Journal articles on the topic 'Transborder co-operation in the energy sector'
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Hobér, Kaj. "Arbitration of Energy Disputes Under the Energy Charter Treaty: Added Value for the Belt and Road Initiative." Journal of World Investment & Trade 20, no. 2-3 (May 14, 2019): 285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340132.
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Abstract One of the objectives underlying the Belt and Road Initiative is to improve energy co-operation in areas such as energy infrastructure and exploration and development of energy resources. Most Central Asian States are situated along the Silk Road Economic Belt. At the same time those States are members of the Energy Charter Treaty. This treaty provides a multilateral framework for co-operation and investment protection in the energy sector. This contribution explores three aspects of the ECT (definition of investment and investor, dispute settlement and ECT jurisprudence, and energy transit) which could facilitate for China to achieve its energy objectives within the Belt and Road Initiative, were China to become a member of the ECT.
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Slavko Krajcar, Minea Skok, Ivan Andročec, Snježana Blagajac, Gerd Solem, Klaus Livik, and Birger Morland. "TRAINING CENTRE FOR ENERGY TRADING." Journal of Energy - Energija 56, no. 1 (November 14, 2022): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2007561346.
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The current reforms in the energy sector and the resulting new business opportunities have imposed a need for knowledge and skills to be acquired by or imparted to all those who will assume new roles and responsibilities in the energy sector. To this end the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing of the University of Zagreb (FER), Hrvatska elektroprivreda d.d. - The Croatian Electricity Company (HEP d.d.) and the Norwegian company Technor Energy AS launched a project to establish the Training Centre for Energy Trading (TCET). This article presents the results of this co-operation - printed materials to serve as teaching aid and a market simulator to help various market participants from different countries and with different market interests to try their hand at market competition by playing games. This is the fi rst training centre project of this kind in Europe, co-fi nanced by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Norway and HEP d.d.
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Rabajczyk, Anna, and Grzegorz Rabajczyk. "Managing CO₂ Emission in the Energy Sector and Climate Policy." Safety & Fire Technology 58, no. 2 (2021): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12845/sft.58.2.2021.1.
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Aim: The article presents information on the issue of CO2 emission (called greenhouse gas) from the energy sector, along with tools enabling the deter- mination of CO2 emissivity used to manage this process and the directions of actions taken to minimize the negative impact on the climate. Introduction: CO2 is one of the substances essential for the functioning of life on Earth. On one hand, it is an important element of the carbon cycle in nature, being the basis for the synthesis of carbohydrates. On the other hand, it belongs to the group of greenhouse gases responsible for the climate change – and for this reason, it must be subject to constant control. Due to this fact, appropriate measures are taken, including changes in law, in the scope of emission, as well as the introduction of modern technological solutions aimed at monitoring and reducing CO2 emission. Activities undertaken in the area of energy, the branch of the economy generating the largest amounts of anthropogenic CO2, accounting for 41% of global emissions of this gas, are of significant importance [1]. The developed tools, allowing to calculate the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, expressed by emission indicators, allow for the assessment of the activities undertaken both in terms of ecology and economy. Methodology: The article was prepared on the basis of a review of selected literature, and reports as well as applicable legal requirements in the field of the discussed subject. Conclusions: The implemented measures aimed at the application of emission indicators in the area of energy allowed for the definition of forecasts and the determination of the directions of activities, in order to reduce the emission of CO2. The gradual implementation of new technological solutions, enabling energy production based on biomass or other renewable energy sources, allows for the reduction of the emission of this gas. However, given the constantly increasing energy demand, it is a slow process which is not sufficient to stop the observed changes. Therefore, it is necessary to take further steps, to develop more reliable and homogeneous tools that would make it possible to compare the results regardless of the place of emission or the type of fuel used. However, it should be noted that it is necessary to cover all stages of the construction and operation of the energy sector with the measures mentioned above, which generate CO2 emission, and not only the combustion process itself. Keywords: emissivity, CO2, power engineering, climate change Type of article: review article
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Rudiany, Novita Putri, Silvia Dian Anggraeni, Gita Meysharoh Nurhidayah, and Muhamad Firmansyah. "The Role of Cities in Energy Diplomacy: Indonesia, Japan and the Surabaya-Kitakyushu Partnership." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 17, no. 1 (November 15, 2021): 64–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-bja10082.
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Summary Energy diplomacy is usually conducted by national governments. However, the case of sister city co-operation between the cities of Surabaya, Indonesia, and Kitakyushu, Japan, shows how substate actors can perform energy diplomacy by developing technology to create public spaces that apply energy efficiency and energy-saving principles. This article offers a new angle on energy diplomacy by elaborating on the role of the city government. To future-proof our perspective, we applied qualitative methods by gaining data from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, then triangulated the result from the literature about energy diplomacy. The article argues that energy diplomacy has expanded in the sense that it is now carried out at municipal as well as national level and yet still adheres to states’ foreign policy agendas in the energy sector. These substate actors ultimately strengthen the principle of energy utilisation that has been regulated at the national level within the framework of bilateral co-operation with other substate actors.
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Rogić Lugarić, Tereza, Domagoj Dodig, and Jasna Bogovac. "Effectiveness of Blending Alternative Procurement Models and EU Funding Mechanisms Based on Energy Efficiency Case Study Simulation." Energies 12, no. 9 (April 28, 2019): 1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091612.
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Over the past twenty years, many countries have been looking for alternative procurement models in providing public sector energy efficiency (EE) projects because of high public sector debt and budget deficit. These projects have traditionally been procured and financed by the public sector. While the majority of EU funding resources will be realized in more traditional, purely grant-funded procurement models, a new Investment Plan for Europe for the programming period 2014–2020 has focused on supporting higher private sector involvement in infrastructure investments for achieving the EU Strategy 20/20/20 goals. Seeing that the fundamental purpose of investing in infrastructure is investing in providing public services, the involvement of the private sector is only possible through some alternative procurement models. In these initiatives both the public and the private sector retain their own identities and responsibilities, while their co-operation is based on clearly defined divisions of tasks and risks. The main objective of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of blending alternative procurement models with available EU funding mechanisms in EE sector by applying case study simulation. The findings will show the effectiveness of alternative options and the use of blending solutions in EE investments.
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Coleman, John. "The Role of The European Bank in The Energy Sector." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 12, no. 5 (October 1994): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879401200502.
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The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development was established in 1991 and is owned by the western industrialized countries, including Canada, and the former communist countries of Europe and Central Asia. Its purpose is to assist the latter countries to make the transition from command to market economies in a democratic framework. The Bank, with an initial capital of approximately US$1.2 billion, directs 60 per cent of its resources towards private enterprises and state-owned enterprises which are being privatized. The remainder of the EBRD's lending is directed to governments for infrastructure development. The EBRD's lending, now at US$1.5 to 2 billion a year, is small in relation to the investment needs of its countries of operation. As a result, the Bank tries to maximize its leverage by limiting its share in total project financing to 35 per cent and encouraging co-financing by other lenders and investors. Through its lending it tries to create a demonstration effect and to encourage institutional reforms which increase private investment flows. In the energy sector, most of the EBRD's lending has been in the oil and gas sector in Russia, but it is open for business in other sectors and in all countries of operation. Unlike other development banks, the EBRD is prepared to finance nuclear power projects, especially for improving the safety and extending the operating life of nuclear power stations built before the fall of communism. In this connection, it operates a Nuclear Safety Account established by the G-7 countries after the 1992 Munich Summit. The Bank also is prepared to finance conventional power plants where these would permit the closure of obsolete or unsafe nuclear plants. In the oil and gas sector, most of the EBRD's lending has related to private sector, joint venture projects in Russia, aimed at oilfield rehabilitation and development. Three of the eight projects done so far have involved Canadian firms, reflecting their expertise in secondary and tertiary recovery, and cold weather operations. The private sector ventures supported by the Bank normally involve joint stock companies owned 50 per cent by western partners and 50 per cent by Russian state oil companies, which are being privatized or are operating according to private sector principles. The joint stock companies make up the difference between the EBRD's financing and total project cost through equity contributions in cash and kind, and through debt financing. The EBRD adds value not simply through its own financing. Its involvement in a project promotes co-financing by other investors. Its influence on behalf of foreign and local investors can help overcome administrative and regulatory difficulties affecting projects. Furthermore, the EBRD can give potential clients the benefit of its accumulated knowledge on how to structure the deal to meet host country priorities and regulations and to benefit from the greatest possible financing from the EBRD and from other lenders and investors.
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Javornicky, Martin, Áine Macken-Walsh, and Anita Naughton. "Emerging Beef Producer Organisations (POs) in the Irish Beef Sector: An Analysis of Media Coverage in the Context of Nationwide Beef Producer Protests." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031489.
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International literature acknowledges benefits of the legally recognised Producer Organisations (POs). Successful leveraging of these benefits depends on two forms of cooperation: horizontal integration among the producers for more effective functioning of the POs; and vertical integration of POs with other actors in the production chain to facilitate processes of co-creation and interactive innovation. In 2016 PO legislation was first introduced in Ireland, and in 2019 Ireland’s first two beef POs emerged at a time when primary producers in the beef sector mobilised en masse, protesting against poor prices and seeking changes in supply chain relationships. Throughout this period, significant and detailed media reporting of the beef sector surrounded the protests, which takes the focus of our analysis. Building on an existing but limited literature on institutional conditions in the Irish beef industry and international accounts of factors influencing the success of POs, we analyse media coverage in order to shed light on the nature of emerging new forms of horizontal and vertical cooperation. In this regard, we focus on horizontal integration of producers into PO and associations of POs (APOs); and vertical integration of POs into Inter Branch Organisations (IBOs) and value-based supply chains (VBSCs). Our analysis shows that the media representations of the Irish beef sector evidence significant challenges to the establishment and successful operation of POs, in any form. The analysis suggests that current constellation of relations in the Irish beef sector represents an environment that is partially resistant to horizontal co-operation and significantly hostile to vertical co-operation. Interactive innovation involving different chain actors seems not to be imminent, at least in the short term, unless there are strategic public and/or private interventions introduced to support it.
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Shafi, Mohsin, Yongzhong Yang, Zobi Khan, and Aixian Yu. "Vertical Co-operation in Creative Micro-Enterprises: A Case Study of Textile Crafts of Matiari District, Pakistan." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 12, 2019): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030920.
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Despite their cultural and economic importance, creative micro-enterprises have received very little attention from academia research, especially with respect to vertical co-operation—customers and suppliers—and innovation. This study aims to fill the literature gap by studying how vertical co-operation improves the performance of micro-enterprises in textile crafts through innovation. A questionnaire was used to collect data from creative micro-enterprises in the textile craft sector operating in the Matiari District of Pakistan. To test the construct validity of the research, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted, and to examine the hypotheses, the bootstrap re-sampling method was used with the SPSS PROCESS macro developed by Hayes. The findings of this study indicate that vertical co-operation positively and significantly affects the innovation and performance of creative micro-enterprises in textile crafts. In addition, we find that innovation plays a significant mediating role between vertical co-operation and performance. Furthermore, contrary to some studies, we empirically provide evidence regarding innovation in craft in terms of product development (design, size, shape, color, etc.), improvement in quality, and replacement/modification of tools.
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Baldinelli, Arianna, Linda Barelli, Gianni Bidini, Giovanni Cinti, Alessandro Di Michele, and Francesco Mondi. "How to Power the Energy–Water Nexus: Coupling Desalination and Hydrogen Energy Storage in Mini-Grids with Reversible Solid Oxide Cells." Processes 8, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111494.
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Sustainable Development Goals establish the main challenges humankind is called to tackle to assure equal comfort of living worldwide. Among these, the access to affordable renewable energy and clean water are overriding, especially in the context of developing economies. Reversible Solid Oxide Cells (rSOC) are a pivotal technology for their sector-coupling potential. This paper aims at studying the implementation of such a technology in new concept PV-hybrid energy storage mini-grids with close access to seawater. In such assets, rSOCs have a double useful effect: charge/discharge of the bulk energy storage combined with seawater desalination. Based on the outcomes of an experimental proof-of-concept on a single cell operated with salty water, the operation of the novel mini-grid is simulated throughout a solar year. Simulation results identify the fittest mini-grid configuration in order to achieve energy and environmental optimization, hence scoring a renewable penetration of more than 95%, marginal CO2 emissions (13 g/kWh), and almost complete coverage of load demand. Sector-coupling co-production rate (desalinated water versus electricity issued from the rSOC) is 0.29 L/kWh.
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Vannoni, Alberto, Daria Belotti, Alessandro Sorce, and Aristide Fausto Massardo. "Analysis of the impact of Combined Cycle in the energy transition." E3S Web of Conferences 312 (2021): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131201001.
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The energy transition of the Italian electrical sector is balancing the objective of renewable energy sources generation increase and the need of maintaining a proper electrical system stability. In the next years, the phase-out of the coal will be covered by an increase of the renewable energy source exploitation supported by natural gas and biogas backup production. In this context, the production of electricity from natural gas, mainly produced by Combined Cycles Gas Turbines (CCGT) plants, that in 2019 covered 48.2% of the Italian electricity generation, will maintain its relevance at national level, even if a more flexible operating profile is envisaged. The use of Combined Cycles as backup power plants will further increase the frequency of transient operating conditions (i.e. start and stop), reducing their load factor and increasing the weight of the emissions related to transient operation with respect to those related to normal operation. In this paper, the operating profile of 45 Italian power-oriented CCGTs are analyzed showing the similarities of management in the different market zones and identifying the main operating patterns. Then a statistical analysis of the emission during normal and transient operation is performed basing on the public available yearly emission statement and highlighting the effect of the CO catalyzer during the transient. Finally, the yearly environmental impact of the flexible operation was assessed and compared to the yearly emission considered during the Environmental Impact Assessment, the Italian VIA (Valutazione di Impatto Ambientale).
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Giunta, Marinella. "Assessment of the Impact of CO, NOx and PM10 on Air Quality during Road Construction and Operation Phases." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 10549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410549.
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The road sector is one of the main sources of air emissions in the atmosphere during both construction and operation. The objective of the present paper is a comprehensive evaluation of the impact on air quality during the two main phases of life cycle of roads. In this case study of a motorway project, the emissions of the primary pollutants, CO, NOx, and PM10 are estimated, and the results showed that (i) CO and NOx pollutants released during both phases are comparable, while the emissions of PM10 are more significant in the construction phase; (ii) 85% of PM10 in construction is due to storage, transit on unpaved road, and crushing; (iii) the portals of the tunnel are the sites where there are higher concentrations of pollutants in operation; and (iv) the CO concentrations estimated by the dispersion model are strongly influenced by the topography.
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Jadwiszczak, Piotr, Jakub Jurasz, Bartosz Kaźmierczak, Elżbieta Niemierka, and Wandong Zheng. "Factors Shaping A/W Heat Pumps CO₂ Emissions—Evidence from Poland." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 1576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061576.
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Heating and cooling sectors contribute to approximately 50% of energy consumption in the European Union. Considering the fact that heating is mostly based on fossil fuels, it is then evident that its decarbonization is one of the crucial tasks for achieving climate change prevention goals. At the same time, electricity sectors across the globe are undergoing a rapid transformation in order to accommodate the growing capacities of non-dispatchable solar and wind generators. One of the proposed solutions to achieve heating sector decarbonization and non-dispatchable generators power system integration is sector coupling, where heat pumps are perceived as a perfect fit. Air source heat pumps enable a rapid improvement in local air quality by replacing conventional heating sources, but at the same time, they put additional stress on the power system. The emissions associated with heat pump operation are a combination of power system energy mix, weather conditions and heat pump technology. Taking the above into consideration, this paper presents an approach to estimate which of the mentioned factors has the highest impact on heat pump emissions. Due to low air quality during the heating season, undergoing a power system transformation (with a relatively low share of renewables) in a case study located in Poland is considered. The results of the conducted analysis revealed that for a scenario where an air-to-water (A/W) heat pump is supposed to cover space and domestic hot water load, its CO2 emissions are shaped by country-specific energy mix (55.2%), heat pump technology (coefficient of performance) (33.9%) and, to a lesser extent, by changing climate (10.9%). The outcome of this paper can be used by policy makers in designing decarbonization strategies and funding distribution.
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Teresa, Hooks, Macken-Walsh Áine, McCarthy Olive, Power Carol, and Henchion Maeve. "Co-Operation among Irish Beef Farmers: Current Perspectives and Future Prospects in the Context of New Producer Organisation (PO) Legislation." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 4085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114085.
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Irish beef farms have experienced poor viability longitudinally, with industry and policy actors citing ‘crisis’ levels in 2013. A crucial differentiator between the beef sector and the dairy sector, which has higher farm incomes, is well-developed infrastructure of farmer-owned dairy processing and marketing co-operatives. To address the lack of representative farmer organisations and power imbalances in the beef supply chain, in 2016 the Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine (DAFM) legislated for the establishment of beef Producer Organisations (POs), facilitating beef producers to collectively strengthen their market positioning. While PO legislation is a significant development in potentially enabling supply chain integration of farmers, how the legislation is operationalised by Irish beef industry stakeholders will ultimately shape the nature and breadth of engagement with the PO model and, consequently, the impact of the legislation. In a context where there is little or no prior experience of such organisations in the beef sector, this paper presents an analysis of current stakeholder views in relation to the establishment of POs. Research involved a desk based review of the submissions made during the consultation period for the beef PO legislation and interviews with key informants in the Irish beef industry. We analysed Irish stakeholders’ views through the lens of lessons learned from the existing literature on how POs operate internationally. Results indicate some stakeholders’ perceptions of the need for a nationally coordinated approach in the establishment of an Association of POs, which concurs with the literature. However, stakeholders have not emphasised the benefits of Interbranch Organisations (IBOs), which involve vertical collaboration with other chain actors such as processors and retailers, an approach that has proven successful internationally. Nor have Irish stakeholders identified the potential of differentiating or premiumising beef products, which, according to international evidence, is necessary for improving profitability and farm-level incomes. Stakeholders identified the main threats to the future success of POs in Ireland as members’ lack of commitment and processors’ lack of willingness to engage with POs.
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Ancona, Maria Alessandra, Lisa Branchini, Saverio Ottaviano, Maria Chiara Bignozzi, Benedetta Ferrari, Barbara Mazzanti, Marcello Salvio, Claudia Toro, Fabrizio Martini, and Miriam Benedetti. "Energy and Environmental Assessment of Cogeneration in Ceramic Tiles Industry." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010182.
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Ceramic tile manufacturing is a highly energy-intensive process. Concerns about carbon emissions and energy costs make energy management crucial for this sector, which holds a leading role in Italian industry. The paper discusses the energetic and environmental performance of cogeneration (CHP) in the ceramic industry, where prime mover exhaust heat is supplied to a spray-dryer system, contributing to the satisfaction of the thermal demand and decreasing natural gas consumption. A thermodynamic model of a dryer unit, validated against real data, has been set-up to provide a detailed representation of the thermal fluxes involved in the process. Then, the thermal integration with two types of CHP prime movers of similar electric size (4 MW) is investigated. Energetic results show that the gas turbine can contribute up to 81% of dryer thermal consumption, whilst internal combustion engine contribution is limited to 26%. A methodology was ad-hoc defined for the environmental assessment of CHP, accounting for global (CO2) and local (CO and NOX) emissions. Results confirm that CHP units guarantee reduction of CO2 and NOx compared to separate generation, with maximum values equal to 81 g/kWhth and 173 mg/kWhth, respectively; CO emission is decreased only in the case of gas turbine operation, with savings equal to 185 mg/kWhth.
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Sihotang, Parulian, and Sampe L. Purba. "Impact of Covid-19 on Energy Transition Policy in Emerging Countries: Case of Indonesia." Global Energy Law and Sustainability 1, no. 2 (August 2020): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gels.2020.0017.
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Covid-19 pandemic has caused not only a global health emergency, but it has also created the market and economic disruptions. Countries’ aspirations for a swift transition from fossil fuel to renewable energy towards lower-carbon economy will be halted since they have now a priority to deal with health emergency and economic burden. However, despite the expected economic recession, there are reasons to remain optimistic, especially for the renewable sector to grow positively during this period of crisis. It is worth noting that renewables were the only source that posted growth in demand during the crisis. Declining energy demand during the crisis as well as low bank interest has provided an opportunity for governments and the private sector to pursue their renewable project agenda. In the case of emerging countries such as Indonesia, the international low oil price has provided an excellent opportunity for consumption subsidy further reform for sustainable development reasons. It is in this time of crisis, the spirit of partnership and co-operation among global citizenship is becoming increasingly crucial to be significantly strengthened to achieve global energy transition target and succeed in striking the balance of energy trilemma – energy security, social impact and environmental sensitivity.
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Phillips, Dafydd, and Tae Yong Jung. "An Alternative Co-Benefit Framework Prioritizing Health Impacts: Potential Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation Pathways through Energy Sector Fuel Substitution in South Korea." Climate 9, no. 6 (June 20, 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9060101.
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South Korea had the highest annual average PM2.5 exposure levels in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2019, and air pollution is consistently ranked as citizens’ top environmental concern. South Korea is also one of the world’s top ten emitter countries of CO2. Co-benefit mitigation policies can address both air pollution and climate change. Utilizing an alternative co-benefit approach, which views air pollution reduction as the primary goal and climate change mitigation as secondary, this research conducts a scenario analysis to forecast the health and climate benefits of fuel substitution in South Korea’s electricity generation sector. Health benefits are calculated by avoided premature mortality and years of life lost (YLL) due to ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI). The study finds that use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) instead of coal over the 2022-2050 period would result in an average of 116 fewer premature deaths (1,152 YLL) and 80.8 MTCO2e fewer emissions per year. Over the same period, maintaining and maximizing the use of its nuclear energy capacity, combined with replacing coal use with LNG, would result in an average of 161 fewer premature deaths (1,608 YLL) and 123.7 MTCO2e fewer emissions per year.
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Álamos, Nicolás, Nicolás Huneeus, Mariel Opazo, Mauricio Osses, Sebastián Puja, Nicolás Pantoja, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Alejandra Schueftan, René Reyes, and Rubén Calvo. "High-resolution inventory of atmospheric emissions from transport, industrial, energy, mining and residential activities in Chile." Earth System Science Data 14, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 361–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-361-2022.
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Abstract. This study presents the first high-resolution national inventory of anthropogenic emissions for Chile (Inventario Nacional de Emisiones Antropogénicas, INEMA). Emissions for the vehicular, industrial, energy, mining and residential sectors are estimated for the period 2015–2017 and spatially distributed onto a high-resolution grid (approximately 1 km×1 km). The pollutants included are CO2, NOx, SO2, CO, VOCs (volatile organic compounds), NH3 and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) for all sectors. CH4 and black carbon are included for transport and residential sources, while arsenic, benzene, mercury, lead, toluene, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furan (PCDD/F) are estimated for energy, mining and industrial sources. New activity data and emissions factors are compiled to estimate emissions, which are subsequently spatially distributed using census data and Chile's road network information. The estimated annual average total national emissions of PM10 and PM2.5 during the study period are 191 and 173kt a−1 (kilotons per year), respectively. The residential sector is responsible for over 90 % of these emissions. This sector also emits 81 % and 87 % of total CO and VOC, respectively. On the other hand, the energy and industry sectors contribute significantly to NH3, SO2 and CO2 emissions, while the transport sector dominates NOx and CO2 emissions, and the mining sector dominates SO2 emissions. In general, emissions of anthropogenic air pollutants and CO2 in northern Chile are dominated by mining activities as well as thermoelectric power plants, while in central Chile the dominant sources are transport and residential emissions. The latter also mostly dominates emissions in southern Chile, which has a much colder climate. Preliminary analysis revealed the dominant role of the emission factors in the final emission uncertainty. Nevertheless, uncertainty in activity data also contributes as suggested by the difference in CO2 emissions between INEMA and EDGAR (Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research). A comparison between these two inventories also revealed considerable differences for all pollutants in terms of magnitude and sectoral contribution, especially for the residential sector. EDGAR presents larger emissions for most of the pollutants except for CH4 and PM2.5. The differences between both inventories can partly be explained by the use of different emission factors, in particular for the residential sector, where emission factors incorporate information on firewood and local operation conditions. Although both inventories use similar emission factors, differences in CO2 emissions between both inventories indicate biases in the quantification of the activity. This inventory (available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784286, Alamos et al., 2021) will support the design of policies that seek to mitigate climate change and improve air quality by providing policymakers, stakeholders and scientists with qualified scientific spatially explicit emission information.
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Saboori, Behnaz, Maimunah Sapri, and Maizan bin Baba. "Economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)'s transport sector: A fully modified bi-directional relationship approach." Energy 66 (March 2014): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.12.048.
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Mikulandric, Robert, Drazen Loncar, Dejan Cvetinovic, Gabriel Spiridon, and Daniel Schneider. "Improvement of environmental aspects of thermal power plant operation by advanced control concepts." Thermal Science 16, no. 3 (2012): 759–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120510134m.
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The necessity of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, as formulated in the Kyoto Protocol, imposes the need for improving environmental aspects of existing thermal power plants operation. Improvements can be reached either by efficiency increment or by implementation of emission reduction measures. Investments in refurbishment of existing plant components or in plant upgrading by flue gas desulphurization, by primary and secondary measures of nitrogen oxides reduction, or by biomass co-firing, are usually accompanied by modernisation of thermal power plant instrumentation and control system including sensors, equipment diagnostics and advanced controls. Impact of advanced control solutions implementation depends on technical characteristics and status of existing instrumentation and control systems as well as on design characteristics and actual conditions of installed plant components. Evaluation of adequacy of implementation of advanced control concepts is especially important in Western Balkan region where thermal power plants portfolio is rather diversified in terms of size, type and commissioning year and where generally poor maintenance and lack of investments in power generation sector resulted in high greenhouse gases emissions and low efficiency of plants in operation. This paper is intended to present possibilities of implementation of advanced control concepts, and particularly those based on artificial intelligence, in selected thermal power plants in order to increase plant efficiency and to lower pollutants emissions and to comply with environmental quality standards prescribed in large combustion plant directive.
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Wu, Tao, Jie Feng Yan, Kai Qi Shi, Hai Tao Zhao, and Yao Dong Wang. "Transformation of Minerals in Coal and Biomass upon Heating and their Impacts on Co-Firing." Advanced Materials Research 742 (August 2013): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.742.249.
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Co-firing has been adopted as a major approach for the efficient use of biomass as an energy source in large scale for two decades. Such a practice contributes to the decarbonisation in power generation sector and therefore to the mitigation of CO2 emission. However, due to the differences in terms of thermal behaviors between biomass and coal, the co-firing of some biomasses with coal still presents many engineering problems, such as excessive fouling and slagging, which subsequently result in deteriorated boiler efficiency. The understanding of the transformation of minerals upon heating and how minerals originated in biomass affect ash fusion characteristics is of some significance for both design and operation purposes. In this study, low temperature ash (LTA) samples of biomass and coal were prepared and analyzed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled energy diffraction spectrum (EDS), the results of which were compared with their corresponding high temperature ash (HTA) samples. The transformation of minerals upon heating was therefore studied. The ash fusion characteristic temperatures of ash samples derived from different biomass and coal blends were investigated. The ash fusion characteristic temperatures show some additive behaviors.
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Thomas, Albi, Suresh Ma, Ateekh Ur Rehman, and Yusuf Siraj Usmani. "Green Operation Strategies in Healthcare for Enhanced Quality of Life." Healthcare 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11010037.
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Healthcare services have now become a fundamental requirement for all individuals owing to rising pollution levels and shifting lifestyles brought on by fast modernization. The hospital is a specialized healthcare facility where doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals offer their services. Academics and professionals have emphasized green operation initiatives such as green design, green purchasing, green supply chain, and green manufacturing to increase public awareness of environmental problems affecting company operations associated with healthcare for the quality of life. The purpose of this research is to use total interpretive structural modeling and MICMAC (matrix cross multiplication applied to a classification) analysis to investigate and analyze the elements impacting green operations strategies in healthcare. The data are gathered using a closed-ended questionnaire together with a scheduled interview. The components’ interactions are explored using the total interpretive structural modeling technique, and the MICMAC analysis is used to rank and categorize the green operation strategy variables. The study is a novel effort to address and focus on stakeholders, vision and structure, resources, and capabilities. Green operations strategies have only been the subject of a small number of studies in the past, and those studies were mostly addressed at manufacturing-specific green strategies. Thus, by promoting energy efficiency programs, green building design, alternative sources of energy, low-carbon transportation, local food, waste reduction, and water conservation, the health sector can develop multiple key strategies to become more climate-friendly with significant health, environmental, and social co-benefits for quality of life.
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Slavec, Ana. "Underrated Innovativeness of Micro-Enterprises Compared to Small to Medium Enterprises in the Slovenian Forest-Wood Sector." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14041991.
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Although micro-enterprises represent most of the enterprises across different sectors, they are excluded from official statistics on innovation activities. What we know about micro-enterprises is based on smaller quantitative and qualitative studies that are country- and sector-specific. To understand the innovation activities of Slovenian enterprises in the forest-wood sector, we conducted our own quantitative study in 2019 based on the Eurostat’s Community Innovation Survey (CIS) questionnaire. Based on responses from 294 enterprises, we compare how micro-enterprises and small to medium enterprises (SMEs) differ in innovation strategies, product, and process innovations, co-operation with other organisations, innovation activities, and innovations with environmental benefits. The results indicate that, in some respects, enterprises with two to nine employees are at least as innovative as small to medium enterprises, or even more so. We argue that innovation surveys should lower the employee count threshold to attain better representative insight into the innovation landscape.
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Sahoo, Kamalakanta, Richard Bergman, and Poonam Khatri. "Cradle-to-Grave Life-Cycle Assessment of Cellulosic Fiberboard." Recent Progress in Materials 3, no. 4 (August 24, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/rpm.2104049.
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According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the construction and operation of buildings accounted for nearly 38% of total global energy-related CO₂ emissions in 2019. The construction sector has been striving to use more low-carbon footprint building products to mitigate climate change and enhance environmentally preferable purchasing. Over the last several decades, there has been substantial growth in engineered wood products for the construction industry. To assess these products used in construction for their environmental profile, lifecycle assessments (LCAs) are performed. This study performed an LCA to estimate environmental impacts (cradle-to-gate and gate-to-grave) of cellulosic fiberboard (CFB) per m³ functional unit basis. The lifecycle inventory data developed were representative of CFB production in North America. Overall, the cradle-to-grave LCA results per m3 of CFB were estimated at 305 kg CO₂ e global warming (GW), 19.3 kg O₃ e photochemical smog formation, 1.03 kg SO₂ e acidification, 0.33 kg N e eutrophication, and 415 MJ fossil-fuel depletion. Except for smog formation, most environmental impacts of CFB were from cradle-to-gate. For example, 71% and 29% of total GW impacts were from cradle-to-gate and gate-to-grave lifecycle stages, respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed that reducing transport distance, on-site electricity use, natural gas for drying, and starch additives in the manufacturing phase had the most influence. Around 353 kg CO₂ e/m³ of CFB is stored as long-term carbon during CFB’s life which is higher than the total cradle-to-grave greenhouse gases (CO₂ e) emissions. Thus, the net negative GW impact of CFB (-47 kg CO₂ e/m³ of CFB) asserted its environmental advantages as an engineered wood panel construction material. Overall, the findings of the presented study would prove useful for improving the decision-making in the construction sector.
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Winquist, Erika, Michiel Van Galen, Simon Zielonka, Pasi Rikkonen, Diti Oudendag, Lijun Zhou, and Auke Greijdanus. "Expert Views on the Future Development of Biogas Business Branch in Germany, The Netherlands, and Finland until 2030." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031148.
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To be able to meet the European Union’s energy and climate targets for 2030, all member states need to rethink their energy production and use. One potential renewable energy source is biogas. Its role has been relatively small compared to other energy sources, but it could have a more central role to solve some specific challenges, e.g., to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from traffic, or to act as a buffer to balance electricity production with consumption. This research analyses how the future of the biogas business in three case study countries is developing until 2030. The study is based on experts’ views within the biogas business branch in Germany, The Netherlands, and Finland. Both similarities and differences were found among the experts’ answers, which reflected also the current policies in different countries. The role of biogas was seen much wider than just to provide renewable energy, but also to decrease emissions from agriculture and close loops in a circular economy. However, the future of the biogas branch is much dependent on political decisions. To be able to show the full potential of biogas technology for society, stable and predictable energy policy and cross-sector co-operation are needed.
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Smoliński, Adam, Janusz Karwot, Jan Bondaruk, and Andrzej Bąk. "The Bioconversion of Sewage Sludge to Bio-Fuel: The Environmental and Economic Benefits." Materials 12, no. 15 (July 29, 2019): 2417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152417.
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This paper aims to analyze the economic feasibility of generating a novel, innovative biofuel—bioenergy—obtained from deposit bio-components by means of a pilot installation of sewage sludge bio-conversion. Fuel produced from sewage sludge biomass bears the potential of being considered a renewable energy source. In the present study, 23 bioconversion cycles were conducted taking into consideration the different contents, types of high carbohydrate additives, moisture content of the mixture as well as the shape of the bed elements. The biofuel was produced using post fermentation sewage sludge for industrial energy and heat generation. Based on the presented research it was concluded that the composite biofuel can be co-combusted with hard coal with the optimal percentage share within the range of 20–30% w/w. Sewage sludge stabilized by means of anaerobic digestion carried out in closed fermentation chambers is the final product. The average values of the CO2, CO, NO, NOx and SO2 concentrations in flue gas from co-combustion of a bioconversion product (20% w/w) and coal were 5.43%, 1903 ppm, 300 ppm, 303 ppm and 179 ppm, respectively. In total, within a period of 4.5 years of the plant operation, 1853 Mg of fuel was produced and successfully co-combusted with coal in a power plant. The research demonstrated that in the waste water treatment sector there exists energy potential in terms of calorific value which translates into tangible benefits both in the context of energy generation as well as environmental protection. Over 700,000 Mg of bio-sewage sludge is generated annually in Poland. According to findings of the study presented in the paper, the proposed solution could give 970,000 Mg of dry mass of biomass qualified as energy biomass replacing fossil fuels.
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Kijek, Tomasz, Arkadiusz Kijek, Piotr Bolibok, and Anna Matras-Bolibok. "The Patterns of Energy Innovation Convergence across European Countries." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 2755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102755.
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Energy innovation is critical for addressing climate change and the ecological transitions of both developed and emerging economies. The present paper aims at the identification and assessment of patterns in energy innovation convergence across a sample of 27 European countries over the period 2000–2018. The research is based on data covering a broad category of patents related to climate change mitigation technologies in the energy sector, including combustion inventions with mitigation potential (e.g., using biomass), extracted from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Statistical Database. Using a nonlinear time-varying factor model, the paper demonstrates that energy innovation efforts in the examined sample follow a pattern of club convergence. The findings allow the identification of three convergence clubs characterised by distinct disparities in energy patent intensity, as measured by the number of patent applications per 10 million inhabitants. Moreover, the results of an ordered logit model demonstrate that the emergence of the identified convergence clubs might be attributable to initial differences in per capita environmental research and development (R&D) expenditure, human resources in science and technology (HRST), and environmental policy stringency. The findings have important policy implications as they suggest the need for more tailored policies based on smart development and specialization frameworks designed to boost the energy innovation performance of the laggard countries, more fully exploiting the potential of their less technologically advanced sectors, such as agriculture.
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Mosurović Ružičić, Marija, Mirjana Miletić, and Marina Dobrota. "Does a National Innovation System Encourage Sustainability? Lessons from the Construction Industry in Serbia." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 3591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073591.
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Influences from the modern business environment indicate the need for the incorporation of sustainability concepts from an innovation system perspective. In the presented research, we emphasize the energy efficiency concept within the frame of sustainability and innovation. The aim of this research was to underline and explore the relationships between innovation, energy efficiency, and sustainability in the construction industry. To answer the research questions, a questionnaire was created to explore the impact of the energy efficiency certification process on the innovation behavior of construction industry enterprises in Serbia. The results show that energy efficiency has supported innovation, and that there exists a relationship between sustainability and innovativeness in the construction industry. Applying energy efficiency passports has influenced the co-operation of enterprises in the construction sector and other actors in the national innovation system in Serbia. The innovation concept demonstrates that enterprises in the construction industry should be observed as a part of the wider picture—the national innovation system. In turn, the specific context of a particular national innovation system should be seen within the wider picture of national innovation systems of Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs).
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Atis, Selcuk, Nevzat Onat, and Irfan Guney. "Assessment of the turkey’s electric power policies in terms of sustainability." Thermal Science 18, no. 3 (2014): 695–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1403695a.
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This study, using statistical data published by the Turkish Electricity Transmission Company, analyzes key parameters such as installed capacity and energy demand growth rates, investment plans and emission rates, taking into consideration the expected increase in use through the year 2023. The results of the analyses were compared to relevant data from around the world. The weight of domestic - and especially renewable - resources in investment plans for the next 10 years was discussed. Recommendations for an investment plan to support sustainable development in Turkey are listed. Consequently, the lack of investment in domestic and renewable energy projects decreases the competitive power of Turkey vis-?-vis Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development countries in terms of many parameters. For a sustainable development, the country must make significant changes in its foreign-dependent energy production policies. Any future policies must encourage supplying local resources to meet the continuously increasing demand. Qualifications for incentive mechanisms applied to investments in renewable energy should be developed. The impact of the private sector on the installation of new plants must also be increased by quickly completing the privatization process.
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Daniel, Betty C., Christian M. Hafner, Léopold Simar, and Hans Manner. "ASYMMETRIES IN BUSINESS CYCLES AND THE ROLE OF OIL PRICES." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 4 (July 27, 2017): 1622–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100517000360.
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We estimate asymmetries in innovations to Solow residuals for 11 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries using stochastic frontier analysis. Likelihood ratio statistics and variance ratios imply that all countries with net energy imports have significant negative asymmetries, whereas other countries do not. We construct a simple theoretical model in which the measured Solow residual combines effects from technology, factor utilization, and the terms of trade. For oil importers, the model implies an asymmetric response of measured total factor productivity to oil price increases and decreases. When we condition Solow residuals separately on positive and negative oil price changes to allow asymmetric responses, evidence for remaining negative asymmetric innovations to the Solow residuals vanishes for all countries except Switzerland. Switzerland's relatively dominant financial sector suggests that their asymmetries could be due to a financial crisis, a hypothesis that we test and fail to reject.
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Ward, Hugh, and Xun Cao. "Domestic and International Influences on Green Taxation." Comparative Political Studies 45, no. 9 (March 5, 2012): 1075–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414011434007.
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Economists have made a strong case for the relative efficiency of market-based mechanisms for environmental regulation such as cap and trade and “green taxes,” yet the spread of these forms has been limited, and traditional “command and control” regulation still predominates. The authors explain geographical and temporal variation in green tax burdens by considering their domestic and international determinants, modeling international influences using spatial lags. Hypotheses are tested using panel data on Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member states from 1995 to 2004. At the domestic level, the authors show that green tax burdens are influenced by the left–right and environmental positions of legislative medians and the power of the energy-producing sector, among other factors. The authors also show that ideas about policy diffuse through international networks generated by trade and environmental intergovernmental organizations, but they do not find compelling evidence for international tax competition.
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Marttila, Miika P., Ville Uusitalo, Lassi Linnanen, and Mirja H. Mikkilä. "Agro-Industrial Symbiosis and Alternative Heating Systems for Decreasing the Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Production." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 9040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169040.
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Greenhouses require large amounts of energy, which is the dominant factor making greenhouses more emission intensive than open-field cultivation. Alternative heating systems, such as combined heat and power (CHP), biogas, and industrial waste heat, are continuously being researched for reducing the environmental impacts of greenhouses. This paper assesses utilizing industrial waste heat and CO2 enrichment in greenhouses as an example to propose “agro-industrial symbiosis” (AIS), to refer to a symbiotic co-operation between agricultural and industrial partners. The global warming potentials (GWPs) of greenhouse production using different heating systems are inadequately compared in the literature, which is the research gap addressed herein. Additionally, potential emission reductions of greenhouse production with industrial waste heat are yet to be assessed via lifecycle assessment (LCA). A comparative LCA of Finnish greenhouse tomato and cucumber production using various heating systems was conducted. Naturally, replacing fossil fuels with bioenergy and renewables significantly decreases the GWP. CHP systems result in decreased GWP only when using biogas as the energy source. Additionally, utilizing industrial waste heat and CO2 resulted in a low GWP. These results are applicable worldwide to guide political decision-making and clean energy production in the horticultural sector.
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Jakubowski, Andrzej. "Technology of Producing the Contact Connections of Superconductor Metal-Sheathed Cable." Management Systems in Production Engineering 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mspe-2017-0017.
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Abstract The technology of producing the current contact connections on the superconductor cable edges is presented. This lead cable is used as one of the major elements of the magnetic system in thermonuclear reactor construction, actuality for modern world energy. The technology is realized by the radial draft of metal thin-walled tube on the conductor’s package. The filling of various profiles by round section wire is optimized. Geometrical characteristics of the dangerous crosssection (as a broken ring) of thin-walled tube injured by the sector cut-out are accounted. The comparative strength calculation of the solid and injured tubes at a longitudinal compression and lateral bending is acted. The radial draft mechanism of cylindrical thin-walled sheath with the wire packing is designed. The necessity to use the nonlinear theory for the sheaths calculate is set. The resilient co-operation of wires as the parallel located cylinders with the contact stripes of rectangular form is considered.
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Elrayah, Musaddag, and Yahdih Semlali. "Sustainable Total Reward Strategies for Talented Employees’ Sustainable Performance, Satisfaction, and Motivation: Evidence from the Educational Sector." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021605.
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The importance of sustainable human resource practices is increasing yearly. During COVID-19, many benefits and compensation strategies became increasingly important for employees. Working environments are described as one of the main factors that affects people’s lives while they are at work. This empirical study explores the impact of sustainable total reward strategies on sustainable talented employee performance, satisfaction, and motivation in the education field, using a quantitative research method. Data were collected from an annual survey developed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The participants of this survey were residents of 47 different countries and economies, and a total of 153,682 teachers participated. The annual survey’s main goal is to generate reliable, valid, and comparable population estimates based on sample data. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and SPSS version 24. The findings of this research show a positive correlation between total sustainable rewards and sustainable employee performance (B = 0.079, p < 0.01), satisfaction (B = 0.370, p < 0.01), and motivation (B = 0.427, p < 0.01). These results might have social and economic implications, especially in the educational sector.
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Greenberg, Steven J., Neil K. McDougald, Christopher K. Weakley, Robert M. Kendall, and Leonel O. Arellano. "Surface-Stabilized Fuel Injectors With Sub-Three PPM NOx Emissions for a 5.5 MW Gas Turbine Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1839920.
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ALZETA Corporation has developed surface-stabilized fuel injectors for use with lean premixed combustors which provide extended turndown and ultralow NOx emission performance. These injectors use a patented technique to form interacting radiant and blue-flame zones immediately above a selectively perforated porous metal surface. This allows stable operation at low reaction temperatures. A previous ASME paper (IJPGC2002-26088) described the development of this technology from the proof-of-concept stage to prototype testing. In 2002 development of these fuel injectors for the 5.5 MW turbine accelerated. Additional single-injector rig tests were performed which also demonstrated ultralow emissions of NOx and CO at pressures up to 1.68 MPa (16.6 atm) and inlet temperatures up to 670°K (750°F). A pressurized multi-injector “sector rig” test was conducted in which two injectors were operated simultaneously in the same geometric configuration as that expected in the engine combustor liner. The multi-injector package was operated with various combinations of fired and unfired injectors, which resulted in low emissions performance and no adverse affects due to injector proximity. To date sub-3 ppm NOx emissions with sub-10 ppm CO emissions have been obtained over an operating range of 0.18–1.68 MPa (1.8–16.6 atm), inlet temperatures from 340 to 670K (186–750°F), and adiabatic flame temperatures from 1740 to 1840K (2670–2850°F). A full scale multi-injector engine simulation is scheduled for the beginning of 2003, with engine tests beginning later that year.
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Łukasz, Dragun. "Information Activity of a Large European Project in Social Media." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 18 (January 3, 2022): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2022.18.3.
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Purpose: The aim of the article is to present the information activity of a large European project based on information policy in social media. Social media are an excellent means of reaching a wide audience, while activity in this sphere reflects the degree of organisation of project partners and their involvement in achieving the project`s objectives. Design/methodology/approach: The present paper makes use of the experience gained while promoting the results of the GoSmart BSR project via social media. The GoSmart BSR project is concerned with enhancing the low capacity for innovation in less developed Baltic Sea Regions (BSR) through mutual learning, translating smart specialisation strategies (S3) into practical joint activities of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and applying best practices used in better developed regions. The project is fully integrated with 3S and aims at promoting efficient co-operation between the industrial sector, the R&D sector, and the authorities, following a transnational approach. Findings: Social media play a significant role in the three phases of the project life, i.e. disseminating knowledge (raising awareness), collecting and verifying information that has been acquired during the project, and storing and disseminating the knowledge acquired during the project. Originality/value: research on Social Media profiles is predominantly descriptive and focused on the organizational perspective all projects R&D. This research paper contributes to both theory and practice by studying the causal impact of these guidelines on research teams.
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Borowski, Piotr F. "Management of Energy Enterprises in Zero-Emission Conditions: Bamboo as an Innovative Biomass for the Production of Green Energy by Power Plants." Energies 15, no. 5 (March 7, 2022): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051928.
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Managing energy-producing companies as well as managing the entire energy sector in the light of legal and environmental requirements requires a new vision, mission, and strategy. The paper analyses the strategies of energy enterprises. It is not enough now to produce energy and deliver it at appropriate, acceptable prices to consumers; it must be generated with the least negative impact on the environment. To achieve that plan, companies should cut the carbon intensity of their products by 20% by 2030, 45% by 2035, and 100% by 2050, using a baseline of 2016. To compared to 1990 levels, the greenhouse gas emission reduction target for 2030 should be increased to 55%. Bioenergy will represent 18% of total final energy consumption in 2050. Additionally, this requires the development of a long-term strategy that can force companies to completely reorganize their production or start a new operation and activities. A low-cost strategy or a competition strategy are insufficient, and it is necessary to look for new strategies that combine adaptation to the requirements of the external environment with the use of innovative solutions. The article analyzes the possibilities of implementing an innovative strategy based on biomass, especially bamboo biomass. The reduction in CO2 emissions of bamboo, taking into account life cycle emissions, can reach up to 85%. The novelty is to show the possibility of producing electricity by a large-scale power plant solely based on bamboo biomass on the example of a power plant located in the Tokushima prefecture, Japan. Another novelty is the fact that this article draws attention to the problem of burning bamboo in a power plant. The problem is that, as a result of burning bamboo, the clinker settles quite quickly. The study analyzes the selected ingredients for co-firing, which improve the combustion parameters of bamboo biomass (e.g., blended 20% bamboo with 80% pine or 30% bamboo with 70% tree bark). The importance of this research lies in the fact that it shows new innovative solutions in the energy sector that will help to achieve emission reductions. In addition, the article proposes to use eco-innovations and pay attention to eco-efficiency. Such solutions are an opportunity for ecological development through the use of bamboo as a fuel, which is classified as a renewable energy source by power plants.
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Khan, Iqra Arabia Ali, Ujwal Shreenag Meda, Amrit Aman, Suresh R, and Rajalakshmi Mudbidre. "Alternatives to Conventional Platinum-Based Catalysts in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 5487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.5487ecst.
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The demand for environmentally friendly power technology for a variety of aircraft applications has risen considerably in recent years as the aviation sector expands to meet the needs of a growing global population. The hydrogen fuel cell, which is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy, seems to be an alternative solution to conventional systems. The use of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) or the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) for onboard energy generation is gaining importance. PEMFCs have many advantages over other fuel cells and their room temperature/close to room temperature operation makes them suitable for aviation applications. However, there are a few hurdles, such as the use of platinum catalyst, which accounts for half of the fuel cell's cost, it is readily poisoned by CO, necessitating the installation of a mechanism that eliminates CO in the fuel gas and the use of electrolyte membranes, such as Nafion. As a result, the large-scale use of PEMFC is hampered. Tremendous efforts have been devoted to the development of low-cost platinum free catalysts to replace the existing Platinum Group Metals (PGM) catalyst. This review is on the recent advances in non-noble metal catalysts suitable for PEM fuel cells to reduce the overall cost of the fuel cell system leading to its successful commercialization. Feasibility of replacing platinum-based catalysts, challenges associated with replacing the conventional catalysts, the effectiveness, and performance evaluation of new catalysts in comparison with the current platinum-based catalysts in PEM fuel cells are discussed.
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Wojcieszyk, Michał, Lotta Knuutila, Yuri Kroyan, Mário de Pinto Balsemão, Rupali Tripathi, Juha Keskivali, Anna Karvo, Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio, Otto Blomstedt, and Martti Larmi. "Performance of Anisole and Isobutanol as Gasoline Bio-Blendstocks for Spark Ignition Engines." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 5, 2021): 8729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168729.
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Several countries have set ambitious targets for the transport sector that mandate a gradual increase in advanced biofuel content in the coming years. The current work addresses this transition and indicates two promising gasoline bio-blendstocks: Anisole and isobutanol. The whole value chains of these bio-components were considered, focusing on end-use performance, but also analyzing feedstock and its conversion, well-to wheel (WTW) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and costs. Three alternative fuels, namely a ternary blend (15% anisole, 15% isobutanol, 70% fossil gasoline on an energy basis) and two binary blends (15% anisole with fossil gasoline and 30% isobutanol with fossil gasoline), were tested, focusing on their drop-in applicability in spark ignition (SI) engines. The formulated liquid fuels performed well and showed the potential to increase brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 1.4% on average. Measured unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were increased on average by 12–29% and 17–51%, respectively. However, HC and CO concentrations and exhaust temperatures were at acceptable levels for proper catalyst operation. The studied blends were estimated to bring 11–22% of WTW GHG emission reductions compared to base gasoline. Additionally, the fleet performance and benefits of flexi-fuel vehicles (FFV) were modeled for ternary blends.
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Klikocka, Kasztelan, Zakrzewska, Wyłupek, Szostak, and Skwaryło-Bednarz. "The Energy Efficiency of the Production and Conversion of Spring Triticale Grain into Bioethanol." Agronomy 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080423.
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According to the assumptions of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD, the share of biofuels in the global transport sector is estimated to reach 15%–23% by 2050. The triticale can be used to produce bioethanol. The appropriate production process should generate as much renewable energy as possible per production unit. Plant production can be carried out in various tillage systems and using appropriate doses of nitrogen fertilization. The objective of this study is to compare the effect of traditional tillage system (TRD) and reduced (RED) tillage technology and nitrogen fertilizer (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha−1) on grain and bioethanol yield of spring triticale. The field experiment was performed in the south east of Poland (50°42′ N, 23°15′ E) on medium dystrophic typical brown soil. Based on research and calculations, the TRD system and between 40 and 80 kg ha−1 of N fertilizer are recommended for use in the cultivation of triticale for bioethanol production purposes. Such a variant will ensure a sufficient yield of grain (5.190 and 5.803 t ha−1), starch (3.462 and 3.871 t ha−1) and bioethanol (2487.3 and 2780.7 L ha−1) and good agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer (16.96 and 12.15 L of bioethanol per 1 kg of nitrogen (N) applied). The best ratio of energy efficiency of bioethanol production (EROI — Energy Return on (Energy) Investment or “net energy”) was recorded for the TRD system (1.138:1) and for the N fertilizer at 40 kg N ha−1 (1.144:1).
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Karjunen, Hannu, Eero Inkeri, and Tero Tynjälä. "Mapping Bio-CO2 and Wind Resources for Decarbonized Steel, E-Methanol and District Heat Production in the Bothnian Bay." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 8518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248518.
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Hydrogen is a versatile feedstock for various chemical and industrial processes, as well as an energy carrier. Dedicated hydrogen infrastructure is envisioned to conceptualize in hydrogen valleys, which link together the suppliers and consumers of hydrogen, heat, oxygen, and electricity. One potential hydrogen valley is the Bay of Bothnia, located in the northern part of the Baltic Sea between Finland and Sweden. The region is characterized as having excellent wind power potential, a strong forest cluster with numerous pulp and paper mills, and significant iron ore and steel production. The study investigates the hydrogen-related opportunities in the region, focusing on infrastructural requirements, flexibility, and co-operation of different sectors. The study found that local wind power capacity is rapidly increasing and will eventually enable the decarbonization of the steel sector in the area, along with moderate Power-to-X implementation. In such case, the heat obtained as a by-product from the electrolysis of hydrogen would greatly exceed the combined district heat demand of the major cities in the area. To completely fulfil its district heat demand, the city of Oulu was simulated to require 0.5–1.2 GW of electrolyser capacity, supported by heat pumps and optionally with heat storages.
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De Luca, Giovanni, and Federica Pizzolante. "Detecting Leaders Country from Road Transport Emission Time-Series." Environments 8, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8030018.
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Nowadays, climate change and global warming have become the main concerns worldwide. One of the main causes are the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by human activities, especially by the transportation sector. The adherence to international agreements and the implementation of climate change policy are necessary conditions for reducing environmental problems. This paper investigates the lead–lag relationship between Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Annex I member countries on road transport emission performance focusing on the statistical analysis of the lead–lag relationships between the road transport emission time-series from 1970–2018 extracted by the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) database. The analysis was carried out using the cross-correlation function between each pair of the countries’ time-series considered. Empirical results confirm that some nations have been playing a role as leaders, while others as followers. Sweden can be considered the leader, followed by Germany and France. By analyzing their environmental policy history, we can figure out a common point that explains our results.
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Jain, Siddharth. "An Assessment of the Operation and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Powered by a New Biofuel Prepared Using In Situ Transesterification of a Dry Spirogyra Algae–Jatropha Powder Mixture." Energies 16, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031470.
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The present work deals with the optimization of the process parameters of in situ transesterification of dry spirogyra Algae–Jatropha powder along with engine efficiency and combustion analysis of the prepared biofuel. Three operational parameters, namely catalyst concentration (0–5 wt.%), methanol to dry algae–Jatropha curcas powder (v/v) (20–60%), and reaction time (60–180 min) at a constant reaction temperature of 50 °C, were selected. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experiments. The maximum biodiesel yield of 88.5% was obtained under the optimized conditions of a catalyst concentration of 3.396% (w/w), methanol/oil ratio of 19.86, and reaction time of 180 min. At varying loads, the performance and emissions of a diesel engine linked to a power source and fueled with various biodiesel mixes (Diesel, B5, B10, and B20) were tested. It was found that BSFC decreased as the applied load increased for all of the evaluated fuels. All of the biodiesel blends had greater BSFC than the diesel fuel. However, a substantial decrease in the emissions, including hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO), was observed with the increase in NOx emissions. This method of preparing biodiesel will be beneficial in order to cater to the needs of the transportation sector because it has a lower energy consumption and less engine emissions.
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Ensign, Prescott C. "Business Models and Sustainable Development Goals." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 2558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052558.
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In 2015, all 193 member countries of the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Building on the principle of “leaving no one behind,” it emphasizes a holistic approach to achieving sustainable development [1]. The 2020 environmental, social and governance (ESG) scoring and reporting document from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) notes that sustainability investing has grown, primarily due to the number of funds and investors that have added ESG approaches to their overall agenda. Corporations, central banks and the public sector are placing a new emphasis on a greener environment and low-carbon economy [2]. The 2020s was to be a decade of action but progress has been slow, stalled or reversed in meeting the 17 SDG targets [3]. OECD’s quantitative analysis provides an indication of the progress made and challenges still ahead with regard to sustainable development. The wide variety of metrics, methodologies, and approaches indicate a high number of disparate outcomes that are open to interpretation [4].
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Bekaliyev, A., A. Junissov, Y. Kakimov, and S. G. Poulopoulos. "Evaluation of decoupling of GDP and CO2 emissions in EU-15." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 899, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/899/1/012028.
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Abstract Generally, economic growth is accompanied by an increase in energy consumption, which consequently leads to higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions. These, in turn, are the causes of global warming, which is one of the most acute environmental problems nowadays. Decoupling occurs when environmental pressure can be decreased without the negative effect of the economic growth of a country. This study is focused on the investigation of the decoupling of the economy and environmental pressure. The analysis was carried out for EU-15 countries for the period between 1990 and 2014. For the evaluation of decoupling the Tapio decoupling elasticity method was used. This method provides the extent of decoupling of the economy and environmental pressure for each country. The economy was measured in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), while the environmental pressure was represented by CO2 emissions from the public electricity and heat generation sector. The EU-15 countries were classified into three groups depending on the individual reduction targets following Kyoto Protocol. Group I had high values of reduction targets ranging from -28% to -12.5%, Group II had moderate values of reduction targets situated between -7.5% and 0%, and Group III had mild values of reduction targets from +4% to +27%. The results of this analysis show that there is strong fluctuation of the extent of decoupling between GDP and CO2 emissions for each country in the specified period. Therefore, there are no clear patterns of decoupling intensity that can be observed. However, it is important to notice that in almost every country the decoupling between GDP and CO2 emissions was either strong or weak. This study has shown that generally most of the countries achieved some extent of decoupling between the growth of the economy and the pressure on the environment. The countries that showed the decoupling of more than 80% of the specified period are Luxemburg, Ireland, and Italy. For most of the countries, the decoupling was deteriorated by the financial crisis of 2008. Another possible reason for the decrease in decoupling is the extensive use of renewable energy resources. While their application lowers the CO2 emissions, the high production and operation costs constrict the growth of the economy. Sweden, Finland, and Denmark had such situation.
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Paim, Maria-Augusta, and Chung-Han Yang. "Nuclear decommissioning in Brazil and China: regulatory development, incompleteness and future synergy." Journal of World Energy Law & Business 11, no. 3 (April 24, 2018): 220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwy010.
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Abstract The law and regulation of nuclear infrastructure decommissioning is developing worldwide. At the international level, safety standards for the decommissioning process were established under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency, which also encourages international co-operation and gives expert advice for Member States’ projects. Advanced jurisdictions such as the UK, US and Japan have made substantial progress in the elaboration of national legislation covering issues related to the risks for safety and the environment. This article aims at assessing the Brazilian and Chinese efforts, achievements and challenges in the establishment of national decommissioning legal regimes using the analytical lenses developed by probing into the strengths exhibited by selected advanced jurisdictions’ decommissioning regulations and experiences, in namely the UK, USA and Japan. As a result, the structural perspective developed enables the assessment of the effectiveness of the decommissioning framework of jurisdictions at an earlier stage. Brazil and China have just started to build their national decommissioning nuclear power plant regimes. Besides sharing a common nuclear power plant decommissioning regulatory momentum, both countries’ asymmetric capacities in the technology sector can be reciprocally combined to create a mutually beneficial relationship.
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Jonek-Kowalska, Izabela. "Research Institutes in Poland as an Element of the National Innovation System—Complexity, Financing and Effectiveness." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7020162.
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Transfer and diffusion of knowledge and technology is a key condition for the development of innovation. In practice, they take place at the interface between science and business, which makes the level of innovation and development of a given economy depend on the effectiveness and efficiency of universities and other scientific units co-creating the national innovation network. With this important circumstance in mind, this article presents an assessment of the operations of selected research institutes in Poland in 2014–2019 in the context of pro-efficiency statutory changes aimed at making the commercialization of research and development results more effective. The multiple case study used in the article includes five units operating in the field of environmental protection (two) and energy (three)—sectors relevant to the transformation of the national energy sector. The research analyzes the sources of funding of the institutes’ operations, their profitability and the financial effectiveness of their scientific and research staff. The results of the research indicate the adaptability of the surveyed institutes to the new rules of financing and the possibility of their wider than previously opening to business relations, as well as at least partial independence from budget financing. This is a valuable observation from the perspective of shaping innovation policy and the principles of operation of the national innovation system in developing economies.
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Fuente-Robles, Yolanda María De La, María Dolores Muñoz-de-Dios, Ana Belén Mudarra-Fernández, and Adrián Jesús Ricoy-Cano. "Understanding Stakeholder Attitudes, Needs and Trends in Accessible Tourism: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 10507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410507.
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The inclusion of people with disabilities (PwD) in tourism is a phenomenon that encompasses various influencing factors, such as accessibility, which must be reviewed for this process to work correctly. Accessible tourism has advantages for both people with disabilities and everyone else. It provides an opportunity for everyone to enjoy leisure without barriers. However, there are still factors that limit the proper operation of the sector, which require a review and new strategies for its improvement. The objective of this review is to offer a synthesis of those challenges that must be addressed in order to achieve quality accessible tourism, as well as to present the various emerging trends that can represent an important advance for the future of accessible tourism. To this end, a qualitative study review process has been carried out where the different opinions and perceptions of the various actors involved in the accessible tourism sector are considered. A thematic analysis and synthesis of the information was conducted using the “Thematic Synthesis” procedure. The methodological quality of the studies included in the synthesis was also assessed. The studies reviewed show a need to recognize disabled travelers as autonomous and independent people who seek to escape from their daily routine, and who require certain specific supports to facilitate their tourist experience. Accessible tourism is valued as a good market opportunity, but its proper development requires greater staff awareness to promote co-creation in tourism, as well as the support of technological systems to create individualized tourist profiles detailing the needs of each person.
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Akhromkin, Ye M., I. V. Zablodska, and A. O. Akhromkin. "PROBLEMS OF ENERGY SAVING IN APARTMENT BUILDINGS: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECT." Economics and Law, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2020.04.089.
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The article highlights the results of a study of the economic and legal aspects of energy saving in associations of co-owners of apartment buildings in Ukraine. It is determined that a large number of apartment buildings inhabitants have already taken advantage of borrowing funds for energy modernization of their homes. The article presents the classification of the main losses of electricity and states that along with the term “losses of electricity”, the term “losses of electricity in electrical networks during its transportation” and “technological losses of electricity” are widely used. Modern electricity losses also include direct thefts of electricity, which are caused by deliberate changes in the circuits of measuring transformers of current, voltage, measuring circuits and electricity meters, as well as data changes in information systems for distortion. It is noted that in recent years the legislative framework of Ukraine has significantly improved, a large number of modern regulations have been developed to stimulate increased conscious electricity consumption by setting clear limits on the responsibility of businesses for the operation of their own utilities (including electricity) by establishing instrumental control on the border of balance ownership of objects. Such changes in the legislative field are dictated by the reorientation of Ukraine to European norms of thinking and management standards, the main message of which is the economic stimulation of the development of the energy sector. The considered normative legal acts regulating the issue of installation of general household commercial electricity meters allowed to come to the conclusion that the state, with the help of the National Commission for State Regulation of Energy and Utilities, consciously takes into account future electricity losses in tariffs for service distribution (transmission) of electricity. This approach is unacceptable due to the violation of the principle of fairness and efficiency. The article emphasizes that energy saving should become not just a priority for Ukraine, but one of the main goals on the way to building the country's economy.
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ORUMBAYEV, Rakhimzhan K., Andrey A. KIBARIN, Balzhan T. BAKHTIYAR, Arman S. KASSIMOV, and Maxim S. KOROBKOV. "RESEARCH OF COMBUSTION MODES DURING LAYER-BURNING OF SHUBARKUL COAL ON THE FIRE GRATE WITH THE HAND FURNACE OF THE KSVR-0.43 HOT WATER BOILER." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 36 (December 20, 2020): 856–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n36.2020.871_periodico36_pgs_856_870.pdf.
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Experience shows that the trend towards using solid fuels in the energy sector of Kazakhstan will be implemented for a rather long time. At the same time, the global trend is currently tightening environmental requirements. They set the task to continue improving coal combustion efficiency and minimize emissions of harmful substances and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This article aims to conduct complex thermal engineering tests of the KCVr-0.43 hot water boiler. For this, the following measurement and control tools were used: the standard boiler room secondary devices, an industrial gas analyzer Testo-350, a control (reading) module Testo-454 with temperature probes and a Pitot tube, a soot number meter Testo-308, a temperature meter 2TPM1, a portable liquid flow meter Vzlet-PRC and a stopwatch. All they had valid verification and calibration certificates. An analysis of the gas composition and technical parameters of the KCVr-0.43 hot water boiler in the investigated operation mode with Shubarkul coal during a long-term test showed that it seems possible to operate boilers of this series under low load conditions without boosting air and fuel. They can reduce emissions of toxic NOx and greenhouse gases CO2 into the atmosphere. In this case, burning Shubarkul coal without forcing through the air is characterized by significant carbon monoxide CO emissions. The formed nitrogen oxides NOx decompose in reactions with CO with the formation of molecular nitrogen and oxygen. Burning, coke residue in the layer, coal-burning stages, emissions of harmful substances.
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Mahendrakar Shaymrao, Swetha, Pushpa Sothenahalli Krishnaraju, Thungamani Mahalingappa, and Manjunath Thimmasandra Narayanappa. "Design and development of anonymous location based routing for mobile ad-hoc network." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 2743. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp2743-2755.
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Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) consists of wireless nodes interacting with each other impulsively over the air. MANET network is dynamic in nature because of which there is high risk in security. In MANET keeping node and routing secure is main task. Many proposed methods have tried to clear this issue but unable to fully resolve. The proposed method has strong secure anonymous location based routing (S2ALBR) method for MANET using optimal partitioning and trust inference model. Here initially partitions of network is done into sectors by using optimal tug of war (OTW) algorithm and compute the trustiness of every node by parameters received signal strength, mobility, path loss and co-operation rate. The process of trust computation is optimized by the optimal decided trust inference (ODTI) model, which provides the trustiness of each node, highest trust owned node is done in each sector and intermediate nodes used for transmission. The proposed method is focusing towards optimization with respect to parameter such as energy, delay, network lifetime, and throughput also above parameter is compared with the existing methods like anonymous location-based efficient routing protocol (ALERT), anonymous location-aided routing in suspicious MANET (ALARM) and authenticated anonymous secure routing (AASR).