Relevant bibliographies by topics / Transboundary pollution – Case studies

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Academic literature on the topic 'Transboundary pollution – Case studies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Transboundary pollution – Case studies"

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Zhang, Zhonghao, Tiantian Nie, Yingtao Wu, Jiahui Ling, and Danhuang Huang. "The Temporal and Spatial Distributions and Influencing Factors of Transboundary Pollution in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 4643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084643.

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Transboundary pollution between neighboring regions seriously affects the efficiency of overall environmental governance; however, there are few studies focused on how to estimate the degree of transboundary pollution between different regions. With China as a case study, this article developed a new measurement to estimate the degree of transboundary pollution among regions, and comprehensively investigated the influencing factors of transboundary pollution in China between 2000 and 2013. The results indicate that transboundary pollution effects exist in China. In ascending order, the regions most affected overall by transboundary pollution from polluting enterprises were as follows: eastern region < central region < western region. The reduction in transboundary pollution effects was most prominent for severely polluting enterprises in the eastern and western regions and lightly polluting enterprises in the central region. An analysis of the influencing factors reveals that the regional environmental regulation intensity has a negative feedback effect on the transboundary pollution effects. These findings indicate that polluting enterprises in regions with a low environmental regulation intensity are more inclined to operate in border areas to obtain both the environmental benefits associated with the low local environmental regulation intensity and the market economy benefits associated with neighboring urban regions, thereby aggravating environmental pollution in border areas.
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Yani, Yanyan Mochamad, and Verdinand Robertua. "Environmental Studies of English School: Case Study of Forest Fires in Indonesia and Transboundary Haze in Southeast Asia." JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 6, no. 1 (August 20, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v6i1.3964.

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Despite of its advantages in social dimension, English School still has limited articles on environmental issues. Many global ecological crisis has been dealt with constructivism and green theory because the failure of English Scholars to adopt new norms such as climate responsibility, sustainable development and environmental justice. This article would like to highlight the synthesis of the normative tensions and the regional studies within the environmental studies of English School using the case study of Indonesia ratification to ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. Pluralism and solidarism will be the conceptual instruments in criticizing the blindness of environmental analysis in the English School communities and also constructing the environmental-friendly English School theory. There are two main conclusions in this article. Firstly, Indonesia ratification of ASEAN Agreement of Transboundary Haze Pollution, the emergence of domestic environmental legislation and the adoption of environmental responsibility marked the end of pluralist hegemony in environmental studies. Secondly, Indonesia ratification of AATHP is one of the foundations of regional environmental governance in Southeast Asia.
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Robertua, Verdinand, and Lubendik Sigalingging. "INDONESIA ENVIRONMENTAL DIPLOMACY REFORMED: CASE STUDIES OF GREENING ASEAN WAY AND PEAT RESTORATION AGENCY." Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 8, no. 1 (June 29, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.8.1.1-15.2019.

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There is an increasing pessimism on the role of state as the guardian of environmental livelihood due to the recurring of environmental disasters. Moving to a new global environmental governance seems inevitable due to the importance of economic development and social justice within the classical definition of environmental diplomacy.By using the case of “greening ASEAN Way” and the establishment of Indonesia’s peat restoration agency, this article attempted to reinvigorate environmental diplomacy using English School theoretical framework. This research obtained primary data from semi-structured interview with Indonesian officials in Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Peat Restoration Agency as well as from the observation of the implementation of peatland restoration in Indonesia.This research has three conclusions. Firstly, Indonesia is an important actor in the mitigation of many regional and global environmental issues including forest fires and transboundary haze. Secondly, the ratification of ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution and the establishment of peat restoration agency are part of the reinvigoration of Indonesia environmental diplomacy. Lastly, Indonesia’s reformed environmental diplomacy still faced problem on the relationship between central government and local government.
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Sullivan, John T., Thomas J. McGee, Ryan M. Stauffer, Anne M. Thompson, Andrew Weinheimer, Christoph Knote, Scott Janz, et al. "Taehwa Research Forest: a receptor site for severe domestic pollution events in Korea during 2016." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 7 (April 12, 2019): 5051–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5051-2019.

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Abstract. During the May–June 2016 International Cooperative Air Quality Field Study in Korea (KORUS-AQ), light synoptic meteorological forcing facilitated Seoul metropolitan pollution outflow to reach the remote Taehwa Research Forest (TRF) site and cause regulatory exceedances of ozone on 24 days. Two of these severe pollution events are thoroughly examined. The first, occurring on 17 May 2016, tracks transboundary pollution transport exiting eastern China and the Yellow Sea, traversing the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), and then reaching TRF in the afternoon hours with severely polluted conditions. This case study indicates that although outflow from China and the Yellow Sea were elevated with respect to chemically unperturbed conditions, the regulatory exceedance at TRF was directly linked in time, space, and altitude to urban Seoul emissions. The second case studied, which occurred on 9 June 2016, reveals that increased levels of biogenic emissions, in combination with amplified urban emissions, were associated with severe levels of pollution and a regulatory exceedance at TRF. In summary, domestic emissions may be causing more pollution than by transboundary pathways, which have been historically believed to be the major source of air pollution in South Korea. The case studies are assessed with multiple aircraft, model (photochemical and meteorological) simulations, in situ chemical sampling, and extensive ground-based profiling at TRF. These observations clearly identify TRF and the surrounding rural communities as receptor sites for severe pollution events associated with Seoul outflow, which will result in long-term negative effects to both human health and agriculture in the affected areas.
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Makosko, A. A., and A. V. Matesheva. "Methodological approach to assessing environmental risk (health risk) from air pollution in the Baikal region in a changing climate." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1040, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1040/1/012009.

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Abstract The methodological approach to assessing the environmental risk (health risk) from atmospheric pollution in the Baikal region taking into account the changing climate was formulated. It is based on the US EPA's health risk assessment methodology and impurity concentration estimates by solving the adjoint equation for impurities transport and diffusion. The dynamics of health risk for the population of Irkutsk from atmospheric pollution PM10, PM2.5 due to emissions from possible sources located both in the Baikal region and beyond including sources of transboundary pollution in 1980-2050 under various scenarios of climate change was researched. A tendency for a moderate decrease in the considered risk over the past several decades was shown. In the forecast period until 2050, under both climate scenarios, significant changes in the risk were not noted. The spatio-temporal dynamics of the areas of PM10, PM2.5 sources location that create the increased health risk in relation to Irkutsk was studied. The results indicate the moderate narrowing of the increased risk zone for Irkutsk in the first half of the 21st century. In the period until 2050, the main impact on the population health in the Irkutsk area from emission sources located in the southwest, south and southeast is expected. In case of transboundary pollution, the main danger from sources in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China is expected. The results are important to develop proposals for ensuring safety for public health, developing health care and planning environmental protection measures in the Baikal and neighboring regions.
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Fehér, János, István Galambos, and Zsuzsa Lehoczki. "Water Quality Management Options for a Downstream Transboundary River Basin - The Sajó River Case Study." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 10 (November 1, 1999): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0507.

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Water quality management has been a priority in Hungary in the past decades. Focus was especially upon improving water supply and stimulating economic development. On 1st January 1996 new Law on General Regulations for Environmental Protection (No. 53/1995) and the Act on Water Management (No. 57/1995) came into force. These laws are framework laws providing objectives to the development of the legal instrumentation of environmental and water protection. These new regulations should reflect the transitional nature of Hungary and should stimulate and facilitate the use of the most cost-effective and efficient forms of water quality management. Furthermore the regulations should aim at harmonization with EC directives. To support the elaboration of the new regulations case studies were carried out in the frame of a EU PHARE financed project to give answers to several water quality management and economic questions, such as (a) the way in which water quality objectives can be set when dealing with transboundary loads and vulnerable groundwater resources; (b) how to address industries in sanitation; (c) how to formulate collection and treatment requirements in the case of a very sensitive surface water originating in a river basin with predominantly non-vulnerable groundwater resources; (d) the cost effective sanitation strategy; (e) the determination of permissible loads by using water quality models; and (f) how to allocate this load among pollution sources. The paper is gives an overview of the case study with the discussion of the conclusions.
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Zuhir, Mada Apriandi, Febrian Febrian, Murzal Murzal, and Ridwan Ridwan. "Exercising No Harm Rule: Claims for Damage and Loss Due Climate Change Effects." Sriwijaya Law Review 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol6.iss1.1646.pp174-188.

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The act of utilising all the resources owned by a state, including natural resources, is the right of every state. However, its use is prohibited if it causes harm to other states. This is then referred to as the principle of no harm rule in international law. Therefore, each state is responsible not for causing damage to other States' environments or areas outside the limits of its jurisdiction. This article will analyse the development of the no harm rules and its application model for claiming state responsibility. As normative research, it used secondary data as the main data, and the primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials were analysed qualitatively. In discussion, this principle has long existed as customary international law to mitigate transboundary pollution. In the case of the environment in general, many studies have applied this principle. However, due to the uniqueness of the climate change issue, evidence and proof of the impacts caused cannot be used as the basis for a lawsuit like ordinary environmental cases. Based on the discussion and simulation conducted, it is concluded that the no harm rules principle can be applied to climate change issues. However, this principle is not satisfactory and has limitations in its application.
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DAMIAN, Gheorghe, Gheorghe IEPURE, Daniel NASUI, Gyozo JORDAN, Jasminka ALIJAGIC, Danijel IVANIŠEVIĆ, Lidija GALOVIĆ, and Ioan BERES. "ASSESSMENT OF RIVER SEDIMENT QUALITY ACCORDING TO THE EU WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IN MOUNTAINOUS FLUVIAL CONDITIONS. A CASE STUDY IN THE UPPER TISA AREA, DANUBE RIVER BASIN." Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 17, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2022/017/234.

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Discharge of hazardous substances (HSs) in hydrographic basins represent a danger to aquatic biological activity and water supplies and can severely pollute surface water sediments. The increase of pollution in the Danube Basin requires the implementation of systematic monitoring and evaluation of the sediments quality as dictated by the EU Water Framework Directive. For this system development, applicable in mountainous conditions, the Upper Tisa region in the northwest part of Romania on the border with Ukraine, Hungary and Slovakia was selected as a test area. Sampling of overbank (floodplain) sediment, river bottom sediment and suspended sediment was carried out at 10 locations in the test area in order to analyze the concentration and distribution of eight metal(oid)s (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ni, Cr and As), in addition to 3 organic components (anthracene, fluoranthene, benzo(e)pyrene) as hazardous substances (HSs). The sediment quality assessment was carried out according to the 2013/39/EU Directive and EU Water Framework Directive standards. Most of the analyzed HS concentrations in river bottom sediment and overbank (floodplain) sediments fall within the limits of environmental quality standards (EQS). As, Cu, Pb, and Zn tend to exceed the EQS at some locations. The highest exceedances were recorded for Pb, for which contents of up to 987 mg/kg were detected. The highest contents were found in the overbank sediments sampled, and the lowest in river bottom sediments, which may indicate historical pollution. Mercury contents in overbank sediment samples exceed all standards, while cadmium content is below the international standards. Anthracene, fluoranthene and benzo(e)pyrene concentrations in overbank and bottom sediments comply with international standards. A few samples in suspended sediments slightly exceed the lowest environmental standard value (i.e., Romanian normal value). HS concentrations remain low in the suspended sediments showing that it is not the main transport route for pollution in this area. HS contents decrease gradually from upstream to downstream due to dilution along the river course. In the last testing point at Someș Aciua, the concentration of metal(oid)s measured in the sediments remain below the EQS limit values, thus there is no risk of transboundary pollution. The main source of metal(oid) contamination is historic base-metal ore mining and the associated mine waste sites in the Baia Mare and other mining areas scattered around the whole region. The main source of the studied organic compounds is the incomplete or low-temperature coal combustion processes that occur in households in rural areas
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Aouizerats, B., G. R. van der Werf, R. Balasubramanian, and R. Betha. "Importance of transboundary transport of biomass burning emissions to regional air quality in Southeast Asia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 8 (May 7, 2014): 11221–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-11221-2014.

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Abstract. Smoke from biomass and peat burning has a notable impact on ambient air quality and climate in the Southeast Asia (SEA) region. We modeled the largest fire-induced haze episode in the past decade (2006) in Indonesia using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). We focused mainly on the evolution of the fire plume composition and its interaction with the urbanized area of the city-state of Singapore, and on comparisons of modeled and measured aerosol and CO concentrations. Two simulations were run with the model using the complex Volatility Basis Set (VBS) scheme to reproduce primary and secondary aerosol evolution and concentration. The first simulation referred to as WRF-FIRE included anthropogenic, biogenic, and b iomass burning emissions from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED3) while the second simulation referred to as WRF-NOFIRE was run without emissions from biomass burning. To test model performance, we used three independent datasets for comparison including airborne measurements of Particulate Matter with a diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) in Singapore, CO measurements in Sumatra, and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) column observations from 4 satellite-based sensors. We found reasonable agreement of the model runs with both ground-based measurements of CO and PM10. The comparison with AOD was less favorable and indicated the model underestimated AOD, although the degree of mismatch varied between different satellite data sets. During our study period, forest and peat fires in Sumatra were the main cause of enhanced aerosol concentrations from regional transport over Singapore. Analysis of the biomass burning plume showed high concentrations of primary organic aerosols (POA) with values up to 600 μg m−3 over the fire locations. The concentration of POA remained quite stable within the plume between the main burning region and Singapore while secondary organic aerosol (SOA) concentration slightly increased. The absolute values of SOA (up to 20 μg m−3) were much lower than those from POA, indicating a minor role of SOA in biomass burning plumes. Our results show that about 21% of the total mass loading of ambient PM10 during the July–October study period in Singapore was due to biomass and peat burning in Sumatra, but this contribution increased during high burning periods. In total, our model results indicated that during 35 days aerosol concentrations in Singapore were above the threshold of 50 μg m−3 day−1 indicating poor air quality. During 17 days this was due to fires, based on the difference between the simulations with and without fires. Local pollution in combination with recirculation of air masses was probably the main cause of poor air quality during the other 18 days, although fires from Sumatra and probably also from Borneo added to the enhanced PM10 concentrations. The model vs. measurement comparisons highlighted that for our study period and region the GFED3 biomass burning aerosol emissions were more in line with observations than found in other studies. This indicates that care should be taken when using AOD to constrain emissions or estimate ground-level air quality. This study also shows the need for relatively high resolution modeling to accurately reproduce the advection of air masses necessary to quantify the impacts and feedbacks on air quality.
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Petus, Caroline, Jane Waterhouse, Dieter Tracey, Eric Wolanski, and Jon Brodie. "Using Optical Water-Type Classification in Data-Poor Water Quality Assessment: A Case Study in the Torres Strait." Remote Sensing 14, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 2212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14092212.

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For many years, local communities have expressed concerns that turbid plume waters from the Fly River in Papua New Guinea may potentially deliver mine-derived contaminants to the Torres Strait, an ecologically and culturally unique area north of the Australian mainland. Information on suspended sediment transport and turbidity patterns are needed in this data-limited region to identify and manage downstream ecosystems that may be at risk of exposure from the Fly River runoff. This study used MODIS satellite time series and a colour-classification approach to map optical water types around the data-poor Gulf of Papua and Torres Strait region. The satellite data were supported by field data, including salinity and suspended sediment measurements, and used together in qualitative water quality assessments to evaluate the habitats that are likely exposed to Fly River discharge and/or derived sediments. It showed that the Fly River influence in the Torres Strait region is largely limited to the north-east corner of the Torres Strait. The drivers of turbidity vary between locations, and it is impossible to fully separate direct riverine plume influence from wave and tidally driven sediment resuspension in the satellite maps. However, results indicate that coastal habitats located as far east as Bramble Cay and west to Boigu Island are located in an area that is most likely exposed to the Fly River discharge within the region, directly or through sediment resuspension. The area that is the most likely exposed is a relatively small proportion of the Torres Strait region, but encompasses habitats of high ecological importance, including coral reefs and seagrass meadows. Satellite data showed that the period of highest risk of exposure was during the south-east trade wind season and complemented recent model simulations in the region over larger spatial and temporal frames. This study did not evaluate transboundary pollution or the ecological impact on local marine resources, but other recent studies suggest it is likely to be limited. However, this study did provide long-term, extensive but qualitative, baseline information needed to inform future ecological risk mapping and to support decision making about management priorities in the region. This is important for ensuring the protection of the Torres Strait ecosystems, given their importance to Torres Strait communities and turtle and dugong populations, and the Torres Strait’s connectivity with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Transboundary pollution – Case studies"

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Wilson, L. G. "Groundwater Pollution Monitoring Case Studies." Water Resources Research Center, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/305357.

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Investigators who were closely associated with five groundwater monitoring programs were asked to critically examine their studies as a guide to others involved in similar projects. The particular question to be answered was, "What monitoring techniques should have or could have been implemented?" given that time and money were not constraints. The case studies involved contamination of aquifers from oil field brine disposal, plating waste disposal, landfill leachate, nitrate from multiple sources, and recharge from an oxidation pond. Among the general recommendations of the investigators, resulting from the process of critical evaluation of their associated projects, were the following: establish interdisciplinary committees to set up the monitoring program; maximize the density of well network; use alternative methods to wells; completely analyze the samples, including heavy metals; thoroughly examine the hydrogeology of the problem site; use tracers; develop predictive computer models of the flow system; monitor in the zone of aeration, where applicable; develop innovative methodologies; and continue monitoring until the problem is thoroughly quantified.
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Aho, Kelsey B. "Transboundary agreement| Case studies of marine mammal management in the bering strait." Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10245619.

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The effectiveness of a state's natural resource management is rendered meaningless if the particular resource migrates into another state's jurisdiction. In the case of marine mammals, inadequate management of the species anywhere along their annual migration could make food insecure for the regional human populations. My research evaluates to what extent International Environmental Agreements have been able to manage transboundary challenges to food security. Two case studies, the Polar Bear Agreement (2000) and the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (1946), are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively using Ronald Mitchell's four factors for describing variation of International Environmental Agreements' effectiveness: incentives, capacities, information, and norms. To ensure food security in the Bering Strait, this thesis stresses the importance of local concerns, norms and stakeholders. Transboundary management includes stakeholders at various scales to address a local challenge that is intersected by an international political boundary. The higher values of the Bowhead whale International Environmental Agreement's four factors, in the quantitative analysis, account for the higher level of food security for Bowhead whale. The qualitative analysis makes three recommendations for future International Environmental Agreements, in this case the draft U.S.-Russia agreement on Pacific walrus: 1) conservation of the Pacific walrus, 2) maintenance of Native self-determination and, 3) encouragement the flow of information between the local and federal stakeholders and between the United States and Russia. In order to ensure future food security in the Bering Strait Region, the management of the Pacific walrus depends on an effective International Environmental Agreement.

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Purnama, Dadang. "The evaluation of transboundary environmental impact assessment : a case study of the Timor Gap." xi, 103 leaves : ill., map, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envp9849.pdf.

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Bibiography: leaves 91-96. The Timor Gap area is managed jointly by Australia and Indonesia through the Treaty of Timor Gap (1989). The Zone of Cooperation area A 's main activity is oil exploration and exploitation. The main concern of the research is the provisions for environmental protection and the procedure of environmental impact assessment in the Treaty.
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張嫦淸 and Sheung-ching Cheung. "Transboundary water pollution between Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta Region: Dongjiang River as a case study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31260755.

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Cheung, Sheung-ching. "Transboundary water pollution between Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta Region : Dongjiang River as a case study /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25247645.

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Shen, Zi-soen Belwin, and 沈之珣. "Transboundary water pollution and its implications for planning and environmental management: Shenzhen-Hong Kongborder region as a case study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3126007X.

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Shen, Zi-soen Belwin. "Transboundary water pollution and its implications for planning and environmental management : Shenzhen-Hong Kong border region as a case study /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21041775.

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Giovannini, Gabriele. "The impact of Multinational Transboundary Infrastructures (MTIs) on the relational power of small states : a case study of Laos." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2017. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/35655/.

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The International Relations (IR) literature has been dominated by studies on great powers, often neglecting the role of small states. Moreover, the accounts on small states have generally overlooked the role of geography. This thesis proposes an analytical framework to observe the role of geography by observing the impact of Multinational Transboundary Infrastructures (MTIs) on the relational power of small states. The framework is then applied to the case study of Laos observing the impact of two selected MTIs – the Xayaburi dam and the Boten-Vientiane high-speed railway – on Laos’s relational power with respect to Vietnam and China. Data has been collected through a set of 48 semi-structured qualitative elite interviews mainly carried out during a period of fieldwork in Laos in 2015. The data generated by the interviews, triangulated with other primary and secondary sources, enabled a process tracing analysis of the two negotiation processes on the selected MTIs. The findings show that the two observed MTIs positively affected the relational power of Laos despite the asymmetry that shapes its bilateral relationships with both Vietnam and China in terms of capabilities. The case study therefore indicates that a central geographic position could reduce asymmetries of power and that relational power manifest a greater explanatory capacity than power-as-capabilities. This thesis contributes to knowledge adding empirical material on the diplomatic negotiation on the Xayaburi dam; on the Boten–Vientiane high-speed railway; on Laos’s international relations with Vietnam and China; and on China’s High-Speed Railway Diplomacy. The thesis contributes also to the theoretical literature by identifying a geographic gap in small states studies. Analytically, the thesis contributes developing the concept of MTIs and an original analytical framework to study relational power. Finally, methodologically the thesis provides new insights on how to gain access to elites in Laos.
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Tonino, Marco <1982&gt. "Transboundary governance of marine protected areas : a comparison of the North Adriatic and Wadden Sea case studies." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/4672.

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International agreements like the Convention on Biodiversity are soliciting the development of transboundary networks of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in order to improve the protection of natural resources and the individual ecological relevance of MPAs. Together with ecosystem based criteria, environmental governance plays a key role in the management of marine and coastal areas in particularly at transboundary scale. Therefore this research focuses on two study cases relevant for transboundary governance for MPAs. The first case study is the North Adriatic, regarding the analysis of the network of MPAs in the North Adriatic Sea at a transboundary level among Italy, Slovenia and Croatia. The second case study regards the analysis of the governance of the Wadden sea trilateral cooperation for the management of the area that started in 1978. One of the objectives of this work was the identification and analysis of the figure of the policy entrepreneur and the strategies used to bring about a policy change in the environmental conservation strategies in the two case studies. Policy entrepreneurs are defined as those individuals or organisations that thanks to their perseverance, ingenuity, and willingness to spend time and resources for an idea, can help bringing about a policy change. Moreover, in the North Adriatic case the research applied also social network analysis methods to identify the main actors involved (e.g. managers of MPAs, NGOs, governmental agencies and other actors relevant for MPAs), their roles and relations within the system of governance of MPAs in the North Adriatic. Focus interviews were also used to investigates possible ways to improve the efficiency of MPAs and the existing constraints that can slow the process. From the analysis of the role of policy entrepreneurs, in both case studies these were found among organizations out of the government. In both cases, individual stakeholders were supported by a staff of an organization or a company and they applied a number of strategies such as the so called “window of opportunity” and “venue shopping”. In the North Adriatic case the analysis of the governance of MPAs let emerge the need to enhance collaboration among MPAs in order to exchange expertise, enhance the protection of the coastal and marine resources and gain more political influence in order to cope with the lack of interest of national governments towards the issue.
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Akduman, Nazan. "Investigation Of Pcb Pollution: Method Validation And Case Studies From Ankara." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611346/index.pdf.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants which were not produced in Turkey, however both national and international studies illustrate a measurable amount of PCB pollution in receiving environments, aquatic fauna and people. In this study, various information sources such as the national and international scientific literature, official records and reports are investigated to obtain information regarding PCB pollution in Turkey. Furthermore, various PCB pollution analysis techniques for soil/sediment samples are investigated and the selected methods are established in the laboratories of METU. Satisfactory recoveries are obtained for methods for the extraction of PCBs, clean-up of extract and gas chromatographic (GC/ECD) analysis of the sample. Finally, field studies are performed in two locations in Ankara. The first one is a preliminary pollution investigation study around Lake Eymir. Lake Eymir is suspected to be contaminated with PCBs due to a nearby transformer repair facility. The second, more detailed study is performed for a 25 km reach of Ankara Creek, passing through the Industrial Zone, Sincan Dumpsite and Ankara Central Wastewater Treatment Plant. Total- PCB concentrations are in the range of 0.2 and 777 ng/g with the median of 37.1 ng/g. Toxic Equivalent Concentrations (TEQ) are assessed for dioxin-like congeners and Aroclor 1016/1260 basis. A Chemical Mass Balance Model is used to identify and apportion the sources of PCBs for Ankara Creek samples. Typically highly chlorinated Clophen mixtures are identified in sediments as the pollution sources.
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Books on the topic "Transboundary pollution – Case studies"

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W, Carter Francis, and Turnock David, eds. Environmental problems in Eastern Europe. London: Routledge, 1993.

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W, Carter Francis, and Turnock David, eds. Environmental problems of East Central Europe. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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Pallemaerts, Marc. Toxics and transnational law: International and European regulation of toxic substances as legal symbolism. Oxford : Portland, Or: Hart Pub., 2000.

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Verweij, Marco. Transboundary environmental problems and cultural theory: The protection of the Rhine and the Great Lakes. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2000.

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Springer, Johnny. Pollution prevention case studies compendium. Cincinnati, Ohio: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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Springer, Johnny. Pollution prevention case studies compendium. Cincinnati, Ohio: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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Kirk, Diana. Pollution prevention case studies compendium. 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1995.

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Kirk, Diana. Pollution prevention case studies compendium. 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1995.

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Springer, Johnny. Pollution prevention case studies compendium. Cincinnati, Ohio: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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1940-, Walker K. J., ed. Australian environmental policy: Ten case studies. Kensington, NSW, Australia: New South Wales University Press, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Transboundary pollution – Case studies"

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Litta, Henriette. "Case Study One: Transboundary Haze Pollution." In Regimes in Southeast Asia, 89–138. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-94276-6_5.

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Ganoulis, Jacques, and Jean Fried. "From Theory to Practice: Case Studies Worldwide." In Transboundary Hydro-Governance, 169–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78625-4_7.

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Shen, Thomas T. "Pollution Prevention Case Studies." In Industrial Pollution Prevention, 231–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03110-0_14.

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Brooks, David B., Julie Trottier, and Giulia Giordano. "Supplementary Approaches to Shared Transboundary Water Management." In SpringerBriefs on Case Studies of Sustainable Development, 71–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0252-1_6.

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Chakraborty, Debesh, and Kakali Mukhopadhyay. "Review of the Case Studies." In Water Pollution and Abatement Policy in India, 189–233. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8929-5_9.

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Don Ramli, Dona Rofithoh, and Rugayah Hashim. "National Interest Versus Regional Interest: The Case of Transboundary Haze Pollution." In Charting a Sustainable Future of ASEAN in Business and Social Sciences, 123–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3859-9_12.

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Job, Charles A. "Transboundary, International and Climate Change Considerations." In Cost-Benefit Analysis of Groundwater Policy and Projects, with Case Studies, 209–29. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429262203-6.

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Markandya, Anil, and Marcella Pavan. "Pollution Data Collection and Modeling." In Green Accounting in Europe — Four case studies, 177–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4597-8_19.

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Kamely, Daphne. "Demonstration of On-site Innovative Technolegies: Case Studies in Soil and Groundwater Remediation." In Soil and Groundwater Pollution, 48–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8587-3_13.

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Mészáros, Ernő, László Bozó, and Ágnes Molnár. "Regional Scale Modeling Case Studies for Aerosol Transport Over Hungary." In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application X, 617–18. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1817-4_75.

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Conference papers on the topic "Transboundary pollution – Case studies"

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Troutman, Kenneth R., and Ralph A. Froehlich. "Case studies of laser generated air pollution." In ILSC® ‘92: Proceedings of the International Laser Safety Conference. Laser Institute of America, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5056331.

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SCHIAVON, MARCO, MARCO RAGAZZI, ELENA CRISTINA RADA, ELENA MAGARIL, and VINCENZO TORRETTA. "TOWARDS THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF AIR QUALITY AND HUMAN EXPOSURE: EXEMPLARY CASE STUDIES." In AIR POLLUTION 2018. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air180451.

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Trozzi, C., S. Villa, and E. Piscitello. "Use of CALPUFF and CAMx models in regional air quality planning: Italy case studies." In AIR POLLUTION 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air090021.

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Groll, M., C. Opp, R. Kulmatov, Z. Sun, I. Normatov, A. Bernardi, M. Ikramova, and G. Stulina. "Managing Central Asia’s transboundary rivers: case studies of the Zarafshan (Tajikistan/Uzbekistan) and Tarim (Kyrgyzstan/China) rivers." In WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2015. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wrm150131.

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Naydenov, Kliment. "BULGARIAN CASE STUDIES IN IMPROVING URBAN AIR QUALITY." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/4.1/s19.37.

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Air pollution is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality. The fact that more cities are now improving their air quality control system is good news, so when they take action to improve air quality, they set a goal accordingly. As air quality declines, the risk of stroke, heart disease, lung cancer and chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma, increases in people who live in these cities. Ambient air pollution, which contains high concentrations of fine and fine particles, poses the highest environmental health risk, causing three million premature deaths worldwide each year. At the same time, people's awareness is rising, and air quality monitoring is being carried out in more cities. As air quality improves, global prevalence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases is declining.� Most sources of urban outdoor air pollution are wholly beyond the control of individuals, suggesting the need for action at the city level and by national and international policy makers to promote cleaner modes of transport, more efficient energy production and appropriate waste management. More than half of controlled cities located in high-income countries, and more than one-third of cities located in low- and middle-income countries reduced their air pollution levels by more than 5% within five years. The set of affordable and accessible policies includes measures such as reducing emissions from industrial chimneys, increasing the use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, and prioritizing the development of rapid transit systems, increasing walking and developing bike path networks. Air quality in Bulgaria raises serious concerns: measurements show that citizens across the country breathe air that is assessed as harmful to health. For example, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 is much higher than the values prescribed by the European Union and the World Health Organization (WHO) for health protection. The concentrations of PM2.5 in the urban areas of Bulgaria were the highest of all 28 EU member states as average values for a three-year period. For PM10, Bulgaria also leads among the countries with the highest pollution with an average daily concentration of 77 �g / m3 (the EU limit value is 50 �g / m3). According to the World Health Organization, 60% of the urban population of Bulgaria is exposed to dangerous (unhealthy) levels of dust particles (PM10). Air pollution in the Republic of Bulgaria is a significant and difficult to solve environmental problem related to physiographic, social, economic and anthropological factors. Bringing the air quality in the country in line with the norms and goals set in Directive 2008/50 / EC, although difficult, is achievable. For the last 10 years our country has made significant progress in terms of controlled pollutants.
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Burlakovs, Juris. "REMARKS ON NOVEL CASE STUDIES FOR INTEGRATED POLLUTION PREVENTION IN BALTIC SEA REGION." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/3.2/s15.148.

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Reeve, Lora L. Nordtvedt. "Transboundary Pollution in the New Legally Binding Instrument under the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea: The case for anthropogenic underwater noise." In OCEANS 2019 MTS/IEEE SEATTLE. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/oceans40490.2019.8962803.

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Roelofs, C., and R. Moure-Eraso. "300. Does Toxic Use Reduction Improve the Work Environment? Pollution Prevention Case Studies in Massachusetts." In AIHce 1999. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2763150.

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Bruna, Marconi, and Ana Cristina Broega. "Circular Business Model, Sustainable Alternative for the Portuguese Textile Sector - Case Studies." In 20th AUTEX World Textile Conference - Unfolding the future. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-b5f746.

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The movements favoring sustainability have required new business models with innovative, disruptive, and decentralized characteristics. As the fashion industry is one of the main responsible for environmental pollution and scandals of an ethical nature, nothing will change if the linear production system maintains. Although awareness and research on sustainable fashion have increased significantly over the past decade, the question remains how to integrate the concept of sustainability into the fashion design process or how well-established companies can do the transition to a sustainable model or system. Therefore, this study aims to map and analyse "sustainable business models" based on the State of the Art and through a Portuguese textile company's case study to understand the challenges for implementing products' circularity.
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Millward, Dale. "Case Studies Highlighting Rapid Repair Methods of Pressurised Pipelines Damaged by Anchors." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78105.

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Effective pipeline design and regular maintenance can assist in prolonging the lifespan of subsea pipelines, however the presence of marine vessels can significantly increase the risk of pipeline damage from anchor hazards. As noted in the Health and Safety Executive – Guideline for Pipeline Operators on Pipeline Anchor Hazards 2009. “Anchor hazards can pose a significant threat to pipeline integrity. The consequences of damage to a pipeline could include loss of life, injury, fire, explosion, loss of buoyancy around a vessel and major pollution”. This paper will describe state of the art pipeline isolation tooling that enables safe modification of pressurised subsea pipelines. Double Block and Bleed (DBB) isolation tools have been utilised to greatly reduce downtime, increase safety and maximise unplanned maintenance, providing cost-effective solutions to the end user. High integrity isolation methods, in compliance with international subsea system intervention and isolation guidelines (IMCA D 044 / IMCA D 006), that enable piggable and unpiggable pipeline systems to be isolated before any breaking of containment, will also be explained. This paper will discuss subsea pipeline damage scenarios and repair options available to ensure a safe isolation of the pipeline and contents in the event of an incident DNV GL type approved isolation technology enables the installation of a fail-safe, DBB isolation in the event of a midline defect. The paper will conclude with case studies highlighting challenging subsea pipeline repair scenarios successfully executed, without depressurising the entire pipeline system, and in some cases without shutting down or interrupting production.
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Reports on the topic "Transboundary pollution – Case studies"

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Jarrett, Robert, Kenneth Genskow, Prakash Temkar, and Hany Zaghloul. Pollution Prevention Case Studies: Implications for Army Institutional Processes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada596587.

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Green, C., leading editor. Developing Country Case-Studies: Integrated Strategies for Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/785141.

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Slater, Jessica, Jenny Yi-Chen Han, Charrlotte Adelina, Jaee Nikam, Diane Archer, Ha Nguyen, and Dayoon Kim. Air Pollution and the World of Work: Policies, Initiatives and the Current Situation – A Scoping and Evidence Review for Southeast and East Asia. Stockholm Environment Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.040.

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This scoping report synthesizes the authors’ initial work to understand the differentiated impacts of air pollution on workers in East and Southeast Asian countries and to identify evidence-based recommendations from regional case studies to help improve air quality and foster healthy employment in the context of just transitions towards a low-carbon economy.
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Zhang, Speng, Qinwei Fu, Xin Jin, Junwen Tan, Xinrong Li, and Qinxiu Zhang. Association Between Air Pollution and the Prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis in Chinese Children: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.10.0094.

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Review question / Objective: For Chinese children, to explore whether air pollution increases the incidence of allergic rhinitis in children. Condition being studied: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic inflammatory disease in the upper airways, causing nasal congestion, itching, runny nose, and sneezing. It has serious impacts on people's quality of lives, and affects economic growth indirectly. Epidemiological studies revealed that 10% to 40% of the population were suffering from AR worldwide. In addition, children are more likely to develop allergic rhinitis than adults. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis in children is 25% worldwide, and 4% ~ 31% in China. Eligibility criteria: (1) Trials in which children were AR, and the diagnosis of "AR" was in line with the international guidelines. (2) Children’s age was limited of 0-18 years, and they were born and lived in China and at least one year of exposure to air pollution.(3) Air pollutant concentration in the test was derived from the mean value of data provided by ambient air detectors. (Include NO2, SO2, O3, PM10, PM2.5) (4) Literatures only include cross-sectional studies, cohort and case-control studies. (5) All of these articles provide data that allows us to calculate 95% confidence interval (CI) of the influence of air pollutants on AR. (6) Trials published in English only.
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Stankovic, Mirjana, and Nikola Neftenov. Cross Pollination and Digitalization of Public Sector Data: Opportunities and Challenges. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004355.

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This report aims to aid governments in Latin America and the Caribbean in embracing the opportunities public sector data utilization and artificial intelligence (AI) deployment can provide in achieving a circular economy model and the UNs Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For such purpose, the report provides a novel concept of sharing data between key players that we have named data cross-pollination. Drawing on this concept, it considers four SDGs, i.e., energy, sustainable food systems, reducing pollution, and smart cities. Building on case studies and initiatives, the report highlights the main challenges and opportunities of utilizing data to achieve a circular economy model and sustainable development. It also looks into the potential of AI to enrich such data cross-pollination and focuses on potential applications of AI in circular innovation that can be transposed in the public sector.
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Just, Richard E., Eithan Hochman, and Sinaia Netanyahu. Problems and Prospects in the Political Economy of Trans-Boundary Water Issues. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573997.bard.

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The objective of this research was to develop and apply a conceptual framework for evaluating the potential of trans-boundary bargaining with respect to water resource sharing. The research accomplished this objective by developing a framework for trans-boundary bargaining, identifying opportunities for application, and illustrating the potential benefits that can be gained thereby. Specifically, we have accomplished the following: - Developed a framework to measure the potential for improving economic efficiency considering issues of political feasibility and sustainability that are crucial in trans-boundary cooperation. - Used both cooperative and non-cooperative game theory to assess feasible coalitions among the parties involved and to model potential bargaining procedures. - Identified empirically alternative schemes of cooperation that both improve upon the economic efficiency of present water usage and appease all of the cooperating parties. - Estimated the potential short-run and long-run affects of water reallocation on the agricultural sector and used this information to understand potential strategies taken by the countries in bargaining processes. - Performed case studies in Israeli-Jordanian relations, the relationship of Israel to the Palestinian Authority, and cooperation on the Chesapeake Bay. - Published or have in process publication of a series of refereed journal articles. - Published a book which first develops the theoretical framework, then presents research results relating to the case studies, and finally draws implications for water cooperation issues generally. Background to the Topic The increase in water scarcity and decline in water quality that has resulted from increased agricultural, industrial, and urban demands raises questions regarding profitability of the agricultural sector under its present structure. The lack of efficient management has been underscored recently by consecutive years of drought in Israel and increased needs to clean up the Chesapeake Bay. Since agriculture in the Middle East (Chesapeake Bay) is both the main water user (polluter) and the low-value user (polluter), a reallocation of water use (pollution rights) away from agriculture is likely with further industrial and urban growth. Furthermore, the trans-boundary nature of water resources in the case of the Middle East and the Chesapeake Bay contributes to increased conflicts over the use of the resources and therefore requires a political economic approach. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements and Implications Using game theory tools, we critically identify obstacles to cooperation. We identify potential gains from coordination on trans-boundary water policies and projects. We identify the conditions under which partial (versus grand) coalitions dominate in solving water quality disputes among riparian countries. We identify conditions under which linking water issues to unrelated disputes achieves gains in trans-boundary negotiations. We show that gains are likely only when unrelated issues satisfy certain characteristics. We find conditions for efficient water markets under price-determined and quantity-determined markets. We find water recycling and adoption of new technologies such as desalination can be part of the solution for alleviating water shortages locally and regionally but that timing is likely to be different than anticipated. These results have been disseminated through a wide variety of publications and oral presentations as well as through interaction with policymakers in both countries.
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Nagabhatla, Nidhi, Panthea Pouramin, Rupal Brahmbhatt, Cameron Fioret, Talia Glickman, K. Bruce Newbold, and Vladimir Smakhtin. Migration and Water: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/lkzr3535.

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Global migration has been increasing since the 1990s. People are forced to leave their homes in search of safety, a better livelihood, or for more economic opportunities. Environmental drivers of migration, such as land degradation, water pollution, or changing climate, are acting as stronger phenomena with time. As millions of people are exposed to multiple water crises, daily needs related to water quality, lack of provisioning, excess or shortage of water become vital for survival as well for livelihood support. In turn, the crisis can transform into conflict and act as a trigger for migration, both voluntary and forced, depending on the conditions. Current interventions related to migration, including funding to manage migration remain focused on response mechanisms, whereas an understanding of drivers or so-called ‘push factors’ of migration is limited. Accurate and well-documented evidence, as well as quantitative information on these phenomena, are either missing or under-reflected in the literature and policy discourse. The report aims to start unpacking relationships between water and migration. The data used in this Report are collected from available public sources and reviewed in the context of water and climate. A three-dimensional (3D) framework is outlined for water-related migration assessment. The framework may be useful to aggerate water-related causes and consequences of migration and interpret them in various socioecological, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical settings. A case study approach is adopted to illustrate the various applications of the framework to dynamics of migration in various geographic and hydrological scenarios. The case studies reflect on well-known examples of environmental and water degradation, but with a focus on displacement /migration and socioeconomic challenges that apply. The relevance of proxy measures such as the Global Conflict Risk Index, which helps quantify water and migration interconnections, is discussed in relation to geographic, political, environmental, and economic parameters. The narratives presented in the Report also point to the existing governance mechanisms on migration, stating that they are fragmented. The report examines global agreements, institutions, and policies on migration to provide an aggerated outlook as to how international and inter-agency cooperation agreements and policies either reflected or are missing on water and climate crises as direct or indirect triggers to migration. Concerning this, the new directives related to migration governance, i.e., the New York Declaration and the Global Compact for Migration, are discussed. The Report recommends an enhanced focus on migration as an adaptation strategy to maximize the interconnectedness with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It calls for the migration discourse to look beyond from a preventative and problematic approach to a perspective emphasizing migration as a contributor towards achieving sustainable development, particularly SDGs 5, 6, 13, and 16 that aim strengthening capacities related to water, gender, climate, and institutions. Overall, the synthesis offers a global overview of water and migration for researchers and professionals engaged in migration-related work. For international agencies and government organizations and policymakers dealing with the assessment of and response to migration, the report aims to support the work on migration assessment and the implementation of the SDGs. The Report may serve as a public good towards understanding the drivers, impacts, and challenges of migration, for designing long-term solutions and for advancing migration management capabilities through improved knowledge and a pitch for consensus-building.
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Coulson, Saskia, Melanie Woods, Drew Hemment, and Michelle Scott. Report and Assessment of Impact and Policy Outcomes Using Community Level Indicators: H2020 Making Sense Report. University of Dundee, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001192.

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Making Sense is a European Commission H2020 funded project which aims at supporting participatory sensing initiatives that address environmental challenges in areas such as noise and air pollution. The development of Making Sense was informed by previous research on a crowdfunded open source platform for environmental sensing, SmartCitizen.me, developed at the Fab Lab Barcelona. Insights from this research identified several deterrents for a wider uptake of participatory sensing initiatives due to social and technical matters. For example, the participants struggled with the lack of social interactions, a lack of consensus and shared purpose amongst the group, and a limited understanding of the relevance the data had in their daily lives (Balestrini et al., 2014; Balestrini et al., 2015). As such, Making Sense seeks to explore if open source hardware, open source software and and open design can be used to enhance data literacy and maker practices in participatory sensing. Further to this, Making Sense tests methodologies aimed at empowering individuals and communities through developing a greater understanding of their environments and by supporting a culture of grassroot initiatives for action and change. To do this, Making Sense identified a need to underpin sensing with community building activities and develop strategies to inform and enable those participating in data collection with appropriate tools and skills. As Fetterman, Kaftarian and Wanderman (1996) state, citizens are empowered when they understand evaluation and connect it in a way that it has relevance to their lives. Therefore, this report examines the role that these activities have in participatory sensing. Specifically, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in using the concept of Community Level Indicators (CLIs), which are measurable and objective sources of information gathered to complement sensor data. We describe how CLIs are used to develop a more indepth understanding of the environmental problem at hand, and to record, monitor and evaluate the progress of change during initiatives. We propose that CLIs provide one way to move participatory sensing beyond a primarily technological practice and towards a social and environmental practice. This is achieved through an increased focus in the participants’ interests and concerns, and with an emphasis on collective problem solving and action. We position our claims against the following four challenge areas in participatory sensing: 1) generating and communicating information and understanding (c.f. Loreto, 2017), 2) analysing and finding relevance in data (c.f. Becker et al., 2013), 3) building community around participatory sensing (c.f. Fraser et al., 2005), and 4) achieving or monitoring change and impact (c.f. Cheadle et al., 2000). We discuss how the use of CLIs can tend to these challenges. Furthermore, we report and assess six ways in which CLIs can address these challenges and thereby support participatory sensing initiatives: i. Accountability ii. Community assessment iii. Short-term evaluation iv. Long-term evaluation v. Policy change vi. Capability The report then returns to the challenge areas and reflects on the learnings and recommendations that are gleaned from three Making Sense case studies. Afterwhich, there is an exposition of approaches and tools developed by Making Sense for the purposes of advancing participatory sensing in this way. Lastly, the authors speak to some of the policy outcomes that have been realised as a result of this research.
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