap. IX related to business restructuring. The revisions are the result of several years of work on comparability and the use of profit-based methods. The revised text will have a significant impact on the application of transfer pricing analysis and transfer pricing methods. The paper is focused on significant changes of newly approved Guidelines with aim to evaluate how the Czech Republic began applying the principles set out in the revised text of these Guidelines.
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Bunama, R., G. A. Karim, and C. Y. Zhang. "An Investigation of the Formation and Venting of Flammable Mixtures Formed Within Liquid Fuel Vessels." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 121, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816314.
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The paper describes results of a parametric study obtained while using an analytical model described earlier (Bunama and Karim, 1997b) investigating the combined effects of mass, energy, and momentum transfer with variable transport and thermodynamic properties on the formation of fuel vapor-air mixtures above a stagnant liquid fuel surface within the confines, of a vertical cylindrical vessel. This was done mainly to examine the establishment of the formation of flammable mixtures and their changes in size and location with time within liquid fuel tanks that are partially empty. The effects of changes in the ambient and wall temperatures, presence of liquid on the walls and vessel geometry were considered. Moreover, the results of a corresponding experimental investigation are presented. Much of the data relates to the high volatility fuel n-pentane that represents the lighter fuel fractions in commercial fuels which through their early evaporation contribute much to the fire hazards in fuel tanks.
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Carpes, Aletéia, Flavia Scherer, Daniel Diniz, and Thiago Antonio Beuron. "Brazilian Internationalization Strategies for China and Their Reflections in the Intercultural Adjustment of the Brazilian Expatriate Individual." Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 10, no. 3 (December 2, 2011): 22–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v10i3.1768.
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The search for sites with greater strategic location advantage for the development of activities means that for some companies in the footwear sector, China represents a favorable site for the establishment of factories and commercial offices. The transfer of activities to foreign territory accords the inherent benefits of proximity to the chosen country, but highlights the challenges of choosing and preparing people for appropriate international action and following up on the development of selected work abroad. Business performance abroad is influenced by the performance of the individual expatriate, and the greater the difference of culture experienced between the country of origin and the country to which the individual will relocate, the lower the psychological comfort of the expatriate. Knowing this, this study’s objective was to check the reflection of the internationalization of China in the individual expatriate intercultural adjustment, through the Black model, Mendehall and Oddou (1991). Among other findings, researchers noted the absence of advance directives coming from the expatriate company, the obstacle of psychic distance in the adjustment of the individual, and the reactive posture of Brazilians as a way of adjusting to the circumstance.
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Zaitseva, N. V. "Ghostwriters as a Legal Phenomenon: Features and Perspectives of Legal Regulation of Their Activity." Lex Russica, no. 5 (May 25, 2021): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.174.5.019-027.
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The paper is devoted to the problem of using the work of another person in the intellectual field, primarily in literary activity. The involvement of ghostwriters in writing literary works has created a legal phenomenon when the subject matter of contractual relations represents the inalienable non-property right, namely: the right of authorship the transfer of which is not possible in many jurisdictions, and in others, despite the absence of an explicit prohibition, there is no legal regulation of such alienation. However, the existence of ghostwriters cannot be assessed as a unique phenomenon of modernity. In our time, they have only gained new forms and a special place not only in the literary, but also in the scientific field. In this regard, the establishment of legal mechanisms for attracting and regulating ghostwriters is more effective than the establishment of a system of prohibitions.In the conditions of changing publishing businesses and increasing ways and forms of proof, questions about the authenticity of a person's authorship began to arise increasingly, especially in the field of scientific and scholarly literature, where the work of "new" researchers is often used. The issue of assignment of the right of authorship (copyright) — a fundamental property right — is treated differently in different legal systems. The continental system of law relies on impossibility of transferring copyright from one entity to another as part of a civil law transaction. Therefore, instances of attribution of authorship are assessed in the context of criminal or administrative law. It forms the legal essence of the division of rights of authorship into property and nonproperty ones: any commercial rights to intellectual property can be ceded except the authorship.
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Clerc, Marcel G., Gregorio González-Cortés, Paulina I. Hidalgo, Lucciano A. Letelier, Mauricio J. Morel, and Jorge Vergara. "Light-Induced Ring Pattern in a Dye-Doped Nematic Liquid Crystal." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 5285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115285.
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The use of dye-doped liquid crystals allows the amplification of the coupling of light and liquid crystals. Light can induce the self-organization of the molecular order. The appearance of ring patterns has been observed, which has been associated with phase modulation. However, the morphology and dynamics of the ring patterns are not consistent with self-modulation. Based on an experimental setup with two parallel coherence beams orthogonal to a liquid crystal cell, one of which induces photo-isomerization and the other causes illumination, the formation of ring patterns is studied. To use these two coherent beams, we synthesize methylred methyl ester as a dye-dopant, which is photosensitive only to one of the light beams, and a commercial E7 liquid crystal as a matrix. Based on a mathematical model that accounts for the coupling between the concentration of the cis-state and the order parameter, we elucidate the emergence of the rings as forming patterns in an inhomogeneous medium. The bifurcation diagram is analytically characterized. The emergence, propagation of the rings, and the establishment of the ring patterns are in fair agreement with the experimental observations.
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Parveez, Ghulam Kadir Ahmad, Masnita Mohd Masri, Alizah Zainal, Na'imatulapidah Abdul Majid, Abdul Masani Mat Yunus, Haliza Haris Fadilah, Omar Rasid, and Suan-Choo Cheah. "Transgenic oil palm: production and projection." Biochemical Society Transactions 28, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 969–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0280969.
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Oil palm is an important economic crop for Malaysia. Genetic engineering could be applied to produce transgenic oil palms with high value-added fatty acids and novel products to ensure the sustainability of the palm oil industry. Establishment of a reliable transformation and regeneration system is essential for genetic engineering. Biolistic was initially chosen as the method for oil palm transformation as it has been the most successful method for monocotyledons to date. Optimization of physical and biological parameters, including testing of promoters and selective agents, was carried out as a prerequisite for stable transformation. This has resulted in the successful transfer of reporter genes into oil palm and the regeneration of transgenic oil palm, thus making it possible to improve the oil palm through genetic engineering. Besides application of the Biolistics method, studies on transformation mediated by Agrobacterium and utilization of the green fluorescent protein gene as a selectable marker gene have been initiated. Upon the development of a reliable transformation system, a number of useful targets are being projected for oil palm improvement. Among these targets are high-oleate and high-stearate oils, and the production of industrial feedstock such as biodegradable plastics. The efforts in oil palm genetic engineering are thus not targeted as commodity palm oil. Due to the long life cycle of the palm and the time taken to regenerate plants in tissue culture, it is envisaged that commercial planting of transgenic palms will not occur any earlier than the year 2020.
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Enrique Díaz et al.,, Enrique Díaz et al ,. "Design of an Affordable Module for Body Temperature Measurement and Capacity Control in Commercial Establishments to Avoid the Increase of Contages By Sars-Cov2." International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 11-1 (2021): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdfeb202111.
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Whyte, J. J., M. E. Hennessy, R. D. Geisert, and R. S. Prather. "115 CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEAT (CRISPR)/Cas9-DIRECTED INACTIVATION OF PORCINE INTERLEUKIN-1B AS A MODEL TO STUDY ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY AND CONCEPTUS ATTACHMENT." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv27n1ab115.
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Embryonic losses in livestock range from 20 to 40%, with two-thirds of these losses occurring in the peri-implantation period. An understanding of successful pregnancy establishment in pigs is important for translational research and commercial pig production. Failure of conceptus-maternal communication is a major contributor to this loss, yet the molecular control of this process remains unclear. Engineered nucleases such as the bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 system enable precise modification of the genome compared with traditional gene targeting. In the present study, we hypothesised that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be used to efficiently produce genetically modified embryo models in the pig that will answer key questions about the complex molecular dialogue between conceptus and maternal uterus. We focused on interleukin-1β (IL1B), a cytokine believed to contribute to rapid trophoblast elongation and pregnancy establishment in pigs. The pig is unique in having 2 forms of the IL1B gene: the systemic form (IL1B) and the conceptus form (IL1BL) that is expressed only at peri-implantation. The coding sequence of the 2 forms of IL1B share 92% similarity. Our objective was to develop 2 types of cloned swine embryos, each with a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene inactivation of either IL1B or ILB1L. To target unique regions of IL1B and IL1BL in our fetal fibroblast somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) donor cells, existing Sus scrofa genome data (10.2 annotation) was combined with donor cell Illumina high-throughput sequencing and Sanger sequencing of PCR products to produce consensus IL1B and IL1BL sequences used for targeted disruption. We developed a CRISPR/Cas9 pipeline to identify potential targets 20 nucleotides in length to disrupt the IL1BL and IL1B start codon, while at the same time screening for any potential off-target matches. The pipeline was able to select a group of 11 CRISPR single-chain guide RNAs (sgRNAs; 6 for IL1B and 5 for IL1BL) from an initial library of 413 sgRNAs. Porcine fibroblasts cultured in DMEM, 15% fetal bovine serum, and 10 mg mL–1 gentamicin were trypsinized and transferred to electroporation medium (75% cytosalts, 25% Opti-MEM), diluted to 1 million cells in 200 μL, and added to 2 mm gap electroporation cuvettes. Cells received 2 μg of pairs of sgRNAs bracketing the start codon and were electroporated with three 1-ms square wave pulses at 250 V. Transfected cells were resuspended in DMEM and plated at low density (~50 cells/plate). The Surveyor Nuclease assay was used to determine a minimum of 5 unique cleavage products in the target DNA in each gene form for heterogeneous cell populations. Clonal populations of targeted cells are currently being characterised for use in SCNT and embryo transfer to identify the effects of IL1B/IL1BL disruption on key molecular pathways during early development (Days 8, 12, and 18 of gestation).
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Miller, Stephen. "Genetic improvement of beef cattle through opportunities in genomics." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, suppl spe (July 2010): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001300027.
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Genomics will improve the efficiency of beef cattle genetic improvement programs through the incorporation of genomic predictions into traditional genetic evaluations. The global dairy cattle breeding industry has been changed considerably in the last year through the implementation of genomic selection. Now proven to work in dairy cattle breeding, the challenge remains for the beef industry to successfully implement this technology. The primary challenge in beef cattle is the required resource population that relates genomic profile to phenotypic performance, which is quite large and its establishment will require collaboration or a significant investment by any one enterprise. Another challenge in beef cattle is the requirement for genomic predictions to function across breeds, which will require denser marker panels. Opportunities to increase genetic progress include increased accuracy of selection, reduced generation interval, increased selection intensity and better utilization of limited recording capacity, such as individual feed intake, along with opportunities to genetically change novel traits. Implementation of a low density panel at the commercial level will allow informative decisions based on genetic potential at all levels of the production chain. This reduced panel will include predictive SNP based on fine QTL mapping efforts, combined with additional SNP to enable imputation of genotypes from a high density SNP panel, when combined with high density genotypes of key ancestors, such as sires. With electronic recording in cattle, a single genotyping event on each animal would provide information throughout the beef production chain, which will create the incentive for genetic change. Genomics will create new opportunities for reproductive technologies such as embryo transfer as elite females will be identified with increased accuracy. Potential changes to the structure of the breeding industry are discussed including changes to recording strategies and the development of novel beef products.
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Tamilarasu, Karthick, Charles Raja Sathiasamuel, Jeslin Drusila Nesamalar Joseph, Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan, and Lucian Mihet-Popa. "Reinforced Demand Side Management for Educational Institution with Incorporation of User’s Comfort." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 2855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102855.
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Soaring energy demand and the establishment of various trends in the energy market have paved the way for developing demand-side management (DSM) from the consumer side. This paper proposes a reinforced DSM (RDSM) approach that uses an enhanced binary gray wolf optimization algorithm (EBGWO) that benefits the consumer premises with load scheduling, and peak demand reduction. To date, DSM research has been carried out for residential, commercial and industrial loads, whereas DSM approaches for educational loads have been less studied. The institution load also consumes much utility energy during peak hours, making institutional consumers pay a high amount of cost for energy consumption during peak hours. The proposed objective is to reduce the total electricity cost and to improve the operating efficiency of the entire load profile at an educational institution. The proposed architecture integrates the solar PV (SPV) generation that supplies the user-comfort loads during peak operating hours. User comfort is determined with a metric termed the user comfort index (UCI). The novelty of the proposed work is highlighted by modeling a separate class of loads for temperature-controlled air conditioners (AC), supplying the user comfort loads from SPV generation and determining user comfort with percentage UCI. The improved transfer function used in the proposed EBGWO algorithm performs faster in optimizing nonlinear objective problems. The electricity price in the peak hours is high compared to the off-peak hours. The proposed EBGWO algorithm shift and schedules the loads from the peak hours to off-peak hours, and incorporating SPV in satisfying the user comfort loads aids in reducing the power consumption from the utility during peak hours. Thus, the proposed EBGWO algorithm greatly helps the consumer side decrease the peak-to-average ratio (PAR), improve user comfort significantly, reduce the peak demand, and save the institution’s electricity cost by USD 653.046.
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Kučera, Zdeněk, and Tomáš Vondrák. "The patent activity of the Czech R&D organizations and its international comparison." ERGO 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ergo-2016-0003.
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Abstract An effective knowledge transfer between research institutions and industry is a significant bottleneck in the national innovation system. CR adopted in recent years a series of systemic measures aimed to stimulate the orientation of the R&D organizations towards the generation of knowledge directly applicable in the innovation process and more generally to improve the collaboration of the R&D establishment with the industry. In the majority of programs supporting the applied research patents and industrial designs and utility models are among the anticipated results. The Methodology of the evaluation of R&D organizations implemented in the second half of the last decade brought financial bonuses for the creation of the results in the category of industrial property. Despite of this stimulus CR lags behind the technologically advanced EU countries in the patent activities. The topic of this article is a comparison of the protection of the industrial property rights in the Czech higher education institutions and governmental R&D institutions with selected EU countries. We make use of a couple of quantitative indicators to assess the quality and the technological and the commercial potential of the produced industrial property. Despite a dynamic growth of the patent applications in the CR the number of patent applications relative to the country size is far below the EU-15 average. The Czech research organizations contribute to a higher extent to the number of patent applications then do the analogous institutions in EU-15 countries where the majority of patent applications come from the industrial sphere. The Czech research organizations mainly limit the patent rights to the Czech Republic whereas in the EU-15 countries the opposite is preponderant and only a small fraction of patent applications remains limited to the national environment. Thus the majority of the Czech patents created by research organizations cannot be commercialized on the international scene nor can contribute to the international competitiveness of the Czech industry. The patent applications submitted by the Czech research organizations are significantly less cited. This indicates that the protected intellectual property is of lesser importance. The Methodology of the evaluation of research organizations which was implemented in the second half of the last decade has visibly stimulated the patent activities of the research organizations but simultaneously an absence of any assessment of a future commercialization promoted a production of intellectual property of a limited commercial usability.
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Matsas, D., V. Huntress, H. Levine, S. Ayres, J. Amini, R. Duby, P. Borden, G. Saperstein, and E. Overstrom. "90 PRESERVATION OF HERITAGE LIVESTOCK BREEDS: INTEGRATED PROGRAM TO CRYOPRESERVE GERMPLASM FROM TENNESSEE MYOTONIC GOATS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab90.
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The genetic diversity of common commercial livestock has diminished precipitously due to intensive selection by agribusiness. Rare and/or heritage breeds of domestic livestock are thought to be of low commercial value, yet such breeds contain unique genes that impart valuable traits including disease and parasite resistance, efficient feed conversion, high fecundity, and unique food and fiber qualities. These irreplaceable genetics can be preserved by the establishment of a comprehensive germplasm preservation program whereby the complete genetics of a given unimproved breed can be reestablished in a single generation as needed. We describe and demonstrate here the successful preservation of germplasm from the Tennessee Myotonic (TM) goat breed, and the resulting initiation of a comprehensive germplasm cryolibrary of heritage livestock breeds. Cycling mature TM does (n = 18) were synchronized (PGF2α, 7.5–10 mg i.m.), superovulated (FSH, 50–40–30 mg bid i.m., decreasing over 3 days), and bred by natural service. Embryos were collected surgically from the uterus on Day 7 and good-excellent grade embryos were cryopreserved using a conventional multi-step freezing protocol and stored in LN2. Semen from mature TM bucks (n = 15) was collected biweekly (AV and teaser) and processed using a conventional slow cooling/LN2 plunge protocol. For each animal, a primary cell culture, derived from skin biopsy, was propagated (3 passages) and frozen, and blood (serum, plasma) was collected and cryobanked. A total of 242 embryos, representing 25 sire/dam pedigrees, and 1140 straws of semen were cryobanked. Embryo viability was confirmed by surgical transfer of thawed embryos (2 embryos into each of 2 does) resulting in the birth of 1 healthy buck. Semen viability was assessed by microscopy (30–50% motility; 10–55% live by fluorescence staining) and by AI with frozen-thawed semen (pregnancies confirmed by ultrasound). This report documents and validates the utility of contemporaneous cryopreservation methods to successfully establish a cryolibrary of germplasm from rare breeds of livestock. This strategy affords long term safe storage of viable germplasm with the capability for rapid and accurate reestablishment of the breed genetics if/when needed. Moreover, such storage provides material for assessment of quantitative genetic diversity and for testing of breed disease susceptibility/resistance should that be warranted in the future. This work was supported by and in partnership with SVF Foundation.
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Keca, Ljiljana. "Estimation of cost-effectiveness of poplar wood production in poplar plantations in Ravni Srem based on the method of pay back period." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 103 (2011): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1103041k.
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Poplar plantations are a category of fixed assets in forestry, i.e. the assets with a biological character. They are related to their site, they are cultivated for a relatively long time and they have a relatively long utilization cycle, with the yield development determined by the plantation growth and age. Plantations transfer their value gradually to the obtained products during the period of their harvesting, and, by the realization of the products, the means invested in the plantation establishment are reproduced. The period of investments in poplar growing can be relatively long, and so is the period of harvesting. Therefore, it is important to determine the time of the return of the capital invested in these and similar plantations. This paper presents the analysis of commercial profitability of poplar cultivation according to the indicator for the assessment of projects in agriculture and forestry - pay back period. The application of pay back period (PBP) calculation can affect greatly the reliability of predicting the degree of economic effectiveness of investments, and also the potential risks for the investor in his decisions on the investments in poplar cultivation. The analysis of poplar clone I-214 plantations was carried out in the area of Ravni Srem, under different rotations and soil types. Based on the analysis of costs and receipts in different plantation ages, and using the method of pay back period, the objective of the study was to evaluate the possible pay back period of invested capital in wood production in poplar plantations. PBP is practically unacceptable by the investor under the discount rate of 6%. The most favorable situation is in the youngest stands, using the discount rate of 2%. The situation regarding the pay back period in the over-aged stands is utterly unfavorable, so the credit cannot be repaid under any conditions. This fact supports the idea that the production cycle length should be shortened.
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Fontes, Pedro Levy Piza, Nicola Oosthuizen, Francine M. Ciriaco, Carla D. Sanford, Luara Bertelli Canal, Ky Pohler, Darren D. Henry, et al. "378 Awardee Talk - Impact of fetal versus maternal contributions of Bos indicus and Bos taurus genetics on embryonic and fetal development." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.291.
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Abstract To evaluate how the inclusion of Bos indicus genotype influences early fetal development in cattle, a reciprocal embryo transfer approach was used in a completely randomized design with a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments in order to generate 55 pregnancies (n = 55). Recipient cows were randomly assigned to 1) a diet that met daily energy maintenance requirements (MAINT), or 2) a diet that restricted intake to 70% of the energy maintenance requirements (RESTR). Angus (AN) and Brangus (BN) embryo donors were superovulated and artificially inseminated with female sexed-sorted semen from the same breed. Embryos were then randomly transferred to either AN or BN recipients fed their respective diets for 28d. Recipients remained on the dietary scheme until d91 of gestation, and were then comingled and fed a common diet that met their requirements. Measurements included pregnancy establishment at d28 of gestation, pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG; using 2 commercial [A1 and A2] and 1 in-house assay), and fetal size (CRL). Recipients in the RESTR diet had lower BW and BCS (diet×day; P < 0.01) than MAINT recipients. Energy-restricted AN recipients experienced greater (recipient breed×diet, P < 0.01) pregnancy failure by d28 than the other recipient breed × diet combinations. Restricted recipients that received AN embryos experienced greater pregnancy failure than RESTR recipients receiving BN embryos (embryo breed×diet; P = 0.03). Brangus embryos resulted in greater plasma concentrations of PAG in both A1 (embryo breed×day, P < 0.01) and A2 (embryo breed P < 0.01). Alternatively, recipients that received AN embryos had greater plasma concentrations of PAG for the in-house assay (embryo breed×day; P < 0.01). In addition, fetuses from AN recipients had greater CRL on d91 (breed×day, P < 0.01). In summary, Bos taurus cows experienced greater pregnancy failure when nutrient restricted. Furthermore, fetal size and profile of PAG production during early gestation differed between Bos indicus-influenced and Bos taurus cattle.
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Yaniga, Paul M. "GROUNDWATER ABATEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-253.
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ABSTRACT Losses and spills of refined petroleum products have in some cases become a groundwater problem of major significance. The effects of fugitive volatile organics in the subsurface are various. Common concerns are the contamination of potable water supplies, long-term health problems associated with inhalation of hydrocarbon vapors and odors, and flammable concentrations of vapors in homes, utility conduits, and buildings. The sources of petroleum losses are also quite varied, ranging from small losses at homeowners' fuel storage tanks to major leaks at commercial refining, storage, transfer, and retailing facilities. Although recent years have seen marked increases in the safe handling, control, and transfer of refined organic products, inadvertent, accidental, and certainly unintentional losses of organics still occur. When these problems occur, it is common for the smaller losses at retail outlets (service stations) to have the greater social and environmental impacts. This is true because the retail outlets are often located in close proximity, if not immediately adjacent, to commercial and residential establishments. Such facilities may rely on individual groundwater supplies that are subject to degradation by the lost hydrocarbon products, or they may be serviced by common utilities, whose backfilled pathways act as conduits for transmission of the fugitive product and associated vapors. These factors of physical proximity and reliance on groundwater, when coupled with the introduction of refined organic products to the subsurface, generate problems of local significance and sensitivity. Cleanup programs must entail mechanisms of thorough definition, symptoms treatment, and comprehensive removal or abatement of the organic product in the subsurface. These aproaches must be technically sound, acceptable to governing regulatory agencies, physically and economically possible to enact, and acceptable to affected parties. Groundwater Technology has carried out many such programs. This paper discusses two case histories. One case history describes the successful collection and removal of approximately 8,000 gallons of offending unleaded gasoline that had threatened closure of public buildings. This remedial action was accomplished by the application of a specially designed, sensor-controlled, two-pump recovery system that removed the product from an unconsolidated sand aquifer. The second case history shows the success of employing a program combining bioreclamation, air stripping, and granular activated carbon usage to abate contamination of a bedrock aquifer. The contamination problem involved soluble components of unleaded gasoline that affected more than 10 water supply wells.
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Weikle, Robert M., N. Scott Barker, Arthur W. Lichtenberger, Matthew F. Bauwens, and Naser Alijabbari. "Heterogeneous Integration and Micromachining Technologies for Terahertz Devices and Components." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, DPC (January 1, 2015): 002041–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2015dpc-tha31.
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Terahertz electronics has been a topic of research and development for many years, motivated largely by the technological needs of the radio astronomy and remote sensing scientific communities. Over the past decade, however, this field has experienced dramatic growth and intense, renewed interest from academic researchers and federal agencies, as well as from industry. This interest has arisen, in part, from recent funding initiatives from the federal government (such as DARPA's Terahertz Electronics Program), but is also largely due to the establishment of a commercial infrastructure that has made test and measurement instrumentation available to the engineers and scientists working at these frequencies. Moreover, the emergence of CMOS as a potential submillimeter-wave device technology has greatly expanded access to this spectral region by providing circuit designers with a platform for realizing terahertz circuits without need for specialized fabrication facilities or processes. The recent and rapid progress in terahertz electronics has created a demand for improved approaches to packaging and integration, as well as a need for new measurement instrumentation for characterizing emerging terahertz devices. This paper focuses on two recent research developments aimed at addressing these needs and broadening the technology base for both terahertz system implementation and terahertz metrology. These developments include (1) the development of a direct-contact probe technology that permits on-wafer scattering-parameter characterization and measurement of planar integrated devices at frequencies to 1 THz and beyond, and (2) the establishment of processing technologies that permit fabrication of highly-integrated submillimeter-wave diode-based circuits, such as heterodyne receivers and frequency multipliers, that are based on heterogeneous integration of III-V semiconductor devices with thin silicon membranes as a support and integration substrate. The technical foundation for each of these efforts is micromachining of silicon that allow the formation of mechanically-robust and low-loss membrane carriers to support terahertz devices and circuitry. Two examples of heterogeneous integration with silicon as an approach to packaging terahertz components are detailed in this paper. These include development of micromachined probes for on-wafer measurements of devices and circuits in the WR-1.0 waveguide band (0.75 – 1.1 THz). The probe design concept will be presented and methods for characterizing the probe described. Measurements demonstrate that the probes exhibit an insertion loss of less than 7 dB and return loss of greater than 15 dB over 750—1100 GHz band, yielding the first demonstration of on-wafer probe operating above 1 THz. In addition, an example of heterogeneous integration/packaging of a submillimeter-wave frequency quadrupler operating at 160 GHz with efficiency of 30% and corresponding output power of 70 mW will be discussed. The quadrupler design includes two frequency doubler stages in cascade and is based on a balanced circuit architecture that addresses degradation issues often arising from impedance mismatches between multiplier stages. A unique quasi-vertical diode fabrication process consisting of transfer of GaAs epitaxy to the thin silicon support substrate is used to implement the quadrupler, resulting in an integrated drop-in chip module that incorporates 18 varactors, matching networks and beamleads for mounting.
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MURAS, TIFFANY M., KERRI B. HARRIS, LISA M. LUCIA, MARGARET D. HARDIN, and JEFFREY W. SAVELL. "Dispersion and Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium during the Production of Marinated Beef Inside Skirt Steaks and Tri-Tip Roasts." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-272.
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To determine the depth of pathogen dispersion and the ability of pathogens to survive in enhanced beef products and spent marinade, beef inside skirt steaks and tri-tip roasts were vacuum tumbled with two commercial marinades. The marinades were inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium, resulting in an approximate count of 5.2 log CFU/ml. Both inside skirt steaks and tri-tip roasts were vacuum tumbled for 1 h and sampled immediately after tumbling (day 0), or were vacuum packaged, stored (ca. 4°C), and sampled on days 7 and 14. Samples of the spent marinade were taken after tumbling (day 0) and on days 3 and 7. For both marinades, Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 were dispersed throughout the inside skirt steaks during vacuum tumbling. Although Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 for the skirt steaks were still detectable after 14 days of storage, the log values were lower than those on days 0 and 7. For the tri-tip roasts, the pathogen distribution varied, depending on the thickness of the roasts, and pathogens were detectable on days 0, 7, and 14. The spent marinade sampled on days 0, 3, and 7 showed that the pathogens survived at refrigerated temperatures. Because pathogens can transfer to the interior of beef inside skirt steaks and tri-tip roasts when vacuum tumbled with contaminated marinade and survived during refrigerated storage, establishments should consider the potential food safety risks associated with reuse of marinade during the production of vacuum-tumbled beef products.
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Weikle, Robert M., C. Zhang, S. Hawasli, S. Nadri, L. Xie, N. Scott Barker, and A. W. Lichtenberger. "Terahertz Diode Arrays and Differential Probes based on Heterogeneous Integration and Silicon Micromachining." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2016, DPC (January 1, 2016): 000924–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2016dpc-tp36.
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Due to the technological needs of the radio astronomy and remote sensing scientific communities, as well as emerging applications in the areas of imaging, security, and broadband communications, terahertz and submillimeter-wave electronics continues to be an area of growth and increasing interest for academic researchers, government laboratories, and industry. The recent establishment of a commercial infrastructure for test and measurement instrumentation in this spectral region has fueled this growth and the emergence of CMOS as a submillimeter-wave technology has greatly expanded access to this spectral region by providing circuit designers with a platform for realizing terahertz circuits without need for specialized fabrication facilities or processes. The continued emergence of new terahertz devices has created a need for improved approaches to packaging, integration, and measurement tools for diagnostics and characterization in this portion of the spectrum. This paper focuses on progress in two parallel efforts aimed at addressing these needs: (1) the development of a direct-contact probe technology for on-wafer measurement of differential scattering-parameters in the WR-5.1 (140—220 GHz) and WR-3.4 (220—330 GHz) frequency bands, and (2) the development of processing technologies for realizing highly-integrated submillimeter-wave diode-based quasi-optical arrays, including phase modulators and sideband generators, that are based on heterogeneous integration of III-V semiconductors onto thin silicon membranes as a support substrate. The foundation for these efforts is micromachining and processing of silicon, allowing the fabrication of mechanically-robust and low-loss membrane carriers that can support and interconnect terahertz devices as well as directly interface them to surrounding circuitry. Examples of heterogeneous integration onto silicon as an approach to packaging and interfacing terahertz components that are detailed in this paper include development of differential micromachined wafer probes for in situ measurements of devices and circuits in the 140—330 GHz region. The probe design concept includes an integrated on-chip balun and matching network for terminating common-mode signals that may be generated by the DUT. The design methodology and initial measurement results for this probe will be presented. In addition, an example of heterogeneous integration/packaging of a submillimeter-wave frequency sideband generator array for phase modulation at 1.6 THz will be discussed. The sideband generator design incorporates 100 planar varactor diodes integrated into an array of bowtie antennas on a common substrate. Performance of the array as a phase shifter is described and the application of a new quasi-vertical diode fabrication process that consists of transfer of GaAs epitaxy to thin silicon support substrates will be discussed as an approach for implementing optimized arrays in the terahertz frequency range.
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Goldberg, David. "Science at the Crossroads: Fact or Fiction?" Journal of Medical Biochemistry 30, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10011-011-0004-8.
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Science at the Crossroads: Fact or Fiction?Modern Academic Science is largely based on the formulation of hypotheses that are then confirmed through observations and experiments. There is little scope forcuriositythat played an important role in early Science. Results carrying negative implications are not easy to publish, and hypotheses have a tendency to take on the mantra of religious beliefs. Academic Science is facing on many fronts pressures that hardly existed in the past. Financial rewards apart from salary can be very high, in the form of fees for consultants, expert legal witnesses, patent development, and even the establishment of private companies. Commercial funding forms a significant percentage of the Total Research Budgets in Science and Medicine, but this often leads to loss of control over research protocols and freedom to communicate the results. Media attention confers fame and prestige that is assiduously sought out by some individual scientists, often supported by University resources, and Press Conferences prior to or synchronous with actual publication. Scientists have long been employed full-time by Government Departments, but research contracts are being increasingly offered by the latter to academic staff on a part-time basis. These pressures and opportunities, together with the priority given to research by most University Tenure and Promotion Committees, are tending to diminish the appetite of scientists for other important responsibilities such as teaching and administration. In a few decades, University scientists have moved from the »Ivory Tower« to the High Street, and many are serving more than one master. The above scenario may bring increased remuneration and the pursuit of research that would be too expensive without these external sources, but adverse consequences have also occurred. They may lead to the complicity of scientists, through no fault of their own, in the introduction of drugs and supplements that: a) fail to deliver the benefits claimed; b) increase the risk of some unrelated illness; c) possess dangerous side effects not known or reported at the time of introduction. Examples include hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamins (A and E) to protect against Coronary Heart Disease; dietary fibre to prevent colon cancer; and arguably calcium supplements to treat osteoporosis. On occasions, academic scientists have served as fronts for the publication by the manufacturers of falsified reports minimizing the risk of serious drug side-effects to ensure Regulatory Approval, as occurred with Vioxx in the treatment of arthritis, and Seroquel for schizophrenia and bipolar depression. Individual fraud or misconduct is more frequent than suspected, because most incidents are without major impact and are suppressed by Universities and Funding Agencies. Major scandals are rare, but may have serious repercussions for the general public and bring science into disrepute. Recent examples include: the Cold Fusion controversy (Low Energy Nuclear Reaction); the link age by Andrew Wakefield of autism with Rubella vaccination; the infamous creation of stem cells by somatic cell nuclear transfer falsely reported by Hwang Woo-Suk. Fraud by commercial companies is subject to the full force of the law, but Science is treated as a self-regulating profession, and as such the punishments handed out are relatively trivial. In essence, Science prior to 1950, except in North America, proceeded along a highway that segregated the traffic into Commercial, Government and Academic streams, and passed through inspiring landscapes and green pastures. It later came to a crossroads from which the alternative road led to the Marketplace, and on which segregation into the above three streams was not enforced. It has now become the main thoroughfare for Science world-wide, but there are reasons to believe that this has increased the incidence of dangerous driving and traffic accidents in the form of conflicts of interest, unethical behaviour, misconduct and even fraud. It may be too late to return to the crossroads and continue along the original highway, but there could be considerable merit in restoring the original segregation between the three streams of Science and in developing, as well as enforcing, a stricter code of behaviour, for which some elements are proposed.
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Güvemli, Batuhan, and Fehmi Yildiz. "Commercial books under Turkish commercial laws concerning accounting." Pecvnia : Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de León, no. 11 (December 1, 2010): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pec.v0i11.630.
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La modernización de las leyes comerciales de Turquía tiene una historia de 160 años (1850-2010). Los movimientos de occidentalización (Imperial Edicto de 1839) dentro del Imperio Otomano trajeron consigo la creación de la primera ley comercial, Kanunname-i Ticaret (1850 a 1926). Desde 1926 otras tres leyes comerciales fueron promulgadas. En este estudio, examinamos los libros de comercio dentro de esas cuatro leyes comerciales en el ámbito de la contabilidad. Nuestro objetivo es entender los efectos de los cambios de reglamentación comercial sobre la evolución de la cultura turca de contabilidad. Los resultados indican que debido a la ley islámica (Sharia), la aplicación de la ley comercial de 1850 no se había extendido. Las disposiciones legales que entraron en vigor con el establecimiento de la República en 1923 han hecho posible la promulgación de nuevas leyes comerciales. Así, el estudio también se ocupa del proyecto de ley de Derecho Mercantil de Turquía de 2005.<br /><br />The modernization of the Turkish commercial laws has a history of 160 years (1850-2010). The westernization movements (Imperial Edict of 1839) within the Ottoman Empire effected the establishment of the first commercial law, Kanunname-i Ticaret (1850-1926). Since 1926, three other commercial laws were enacted. In this study, we examine the commercial books within those four commercial laws under the scope of accounting. Our aim is to understand the effects of the commercial regulatory changes on the evolution of the Turkish accounting culture. Findings indicate that due to the Islamic law (Sharia), the application the commercial law of 1850 was not widespread. The legal regulations which were put into force with the establishment of the Republic in 1923 have made the enactment of new commercial laws possible. Thus, the study also addresses to the bill of Turkish Commercial Law dated 2005.<br />
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Smith-Jochum, C. C., and M. L. Albrecht. "FIELD ESTABLISHMENT OF THREE ECHINACEA SPECIES FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 208 (August 1987): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1987.208.13.
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LEONE, CORTNEY M., MUTHU DHARMASENA, CHAOYI TANG, ERIN DiCAPRIO, YUANMEI MA, ELBASHIR ARAUD, HANNAH BOLINGER, et al. "Prevalence of Human Noroviruses in Commercial Food Establishment Bathrooms." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 5 (April 3, 2018): 719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-419.
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ABSTRACT Although transmission of human norovirus in food establishments is commonly attributed to consumption of contaminated food, transmission via contaminated environmental surfaces, such as those in bathrooms, may also play a role. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of human norovirus on bathroom surfaces in commercial food establishments in New Jersey, Ohio, and South Carolina under nonoutbreak conditions and to determine characteristics associated with the presence of human norovirus. Food establishments (751) were randomly selected from nine counties in each state. Four surfaces (underside of toilet seat, flush handle of toilet, inner door handle of stall or outer door, and sink faucet handle) were swabbed in male and female bathrooms using premoistened macrofoam swabs. A checklist was used to collect information about the characteristics, materials, and mechanisms of objects in bathrooms. In total, 61 (1.5%) of 4,163 swabs tested were presumptively positive for human norovirus, 9 of which were confirmed by sequencing. Some factors associated with the presence of human norovirus included being from South Carolina (odd ratio [OR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 4.9; P < 0.05) or New Jersey (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 0.9 to 3.3; 0.05 < P < 0.10), being a chain establishment (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.3; P < 0.05), being a unisex bathroom (versus male: OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 0.9 to 4.1; 0.05 < P < 0.10; versus female: OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 5.7; P < 0.05), having a touchless outer door handle (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 0.79 to 13.63; 0.05 < P < 0.10), and having an automatic flush toilet (OR, 2.5, 95% CI, 1.1 to 5.3; 0.05 < P < 0.10). Our findings confirm that the presence of human norovirus on bathroom surfaces in commercial food establishments under nonoutbreak conditions is a rare event. Therefore, routine environmental monitoring for human norovirus contamination during nonoutbreak periods is not an efficient method of monitoring norovirus infection risk.
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Dorf, Richard C., and Kirby K. F. Worthington. "Technology transfer: Research to commercial product." Engineering Management International 5, no. 3 (February 1989): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5419(89)80016-x.
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VOGELSANG, S. G., K. R. BONDIOLI, and J. M. MASSEY. "Commercial application of equine embryo transfer." Equine Veterinary Journal 17, S3 (June 10, 2010): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1985.tb04603.x.
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Haque, Israt Eshita, Naim Ahamed, and Md Sabbir Hossain. "Unbreakable Babu Culture and Commercial Sex Workers (CSWs) at Kandapara sex establishment, Bangladesh." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 6, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 448–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i8.913.
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The commercial sex trade with babu culture is a ubiquitous business that itself stands in an embarrassing platform, especially in a predominantly Islamic country like Bangladesh. This study aims to excavate the concept of commercial sex workers and unbreakable babus, the reasons for entering sex establishment, and also the perceptions about themselves for understanding and developing a meaningful relationship. The qualitative method was predominance for its nature and subject matter where in-depth interviews were carried out at Kandapara sex establishment in Tangail, Bangladesh. This study found that socio-demographic and economic factors badly influence them to attach to sex establishment. For commercial sex workers, both voluntary and involuntary factors are responsible to enter the sex establishment, alternatively, only voluntary factors are responsible for babus. This study also found that there are multi-dimensional and diverse perceptions among commercial sex workers and unbreakable babus about their fixed sex partners. The study also addressed taking initiatives for improving their social status in society and emphasizing the further implications of the research.
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Rosa, Daniel, Antreas Pogiatzis, Pat Bowen, Vasilis Kokkoris, Andrew Richards, Taylor Holland, and Miranda Hart. "Performance and Establishment of a Commercial Mycorrhizal Inoculant in Viticulture." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110539.
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(1) Background: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are symbiotic organisms that help plants acquire nutrients from the soil in exchange for photosynthetic carbon. Commercial AM fungal inoculants are widely available and are used extensively in agriculture including wine grape production. However, positive growth responses from inoculants are more consistent in the greenhouse compared to the field. (2) Methods: We grew three grapevine rootstocks with and without an AM fungal inoculant in the greenhouse for one year, then they were transplanted to the field for two years. To quantify the establishment of the inoculant, we analyzed root samples with a digital PCR assay. (3) Results: We show that AM fungal inoculation increased biomass production only in the greenhouse. After two growing seasons in the field, the commercial inoculant colonized roots but did not increase biomass production compared to uninoculated rootstocks. (4) Conclusions: This study highlights that AM fungal inoculants do not always promote growth of grapevines in the field. Future research should focus on inoculant strains designed for viticulture applications and take rootstock into consideration to maximize their efficacy.
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Shepherd, Anita, John Clifton‐Brown, Jason Kam, Sam Buckby, and Astley Hastings. "Commercial experience with miscanthus crops: Establishment, yields and environmental observations." GCB Bioenergy 12, no. 7 (May 20, 2020): 510–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12690.
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Montero, Jose, and Beatriz Larraz. "Interpolation Methods for Geographical Data: Housing and Commercial Establishment Markets." Journal of Real Estate Research 33, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2011.12091301.
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Mutonyi, Gerald Peter, and Happi Kilongosi. "The Establishment and Regulation of the Commercial Security Industry in Kenya and its Constitutionality." Path of Science 6, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 1010–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.64-2.
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The commercial security industry's effective establishment and regulation have been overlooked in many states, including Kenya. The increase of Commercial security firms' involvement in national and transnational business resulted in the United Nations drafting the Convention on the Regulation, Oversight, and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies. This study examines the Commercial Security Industry in Kenya in terms of establishment and regulation, outlining the industry's major issues and challenges. The aim was to demonstrate that laws and practices relating to registration and regulation of the Commercial Security Industry in Kenya are loosely created, weak, and shaky. And up to date, the commercial security industry in Kenya is operating in contravention of the Constitution.
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Sun, Xiangzhuang. "A Chinese Approach to International Commercial Dispute Resolution: The China International Commercial Court." Chinese Journal of Comparative Law 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjcl/cxaa015.
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Abstract This article critically reviews the establishment and operation of the China International Commercial Court (CICC) from an insider’s perspective. It offers a detailed introduction to a few of the innovative measures of the CICC, including the International Commercial Expert Committee, the ‘one-stop’ forum for a dispute settlement mechanism integrating litigation, mediation, and arbitration, more convenient litigation procedures, and the use of advanced technology in dispute resolution. More importantly, it candidly discusses the challenges facing the CICC and makes several recommendations for its improvement towards more professionalism and internationalization.
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Xu, Chuangqiang, and Qingxiang Feng. "Establishment of the Liaison Mechanism for Party Construction of State-Owned Commercial Banks." Asian Social Science 16, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n7p141.
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Business operation and the construction work of the Communist Party of China (hereinafter referred to as the Party or CPC) are organically connected for state-owned commercial banks. It’s of great importance and value for transformation and progress of the sate-owned commercial banks to improve the liaison mechanism for party construction of the state-owned commercial banks, facilitate efficient interaction among the party organizations at all levels of the state-owned commercial banks and good communication among the party members, break the information isolated island among the party organizations at all levels of the state-owned commercial banks, and establish a convenient and fast communication network. Thus, an interlinking mechanism for party construction of the state-owned commercial banks should be built. Measures should be taken to build closer relationship between the Party and the masses, between the cadres and the masses; and further improve the humanistic care mechanism of the party organizations of the state-owned commercial banks.
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Jin, Huang. "Establishment and Development of the Post-war New International Civil and Commercial Order." Chinese Journal of Global Governance 1, no. 1 (July 22, 2015): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23525207-00000006.
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Supported by new rules of private international law, a new international civil and commercial order has taken shape, comprising international civil and commercial jurisdiction rules, conflict-of-law rules, international civil and commercial judicial assistance rules and disputes resolution mechanism. Different from the international economic order, the new international civil and commercial order stands side by side and complements the new international economic order, as well as the new international political order. As the international civil and commercial order continues developing in an open, inclusive, multilateral, and flexible way, it will play a more important role in safeguarding international security and prosperity, and promoting common interests of humankind. In this context, safeguarding, improving, and actively promoting the international civil and commercial order is of vital significance for China’s peaceful rise and the realization of China’s dream of great rejuvenation.
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Myutel, Maria. "Commercial Television in Indonesia." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 175, no. 2-3 (July 12, 2019): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17502017.
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Abstract This article sheds light on previously unknown aspects of Indonesian private television by focusing on the role of the ethno-religious minority of Indonesian Sindhi in the establishment and development of commercial soap opera production. Part of the global trading community of Sindhayat, the local Sindhis have mobilized their translocal and transnational networks to take a dominant position in the emerging sector of national media. Grounded in long-term ethnographic fieldwork among media practitioners and Indonesian Sindhi community members, the article examines how Sindhis’ sense of community and shared desires and sentiments have resulted in a lack of variety of television formats and the introduction of Islam-themed soap operas to prime-time television.
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Cessna, J. T., B. E. Zimmerman, M. P. Unterweger, and D. B. Golas. "Establishment of transfer standard for holmium-166-DOTMP." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 60, no. 2-4 (February 2004): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2003.11.067.
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Amagai, Takashi, Satoshi Hitomi, Yuko Sakai, Shin Komatsubara-Takagi, Carol Stocking, and Wolfram Ostertag. "Establishment of Schwann cell lines by oncogene transfer." Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 2, no. 1 (February 1991): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-7431(91)90034-l.
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Maloni, Ruby. "Surat to Bombay: Transfer of Commercial Power." Itinerario 26, no. 1 (March 2002): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300004940.
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The island of Bombay is the ancient property of the English East India Company; it hath hitherto been, of all her settlements, the most conducive to the greatness of the nation in Asia; yet, through the splendour of achievement, great acquisition of the territory, and immense harvests of wealth in Bengal and the Coast of Coromandel, it hath been in some measure overlooked, and, as if in a corner of the world, unnoticed.
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McCue, P. M., and M. H. T. Troedsson. "Commercial embryo transfer in the United States." Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine 19, no. 6 (2003): 689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21836/pem20030624.
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Bessoudo, E., L. Davies, S. Coonrod, and D. C. Kraemer. "Commercial embryo transfer in Australian angora goats." Theriogenology 29, no. 1 (January 1988): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(88)90050-7.
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Ханієва, Фатіма Магомедівна. "The mechanism to contribute during the establishment of a commercial company." Problems of Legality, no. 135 (December 15, 2016): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.135.82830.
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Petrovych, A. I., and Zh V. Chevychalova. "ISSUES ON ACTIVITIES AND ESTABLISHMENT OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATIONS IN UKRAINE." Juridical scientific and electronic journal 6 (2019): 428–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2019-6/105.
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Hunt, J. D., K. J. Stefan, and A. T. Brownlee. "Establishment-Based Survey of Urban Commercial Vehicle Movements in Alberta, Canada." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1957, no. 1 (January 2006): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198106195700111.
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Kokkoris, Vasilis, Yunliang Li, Chantal Hamel, Keith Hanson, and Miranda Hart. "Site specificity in establishment of a commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculant." Science of The Total Environment 660 (April 2019): 1135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.100.
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