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1
Zhang, Zhonghao, Tiantian Nie, Yingtao Wu, Jiahui Ling, and Danhuang Huang. "The Temporal and Spatial Distributions and Influencing Factors of Transboundary Pollution in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 4643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084643.
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Transboundary pollution between neighboring regions seriously affects the efficiency of overall environmental governance; however, there are few studies focused on how to estimate the degree of transboundary pollution between different regions. With China as a case study, this article developed a new measurement to estimate the degree of transboundary pollution among regions, and comprehensively investigated the influencing factors of transboundary pollution in China between 2000 and 2013. The results indicate that transboundary pollution effects exist in China. In ascending order, the regions most affected overall by transboundary pollution from polluting enterprises were as follows: eastern region < central region < western region. The reduction in transboundary pollution effects was most prominent for severely polluting enterprises in the eastern and western regions and lightly polluting enterprises in the central region. An analysis of the influencing factors reveals that the regional environmental regulation intensity has a negative feedback effect on the transboundary pollution effects. These findings indicate that polluting enterprises in regions with a low environmental regulation intensity are more inclined to operate in border areas to obtain both the environmental benefits associated with the low local environmental regulation intensity and the market economy benefits associated with neighboring urban regions, thereby aggravating environmental pollution in border areas.
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Yani, Yanyan Mochamad, and Verdinand Robertua. "Environmental Studies of English School: Case Study of Forest Fires in Indonesia and Transboundary Haze in Southeast Asia." JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 6, no. 1 (August 20, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v6i1.3964.
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Despite of its advantages in social dimension, English School still has limited articles on environmental issues. Many global ecological crisis has been dealt with constructivism and green theory because the failure of English Scholars to adopt new norms such as climate responsibility, sustainable development and environmental justice. This article would like to highlight the synthesis of the normative tensions and the regional studies within the environmental studies of English School using the case study of Indonesia ratification to ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. Pluralism and solidarism will be the conceptual instruments in criticizing the blindness of environmental analysis in the English School communities and also constructing the environmental-friendly English School theory. There are two main conclusions in this article. Firstly, Indonesia ratification of ASEAN Agreement of Transboundary Haze Pollution, the emergence of domestic environmental legislation and the adoption of environmental responsibility marked the end of pluralist hegemony in environmental studies. Secondly, Indonesia ratification of AATHP is one of the foundations of regional environmental governance in Southeast Asia.
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Robertua, Verdinand, and Lubendik Sigalingging. "INDONESIA ENVIRONMENTAL DIPLOMACY REFORMED: CASE STUDIES OF GREENING ASEAN WAY AND PEAT RESTORATION AGENCY." Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 8, no. 1 (June 29, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.8.1.1-15.2019.
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There is an increasing pessimism on the role of state as the guardian of environmental livelihood due to the recurring of environmental disasters. Moving to a new global environmental governance seems inevitable due to the importance of economic development and social justice within the classical definition of environmental diplomacy.By using the case of “greening ASEAN Way” and the establishment of Indonesia’s peat restoration agency, this article attempted to reinvigorate environmental diplomacy using English School theoretical framework. This research obtained primary data from semi-structured interview with Indonesian officials in Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Peat Restoration Agency as well as from the observation of the implementation of peatland restoration in Indonesia.This research has three conclusions. Firstly, Indonesia is an important actor in the mitigation of many regional and global environmental issues including forest fires and transboundary haze. Secondly, the ratification of ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution and the establishment of peat restoration agency are part of the reinvigoration of Indonesia environmental diplomacy. Lastly, Indonesia’s reformed environmental diplomacy still faced problem on the relationship between central government and local government.
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Sullivan, John T., Thomas J. McGee, Ryan M. Stauffer, Anne M. Thompson, Andrew Weinheimer, Christoph Knote, Scott Janz, et al. "Taehwa Research Forest: a receptor site for severe domestic pollution events in Korea during 2016." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 7 (April 12, 2019): 5051–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5051-2019.
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Abstract. During the May–June 2016 International Cooperative Air Quality Field Study in Korea (KORUS-AQ), light synoptic meteorological forcing facilitated Seoul metropolitan pollution outflow to reach the remote Taehwa Research Forest (TRF) site and cause regulatory exceedances of ozone on 24 days. Two of these severe pollution events are thoroughly examined. The first, occurring on 17 May 2016, tracks transboundary pollution transport exiting eastern China and the Yellow Sea, traversing the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), and then reaching TRF in the afternoon hours with severely polluted conditions. This case study indicates that although outflow from China and the Yellow Sea were elevated with respect to chemically unperturbed conditions, the regulatory exceedance at TRF was directly linked in time, space, and altitude to urban Seoul emissions. The second case studied, which occurred on 9 June 2016, reveals that increased levels of biogenic emissions, in combination with amplified urban emissions, were associated with severe levels of pollution and a regulatory exceedance at TRF. In summary, domestic emissions may be causing more pollution than by transboundary pathways, which have been historically believed to be the major source of air pollution in South Korea. The case studies are assessed with multiple aircraft, model (photochemical and meteorological) simulations, in situ chemical sampling, and extensive ground-based profiling at TRF. These observations clearly identify TRF and the surrounding rural communities as receptor sites for severe pollution events associated with Seoul outflow, which will result in long-term negative effects to both human health and agriculture in the affected areas.
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Makosko, A. A., and A. V. Matesheva. "Methodological approach to assessing environmental risk (health risk) from air pollution in the Baikal region in a changing climate." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1040, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1040/1/012009.
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Abstract The methodological approach to assessing the environmental risk (health risk) from atmospheric pollution in the Baikal region taking into account the changing climate was formulated. It is based on the US EPA's health risk assessment methodology and impurity concentration estimates by solving the adjoint equation for impurities transport and diffusion. The dynamics of health risk for the population of Irkutsk from atmospheric pollution PM10, PM2.5 due to emissions from possible sources located both in the Baikal region and beyond including sources of transboundary pollution in 1980-2050 under various scenarios of climate change was researched. A tendency for a moderate decrease in the considered risk over the past several decades was shown. In the forecast period until 2050, under both climate scenarios, significant changes in the risk were not noted. The spatio-temporal dynamics of the areas of PM10, PM2.5 sources location that create the increased health risk in relation to Irkutsk was studied. The results indicate the moderate narrowing of the increased risk zone for Irkutsk in the first half of the 21st century. In the period until 2050, the main impact on the population health in the Irkutsk area from emission sources located in the southwest, south and southeast is expected. In case of transboundary pollution, the main danger from sources in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China is expected. The results are important to develop proposals for ensuring safety for public health, developing health care and planning environmental protection measures in the Baikal and neighboring regions.
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Fehér, János, István Galambos, and Zsuzsa Lehoczki. "Water Quality Management Options for a Downstream Transboundary River Basin - The Sajó River Case Study." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 10 (November 1, 1999): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0507.
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Water quality management has been a priority in Hungary in the past decades. Focus was especially upon improving water supply and stimulating economic development. On 1st January 1996 new Law on General Regulations for Environmental Protection (No. 53/1995) and the Act on Water Management (No. 57/1995) came into force. These laws are framework laws providing objectives to the development of the legal instrumentation of environmental and water protection. These new regulations should reflect the transitional nature of Hungary and should stimulate and facilitate the use of the most cost-effective and efficient forms of water quality management. Furthermore the regulations should aim at harmonization with EC directives. To support the elaboration of the new regulations case studies were carried out in the frame of a EU PHARE financed project to give answers to several water quality management and economic questions, such as (a) the way in which water quality objectives can be set when dealing with transboundary loads and vulnerable groundwater resources; (b) how to address industries in sanitation; (c) how to formulate collection and treatment requirements in the case of a very sensitive surface water originating in a river basin with predominantly non-vulnerable groundwater resources; (d) the cost effective sanitation strategy; (e) the determination of permissible loads by using water quality models; and (f) how to allocate this load among pollution sources. The paper is gives an overview of the case study with the discussion of the conclusions.
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Zuhir, Mada Apriandi, Febrian Febrian, Murzal Murzal, and Ridwan Ridwan. "Exercising No Harm Rule: Claims for Damage and Loss Due Climate Change Effects." Sriwijaya Law Review 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol6.iss1.1646.pp174-188.
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The act of utilising all the resources owned by a state, including natural resources, is the right of every state. However, its use is prohibited if it causes harm to other states. This is then referred to as the principle of no harm rule in international law. Therefore, each state is responsible not for causing damage to other States' environments or areas outside the limits of its jurisdiction. This article will analyse the development of the no harm rules and its application model for claiming state responsibility. As normative research, it used secondary data as the main data, and the primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials were analysed qualitatively. In discussion, this principle has long existed as customary international law to mitigate transboundary pollution. In the case of the environment in general, many studies have applied this principle. However, due to the uniqueness of the climate change issue, evidence and proof of the impacts caused cannot be used as the basis for a lawsuit like ordinary environmental cases. Based on the discussion and simulation conducted, it is concluded that the no harm rules principle can be applied to climate change issues. However, this principle is not satisfactory and has limitations in its application.
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DAMIAN, Gheorghe, Gheorghe IEPURE, Daniel NASUI, Gyozo JORDAN, Jasminka ALIJAGIC, Danijel IVANIŠEVIĆ, Lidija GALOVIĆ, and Ioan BERES. "ASSESSMENT OF RIVER SEDIMENT QUALITY ACCORDING TO THE EU WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IN MOUNTAINOUS FLUVIAL CONDITIONS. A CASE STUDY IN THE UPPER TISA AREA, DANUBE RIVER BASIN." Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 17, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2022/017/234.
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Discharge of hazardous substances (HSs) in hydrographic basins represent a danger to aquatic biological activity and water supplies and can severely pollute surface water sediments. The increase of pollution in the Danube Basin requires the implementation of systematic monitoring and evaluation of the sediments quality as dictated by the EU Water Framework Directive. For this system development, applicable in mountainous conditions, the Upper Tisa region in the northwest part of Romania on the border with Ukraine, Hungary and Slovakia was selected as a test area. Sampling of overbank (floodplain) sediment, river bottom sediment and suspended sediment was carried out at 10 locations in the test area in order to analyze the concentration and distribution of eight metal(oid)s (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ni, Cr and As), in addition to 3 organic components (anthracene, fluoranthene, benzo(e)pyrene) as hazardous substances (HSs). The sediment quality assessment was carried out according to the 2013/39/EU Directive and EU Water Framework Directive standards. Most of the analyzed HS concentrations in river bottom sediment and overbank (floodplain) sediments fall within the limits of environmental quality standards (EQS). As, Cu, Pb, and Zn tend to exceed the EQS at some locations. The highest exceedances were recorded for Pb, for which contents of up to 987 mg/kg were detected. The highest contents were found in the overbank sediments sampled, and the lowest in river bottom sediments, which may indicate historical pollution. Mercury contents in overbank sediment samples exceed all standards, while cadmium content is below the international standards. Anthracene, fluoranthene and benzo(e)pyrene concentrations in overbank and bottom sediments comply with international standards. A few samples in suspended sediments slightly exceed the lowest environmental standard value (i.e., Romanian normal value). HS concentrations remain low in the suspended sediments showing that it is not the main transport route for pollution in this area. HS contents decrease gradually from upstream to downstream due to dilution along the river course. In the last testing point at Someș Aciua, the concentration of metal(oid)s measured in the sediments remain below the EQS limit values, thus there is no risk of transboundary pollution. The main source of metal(oid) contamination is historic base-metal ore mining and the associated mine waste sites in the Baia Mare and other mining areas scattered around the whole region. The main source of the studied organic compounds is the incomplete or low-temperature coal combustion processes that occur in households in rural areas
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Aouizerats, B., G. R. van der Werf, R. Balasubramanian, and R. Betha. "Importance of transboundary transport of biomass burning emissions to regional air quality in Southeast Asia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 8 (May 7, 2014): 11221–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-11221-2014.
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Abstract. Smoke from biomass and peat burning has a notable impact on ambient air quality and climate in the Southeast Asia (SEA) region. We modeled the largest fire-induced haze episode in the past decade (2006) in Indonesia using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). We focused mainly on the evolution of the fire plume composition and its interaction with the urbanized area of the city-state of Singapore, and on comparisons of modeled and measured aerosol and CO concentrations. Two simulations were run with the model using the complex Volatility Basis Set (VBS) scheme to reproduce primary and secondary aerosol evolution and concentration. The first simulation referred to as WRF-FIRE included anthropogenic, biogenic, and b iomass burning emissions from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED3) while the second simulation referred to as WRF-NOFIRE was run without emissions from biomass burning. To test model performance, we used three independent datasets for comparison including airborne measurements of Particulate Matter with a diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) in Singapore, CO measurements in Sumatra, and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) column observations from 4 satellite-based sensors. We found reasonable agreement of the model runs with both ground-based measurements of CO and PM10. The comparison with AOD was less favorable and indicated the model underestimated AOD, although the degree of mismatch varied between different satellite data sets. During our study period, forest and peat fires in Sumatra were the main cause of enhanced aerosol concentrations from regional transport over Singapore. Analysis of the biomass burning plume showed high concentrations of primary organic aerosols (POA) with values up to 600 μg m−3 over the fire locations. The concentration of POA remained quite stable within the plume between the main burning region and Singapore while secondary organic aerosol (SOA) concentration slightly increased. The absolute values of SOA (up to 20 μg m−3) were much lower than those from POA, indicating a minor role of SOA in biomass burning plumes. Our results show that about 21% of the total mass loading of ambient PM10 during the July–October study period in Singapore was due to biomass and peat burning in Sumatra, but this contribution increased during high burning periods. In total, our model results indicated that during 35 days aerosol concentrations in Singapore were above the threshold of 50 μg m−3 day−1 indicating poor air quality. During 17 days this was due to fires, based on the difference between the simulations with and without fires. Local pollution in combination with recirculation of air masses was probably the main cause of poor air quality during the other 18 days, although fires from Sumatra and probably also from Borneo added to the enhanced PM10 concentrations. The model vs. measurement comparisons highlighted that for our study period and region the GFED3 biomass burning aerosol emissions were more in line with observations than found in other studies. This indicates that care should be taken when using AOD to constrain emissions or estimate ground-level air quality. This study also shows the need for relatively high resolution modeling to accurately reproduce the advection of air masses necessary to quantify the impacts and feedbacks on air quality.
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Petus, Caroline, Jane Waterhouse, Dieter Tracey, Eric Wolanski, and Jon Brodie. "Using Optical Water-Type Classification in Data-Poor Water Quality Assessment: A Case Study in the Torres Strait." Remote Sensing 14, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 2212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14092212.
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For many years, local communities have expressed concerns that turbid plume waters from the Fly River in Papua New Guinea may potentially deliver mine-derived contaminants to the Torres Strait, an ecologically and culturally unique area north of the Australian mainland. Information on suspended sediment transport and turbidity patterns are needed in this data-limited region to identify and manage downstream ecosystems that may be at risk of exposure from the Fly River runoff. This study used MODIS satellite time series and a colour-classification approach to map optical water types around the data-poor Gulf of Papua and Torres Strait region. The satellite data were supported by field data, including salinity and suspended sediment measurements, and used together in qualitative water quality assessments to evaluate the habitats that are likely exposed to Fly River discharge and/or derived sediments. It showed that the Fly River influence in the Torres Strait region is largely limited to the north-east corner of the Torres Strait. The drivers of turbidity vary between locations, and it is impossible to fully separate direct riverine plume influence from wave and tidally driven sediment resuspension in the satellite maps. However, results indicate that coastal habitats located as far east as Bramble Cay and west to Boigu Island are located in an area that is most likely exposed to the Fly River discharge within the region, directly or through sediment resuspension. The area that is the most likely exposed is a relatively small proportion of the Torres Strait region, but encompasses habitats of high ecological importance, including coral reefs and seagrass meadows. Satellite data showed that the period of highest risk of exposure was during the south-east trade wind season and complemented recent model simulations in the region over larger spatial and temporal frames. This study did not evaluate transboundary pollution or the ecological impact on local marine resources, but other recent studies suggest it is likely to be limited. However, this study did provide long-term, extensive but qualitative, baseline information needed to inform future ecological risk mapping and to support decision making about management priorities in the region. This is important for ensuring the protection of the Torres Strait ecosystems, given their importance to Torres Strait communities and turtle and dugong populations, and the Torres Strait’s connectivity with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.
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Aouizerats, B., G. R. van der Werf, R. Balasubramanian, and R. Betha. "Importance of transboundary transport of biomass burning emissions to regional air quality in Southeast Asia during a high fire event." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 1 (January 13, 2015): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-363-2015.
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Abstract. Smoke from biomass and peat burning has a notable impact on ambient air quality and climate in the Southeast Asia (SEA) region. We modeled a large fire-induced haze episode in 2006 stemming mostly from Indonesia using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem). We focused on the evolution of the fire plume composition and its interaction with the urbanized area of the city state of Singapore, and on comparisons of modeled and measured aerosol and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations. Two simulations were run with WRF-Chem using the complex volatility basis set (VBS) scheme to reproduce primary and secondary aerosol evolution and concentration. The first simulation referred to as WRF-FIRE included anthropogenic, biogenic and biomass burning emissions from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED3) while the second simulation referred to as WRF-NOFIRE was run without emissions from biomass burning. To test model performance, we used three independent data sets for comparison including airborne measurements of particulate matter (PM) with a diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) in Singapore, CO measurements in Sumatra, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) column observations from four satellite-based sensors. We found reasonable agreement between the model runs and both ground-based measurements of CO and PM10. The comparison with AOD was less favorable and indicated the model underestimated AOD, although the degree of mismatch varied between different satellite data sets. During our study period, forest and peat fires in Sumatra were the main cause of enhanced aerosol concentrations from regional transport over Singapore. Analysis of the biomass burning plume showed high concentrations of primary organic aerosols (POA) with values up to 600 μg m−3 over the fire locations. The concentration of POA remained quite stable within the plume between the main burning region and Singapore while the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) concentration slightly increased. However, the absolute concentrations of SOA (up to 20 μg m−3) were much lower than those from POA, indicating a minor role of SOA in these biomass burning plumes. Our results show that about 21% of the total mass loading of ambient PM10 during the July–October study period in Singapore was due to biomass and peat burning in Sumatra, but this contribution increased during high burning periods. In total, our model results indicated that during 35 days aerosol concentrations in Singapore were above the threshold of 50 μg m−3 day−1 indicating poor air quality. During 17 days this was due to fires, based on the difference between the simulations with and without fires. Local pollution in combination with recirculation of air masses was probably the main cause of poor air quality during the other 18 days, although fires from Sumatra and probably also from Kalimantan (Indonesian part of the island of Borneo) added to the enhanced PM10 concentrations. The model versus measurement comparisons highlighted that for our study period and region the GFED3 biomass burning aerosol emissions were more in line with observations than found in other studies. This indicates that care should be taken when using AOD to constrain emissions or estimate ground-level air quality. This study also shows the need for relatively high resolution modeling to accurately reproduce the advection of air masses necessary to quantify the impacts and feedbacks on regional air quality.
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Boucekkine, Raouf, Giorgio Fabbri, Salvatore Federico, and Fausto Gozzi. "From firm to global-level pollution control: The case of transboundary pollution." European Journal of Operational Research 290, no. 1 (April 2021): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2020.07.056.
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Yi, Yongxi, Rongwei Xu, and Sheng Zhang. "A Cooperative Stochastic Differential Game of Transboundary Industrial Pollution between Two Asymmetric Nations." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9492582.
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Considering the fact that transboundary pollution control calls for the cooperation between interested parties, this paper studies a cooperative stochastic differential game of transboundary industrial pollution between two asymmetric nations in infinite-horizon level. In this paper, we model two ways of transboundary pollution: one is an accumulative global pollutant with an uncertain evolutionary dynamic and the other is a regional nonaccumulative pollutant. In our model, firms and governments are separated entities and they play a Stackelberg game, while the governments of the two nations can cooperate in pollution reduction. We discuss the feedback Nash equilibrium strategies of governments and industrial firms, and it is found that the governments being cooperative in transboundary pollution control will set a higher pollution tax rate and make more pollution abatement effort than when they are noncooperative. Additionally, a payment distribution mechanism that supports the subgame consistent solution is proposed.
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Fitzgerald, Gerald F. "Le Canada et le développement du droit international : La contribution de l’Affaire de la fonderie de Trail à la formation du nouveau droit de la pollution atmosphérique transfrontière." Études internationales 11, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 393–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701072ar.
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The purpose of this article is to indicate how the decisions of the Trail Smelter Arbitral Tribunal, rendered in 1938 and 1941, have made a contribution to the development of international law, including, in particular, the emerging international legal rules relating to transboundary air pollution. Of particular importance was the Tribunal's enunciation of the principle of the international liability of a pollution-source state. The influence of the Trail Smelter case is examined in the light of the Corfu ChannelCase, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963), the Helsinki Rules (1966), the Stockholm Principles (1972), the Nuclear Test Cases (1973-74), the OECD Principles concerning Transfrontier Pollution (1974 and 1976), and the Joint Statement on Transboundary Air Quality by Canada and the United States (1979). Two of the most difficult problems for solution in the case of transboundary pollution are: (1) equal access and non-discrimination with respect to remedies, and (2) liability and compensation. Canadian law has certain gaps in this regard. These and other problems of transboundary pollution pose a challenge for the 1980s and the TrailSmelter principle could make a contribution to their solution.
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Konkoly-Gyuró, Éva, Pál Balázs, and Ágnes Tirászi. "Transdisciplinary approach of transboundary landscape studies: a case study of an Austro-Hungarian transboundary landscape." Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography 119, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2019.1581628.
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Usman, Muhammad, Gulnaz Hameed, Abdul Saboor, and Khuram Nawaz. "Technological Spillovers, Manufacturing Growth and Transboundary Pollution in Case of Pakistan." Journl of Applied Economics and Business Studies 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34260/jaebs.422.
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Role of technological spillover in manufacturing sector growth and climate change is the running debate in the world to avoid the problem of production inefficiency and environmental damages. Environment friendly technological spillover plays pivotal role in manufacturing sector growth which leads to economic growth. In order to investigate the inconclusiveness of the major issues of production inefficiency and climate change in Pakistan the current research was aimed at finding the relationship between technological spillovers, manufacturing growth and climate change. To meet the objectives, the study investigated both short run and long run dynamics by employing Autoregressive Distributive Lagged (ARDL) model. An annual time series data over the period of 1973 to 2017 was collected for comparative analysis of technological spillover performance in manufacturing sector and environmental condition of the country. The results of CUSM test and Bound test validated the existence of long run co-integration relationship among estimated models. The results demonstrated that technological spillover performs significantly positive role in manufacturing growth with less absorptive ability. The empirical analysis proved that technological spillover and imported technology have affirmative role in reducing amount of net Carbon emission over the long run. It is suggested that the firms should adopt innovative technologies and try to improve absorptive capacity while government must opt country specific policies to control negative externalities.
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Eng, Yii Hern, and Ing Hong Lim. "A case of air pollution-induced Valsalva retinopathy." Malaysian Journal of Ophthalmology 3, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35119/myjo.v3i2.182.
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This is a case of Valsalva retinopathy during the season of annual transboundary haze pollution in Sarawak. A 22-year-old man with no known medical illness developed sudden onset of painless visual acuity loss preceded by persistent cough. Left eye fundus showed dense preretinal haemorrhage covering optic disc extendinginferiorly with breakthrough vitreous haemorrhage. The patient underwent pars plana vitrectomy, endolaser, and fluid gas exchange in view of persistent dense vitreous haemorrhage after a month of conservative management. In conclusion, pars plana vitrectomy can be considered as a safe and effective treatment option for patients with Valsalva retinopathy developing extensive premacular haemorrhage.
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Savov, Ognyan. "The Polluter-Pays Principle in a Transboundary Context – the Case of Arctic Ocean Continental Shelf Oil Production." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 13, no. 1 (April 19, 2022): 192–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_013010010.
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Abstract In terms of international law, States are obliged to abstain from causing significant transboundary harm. Part of this obligation is the enforcement of the polluter-pays principle. Although acknowledged by States, its extraterritorial application is the exception rather than the rule. The purpose of this article is to consider how, in the absence of a regional regime catering for the transboundary pollution victims, the Arctic Ocean littoral States adhere to those obligations while engaged in Arctic Ocean continental shelf oil production.
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Yani, Yanyan Mochammad. "THE VICTORY OF SOLIDARISM IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE CASE STUDY OF FOREST FIRES AND TRANSBOUNDARY HAZE IN INDONESIA." Jurnal Asia Pacific Studies 1, no. 1 (November 24, 2017): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/japs.v1i1.503.
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Solidarism and pluralism are key concepts of English School theory. Solidarism have many differences with pluralism which sometimes contradicting each other. Solidarism has inspired many international projects in dealing with many international problems including Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) in the context of forest fires and transboundary haze in Indonesia. Solidarists perceived that RSPO is an effective solution in combatting forest fires and transboundary haze in Indonesia. This article would like to question the hegemony of solidarism in global governance with the case study of RSPO in mitigating forest fires and transboundary haze in Indonesia.
This articles has three findings. Firstly, RSPO as solidarism projects has its advantages and weaknesses that need for constant reform and revision. Secondly, pluralism is not neglecting the global governance as there is ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution that combined global governance with sustainable development and legitimacy. Thirdly, the rivalry of solidarism and pluralism can be neatly put under the heading of global governance.
Keywords: pluralism, solidarism, English School, forest fires, transboundary haze
Abstrak
Solidarisme dan pluralisme adalah konsep penting dalam teori English School. Solidarisme memiliki banyak perbedaan yang bertolak belakang dengan pluralisme. Solidarisme telah mendorong pelaksanaan berbagai inisiatif sebagai solusi dari berbagai masalah internasional termasuk Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) dalam konteks mitigasi kebakaran hutan dan pencemaran udara di Indonesia. Solidarisme mengajukan hegemoni global governance yang ditunjukkan dalam dukungan penuh terhadap RSPO di dalam mencegah terjadinya kebakaran hutan dan pencemaran udara di Indonesia. Artikel ini hendak mengkritisi hegemoni solidarisme dalam global governance melalui studi kasus RSPO dalam mitigasi kebakaran hutan dan pencemaran udara di Indonesia.
Penelitian ini memiliki tiga kesimpulan. Pertama, RSPO sebagai salah satu inisiatif solidarisme memiliki kelebihan dan kelemahan yang memerlukan reformasi dan revisi konstan. Kedua, pluralisme memiliki analisis yang mendalam terkait global governance dengan studi ratifikasi ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution oleh Indonesia pada tahun 2014. Ketiga, rivalitas antara pluralisme dan solidarisme dapat dipersatukan dalam sebuah konsep global governance.
Kata kunci: pluralisme, solidarisme, English School, kebakaran hutan, pencemaran udara.
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Fitriyanti, Fadia, and Yordan Gunawan. "Post-Asean Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution: How to Settle the Dispute Settlement?" Hasanuddin Law Review 5, no. 3 (December 24, 2019): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v5i3.1541.
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Forest fire happened several times in Indonesia which impacting neighboring countries, such as Malaysia and Singapore. ASEAN tried to "heal" and prevent the possibility of similar events by signing the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP) for its members. In line with that, this research examined the concern of the state responsibility principle and its dispute resolution as well as a mechanism under the Agreement in dealing with the transboundary haze pollution in ASEAN. The research conducted by using normative theory by using primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials, collected from library research. Data analysis uses statute approach and case approach. Furthermore, the resulting research is in the form of analytical descriptive. The researchers argue that AATHP it is not explained in detail about the forms, mechanisms, and consequences that can be given to a country that has caused forest fires in the national jurisdiction and proven damage other countries. The researchers conclude that there should be a clear definition of state responsibility by means of a visible dispute settlement. Those mentioned steps are aimed to prepare for both preventive and punitive legal action for all members of ASEAN in dealing with the case of transboundary haze pollution.
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FUJIWARA, KENJI. "ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND TRADE LIBERALIZATION: THE CASE OF TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION FROM CONSUMPTION." Natural Resource Modeling 23, no. 4 (September 16, 2010): 591–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-7445.2010.00075.x.
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Chen, Chien Hung, Ken Hui Chang, and Tu Fu Chen. "Impact of Long Transport on Taiwan’s Ozone Air Quality from East Asia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 692 (November 2014): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.692.13.
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To clarify the influence of air pollutants emitted from East Asia on the ozone air quality in Taiwan, this study performs a long-term simulation result for 4 months using Taiwan Air Quality Model. Influence from the current (2007) and future (2020) East Asian emissions on the ozone concentration in Taiwan were simulated. The date ranges simulated were February, May, August, and October of 2007, representing the seasons of winter, spring, summer, and autumn. Influence from transboundary transport on Taiwan was assessed based on simulations of these 4 months. The influence of transboundary transport on the monthly average of daily peak ozone concentrations in Taiwan is 15.5 ppb. Worst case scenarios in 2020 will contribute an additional 3.7 ppb. If the size of ozone pollution area (≧120 ppb) is considered, transboundary transport contributed to 72 % of the polluted area in 2007; the ozone pollution area in the worst case scenario in 2020 will further increase by 47 % from 2007 levels.
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Stefanopoulou, D. K., and C. Skoulikaris. "Assessment of hydrodiplomacy effectiveness under climate change: The case study of the transboundary river basins of Greece." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1123, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1123/1/012089.
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Abstract Transboundary water management is a complex multidisciplinary thematic, with many of the factors involved to have a distinct tendency of exacerbation due to climate change. At the same time, hydrodiplomacy aims at securing cooperation at transboundary scale and fostering conflicts resolution among riparian countries. The research proposes a Hydrodiplomacy Index (HyDI) that integrates climate change and water diplomacy aspects as a qualitative tool for transboundary river basins’ management under climate change. The latter is considered as the a) volume and nature of climate change-related studies on surface cross-border waters, and b) climate change international agreements ratified by the riparian countries and the corresponding implementation progress. In terms of hydrodiplomacy, the features that are taken into consideration are the a) current ecological and chemical status of the transboundary waters, b) flood vulnerability of boundary areas, c) mankind pressures, d) socio-political tensions, e) bilateral agreements on water management, f) common legal frameworks, and g) outputs of the Sustainable Development Goals index for transboundary water management. The five transboundary river basins that Greece shares with neighbouring countries are the case study area, and the HyDI quantifies in which way climate change consists of a potential key-parameter for the management of transboundary waters.
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Chen, Zhigang, Rongwei Xu, and Yongxi Yi. "A Differential Game of Ecological Compensation Criterion for Transboundary Pollution Abatement under Learning by Doing." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (July 27, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7932845.
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This paper studies a stochastic differential game of transboundary pollution abatement between two kinds of ecological compensation and the abatement policy, in which the learning by doing is taken into account. Emission and pollution abatement between upstream and downstream region in the same basin is a Stackelberg game, and the downstream regions provide economic compensation for pollution abatement in the upstream region. We discuss the feedback Nash equilibrium strategies of proportional compensation and investment compensation, and it is found that an appropriate ecological compensation ratio can improve the investment level of pollution abatement in the two regions by accumulating experience in the process of learning by doing. In the long term, the investment compensation mechanism is an effective transboundary pollution abatement measure that can continuously reduce the water pollution stock in the upstream and downstream.
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Cheong, Ngiam, Morgan, Pek, Tan, Lai, Koh, Ong, and Ho. "Acute Health Impacts of the Southeast Asian Transboundary Haze Problem—A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (September 6, 2019): 3286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183286.
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Air pollution has emerged as one of the world’s largest environmental health threats, with various studies demonstrating associations between exposure to air pollution and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Regional air quality in Southeast Asia has been seasonally affected by the transboundary haze problem, which has often been the result of forest fires from “slash-and-burn” farming methods. In light of growing public health concerns, recent studies have begun to examine the health effects of this seasonal haze problem in Southeast Asia. This review paper aims to synthesize current research efforts on the impact of the Southeast Asian transboundary haze on acute aspects of public health. Existing studies conducted in countries affected by transboundary haze indicate consistent links between haze exposure and acute psychological, respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological morbidity and mortality. Future prospective and longitudinal studies are warranted to quantify the long-term health effects of recurrent, but intermittent, exposure to high levels of seasonal haze. The mechanism, toxicology and pathophysiology by which these toxic particles contribute to disease and mortality should be further investigated. Epidemiological studies on the disease burden and socioeconomic cost of haze exposure would also be useful to guide policy-making and international strategy in minimizing the impact of seasonal haze in Southeast Asia.
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Sarukhanyan, Tigran. "Transboundary Migration in the Post-Soviet Space: Three Comparative Case Studies." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39, no. 4 (April 2013): 674–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2012.761878.
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Duvivier, Chloé, and Hang Xiong. "Transboundary pollution in China: a study of polluting firms' location choices in Hebei province." Environment and Development Economics 18, no. 4 (April 10, 2013): 459–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x13000168.
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AbstractTransboundary pollution is a particularly serious problem as it leads people located at regional borders to disproportionately suffer from pollution. In China, where the environmental policy is decentralized and where environmental conflicts between provinces have occurred several times, transboundary pollution is likely to exist. However, until now, nearly all the studies have focused on developed countries. In this paper we study whether transboundary pollution problems exist in China. To do so, we estimate whether, within Hebei province, polluting firms are more likely to set up in border counties than in interior ones. The estimations of a count-data model allow us to conclude that border counties are more attractive destinations for polluting firms than counties located within the province. Moreover, it appears that this effect has strengthened over time.
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Syaufina, Lailan. "STATUS OF PEATLAND FIRE RESEARCH IN INDONESIA." Journal of Tropical Silviculture 7, no. 3 (December 28, 2016): S64—S67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.7.3.s64-s67.
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Peatland fire research has been on the increasing trend since 1997/1998 when fire episode experienced by Indonesia and ASEAN region. Its impact on transboundary haze pollution has not merely related to environmental but on social and political issues. Since then, research on peatland fire has been on local and global concerns. International scientific journals on peatland fire in the period of 1997-2014 were reviewed and analysed descriptively. The study shows that in the earlier stage, researches covered peatland fire characteristics, fire behaviour, fire causes and fire impacts on peat and biodiversity in limited area. Research concerns had been broadened to ecological, economical, social aspects, and even political aspects. Greater impacts on transboundary haze pollution had attracted scientists to study on haze-air pollution relationship with special concern on health and economical aspects. Moreover, peatland fire and climate change issues including greenhouse gas (GHG) emission had been covered and become an iconic topic of peatland fire studies. Geographycally, almost all peatland fire studies focused in Sumatera and Kalimantan. In the last two decades period, peatland fire researches had been explored and developed to spatial analyses on fire prone areas mapping, modelling on fire occurence prediction, haze trajectory, hotspot accuracy as fire indicator, and the latest issue was burned area estimation in relation to predict GHG emission. Key words: peatland fire, transboundary haze, hotspot, climate change, emission
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Vinogradov, Sergei. "Marine Pollution via Transboundary Watercourses — An Interface of the' Shoreline ' and ' River-Basin ' Regimes in the Wider Black Sea Region." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 22, no. 4 (2007): 585–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180807782512251.
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AbstractA significant proportion of pollution of the marine environment is transmitted into the sea by transboundary rivers. The state of the marine environment increasingly depends upon the behaviour of states that do not belong to a particular maritime region. There is an obvious regulatory dichotomy between the environmental legal regimes dealing with marine pollution ('shoreline' regimes) and those governing international watercourses ('drainage/river-basin' regimes), which have historically evolved independently of each other. This creates problems of consistency and compatibility across different regimes, which have to be addressed in order to ensure the effectiveness of pollution-control measures throughout the entire pollutant transportation process. State practice has developed various practical ways of dealing with the issue of marine pollution from land-based activities in a transboundary context. The situation with river-borne pollution in the Danube River-Black Sea Basin provides an interesting case-study for critical examination as regards the practical aspects of the interface between such regimes.
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Kondrateva, Svetlana V. "Project approach in transboundary tourism-and-recreation region building: the case of Karelia." Baltic Region 13, no. 1 (2021): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-1-7.
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This article considers international projects as a factor in building and developing transboundary tourism-and-recreation regions. The Karelian part of the Russian-Finnish border and the adjoining areas of Russia and Finland were the model site for the study. The research aims to measure the contribution of international projects run in 1990—2020 to transboundary region building in the Karelian borderlands. The analysis of 80 international municipal projects shows that they gave a boost to region building and development in the study area. Common trends and specific features of international projects carried out in Karelian municipalities have been identified in the context of transboundary tourism-and-recreation region building. The findings add to a comprehensive picture of how international tourism projects may forward the building and development of transboundary tourism-and-recreation regions. The results of the study can be used in research into international cooperation and tourism. The proposed approach may serve as a tool of a regional economic policy on tourism and thus broaden the scope of possible managerial decisions.
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Boucekkine, Raouf, Giorgio Fabbri, Salvatore Federico, and Fausto Gozzi. "Geographic environmental Kuznets curves: the optimal growth linear-quadratic case." Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 14, no. 1 (2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/2018076.
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We solve a linear-quadratic model of a spatio-temporal economy using a polluting one-input technology. Space is continuous and heterogenous: locations differ in productivity, nature self-cleaning technology and environmental awareness. The unique link between locations is transboundary pollution which is modelled as a PDE diffusion equation. The spatio-temporal functional is quadratic in local consumption and linear in pollution. Using a dynamic programming method adapted to our infinite dimensional setting, we solve the associated optimal control problem in closed-form and identify the asymptotic (optimal) spatial distribution of pollution. We show that optimal emissions will decrease at given location if and only if local productivity is larger than a threshold which depends both on the local pollution absorption capacity and environmental awareness. Furthermore, we numerically explore the relationship between the spatial optimal distributions of production and (asymptotic) pollution in order to uncover possible (geographic) environmental Kuznets curve cases.
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Simpson, Kieran, and Ben R. Collison. "International Law Application to Transboundary Pollution: Solutions to Mitigate Mining Contamination in the Elk–Kootenai River Watershed." Journal of Environmental Law & Policy 02, no. 02 (August 31, 2022): 29–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/jelp02.02.02.
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The Elk Valley is home to five of the six largest mines in British Columbia, with ongoing plans for further expansion. These headwater coal mines have contributed to selenium pollution in the freshwater ecosystems of the transboundary Elk – Kootenai River watershed, evidenced in part by the $60 million fine imposed on Teck Resources Ltd. under Canada’s Fisheries Act in 2021 for the ‘deposit of deleterious substances’. Indigenous communities, including the Ktunaxa Nation, and various other organizations on both sides of the border, alongside governments in the United States, have been calling for higher standards of mining pollution control originating in Canada and for the International Joint Commission to make recommendations on this issue. Two agreements exist between the countries that may be relevant here, including the Boundary Waters Treaty (1909) and Columbia River Treaty (1964). In this article, these agreements describing the potential role of the International Joint Commission are analyzed, along with the outlining of the current process for this organization to make recommendations to resolve this ongoing, hot-button issue. The examples from case law and other international agreements pertaining to pollution are used to formulate a two-part conclusion in the form of (1) a short-term solution to effectively communicate and facilitate a resolution of transboundary mining pollution in the Elk – Kootenay River watershed; (2) a long-term solution to settle future disagreements regarding transboundary pollution between Canada and the United States
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Ramadhan, Miftah. "JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ASEAN AGREEMENT ON TRANSBOUNDARY HAZE POLLUTION AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN INDONESIA." Lampung Journal of International Law 1, no. 2 (August 13, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/lajil.v1i2.2025.
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The Trans-boundary Haze Pollution in the international environment scope is not an uncommon problem to be face nowadays. The case that leads to the controversy of how to solve and to decide which party to responsible brings states over the world to have a significant concern in the case to make a new regulation on cross-border smoke pollution. The method used in this paper is a juridical-normative comparative legal research method. The result shows that in international scope both of ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP) and Rio Declaration is not complete enough to handle the case of the trans-boundary haze pollution problem. Therefore, a legal framework is needed to support the international and national regulation concerning on environment.
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Yunussova, Gulnara, and Józef Mosiej. "Transboundary water management priorities in Central Asia countries – Tobol River case study in Kazakhstan." Journal of Water and Land Development 31, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2016-0047.
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AbstractChanges in transboundary water resources management in Central Asia brought the river pollution issue even more up to date than runoff and water distribution problems. This survey demonstrates that the analysis of river flow dynamics. Their water consumption and pollution makes it possible to prioritize these aspects of water management.As in the case of the Tobol-Torgay basin in Kazakhstan it was shown that for this type of basins. anthropogenic pollution remains a priority factor in transboundary water management. The Tobol River a tributary of the Ob and the Irtysh rivers belongs to the Kara Sea basin and is situated in the territory of Kazakhstan and Russia. Tobol-Torgay River basin located within borders of Kostanay region of Kazakhstan covers the upper reaches of the Tobol River and its tributaries. It has been determined that the water quality of the rivers in the region is stable for the decade under study and its formation remains due to natural factors. The priority contaminants in the basin are heavy metals and organic matter introduced by anthropogenic sources.The idea of the article was to present the issues of cross-border water management, one of the largest in terms of area countries in the world (ranked 9th in the world in terms of area), Kazakhstan. In the scientific community involved in water management Kazakhstan is usually associated with a catchment area of two large bodies without the possibility of outflow – the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea.
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Keessen, Andrea M., Jasper J. H. Van Kempen, and Helena F. M. W. Van Rijswick. "Transboundary river basin management in Europe Legal instruments to comply with European water management obligations in case of transboundary water pollution and floods." Utrecht Law Review 4, no. 3 (December 9, 2008): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/ulr.83.
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Ku Yusof, Ku Mohd Kalkausar, Azman Azid, Mohd Saiful Samsudin, and Mohd Asrul Jamalani. "An overview of transboundary haze studies: The underlying causes and regional disputes on Southeast Asia Region." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (December 26, 2017): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v0n0.719.
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Air pollution is now ranked as the ninth worst scenario globally and is expected to be the most serious global issue by the year 2050. The objective of this study is to get information regarding transboundary haze phenomenon blanketing the Southeast Asia that has been happened for decades ago. Various techniques such as qualitative and quantitative techniques have been applied to get the informative input detailed out by previous researchers. The finding shows that that the smoky haze occurred in the dry season, which at this point, the activities of cleaning and ground maintenance being carried out by Indonesian farmers. Indonesia is one of the countries drastically affected by deforestation process where their forest loss is 2% yr-1 which is equal to 1.9 million ha each year. The establishment of ASEAN in 2002 would be a turning point in addressing on more reliance on prevention and cooperation than establishing a liability regime or adopting legal instruments to protect the environment. However, the reflection of so-called ‘ASEAN Way', which preferred on non-interference in other states has inhibited the reliance on strong regional efforts in executing a more effective action in order to address and combat the transboundary haze pollution in Southeast Asia.
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Fu, Chunyan, Yongxi Yi, and Susu Cheng. "A Stochastic Differential Game of Transboundary Pollution under Knightian Uncertainty of Stock Dynamics." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (September 30, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1962703.
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With the robust control framework of Hansen and Sargent (2001), this paper investigates a stochastic differential game of transboundary pollution between two regions under Knightian uncertainty of stock dynamics. Both regions are assumed to play a noncooperative and a cooperative game, and the worst-case pollution accumulation processes for discrete robustness parameters are characterized. Our objective is to identify both regions’ optimal output and emission levels and analyze the effects of the Knightian uncertainty of pollution stock dynamics on both regions’ optimization behavior. We illustrate the results with some numerical examples.
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Qu, Zhen, Dien Wu, Daven K. Henze, Yi Li, Mike Sonenberg, and Feng Mao. "Transboundary transport of ozone pollution to a US border region: A case study of Yuma." Environmental Pollution 273 (March 2021): 116421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116421.
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Wanhong, Li, Liu Fang, Wang Fan, Ding Maiqi, and Liu Tiansen. "Industrial water pollution and transboundary eco-compensation: analyzing the case of Songhua River Basin, China." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 28 (December 17, 2019): 34746–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07254-9.
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Kriaučiūnienė, Jūratė, Ligita Vircava, Diana Šarauskienė, Anete Kublina, Ieva Spradze, Diana Meilutytė-Lukauskienė, Darius Jakimavičius, and Valdas Irbinskas. "Evaluation of mixing zones in a Latvian–Lithuanian transboundary river basin." Hydrology Research 47, no. 4 (January 27, 2016): 736–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.064.
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The neighbouring countries of Latvia and Lithuania should use common water assessment methodologies and measures for water management in the transboundary rivers according to EU Water Framework Directive, establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. However, there are no national and local legislative acts describing how to harmonise water policy and activities for good water status at the cross-border level. This study intends to propose practical measures for management of chemical pollution risk in the cross-border region by mixing zones. The transboundary basin of the Venta River was used as a case study. After initial assessment of water quality status on both sides (Latvian and Lithuanian) in Venta River Basin District, 12 hot spots of pollution were selected for evaluation of mixing zones. Chemical analysis of cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium, copper, zinc, arsenic, phenols, formaldehyde, mercury, benzene as well as total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the water samples from the selected sites was performed. The modelling, using the selected Discharge Test, ensured evaluation of mixing zone dimensions. Such joint investigations might benefit the evaluation of possibilities to integrate mixing zones to the overall transboundary water body for harmonisation of water quality management.
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Grennfelt, Peringe, Anna Engleryd, Martin Forsius, Øystein Hov, Henning Rodhe, and Ellis Cowling. "Acid rain and air pollution: 50 years of progress in environmental science and policy." Ambio 49, no. 4 (September 21, 2019): 849–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01244-4.
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Abstract Because of its serious large-scale effects on ecosystems and its transboundary nature, acid rain received for a few decades at the end of the last century wide scientific and public interest, leading to coordinated policy actions in Europe and North America. Through these actions, in particular those under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, air emissions were substantially reduced, and ecosystem impacts decreased. Widespread scientific research, long-term monitoring, and integrated assessment modelling formed the basis for the policy agreements. In this paper, which is based on an international symposium organised to commemorate 50 years of successful integration of air pollution research and policy, we briefly describe the scientific findings that provided the foundation for the policy development. We also discuss important characteristics of the science–policy interactions, such as the critical loads concept and the large-scale ecosystem field studies. Finally, acid rain and air pollution are set in the context of future societal developments and needs, e.g. the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. We also highlight the need to maintain and develop supporting scientific infrastructures.
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Alexandrou, Giorgos, Petros Mouzourides, Andreas Eleftheriou, and Marina K. A. Neophytou. "The Impact on Urban Air Quality of the COVID-19 Lockdown Periods in 2020: The Case of Nicosia, Cyprus." Atmosphere 12, no. 10 (October 7, 2021): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101310.
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The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the lockdown measures in 2020 on the urban air quality in Nicosia capital city, in Cyprus—an island-country in the East Mediterranean—which is often affected by transboundary dust pollution. The study focuses on three criteria pollutants, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and Particulate Matter (PM10), taken from three Air Quality Monitoring Stations; two urban stations and one reference-background. The results of this study show that the decrease in traffic, which is the main source of high concentrations of pollutants in the urban area, reached up to 66.5% during the lockdown. At the beginning of the lockdown period, it exhibited a downward trend of 29% for CO concentration, and downward trend 43% for NO2 and PM10 concentrations. The NO2 concentration exhibited an upward trend towards the end of the lockdown; with the indication that this was due to meteorological conditions relevant to the monitoring stations and the transport of NO2 concentrations from sources that cannot be tracked. PM10 concentrations exhibited a varying behaviour as observed in the trends, where the decreasing trend was followed by an increasing trend due to transboundary air pollution episodes occurring in the same period.
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Chen, Zhigang, Qianyue Meng, Huichuan Wang, Rongwei Xu, Yongxi Yi, and Ying Zhang. "Dynamic Optimal Control Differential Game of Ecological Compensation for Multipollutant Transboundary Pollution." Complexity 2021 (July 1, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5530971.
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This paper studies a Stackelberg differential game between an upstream region and a downstream region for transboundary pollution control and ecological compensation in a river basin and increases the number of pollutants assumed in the model to multiple. Emission and green innovation investment between upstream and downstream regions in the same basin is a Stackelberg game, and the downstream region provides economic compensation for green innovation investment in the upstream region. The results show that there is an optimal ecological compensation rate, and a Pareto improvement result can be obtained by implementing ecological compensation. Increasing the proportion of ecological compensation can improve the nonvirtuous chain reaction between green innovation investment cost, pollutant transfer rate, and ecological compensation rate. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a joint mechanism composed of the government and the market and formulate a reasonable green innovation subsidy scheme according to the actual situation of the basin, so as to restrict the emergence of this “individual rational” behavior. For river basin areas that can establish a unified management department and organize the implementation of decision-making, the cooperative game is a very effective pollution control decision.
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Namzhilova, LG. "The formation of impact territories the basins of transboundary River Selenga." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 11, no. 2 (November 25, 2014): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.239.
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We consider the impact territories of a regional system of nature management, which are centers of environmental stress in the Selenga River basin. Their studies involve assessing the pollution of natural environments and aims to develop measures to minimize their impact on the environment that will promote a regional system of ecological optimization of nature (RSPP), in general. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.239 Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.11(2) 2013 pp.155-158
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Lamichhane, Suraj, Komal Raj Aryal, Rocky Talchabhadel, Bhesh Raj Thapa, Rabindra Adhikari, Anoj Khanal, Vishnu Prasad Pandey, and Dipendra Gautam. "Assessing the Prospects of Transboundary Multihazard Dynamics: The Case of Bhotekoshi–Sunkoshi Watershed in Sino–Nepal Border Region." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 3670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073670.
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The impacts of multihazards have become more pronounced over the past few decades globally. Multiple hazards and their cascading impacts claim enormous losses of lives, livelihoods, and built environment. This paradigm prompts integrated and multidisciplinary perspectives to identify, characterize, and assess the occurrence of multihazards and subsequently design countermeasures considering impending multihazard scenarios at the local level. To this end, we considered one of the most egregious transboundary watersheds, which is regarded as a multihazard hotspot of Nepal, to analyze the underlying causes and cascade scenarios of multihazards, and their associated impacts. In this paper, geophysical, hydrometeorological, and socioeconomic perspectives are formulated to characterize the watershed from the dimension of susceptibility to multihazard occurrence. To characterize the complex dynamics of transboundary multihazard occurrence, insights have been presented from both the Nepali and the Chinese sides. Individual case studies and the interrelation matrix between various natural hazards are also presented so as to depict multihazard consequences in the transboundary region. The sum of the observations highlights that the watershed is highly vulnerable to a single as well as multiple natural hazards that often switch to disasters.
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Kauffer, Edith, and Carmen Maganda. ""Cross-border basins today and forever"." Regions and Cohesion 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2019.090103.
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This note presents an account of transboundary basins on a global and regional scale throughout history. The authors introduce the special section on transboundary basins, presenting their constant increase and profound complexity. Regions & Cohesion has shown a permanent interest in this subject, from its first publications and, in particular, with the 2014 special issue that addressed different theoretical, methodological, and case studies in different continents. The three readings that make up this section address contemporary water border contexts and Mexico–U.S. policy where multi- and transdisciplinary challenges continue.
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Wettestad, Jørgen. "Designing Effective Environmental Regimes: The Case of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)." Energy & Environment 10, no. 6 (November 1999): 671–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305991499838.
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Hartig, John H., Todd Scott, Gwen Gell, and Kevin Berk. "Reconnecting people to the Detroit River – A transboundary effort." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.025.01.27.
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Abstract Windsor in Ontario, Canada and Detroit in Michigan, USA are Great Lakes border cities on the Detroit River that have a long history of water pollution. Public outcry over water pollution in the 1960s led to the enactment of environmental laws starting in the early 1970s. As these laws were implemented and water quality improved, citizens started calling for improved public access to the river, including establishing linked riverfront greenways. This paper presents a case study of greenway development in these border cities based on indicator reporting to comprehensively assess ecosystem health. Findings show that waterfront greenways were catalyzed by cleanup of the Detroit River. As greenway systems expanded on both sides of the border, greenway stakeholders began to envision cross-border greenway connections that would stimulate ecotourism, help encourage healthy lifestyles, and enhance quality of life in southwest Ontario and southeast Michigan. Recommended next steps include investing in greenway capacity building, identifying and testing creative financing options for greenways, formalizing institutional arrangements between Canada and the United States for a binational greenway network, and strengthening cross-border greenway connections by reestablishing a cross-border ferry, offering free access to the tunnel bus on weekends for cyclists, and hosting Windsor-Detroit open streets’ events. Robust transboundary greenway partnerships are critical to realizing the full potential of cross border greenway systems, including expanding outdoor recreation and ecotourism, conserving natural resources, and inspiring a stewardship ethic for shared ecosystems.
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Lelieveld, J., F. W. Jansen, and J. F. Den Tonkelaar. "Assessment of transboundary mass fluxes of air pollutants by aircraft measurements: A preliminary survey with reference to a case study." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 21, no. 10 (January 1987): 2133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(87)90346-5.
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Granit, Jakob J., R. Michael King, and Raymond Noël. "Strategic Environmental Assessment as a Tool to Develop Power in Transboundary Water Basin Settings." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 2, no. 4 (October 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsesd.2011100101.
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This paper proposes a generic consultative process for undertaking Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) in a transboundary river basin context to bring up front environmental and social issues of major development programs into the transboundary planning, project development and investment finance processes. The paper demonstrates through an analysis of two case studies from the Nile Basin in East and North Africa how an SEA approach with a focus on hydropower development is a transparent pre-investment tool that allows for consensus building in support of transboundary and regional strategic decision making and integration. Further, it demonstrates how an SEA can guide public and private sector investors seeking to develop the power sector in general and hydropower options in particular by allowing for a first level understanding of challenges and opportunities of power development and the development scenarios preferred by riparian governments.