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1
Kouroutakis, Antonios. "The Virtues of Sunset Clauses in Relation to Constitutional Authority." Statute Law Review 41, no. 1 (July 6, 2018): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmy017.
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Abstract This article focuses on the virtues of sunset clauses pertaining to authority. It examines the utility of such clauses in three instances: first, when there is a transfer of constitutional authority; secondly, when there is an exclusively attributed authority, but it is not exercised; and thirdly, when there is a creation of a new authority. In the case of a transfer of authority subject to sunset clauses, unless such authority is re-authorized, the sunset clause brings about its expiration on a prescribed date. In practice, the benefits from the sunset clause are twofold. First, such a clause allows the comprehensive evaluation of the transferred authority, minimizing the risk of any abuse. Secondly, such a clause sets the timetable, which promotes legal certainty. In the case of inactivity while there is an exclusive authority, the use of a sunset clause as an alarm clock creates an incentive for action; or alternatively, with the expiration of the sunset clause, the authority is considered ipso jure and simultaneously exercised. Finally, in the case where new authority is created, such authority may be subject to a sunset clause if it is implemented as a constitutional experiment or if it is controversial in nature because it possibly distorts the system of separation of powers.
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TREFFERS-DALLER, JEANINE. "Ambiguity and transfer in bilingual first language acquisition?" Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1, no. 3 (December 1998): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728998000339.
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Natascha Müller presents a very interesting analysis of the structure of the German subordinate clause in bilingual first language acquisition. The main issue in this paper is to explain the fact that some bilingual children – but not all of them – display non-target language structures in German subordinate clauses. That is, the finite verb does not appear in the final position of the subordinate clause. These non-target structures can in part be explained by transfer, but this cannot be the whole story, because some monolingual children produce these structures as well. Bilingual children, though, appear to have problems with the German subordinate clause more frequently than monolingual children. Interestingly, acquiring the target structures is a slow process for children who produce non-target structures. Ivar, the French-German child Müller discusses in most detail, for example, needs two years to acquire the correct position of the finite verb in German subordinate clauses. Müller argues that the problems arise because the input children receive is ambiguous: the finite verb does not always appear in the finite position in German subordinate clauses in adult speech. The ambiguity of this situation opens the way to transfer. In their uncertainty, the children turn to their other language as a relief strategy.
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De Luca, Anna. "Umbrella Clauses and Transfer Provisions in the (Invisible) EU Model BIT." Journal of World Investment & Trade 15, no. 3-4 (July 28, 2014): 506–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-01504008.
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The draft Investment Chapter of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (ceta) between the European Union (eu) and Canada includes an umbrella clause, on eu’s proposal. Nevertheless, the inclusion in the final text of such a clause appears to be uncertain. Furthermore, the wording of the umbrella clause, proposed by the eu, fails to address all uncertainties regarding the effects and scope of application of umbrella clauses still existing in jurisprudence. Conversely, the inclusion in the draft Investment Chapter of a transfer provision, accompanied with safeguard provisions in case of serious balance-of-payments difficulties and external financial difficulties, does not seem to be a contested issue between the Member States and Canada. A new development at the eu level might make investment protection matters more complicated: following the opening of the negotiation on a free trade agreement with the us, some Member States (such as Germany) oppose investment arbitration tout court at least in the prospective eu-us ceta.
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Chen, Marina Yueh-ching. "English prototyped small clauses in the interlanguage of Chinese/Taiwanese adult learners." Second Language Research 21, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658305sr243oa.
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This study of consider and find attempts to shed light on second language acquisition of English small clause complements, as in we consider [Mary intelligent] and we find [Mary interesting]. It examines how learners’ First language (Mandarin Chinese) interacts with the target language. The analysis is based on the results of two kinds of tasks: grammaticality judgements, intended to elicit nonnative participants’ implicit knowledge as compared with the responses of native participants; and oral translations to test their explicit access to this knowledge. The results indicate that Chinese learners tend to avoid sentences that contain small clause complements. A related finding is that, like small clause complements, infinitival complements are under-generated and not preferred by the subjects; tensed clauses and clauses introduced by that are preferred. It is suggested that learners’ difficulty with small clause complements involves underlying first language transfer. On the other hand, the difficulty with infinitive clauses may be related to universal developmental order, as the interpretation for an NP involves an extra mechanism, Exceptional Case Marking.
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Biancalana, Joseph. "CONTRACTUAL PENALTIES IN THE KING’S COURT 1260–1360." Cambridge Law Journal 64, no. 1 (March 24, 2005): 212–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197305006847.
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CLAUSES that provided fixed monetary penalties first appeared in English contracts and conveyances in the first decade of the thirteenth century. Rather quickly thereafter penalty clauses came to be used in a wide variety of contracts and conveyances. They were used in (1) agreements over tithes, (2) settlement of disputes, (3) arbitration agreements, (4) agreements to transfer or not to transfer land, (5) marriage property agreements, (6) warranties of title to land, (7) leases, (8) agreements to pay rents and annuities, loans, and in a variety of other transactions. The penalty clause was just another clause in the agreement. At about the middle of the thirteenth century other methods of inserting a penalty clause into an agreement began to be used. A penalty clause could be made part of a recognizance on the plea rolls, the Exchequer rolls, or the Chancery rolls. The recognizance itself could be a penalty to enforce a side agreement. A money bond could serve as a penalty rendered void if the terms of a separate, conditional acquittance were met. A bond or a statute merchant could be given to a third party under an agreement to give the bond or statute merchant to the promisee if the promisor failed to carry out his agreement. By 1348 the penal bond with conditional defeasance endorsed on the back of the bond had been invented.
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Shuhama, Yuji. "Clause-sensitivity of Inflectional Morphology in L2 English." Asian Journal of University Education 17, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i3.14519.
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Abstract: The Interface Hypothesis (Sorace, 2000) developed in line with the Minimalist theory of grammar (Chomsky, 1995 et seq.) supports the view of L2 acquisition that syntactic properties are acquired early while the acquisition of interface properties is delayed. One of the interface properties is inflectional morphology on English verbs, which involves subject-verb agreement at the syntax-morphology interface. Previous studies have revealed that for learners of L2 English, acquiring third person singular -s is harder than regular past -ed due to the absence of meaningless morphemes in L1. However, one question has been disregarded: Where in a clause are these morphemes inserted more successfully? Given that subordinate clauses are more complex than main clauses, this study examines the clause-sensitivity of L2 inflectional morphology. 44 Japanese university students learning English as L2 were asked to complete a grammaticality judgment test and write an essay about a specified topic. The learners’ inflection pattern was surveyed through the test scores and text analysis of the essays. Results show that -s tends to be omitted regardless of clause types, but -ed is omitted more frequently in complement clauses than main clauses. These are due to negative L1 transfer on L2 inflectional morphology and our findings imply the importance of clauses as meaningful units in L2 grammar instructions.
Keywords: Clause-sensitivity, Inflectional morphology, L2 grammar instructions, The Interface Hypothesis.
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Kim Ji Hyon. "L1 Transfer in L2 Relative Clause Attachment." English Language and Linguistics 16, no. 3 (December 2010): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17960/ell.2010.16.3.006.
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Rizal, Moch Choirul. "Sanksi Tindak Pidana Pencantuman Klausula Baku pada Karcis Parkir Kendaraan Bermotor." al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum dan Perundangan Islam 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 299–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/ad.2013.3.2.299-322.
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Abstract: This article discusses about a criminal sanction of the standard clauses in a motor vehicle parking ticket for parking service manager according to article 18 paragraph (1) jo. article 62 paragraph (1) of Law No. 8 year 1999 about consumer’s protection. Standard clause is an agreement where the procedure of making it is unilateral. A standard clause listed on the ticket motorists has violated the provision of article 18 paragraph (1) letter a, namely “the businesses doers, in offering goods and/or services that are held for trading, are prohibited from making or including a standard clauses in each document and/or agreement if they had declare the transfer of responsibility of entrepreneurs”. The inclusion of a standard clause as mentioned in the above provisions can be categorized as a criminal offense. The criminal penalty of such act is imprisonment of a maximum 5 (five) years or a criminal sanction of a maximum Rp. 2,000,000,000.00 (two billions rupiah) as stipulated in article 62 paragraph (1) UUPK. In Islam, these are included a criminal act and they have not stipulated in the text yet. So that, it becomes the authority of ulil 'amri to determine the punishment.Keywords: Sanctions, criminal act, standard clause, motor vehicle
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van Vuuren, Sanne. "Information structural transfer in advanced Dutch EFL writing." Linguistics in the Netherlands 2013 30 (November 18, 2013): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.30.13van.
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This article presents a case study on the role of L1 transfer of language-specific features of information structure in very advanced L2 learners. Cross-linguistic differences in the information status of clause-initial position in a V2 language like Dutch compared to an SVO language like English are hypothesized to result in overuse of clause-initial adverbials in the writing of advanced Dutch learners of English. This hypothesis was tested by evaluating advanced Dutch EFL learners’ use of clause-initial adverbials in a syntactically annotated longitudinal corpus of student writing, compared to a native reference corpus. Results indicate that Dutch EFL learners overuse clause-initial adverbials of place as well as addition adverbials that refer back to an antecedent in the directly preceding discourse. Although there is a clear development in the direction of native writing, transfer of information structural features of Dutch can still be observed even after three years of extended academic exposure.
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VÉRONIQUE, DANIEL. "The development of referential activities and clause-combining as aspects of the acquisition of discourse in French as L2." Journal of French Language Studies 14, no. 3 (November 2004): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269504001796.
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This article describes the development of temporal reference and clause-combining in the acquisition of French L2 by adult Moroccan Arabic L1 speakers. The contribution of iconicity and of transfer from L1 in this development is discussed. The path towards grammaticalisation is less clearly marked in the domain of clause combining than in the domain of temporal reference, where after use of lexical and pragmatic means, inflection on the verb develops. Grammaticalised subordination is rarely used, except for circumstancial clauses. Paratactic devices such as clefting and NP copy tend to be used for discursive functions such as the introduction of background information in narratives, for instance.
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Humphreys, Edward, Jan Andersson, and Lars-Göran Sund. "A European Private Company and Share Transfer Restrictions." European Business Law Review 23, Issue 4 (July 1, 2012): 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2012027.
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Restrictions on the transfer of shares, in the articles of association and shareholders' agreement are of crucial importance for SMEs. Associates running a business together are dependent on a fragile balance in ownership positions, as well as the expertise of each shareholder and manager of the business. We criticize the EU approach to transfer restrictions, as presented in the Commission's proposal for a "Statute for a European private company" (2008). Not all of the suggested restrictions are suitable under all circumstances in the articles of association. One example is a prohibitive clause, which must be limited both in time and to transfers (not transmission) of shares. Further, other options, such as a mandatory buy-sell agreement, are not considered. Such a clause can be of the utmost importance in the case of some transmissions, e.g. upon intestate succession.
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Falk, Ylva, and Camilla Bardel. "Object pronouns in German L3 syntax: Evidence for the L2 status factor." Second Language Research 27, no. 1 (December 22, 2010): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658310386647.
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Several studies on L3 lexicon, and recently also some on L3 syntax, have convincingly shown a qualitative difference between the acquisition of a true L2 and the subsequent acquisition of an L3. Some studies even indicate that L2 takes on a stronger role than L1 in the initial state of L3 syntax (e.g. Bardel and Falk, 2007; Rothman and Cabrelli Amaro, 2010). In this article we further investigate syntactic transfer from L1/L2 to L3 in learners at an intermediate level of proficiency in the target language. Data have been obtained from 44 learners of German as L3, testing the placement of object pronouns in both main and subordinate clauses in a grammaticality judgement/correction task (GJCT). The learners constitute two groups (both n = 22): One group has English as L1 and French as L2 and the other group has French as L1 and English as L2. This particular combination of background languages allows us to pinpoint the source of transfer, since object placement is pre-verbal in French and post-verbal in English, this being applied in both main and subordinate clauses. In target language (TL) German, however, the object placement varies between pre-verbal in the sub clause and post-verbal in the main clause. The two groups behave differently as to both acceptance and rejection of the test items (60 grammatical and ungrammatical main and sub clauses with object pronouns). This difference is significant and can be ascribed to their L2s, respectively. Our results thus show that the L2 transfers into the L3 even at an intermediate level, and on the basis of this we claim a strong role for the L2 status factor.
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Cerrudo Aguilar, Alba. "Cyclic transfer in the derivation of Complete Parenthetical Clauses." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.5.1.3742.
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The goal of this paper is to show that some parentheticals are indeed syntactic orphans (cf. Haegeman 1988) and that this intuition can be formalized using tools independently motivated in linguistic theory. We concentrate on new data regarding clitic realization in what are commonly called Reduced Parenthetical Clauses (RPCs). We show that these constructions with clitic differ of their reduced counterpart in many aspects; crucially, they behave as root domains. Thus, we argue that they are derived independently from the host clause (in a parallel workspace) and their linear interpolation occurs during the Spell-Out process, assuming a dynamic version of cyclic Transfer (cf. Chomsky 2001, Uriagereka 1999).
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Bao, Zhiming, and Lye Hui Min. "Systemic Transfer, Topic Prominence, and the Bare Conditional in Singapore English." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 20, no. 2 (November 29, 2005): 269–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.20.2.03zhi.
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Colloquial Singapore English has a novel conditional construction in which the conditional clause is not marked morphosyntactically, and must precede the consequent clause. We show that Singapore English, like Chinese, the main substrate language, is topic prominent, and the novel conditional construction is a direct consequence of this new typological status. We analyze the unmarked conditional clause as topic, a basic syntactic position in topic prominent languages. Our analysis shows that substrate influence is systemic: the entire cluster of properties associated with topic prominence is transferred from Chinese to Singapore English.
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Sanjaya, Umar Haris, and Mirza Ajeng Thiasari. "GOOD FAITH ON ANIMAL CARE AGREEMENT : STUDY OF ARTICLE ABOUT TRANSFER OF ANIMAL OWNERSHIP." JHR (Jurnal Hukum Replik) 10, no. 2 (October 10, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31000/jhr.v10i2.6771.
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Abstract: This study aims to analyze and determine the good faith in the use of clauses on the transfer of animal ownership in animal care services business actor in GPSPK Depok. This study provides an analysis for the implementation of good faith in animal care contract. Problem formulations for this journal are; How is the implementation of good faith in the use of the transfer of animal ownership clause in animal care services business actor? and is the implementation of good faith in the transfer of animal ownership is in accordance with the good faith of contract implementation? This research is normative legal research accompanied by supporting data. The research data was collected through literature study. The analysis was carried out using qualitative methods. Based on the research results, it is concluded that: First, the service user binds himself to an animal care contract that contains the clauses of the transfer of animal ownership. However, the business actor does not execute these clauses, even though the business actor has the opportunity to do so. Second, the clauses of the transfer of animal ownership are against the good faith of contract implementation which refers to: fairness, equity, and reasonableness.
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Arif Hariyanto and Ika Fitriana. "URGENSI KLAUSULA BAKU DALAM AKTIVITAS BISNIS." Al-Hukmi : Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah dan Keluarga Islam 1, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/alhukmi.v1i1.740.
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The term standard clause is often used specifically in the practice ofbuying and selling that occurs between businesses and consumers.Consumers are forced to accept it even though this is a unilateralagreement in the form of transfer of responsibility by business actors toconsumers. As a result of the existence of this standard clause if there is adefect in the goods that have been purchased, the consumer cannotreturn the item back wherein in Islamic law the business / purchasetransaction is determined by the validity of a contract that is carried outand discussed in the division of khiyar rights. In addition, this standardclause is also regulated in Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning ConsumerProtection (UUPK).Thus, the focus of this research objective is to find out the application ofstandard clauses in business practices and to describe the approach ofIslamic law and La w no. 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protectionagainst standard clauses in business practices or buying and selling.In the approach of Islamic law the application of this standard clausemust be carried out in an interadin manner. While according to Law no. 8of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection (UUPK) the application of thisstandard clause continues to provide protection for consumers infulfilling the rights of consumers to be served properly and notdiscriminatory as well as the right to get compensation in the form ofreplacement of similar goods if there is a disability.
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Quintero, María Jesús Pérez. "Mitigating Commitment through Negation." Open Linguistics 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 685–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2018-0033.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show that the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar constitutes a powerful model to account for the complex phenomenon of Neg-Raising in a consistent and systematic way. Previous studies on Neg-Raising, the phenomenon involving the transfer of the negative from a complement clause to the matrix clause, have traditionally characterized it in terms of syntactic and, more extensively, semantic criteria. These studies have focused on the delimitation of the type of verbs involved in this construction, since Neg-Raising is only allowed by some complement taking verbs, all related to certain kinds of modality. However, despite having been studied extensively, Neg-Raising remains an unclear phenomenon in certain respects. Taking as a point of departure the classification of Complement Clauses resulting from the application of the three parameters (Entity Type, Presupposition and Factuality) proposed within Functional Discourse Grammar, it is possible to arrive at a consistent delimitation of the constructions exhibiting Neg-Raising. Furthermore, the Morphological Level allows accounting for Neg- Raising without resorting to any kind of movement rule. It is through the operation of Morphological Encoding that the negative comes to occupy its position in the matrix clause.
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Aquaria Putri S, Melisa. "KLAUSULA BAKU DALAM SUATU PERJANJIAN BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 8 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN." Jurnal Gagasan Hukum 2, no. 02 (December 30, 2020): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/jgh.v2i02.8553.
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Perjanjian konsumen pada dasarnya dibuat guna memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen dengan jumlah yang tinggi, maka untuk mempermudah pelaku usaha perjanjian konsumen dicetak secara masal dengan klausula baku yang ditetapkan sepihak. Namun kewenangan sepihak ini berpotensi disalahgunakan pelaku usaha dengan mencantumkan klausula baku yang dilarang. Klausula baku yang dilarang menurut UUPK adalah klausula yang berisikan pembebasan tanggung jawab pelaku usaha kepada konsumen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis klausula baku dalam suatu perjanjian serta akibat hukumnya berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 Tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitian ini adalah Klausula baku yang dilarang merupakan klausula dalam perjanjian baku yang berisikan pengalihan tanggung jawab pelaku usaha. pengalihan tanggung jawab tersebut telah diatur larangan pencantumannya melalui Pasal 18 Ayat (1) UUPK. Kemudian terhadap perjanjian yang dipastikan menggunakan klausula baku yang dilarang maka akibat hukumnya sebagaimana yang diatur dalam Pasal Ayat (3) UUPK adalah batal demi hukum.
Consumer agreements are basically made to meet the needs of consumers in high numbers, so to make it easier for business actors, consumer agreements are printed en masse with standard clauses set unilaterally. However, this unilateral authority has the potential to be misused by business actors by including standard clauses that are prohibited. Standard clauses that are prohibited under UUPK are clauses that contain the release of the responsibility of business actors to consumers. This study aims to analyze the standard clauses in an agreement and their legal consequences based on Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. This type of research is normative legal research. The result of this research is that the standard clause that is prohibited is a clause in the standard agreement which contains the transfer of responsibility for business actors. the transfer of responsibility has been regulated by the prohibition of its inclusion in Article 18 Paragraph (1) of the UUPK. Then, for agreements that are confirmed to use standard clauses that are prohibited, the legal consequences as stipulated in Article Paragraph (3) of the UUPK are null and void
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Omar, Jamal Ali. "Kurdish EFL learners’ conceptual transfer in L2 writing." Journal of Education Culture and Society 9, no. 1 (June 27, 2018): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20181.163.172.
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The phenomenon of language transfer in SLA learning and use is perennial and cannot be silenced easily. In L2 writing, the phenomenon is found to affect the written products sound nonnative and, even ambiguous. It is thought that the transfer occurs at the conceptual and structural level of language use. The present paper examines Kurdish EFL learners’ writing aiming at identifying transfer types, particularly, the negative transfer. To this end, 20 university level English major students argumentative writing are analyzed focusing on the conjuncts and adjuncts to find out any track of L1 concepts. The logical clause relationship of cause-effect was the area of focus. The results of the study showed that L1 concepts have been used in forming the relations between sentences and clauses spelt out by lexical signals of sentence connectors and subordinators. It is also found that L1 concepts transferred into L2 writing. The insights gained from the results of the study reveal that there is a problem, especially the negative influence of L1, which needs to be attended.
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Dirdal, Hildegunn. "Cross-linguistic influence in the acquisition of relative clauses by Norwegian learners of English." Nordic Journal of Language Teaching and Learning 10, no. 2 (January 17, 2023): 327–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.46364/njltl.v10i2.1079.
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This paper reports on an exploratory study of cross-linguistic influence in the acquisition of relative clauses by young Norwegian learners of English, comparing L1 Norwegian and L2 English material from the TRAWL (Tracking Written Learner Language) Corpus to L1 English material from the GiG (Growth in Grammar) Corpus. Previous reports of cross-linguistic influence in this domain have usually involved language pairs that have very different relativization strategies. This study investigates whether similarities between relative clause systems may lead to more subtle effects in the choice of relativizer, the type of head nominal, the syntactic function of the relativized item, the extent of relativization from embedded clauses and the use of relative clauses in special constructions such as existentials and clefts. Although the material is limited, the study found traces of the Norwegian system in the learners L2 English, signalling that this is an area worth further investigation. The learners struggled with the choice between who and which, but used that/zero in a very similar way to their L1 English peers. The L2 English group also had slightly higher frequencies of relative clauses belonging to existentials and clefts, and where the relativized item stemmed from a further embedded clause. These results are consistent with a usage-based theory of second language acquisition, where learners are assumed to transfer features of constructions from their L1 when they are similar enough for them to make a cross-linguistic identification.
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McLeod, Alyssa K. "Sales, Acquisitions, and Mergers of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing Companies." Texas A&M Law Review 8, no. 2 (February 2021): 403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v8.i2.5.
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Direct-to-consumer genetic tests have become increasingly popular in the United States within the last few years. However, these tests pose many risks to the consumer, most notably privacy risks. A subset of these privacy risks involves the issue of company mergers, acquisitions, and sales. Many companies in the direct-to-consumer genetic testing market have privacy policies that contain a variation of a “business transfer” clause. These clauses specify that in the event the company goes through a business transition such as a sale, merger, or acquisition, the consumer’s personal information—including the consumer’s DNA—will be among the assets transferred. This Article explores the risks associated with these business transfer clauses as they relate to the consumer, and presents a solution to mitigate said risks. The solution lies in FTC v. Toysmart, wherein a toy company that filed for bankruptcy was restricted in selling its assets—which included its customers’ personal data— only to entities with the same interests as the toy company. This Article urges that the default interpretation standard of business transfer clauses track similarly such that a direct-to-consumer genetic testing company may only be sold to, merged with, or acquired by a company with the same or like interests.
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Kofler, Georg. "Some Reflections on the Saving Clause." Intertax 44, Issue 8/9 (August 1, 2016): 574–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2016048.
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Action 6 of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project deals with tax treaty abuse and proposes inter alia, the inclusion of a seemingly innocuous ‘saving clause’ as new Article 1(3) OECD Model Tax Convention (OECD MC). This clause is aimed at preserving the taxing rights of the residence State. While it changes little with regard to the basic set-up of the OECD MC in one-taxpayer situations, it opens the doors for both Contracting States to tax their residents specifically in two-taxpayer situations which may arise, for example, in cases involving hybrid entities, Controlled Foreign Companies regimes, and transfer pricing adjustments. This article reviews the background of this new OECD MC provision, its longstanding use in US treaty policy, as well as some aspects of its breadth, impact and – intended and arguably unintended – consequences.
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Polinsky, Maria. "REANALYSIS IN ADULT HERITAGE LANGUAGE." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 33, no. 2 (May 6, 2011): 305–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s027226311000077x.
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This study presents and analyzes the comprehension of relative clauses in child and adult speakers of Russian, comparing monolingual controls with Russian heritage speakers (HSs) who are English-dominant. Monolingual and bilingual children demonstrate full adultlike mastery of relative clauses. Adult HSs, however, are significantly different from the monolingual adult controls and from the child HS group. This divergent performance indicates that the adult heritage grammar is not a product of the fossilization of child language. Instead, it suggests that forms existing in the baseline undergo gradual attrition over the life span of a HS. This result is consistent with observations on narrative structure in child and adult HSs (Polinsky, 2008b). Evidence from word order facts suggests that relative clause reanalysis in adult HSs cannot be attributed to transfer from English.
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Wach, Tomasz. "Transfer Pricing as an Institution Supporting the Anti-Optimization Clause in Counteracting Tax Avoidance." Financial Law Review, no. 25 (1) (March 31, 2022): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/22996834flr.22.007.15657.
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The purpose of this study is to show the relationship between transfer pricing regulations and the anti-tax avoidance clause. The paper discusses the axiology of legal regulations aimed at counteracting tax avoidance practices and the use of non-market prices in relations between related entities. An attempt was made to present the concept of the phenomenon of harmful tax competition, also the essence of tax avoidance, and to contrast this concept with the phenomenon of tax evasion. The phenomenon of tax optimization was also indicated. The relationship between the provisions of the general anti-optimization clause and transfer prices that determine the appropriate state of prices between related entities within the meaning of tax law was also subjected to a detailed analysis.
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Sudarsono, Sudarsono. "RELATIVE CLAUSE TRANSFER STRATEGY AND THE IMPLICATION ON CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS HYPOTHESIS." Journal of Languages and Language Teaching 9, no. 4 (October 25, 2021): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v9i4.4055.
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Foreign language learners may transfer their previous language properties into that of the target language either positively or negatively. The present study was designed to investigate the transfer strategy from the Indonesian relative clauses to the English ones. It was a descriptive study. The data were collected from the theses submitted by the Master's Program students of English Language Education to the university. The study found out that most students relativized subjects successfully but frequently failed to relativize the object of which Indonesian could not do it. The students were not found relativizing indirect objects, oblique, and comparison of which Indonesian did not permit. In conclusion, the study supported the strong contrastive analysis hypothesis.
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Yuanitasari, Deviana. "The Role of Public Notary in Providing Legal Protection on Standard Contracts for Indonesian Consumers." Sriwijaya Law Review 1, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol1.iss2.43.pp179-190.
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Public Notary is needed in conducting businesses of varying sectors. For example, people who want to own a house through a bank with House Ownership Loan (Kredit Pemilikan Rumah - KPR). Quite similar to a purchase of common loan contracts, the purchase of KPR contract is formulated into a standard contract. Its contents and clauses have been previously prepared by the bank. Then, bank customers as debtors only have the option to accept the entire contents and clauses of the KPR contract, otherwise they will not be granted KPR loan. As the consequence, the position of banks as lenders and customers as debtors are never equal. Debtors are powerless and have to comply with the content of the contract. This research discusses the protection given by notary in the drafting process of standard contract based on Law No 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection (Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen - UUPK) and Law No. 2 of 2014 on the Rules of Notary Profession (Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris - UUJN). The result of the study showed that a public notary has a strong foundation to protect consumers’ rights according to the UUPK. An application of this, among others, the notary’s refusal has to include the entire content of the KPR agreement into a deed before s/he could examine whether the two parties of the agreement occupy an equal position and have proportionate power. For instance, in the transfer of responsibility clause from a bank as a business owner – a notary is entitled to advise the bank that its activity has violated the UUPK. If the bank insists that the clause is instructed by its central bank, the notary can help explain that the revision of the clause will help the Bank avoid the violation of UUPK.
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Sáez del Álamo, Luis Ángel. "Superlative QP “Hyper-Raising” in dialectal Spanish: the role of dormant Edge Features." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 9, no. 1 (May 4, 2020): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.9.1.5429.
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In this paper I deal with a particular relative-clause superlative construction attested in Spanish dialects like Canariense (Bosque & Brucart 1991) and Puerto Rican (Rohena-Madrazo 2007), among others. In this construction the superlative quantifier raises to the left of the complementizer of the relative clause. However, as observed by Bosque & Brucart (1991), only object quantifiers can move in this way; subject quantifiers cannot. I account for this assymmetry by assuming Bianchi’s (2000) raising analysis for relative clauses, Kandybowicz’s (2009) theory on edge features and Pesetsky & Torrego’s (2001) proposal on Tense-to-Comp movement (among other assumptions). Object-quantifier movement correlates with Tense-to- Comp movement, which activates an edge feature for objects and allows them to escape the phasal minimal domain undergoing Transfer. This is not possible for subject-quantifier movement. I also propose that the determiner introducing a relative clause bears an uninterpretable [Superlative] feature with clitic-like properties. This feature forces the determiner to post-syntactically cliticize to the superlative quantifier degree word, a process which requires linear adjacency. This accounts for certain restrictions on this sort of superlative quantifier raising already pointed out by Bosque & Brucart (1991) The proposal (similar to the one in Rohena-Madrazo 2007) that [Superlative] may also be in Force in these dialects (if selected for Force by the determiner) explains a more restrictive (and widespread) variant of this construction.
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Rah, Anne. "Transfer in L3 sentence processing: evidence from relative clause attachment ambiguities." International Journal of Multilingualism 7, no. 2 (May 2010): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14790710903276342.
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Худокормов and Sergey Khudokormov. "Democratic essence of local self-management as institute of democracy in the constitutional state." Journal of Public and Municipal Administration 5, no. 2 (June 28, 2016): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21040.
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Clause is devoted to research of the democratic nature of local self-management in a context of methodology of a modern constitutional law. The author of clause proves the point of view, that local self-management is an independent form of democracy in the sense that, first, local communities possess the right to establishment of structure of institutions of local government, secondly, the constitution guarantees an autonomy of municipalities by transfer of powers of national representation directly against the population to elective bodies.
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Sefriani, Sefriani. "The Urgency of Non-Precluded Measures Clause in Indonesian Bilateral Investment Treaty." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 06, no. 02 (August 2019): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n2.a2.
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The legitimacy crisis of the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) within the international community was caused by the increasing regulatory disputes before the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) forum. It encourages Indonesia to discontinue several BITs, to review and to make new BIT models for Indonesia. This article aims to analyze the urgency of the non-precluding measures (NPM) clause in the new BIT Model of Indonesia to balance the interests of investors and the interests of Indonesia as the host state, considering that to date the existing BIT content is not balanced. The BIT provides so much protection to investors and, vice versa, weighty obligations to the host country. This study employed descriptive analytical method. The study concludes that the NPM Clause is very important in the new Indonesian BIT Model. At least, can be based on five arguments. First, the NPM clause will transfer risk from the country to foreign investors in situations of extraordinary threats. Second, the NPM clause will limit investor protection in certain situations. Third, the NPM clause will provide greater flexibility to Indonesia as the host to regulate its investment policy to achieve sustainable development to realize the people’s welfare, labor rights, public health, safety environment, public morals, and order. Fourth, the NPM clause is important for self-recovery during international financial crisis. Fifth, lastly, the NPM clause will balance the protection of both investors and Indonesia as the host state.
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Sefriani, Sefriani. "The Urgency of Non-Precluded Measures Clause in Indonesian Bilateral Investment Treaty." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 06, no. 02 (August 2019): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n2.a2.
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The legitimacy crisis of the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) within the international community was caused by the increasing regulatory disputes before the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) forum. It encourages Indonesia to discontinue several BITs, to review and to make new BIT models for Indonesia. This article aims to analyze the urgency of the non-precluding measures (NPM) clause in the new BIT Model of Indonesia to balance the interests of investors and the interests of Indonesia as the host state, considering that to date the existing BIT content is not balanced. The BIT provides so much protection to investors and, vice versa, weighty obligations to the host country. This study employed descriptive analytical method. The study concludes that the NPM Clause is very important in the new Indonesian BIT Model. At least, can be based on five arguments. First, the NPM clause will transfer risk from the country to foreign investors in situations of extraordinary threats. Second, the NPM clause will limit investor protection in certain situations. Third, the NPM clause will provide greater flexibility to Indonesia as the host to regulate its investment policy to achieve sustainable development to realize the people’s welfare, labor rights, public health, safety environment, public morals, and order. Fourth, the NPM clause is important for self-recovery during international financial crisis. Fifth, lastly, the NPM clause will balance the protection of both investors and Indonesia as the host state.
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Yuan, Chen. "Studies on the Backward Transfer of Interlanguage Syntactic Structure—Taking Temporal Adverbial Clause as an Example." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1006.10.
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The research focuses on the language transfer in L2 and L1 environment. The paper explores the language backward transfer from L2 (English) to L1 (Chinese) for mainland Chinese students in Australia as well as in China. With long time scholars concentrated on the forward transfer from L1 to L2 and profited a lot. However, there is some evidence reflected that backward transfer from L2 to L1 may take place in L2 and L1 environment, even in some academic occasion, L1 syntactic rules are losing. In this study, participants are mainland Chinese undergraduates from University of Newcastle and Hei Longjiang Bayi Agricultural University to complete translation and writing tasks. The aim of the paper is to investigate whether the backward transfer occurs in sentence translation and discourse level and the relationship between the backward transfer and L2 proficiency. The expected results are that backward transfer can happen both in L2 and L1 environment and the higher L2 proficiency can decrease backward transfer. In view of this, the research can reflect the complexity of language backward transfer and the relationship with L2 proficiency.
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Pan, Victor Junnan. "Resumptivity and two types of A′‑dependencies in the Minimalist Program." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 3, no. 1 (June 7, 2016): 45–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.3.1.02pan.
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This paper examines the derivation of two types of A′-dependencies — relative clauses and Left-Dislocation structures — in the framework of Minimalist Program based on Mandarin data. Relatives and LD structures demonstrate many distinct syntactic and semantic properties when they contain a gap and a resumptive pronoun respectively. A thorough study of the relevant data reveals that when a gap strategy is adopted, island effects and crossover effects are always observed, irrespective of whether the relevant gap is embedded within a relative clause or within an LD structure; on the contrary, when the resumptive strategy is adopted, a sharp distinction is observed between these two structures. A resumptive relative clause gives rise to island effects and crossover effects systematically; by contrast, a resumptive LD structure never gives rise to these effects. In the Minimalist Program, island effects and crossover effects are not exclusively used as diagnostic tests for movement since the operation Agree is also subject to locality constraints. I will argue that a relative clause containing either a gap or an RP and an LD structure with gap are derived by Agree and they are subject to the locality condition whereas a resumptive LD structure is derived by Match that is an island free operation and it is not subject to the locality constraint. Multiple Transfer and multiple Spell-Out are possible in an Agree chain, but not in a Matching chain. The choice of the derivational mechanism depends on the interpretability of the formal features attached to the Probe and to the Goal in the relevant A′-dependencies.
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Kusdianty, Stevyara Rismawathi. "THE ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS� ERROR IN USING RELATIVE CLAUSE." Indonesian EFL Journal 2, no. 1 (September 12, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/ieflj.v2i1.638.
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This study is aimed at investigating error types of Relative Clause and focuses on error of selection items of relative pronoun. Limitation of the study was on the students� error in using relative pronoun (who, whom, which, and whose) in Report Text and the causes of the students� error. This study used descriptive qualitative method. There were two techniques of collecting the data; observation which aimed at giving relative pronoun test in Report Text and interview which aimed at gathering information about the causes of the students made error. 20 students from class XI IPA 1 and XI IPA 2 of SMAN 1 Garawangi were chosen by the researcher as the sample of this study. The theory by Corder (1982), Azar (1999) and Brown (2000) were used as a basic theory to analyze the collected data. Finally, the results of the analysis showed that the students made errors in relative pronoun �who� with number 45 errors or 33.6%. The error in using relative pronoun �whom� were 32 errors or 23.9%. The error in using relative pronoun �which� were 29 errors or 21.6%. The error in using relative pronoun �whose� with number 28 errors or 20.9%. The errors caused by the influences of intralingual transfer or most of the students didn�t understand about the material, and interlingual transfer or the influences from their mother tongue in pronouncing and writing relative pronoun.Keywords: error analysis, relative pronoun, students, report text
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Nugraha, Rizal Aditya. "Absolute Power on Land Rights Binding Agreement (Study of Verdict No. 698K/Pdt/2017 and Number 483/Pdt.G/2013/PN.Bdg)." Authentica 2, no. 1 (September 22, 2020): 18–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.atc.2019.2.1.59.
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In the sale and purchase of land rights transactions, before the parties make a sale as outlined in the form of a Purchase Deed made before the Land Deed Maker Officer, the parties first make an agreement made in the form of an authentic deed made before a notary called with the Sale and Purchase Agreement (PPJB). Binding Agreement of Purchase made by a notary is always followed by a power of attorney called absolute power of attorney. According to the Instruction of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 14 of 1982, the use of absolute power is prohibited from using it for the transfer of land rights. This study aims to analyze the validity of granting absolute power clauses in the Purchase Binding Agreement which is used as the basis for the transfer of land rights and analyzing the application of absolute power in the Land Purchase Binding Agreement for land rights, especially against Decision Number 698K / Pdt / 2017 and Number 483 / Pdt. G / 2013 / PN.Bdg. The research method used is normative juridical research by examining secondary data, supplemented by a legislative approach and a case approach. This type of research is Analytical Descriptive using legal inventory research, legal principles, legal discovery in concreto. Data analysis was performed using the Normative Qualitative analysis method. The results of this study indicate that: (1) The validity of the absolute power which is entered as a clause in the Binding Agreement of Purchase is valid. Purchase Binding Agreement as a preliminary agreement (Pactum De Contrahendo) which gave birth to the granting of absolute power clause is an inseparable unit of the Purchase Binding Agreement so that the granting of an absolute power clause in the Sale and Purchase Agreement is not included in the absolute power of attorney which is prohibited by applicable laws and regulations. (2) a. Decision Case Number 698K / Pdt / 2017, the granting of absolute power which is used as the basis for the transfer of land rights is invalid because the absolute power of attorney is not based on the principal agreement, thus contradicting the Instruction of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 14 of 1982. b. Decision Case Number 483 / Pdt.G / 2013 / PN.Bdg, the granting of absolute power which is used as the basis for the transfer of land rights is legal, because the absolute power of attorney is based on the principal agreement, so it does not conflict with the Minister of Home Affairs Instruction Number 14 of 1982. Keywords: Binding Agreement of Purchase; Absolute Power of Attorney; Instruction of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 14 of 1982.
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Aguiar, Nina. "General transfer pricing adjustment clause introduced to the VAT regime in 2012." World Journal of VAT/GST Law 1, no. 2 (December 2012): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/wjovl.1.2.193.
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Bohnacker, Ute, and Christina Rosén. "THE CLAUSE-INITIAL POSITION IN L2 GERMAN DECLARATIVES : Transfer of Information Structure." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 30, no. 4 (October 29, 2008): 511–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263108080741.
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This article investigates the information structure of verb-second (V2) declaratives in Swedish, German, and nonnative German. Even though almost any type of element can occur in the so-called prefield, the clause-initial preverbal position of V2 declaratives, we have found language-specific patterns in native-speaker corpora: The frequencies of prefield constituent types differ substantially between German and Swedish, and Swedish postpones new (rhematic) information and instead fills the prefield with given (thematic) elements and elements of no or low informational value (e.g., expletives) to a far greater extent than German. We compare Swedish learners of German to native controls matched for age and genre (Bohnacker, 2005, 2006; Rosén, 2006). These learners master the syntactic properties of V2 but start their sentences in nonnative ways. They overapply the Swedish principle of rheme later in their second language German, indicating first language (L1) transfer at the interface of syntax and information structure, especially for structures that are frequent in the L1.
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Balashova, Irina N. "Arbitration Agreement: The Legal Nature and Application Practice of an Arbitration Agreement." Arbitrazh-civil procedure 4 (April 8, 2021): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-383x-2021-4-32-36.
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The article analyzes the legal nature of an arbitration agreement as an agreement on the transfer of an existing dispute between the parties to arbitration (arbitration court). The author pays special attention to such a type of arbitration agreement as an arbitration clause.
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Navarro, Aitor. "The Multilateral Instrument (MLI) and Transfer Pricing." Intertax 49, Issue 10 (October 1, 2021): 803–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2021086.
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The Multilateral Instrument (MLI) has a relevant impact on tax treaty measures concerning transfer pricing and the arm’s length principle (ALP). This article examines the incidence of five MLI provisions on transfer pricing that pose significantly interrelated issues, specifically, the saving clause of Article 11(1), the preamble enclosed in Article 6(1) expressing the will to eliminate double taxation without creating opportunities for reduced taxation through tax evasion or avoidance enshrined in the principal purpose test of Article 7(1), the corresponding adjustment provision of Article 17(1), and the mutual agreement provisions envisaged in Article 16. MLI, multilateral instrument, tax treaties, transfer pricing, arm’s length principle, abuse, corresponding adjustments, MAP.
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Harley, Heidi, and Hyun Kyoung Jung. "In Support of the PHAVE Analysis of the Double Object Construction." Linguistic Inquiry 46, no. 4 (October 2015): 703–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00198.
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Pylkkänen ( 2002 , 2008 ) and Bruening (2010a) present several arguments against the ‘‘small clause’’ approach to the double object construction in English, building on the predictions that that proposal makes with respect to the transfer-of-possession entailment, Goal-oriented depictives, nominalizations, subextraction, quantifier scope, and idioms. We argue that the small clause analysis proposed by Harley ( 1995 , 2002 ) in fact makes correct predictions in all these cases. In addition, we point out the existence of previously overlooked parallels between double object structures and have-sentences with respect to depictives, eventive DP complements, and quantifier scope. This motivates an analysis that links these different behaviors to the properties of a single PHAVE element common to both.
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Halimah, Nur. "Students Error Analysis in Using Adjective Clauses “Who and Whom” In Present Continues Tense." INTERACTION: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa 5, no. 1 (November 16, 2019): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36232/jurnalpendidikanbahasa.v5i1.323.
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dominant kinds of errors and the cause of errors made by the first grade of MA Integral Hidayatullah Makbusun. The data were taken from the erroneous adjective clauses “who and whom” in present continues tense . The test was given by the researcher to the students at MA Integral Hidayatullah Makbusun in the first grade that consists of fifteen students. In analyzing the data, the writer took the result of student test as technique of collecting data. The writer calculated the frequency of errors for each kind and also counted the percentages of errors in the form of table to determine the dominant kind of errors. Finally, the researcher analyzed the cause of errors. After analyzing the data, the researcher found 56% in used who and 69% in used whom. The researcher found kinds of errors There are addition (20 errors or 11.76 %), ommision (44 errors or 25.88 %), subtitution (69 errors or 40.59 %) and ordering (37 error or 21.76%). Therefore, the subtitution error has the highest frequency (69 errors or 40.59%). It proved that the students do not understand the pattern and function of adjective clauses “who and whom” sentence since they often ignore to put an item needed in the well-formed adjective clause sentence. In this research, the writer found that those errors are caused the cause by three types, that is first language interference, overgeneralization, and ignorance of rule restriction. And factors cause of error are interlangual transfer and intralingual transfer. Interlangual transfer is the errors caused by the mother tongue influence. While, intralingual transfer is the error caused by the target language influence.
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Mertelj, Darja, and Mirjam Premrl. "Complex Clause Syntax in the Italian Classroom – the Learners Between Transfer and Interference." Journal for Foreign Languages 5, no. 1-2 (January 16, 2014): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/vestnik.5.217-238.
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Pratiwi, Heni. "JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF DISCLAIMER CLAIMS BY ENTREPRENEURS ON ONLINE TRADING (E-COMMERCE)." Indonesian Private Law Review 1, no. 1 (September 9, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/iplr.v1i1.2047.
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Disclaimer or exemption clause is a clause or statement used by business actors to restrict or transfer the liability on the rights and obligations of an agreement and legal action. The inclusion of this disclaimer seems to be a freedom for business actors to freely transfer their liabilities which aims to provide protection for them selves, while consumers are being disadvantaged because they cannot file claims or hold accountability in case a default occurs. Therefore, the ease on transferring these liabilities as outlined in the form of a disclaimer is considered a violation of the principle of freedom of contract. This study is a normative research with approach carried out through library study with materials related to the problems of examination. The data sources consisted of primary and secondary data. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively.The results of the study showed that: a). The status of the disclaimer according to the law of agreement was declared null and void because it did not fulfill the objective conditions contained in Article 1320 of the Civil Code, namely legal reasons, containing provisions that contravened the law and violation of the principle of freedom of association. b). The validity of electronic transactions viewed from Article 1320 of the Civil Code was only valid if it fulfilled the four valid conditions of the agreement, both subjective and objective conditions. If these subjective conditions are not met, then as a legal consequence the e-commerce sale and purchase contract would be canceled, and if the objective conditions are not met, the contract would be made null and void, c). The form of legal protection for consumers against the first disclaimer/exemption clause, through preventive protection, UUPK (the Consumers Protection Act) has designed a preventive provision by regulating prohibitions for business actors to include disclaimer clause and it is required to adjust the contents of the disclaimer clause regulated in Chapter V Article 18 of UUPK. Second, through repressive protection which aims to resolve disputes in order to protect consumers. The consumers can resolve the dispute through lawsuit (litigation) and without the intervention of the court (non litigation).
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Idiatov, Dmitry. "Clause-final negative markers in Bobo and Samogo." Journal of Historical Linguistics 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 235–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.5.2.02idi.
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As many other languages of northern sub-Saharan Africa, almost all Bobo and Samogo languages (two distantly related Mande groups) exhibit prominently clause-final negative markers (CFNMs), a cross-linguistically uncommon property. Unlike negators in other parts of the world, CFNMs in the area prove to be rather unstable diachronically and relatively easy to borrow, similar to discourse markers, focus particles and phasal adverbs, with which they also happen to share peculiarities of morphosyntax and paths of historical development. This article first provides an exhaustive overview of the data available on the use of CFNMs in these languages. Building on these data, I advance an account of the history of the default CFNMs in these languages. In particular, I argue that the default CFNMs of Jo, Seen and probably Kpeen (all Samogo) go back to the phasal adverbial *kè ‘(not) yet; still’, whereas the default CFNMs of Bobo and Dzuun, Ban and Kpaan ultimately go back to a phasal adverbial *kÚDà(C)á ‘(not) again’. However, the default CFNMs of Dzuun, Kpaan and Ban turn out to be only indirect reflexes resulting from a lateral transfer of the Bobo CFNM, which expanded an already rich system of semantically more specific CFNMs in these languages.
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Pratiwi, Berlin Insan, and Thuthut Kartikarini. "Experiential meaning breadth variation of British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Indonesia online news." LingTera 5, no. 1 (May 17, 2018): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/lt.v5i1.7695.
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The aims of this research were to describe experiential meaning variation of English BBC news texts (T1) and Bahasa Indonesia BBC news texts (T2) which were functional grammatically represented in transitivity clause units, to identify the factors that cause the experiential meaning breadth variation of T1-T2, and to map the context of highest variation of T1-T2. This qualitative research applied semantic content analysis of experiential meaning with the researcher as research instrument. The results of this study show that experiential meaning variation of T1-T2 is dominated by highest scale of variation. Transfer-based perspective includes T2 as bad translation, while hermeneutic-based includes T2 as a good translation. Experiential meaning breadth variation of T1-T2 are mainly caused by the ideology of translation of BBC and translators involved in translation process that allows adjustment to the new readership and to the naturalness of the use of Indonesian language to occur. The constrictions of experiential meaning breadth variation mostly are caused by the addition of clause-rank meaning units which are not part of T1 and the existence of summary and/or synthesis of some T1 clause-rank meaning units.
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Rachmaniyah, Shinta, and Dipo Wahyoeno. "PERJANJIAN BAKU YANG MEMUAT KLAUSULA EKSONERASI DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN." Bureaucracy Journal : Indonesia Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 714–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53363/bureau.v2i2.100.
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The birth of a standard agreement containing an exoneration clause basically intends to provide easier and more practical access for the parties who will enter into an agreement. The prohibition on using the transfer of responsibility clause can be seen in the rule of law in Indonesia, which is located in Article 18 of Law no. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. In this case, the issue raised is how the exoneration clause applies in the standard agreement from the point of view of consumer protection law. In this study, the research method used by the author is a normative legal research method that uses a statutory approach or the so-called statute approach, a conceptual approach or the so-called conceptual approach and views according to experts. The results of the study show that the Standard Agreement which contains an exoneration clause can create legal consequences for consumers, namely the obligations that should be borne by the seller or business actor are the obligations of the buyer or consumer. UUPK or Law no. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection requires sellers or business actors to immediately match the standard agreement used for the provisions of the law, but in implementation this is difficult to enforce. Procedures and prohibitions regarding the application of standard agreements are planned to occupy the position of the buyer or consumer commensurate with the seller or business actor in accordance with the principle of freedom of contract and also prevent the emergence of actions that can later be detrimental to the buyer or consumer due to the lack of understanding, the buyer or consumer is exploited by the perpetrator. effort and also an equal position between the two parties. If the seller or business actor has set a standard clause that is prohibited in the agreement, the legal consequences of the standard clause are declared null and void.
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Souza, Fábio Augusto Pera de. "Impacts of the end of the reserve clause on the football [soccer] players transfer market." Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 4, no. 1 (December 20, 2007): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v4i1.70.
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Brazilian football [soccer] player market has suffered a significant change in its structure, with the end of the reserve clause in 2001. Among the possible economic consequences of the structural change is the alteration in the mobility of the players among the teams, given by the volume of transfers. In accordance with the concepts of the new economic system of the institutions, a hypothesis that the change in the property rights on the players has caused a significant increase in the number of transfers of athletes among teams was formulated. A research with players who had served the Brazilian Team between 1996 and 2005 confirmed the hypothesis that the free market brought an expressive increase in the volume of transfers, thus corroborating the economic theory.
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Suparman, Suparman, and Charmilasari Charmilasari. "Analysis of Phase Structure Realization in Classroom Discourse: A Study of Systemic Functional Linguistics." Ethical Lingua: Journal of Language Teaching and Literature 4, no. 2 (August 22, 2017): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30605/ethicallingua.v4i2.624.
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This study aims at describing the phase structure of classroom discourse in SMAN 1 Palopo. The research design employed is a qualitative study. The research location was SMAN 1 Palopo in which the population of the current study was classroom discourse in class X; while the sample were clauses that indicate the phase and interpersonal meaning of the teacher and the students who were selected using the purposive sampling technique. The source of data were the discourses in the biology, Physics and civic education classes. This study uses the theory of systemic functional linguistics to identify the clause phase structure consisting of phases and each sub-phase consists of 5 phases. Phase is used to transfer the science that aims to guide students to understand the material. Sub-phase comprises 33 phases which were divided into 4 static sub-phases and 29 dynamic sub-phases. System dominant mode shows the role of teachers in transferring science or knowledge expect information provided will be accepted by the students.
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Yakovleva, Svetlana. "Personal Data Transfers in International Trade and EU Law: A Tale of Two ‘Necessities’." Journal of World Investment & Trade 21, no. 6 (September 11, 2020): 881–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340189.
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Abstract Cross-border flows of personal data have become essential for international trade. European Union (EU) law restricts transfers of personal data to a degree that is arguably beyond what is permitted under the EU’s World Trade Organization commitments. These restrictions may be justified under trade law’s ‘necessity test.’ The article suggests that they may not pass this test. Yet, from an EU law perspective, the right to the protection of personal data is a fundamental right. An international transfer of personal data constitutes a derogation from this right and, therefore, must be consistent with another necessity test, the ‘strict necessity’ test of the derogation clause of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. This article shows how a simultaneous application of the trade law and EU Charter ‘necessities’ to EU restrictions on transfers of personal data creates a catch-22 situation and sketches the ways out of this compliance deadlock.
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Bohnacker, Ute. "The clause-initial position in L2 Swedish declaratives: Word order variation and discourse pragmatics." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 33, no. 2 (September 22, 2010): 105–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s033258651000017x.
Full textAbstract:
In a recent study of the clause-initial position in verb-second declaratives (the prefield), Bohnacker & Rosén (2008) found significant differences between native Swedish and German concerning the frequencies with which constituents occurred in the prefield, as well as qualitative differences concerning the mapping of information structure and linear word order: Swedish exhibited a stronger tendency than German to place new information, the so-called rheme, later in the clause. Swedish-speaking learners of German transferred these patterns from their L1 to German. Their sentences were syntactically well-formed but had Swedish-style prefield frequencies and a strong pattern of Rheme Later, which native Germans perceive as unidiomatic, as an acceptability judgment and a rewrite-L2texts task showed. The present study extends Bohnacker & Rosén's work in three ways. Learners of the reverse language combination (L1 German, L2 Swedish) are investigated to see whether similar phenomena also manifest themselves there. Secondly, written and oral data from highly advanced learners are examined to see whether the learners’ persistent problems can be overcome by extensive immersion (3, 6 and 9 years of L2 exposure). Thirdly, besides investigating theme–rheme (old vs. new information), some consideration is given to another information-structural level, background vs. focus. The learners are found to overuse the prefield at first, with non-Swedish, German-style frequency patterns (e.g. low proportions of clause-initial expletives and high proportions of clause-initial rhematic elements). This is interpreted as evidence for L1 transfer of information-structural or discourse-pragmatic preferences. After 6 and 9 years, a substantial increase in clause-initial expletive subjects, clefts and lightweight given elements is indicative of development towards the target. The findings are related to current generative theorizing on the syntax-pragmatics interface, where it is often maintained that the integration of multiple types of information is one of the hardest areas for L2 learners to master.