Journal articles on the topic 'Transaction'
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1
Frolov, D. P. "From transaction costs to transaction value: Overcoming the frictional paradigm." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 8 (August 3, 2020): 51–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2020-8-51-81.
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The transaction cost economics has accumulated a mass of dogmatic concepts and assertions that have acquired high stability under the influence of path dependence. These include the dogma about transaction costs as frictions, the dogma about the unproductiveness of transactions as a generator of losses, “Stigler—Coase” theorem and the logic of transaction cost minimization, and also the dogma about the priority of institutions providing low-cost transactions. The listed dogmas underlie the prevailing tradition of transactional analysis the frictional paradigm — which, in turn, is the foundation of neo-institutional theory. Therefore, the community of new institutionalists implicitly blocks attempts of a serious revision of this dogmatics. The purpose of the article is to substantiate a post-institutional (alternative to the dominant neo-institutional discourse) value-oriented perspective for the development of transactional studies based on rethinking and combining forgotten theoretical alternatives. Those are Commons’s theory of transactions, Wallis—North’s theory of transaction sector, theory of transaction benefits (T. Sandler, N. Komesar, T. Eggertsson) and Zajac—Olsen’s theory of transaction value. The article provides arguments and examples in favor of broader explanatory possibilities of value-oriented transactional analysis.
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Derlytsia, Andrii. "THE CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC FINANCE." Economic Analysis, no. 30(3) (2020): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.03.072.
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Introduction. One of the least developed areas of the theory of economic institutionalism is transactional analysis of public finance. Its component – the theory of transaction costs, is mainly applied to the sphere of functioning of economic entities and the financial market. This necessitates the study of transactions in public finance as an economic phenomenon that requires an integrated approach and goes beyond purely transaction costs. The purpose of the article. The aim is to study the conceptual foundations, method and key areas of transactional analysis of public finance as a scientific field of institutional research. Method. To achieve this goal, the following general scientific methods were used: scientific abstraction, in highlighting the essential features of transactional analysis of public finance; comparative analysis, when assessing the differences in transaction costs in the public and market sectors; a systematic approach in identifying the components of transactional analysis of public finance. Results. Transactional analysis of public finance as a component of institutional research of public finance is considered. The role of transaction costs in the public sphere is shown and their ability to positively influence the efficiency of public finance due to the optimization of resource allocation in the public sector is substantiated. It is indicated that transaction costs in the public sphere are a necessary element to ensure compliance with supply and demand of public goods and other state services, which leads to increased utility of participants in collective interaction. The characteristic of the method of transactional analysis of public finance and its features is given. The main directions of transactional analysis of public finance from the standpoint of comparison of transaction costs, transaction losses and transaction benefits are outlined. The dualistic nature of transaction costs in relation to transformation costs is shown.
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Kaur, Harpreet, Mritunjay Kumar, and Gulshan Kumar. "Performance evaluation of conflict serializability against 2PL in Homogenous Distributed Database." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 7, no. 1 (April 21, 2013): 510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v7i1.3481.
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There are many techniques in the recent years that provide the synchronization among the transactions using shared data like 2 phase locking protocol and time stamping in distributed database system. These techniques are efficient and provide fast transactional operations and serializable execution of the transactions. But these existing techniques like 2PL abort the transaction when a conflict occurs in transaction actions that result in degradation in the performance. In this dissertation we analyse the purposed techniques that provide the serial execution of the concurrent transactions. To achieve the serializability among the transactions in the distributed database Conflict serializability model is used that will provide serial execution of the transactions with in conflict actions of the transactions. The objectives of the scheme are achieved that provide the better performance than the existing 2PL schemes and achieve the consistency among the concurrent transaction execution. Performance is evaluated of CS model against the 2PL model in distributed database to sustain the synchronization in the transactions. Results illustrate that the proposed new scheme increase the performance by decreasing the abort rate in distributed environment.
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Suardana, Ida Bagus Raka, Luh Kadek Budi Martini, Nyoman Sri Subawa, and Made Setini. "Quality factors in technology system capability decision interest in transactions using mobile banking." International Journal of Data and Network Science 6, no. 1 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2021.11.003.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ease of use, transaction success rate, and technological system capability on trust and to determine the effect of ease of use, transaction success rate, technology system capability and interest in transaction using mobile banking. This research was conducted at PT Bank NIAGA which is located in Denpasar. The data collection technique used a questionnaire to 160 PT Bank NIAGA customers who were selected as samples. Data were analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS program. Ease of use, transaction success rate, and technology system capability have a positive and significant influence on trust and interest in transacting using mobile banking. This means that the better the ease of use, the success rate of transactions, and the capability of the technology system, the higher the customer trust and interest in transactions using mobile banking.
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David, Shibin, Jaspher W. Kathrine, K. Martin Sagayam, and Krit Salahddine. "Augmenting integrity and scalability in mobile payment applications using blockchain." E3S Web of Conferences 297 (2021): 01063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129701063.
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The transactional information from the mobile wallets is offloaded from the mobile device to the mobile transaction server. The transaction involves various communication standards, confidential transaction information to ensure flawless transaction of data. There exist several encryption techniques to preserve confidentiality, hashing schemes to prove the integrity, signature schemes to prove the identity in the mobile transaction using mobile wallet applications. Even though mobile wallet possesses secure algorithms, the transactions are facing security issues such as double spending, lack of dispute redressal issue, lack of forward secrecy, lack of anonymity in the transaction and security. Therefore, Blockchain based Mobile transaction Scheme is proposed to solve the security issues including integrity, double spending and improve scalability. This paper presents a strategy which implements blockchain framework by using irreversible keys for mobile wallet applications. The proposed scheme proves to be secure against the security attacks and enhances integrity and scalability compared to the existing schemes.
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CABALLERO, GONZALO, and DAVID SOTO-OÑATE. "Why transaction costs are so relevant in political governance? a new institutional survey." Revista de Economia Política 36, no. 2 (June 2016): 330–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572016v36n02a05.
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ABSTRACT The New Institutional Economics, led by four Nobel laureates (Ronald Coase, Douglass North, Oliver Williamson and Elinor Ostrom), has showed that institutions and organizations are a medium for reducing transaction costs and obtaining a higher efficiency in economic performance. This paper goes into the research program of the New Institutional Economics to explain the relevance of transaction costs in political exchange and organization and show that transactions costs are even higher in political markets than in economic markets. The paper reviews the main contributions on institutions, transaction costs and political governance, and provides some lessons on political transacting and governance. The survey includes the most detailed catalogue of political transaction costs that has ever been published.
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Sytnyk, Ye А. "Is there a general equivalent of transaction costs?" Management of Economy: Theory and Practice. Chumachenko’s Annals, no. 2021 (December 23, 2021): 226–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37405/2221-1187.2021.226-239.
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The article raises the question of the existence of a general equivalent of transaction costs other than money. A distinction was made between the concepts of transaction costs and transaction actions. The definition of transaction costs is given as a cost (in the sense of costs of value and time) trace of transactional actions. The concept of a continuum of transactional actions was introduced. the composition of the continuum of transactional actions is outlined and the main reasons for its increase in the modern economy are identified. among these reasons are specific to the economy, which is transitioning from a Soviet-type command-administrative system to a market one. The mechanism of displacement of market transactions by the firm has been specified. Transactional substitution is a process (processes) of the firm’s performance of a certain set of transactional actions that accompany transformational processes from their beginning to their end. Transaction substitution is related to the transaction capacity of the institute. Correspondence between subsets of the continuum of transactional actions and transformational (production) processes is established. The concept of an agerative system is introduced as one of the two large systems that support symmetry in the economy, and which exists in parallel with the market or commodity-money system. Agerative system is built on the basis of management actions and is a complex of management, transactional actions of all types and types. A table was created in which the main correspondences between transformational and transactional types of processes and the economic phenomena generated by them are placed. Transformational and transactional processes generate different types of economic phenomena. If in transformational processes goods are created, more precisely, natural-material bodies of goods as carriers of value, then institutions are created in transactional processes. If as a result of the development of transformational (production) processes there is an accumulation of capital (which, in fact, is the goal of capitalist production), then as a result of the development of transactional processes there is an accumulation of managerial power. The goal of bureaucracy is to increase and concentrate managerial power. Keywords continuum of transactional actions, transactional actions, transactional costs, transformational processes, the transaction envelope of the production process, the total equivalent of transaction costs, physical goods, carriers of value, agerative system, levels of hierarchy, unit of hierarchical complexity, transactional capacity of institutions, institutional (institutional) competition.
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Khattri, Vipin, and Sandeep Kumar Nayak. "Identification and Mitigation of Fraudulent Transaction using Deep Autoencoder." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 11 (November 28, 2021): 769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/11956.
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In an ancient era, physical resources used to apply for transacting messages, treaty content, monarchy schemes, and policies and associated national or territorial currency which consumes time duration in the heavy count with negligible security. But as time passes, technological advancement has tendered its valuable and qualitative inputs to make the conventional transaction more better at its highest level of the extent, and as a qualitative and progressive resultant, the world is breathing in the current era of the digital environment with high-security priority. The responsibility of researchers and concerned authorities is to protect the online digital transaction under the safe digital environment. Therefore continuous enhancement is required in the upgrade of the security of the transaction system to handle digital transaction fraud. This research study suggests an approach of deep autoencoder for identifying fraudulent payment card transactions. To assess the outcome and validity of the projected approach of deep autoencoder for identifying fraudulent payment card transactions, testing was executed with the help of two datasets. The first dataset is a real credit card fraud dataset that is public available in world and the second dataset are generated by collecting the data using payment card transaction including genuine transaction and fraudulent transactions. A comparative analysis performed which is based on a comparison with different method and used first dataset. The proposed integration approach performed exceptionally with the different method and accomplished the maximum performance with respect to area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) (95.66%).
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WANG, CHENG, and YOUFENG WU. "FROM LOCKS TO CORRECT AND EFFICIENT TRANSACTIONAL MEMORY." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 21, no. 02 (April 2012): 1240005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126612400051.
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Transactional memory addresses a number of important issues in lock-based parallel programs. Unfortunately, the semantics of transactions are different from those of critical sections defined by locks. The semantic differences make it difficult to correctly port existing lock-based programs to transaction-based programs. Experienced programmers accustomed to lock-based programming can easily make mistakes in transaction-based programming as parallel programs running correctly using locks can run incorrectly when critical sections are converted to using transactions. This problem becomes even more severe in porting lock-based programs to use the efficient software transactional memory. In this paper, we first identify three necessary properties in a program for the program execution using transactions to be equivalent to the program execution using locks. Assuming that the input lock-based program satisfies the necessary properties (i.e., a well-behaved parallel program), we next present a correctness condition to verify the transactional memory implementation in order for the program execution using transactions to be equivalent to the program execution using locks. Finally, we develop a correct and efficient software transactional memory implementation that satisfies the correctness condition so that locks in the well-behaved parallel programs can be converted to use the efficient software transactional memory easily and correctly.
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Qiu, Leiju, Yang Zhao, Qian Liu, Baowen Sun, and Xiaolin Wu. "Intelligent transaction: definition, modes, and research directions." International Journal of Crowd Science 3, no. 1 (May 10, 2019): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcs-08-2018-0017.
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Purpose In the crowd intelligence networking era, the smart connections of human, machines and things enable point-to-point trustable transactions and distributed efficient collaboration; the smart connections among government, enterprises, organizations and the public would enable active participation of the public in society management and decision-making and improve the efficiency of government management and services. All interactions among various agents can be viewed as the transaction activity. The social division of labor system drives the evolution of transaction. The transaction mode also differentiated into different patterns with the development of human society. What will be the intelligent transaction in the crowd intelligence networking era? What will be the transactions modes and rules in the crowd intelligence networking era? The answers to these questions are of great importance to the future development of transactions. Design/methodology/approach The authors review the evolution of traditional transaction and transaction modes and analyze the driving forces of it. They attempt to give the definitions of intelligent transaction and intelligent transaction mode. They also review the traditional transaction modes and rules, analyze the characteristics of the intelligent transaction and classify the intelligent transaction modes. Findings The authors find the intelligent transaction is mainly reflected in the intellectualization of transaction subject, transaction object and transaction process. They summarize the characteristics of intelligent transaction and develop four modes for the intelligent transactions based on the modularization level of the transaction objects and the quantity of transaction subjects, including the demand side and the supply side. The authors also show representative examples to further illustrate rules and features of these transaction modes and point out the potential research directions. Originality/value This study is among the first to analyze the characteristics of the intelligent transaction, and the proposed division framework of the intelligent transaction modes could not only add value to the future research of intelligent transaction modes and rules but also help to guide the transactions in the crowd intelligence network.
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Popovic, Miroslav, Branislav Kordic, Marko Popovic, and Ilija Basicevic. "A method for estimating existence of pairwise STM transaction conflicts." MATEC Web of Conferences 232 (2018): 04037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823204037.
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STM transaction schedulers were introduced to improve system performance. However, designing online transaction scheduling algorithms is challenging because at the same time they should: (i) introduce minimal scheduling overhead, (ii) minimize the resulting makespan, and (iii) minimize contention in the resulting schedule. In our previous work we developed the online transaction scheduler architecture and the four scheduling algorithms, named RR, ETLB, AC, and AAC (listed in increasing order of their quality), for scheduling transactions on the Python STM. Both AC and AAC use Bernstein conditions to check for pairwise data races between transactions, at the cost of time complexity that is proportional to the product of the sizes of transaction’s read and write sets, which may be significant. In this paper we propose a method for estimating existence of pairwise transaction conflicts whose time complexity is Θ(1). We validate this method by analysing the resulting transaction schedules for the three benchmark workloads, named RDW, CFW, and WDW. The result of this analysis is positive and encouraging – AAC using the new method produces the same result as when using Bernstein conditions. The limitation of the new method is that it may have false reports, both false negatives and false positives.
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Tanenkova, Ekaterina N. "The Questions of Transaction-Contract Approach Application to Economic Institutions Assessment." Journal of Economic Regulation 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 006–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2022.13.3.006-017.
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The article is devoted to the opportunities of author’s transaction-contract approach application. The approach assumes that direct assessment can be done by structural elements with transformation of individual efforts of economic agents in collective efforts based on change of transactions and transformations in contract as an institutional agreement. In contract relations economic agents make efforts (in contract theory terminology) for product transformation as well as transaction efforts, which in series replaces each other. All the efforts can be assessed by costs and benefits, which economic agents gain as a result of economic relations. In the article it is discussed the questions of theoretical and practical application of transaction-contract approach to analysis of different economic spheres. Economic spheres can be divided based on the proportions of transaction and transformation on every stage of production process. The author refers to transaction sphere production processes in which the share of transaction efforts exceeds the share of transformation efforts. It means that the growth of total product is largely due to the transactional component. The author discusses the possibilities of using the approach to the research of transactional and transformational types of the production process, where, as an example, are given, among other questions, the possibilities of analysis of merit goods production, as well as examples of research and modeling of opportunistic behavior at the intra-company level.
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Ilyina, Elena A., and Leonid A. Saraev. "Optimal profit and transaction costs for a production function with variable elasticity of output with resources." Vestnik of Samara University. Economics and Management 13, no. 2 (July 20, 2022): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0461-2022-13-2-159-171.
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The published article examines the influence of non-production (transactional) costs of a multifactorial manufacturing enterprise on the formation of its profit. An economic-mathematical model for calculating the profit of an enterprise is proposed, the production function of which takes into account changes in the values of elasticity for each resource, and production (transformation) and non-production (transactional) costs are also described by an exponential function. The features of the formation of profit volumes in the short-term and long-term periods of the enterprise's work are studied. A variant of the calculation model of the maximum possible profit, ignoring the role of transaction costs, and a variant of the calculation model of optimal profit, taking into account the influence of transaction costs, are obtained. The source of transaction costs is the costs of market transactions, for the implementation of which it is necessary to find a subject interested in concluding a transaction, conduct preliminary negotiations with him, prepare a contract and conditions for its implementation, etc. The resources and costs required for all this are the essence of the transaction costs of concluding a deal. It is shown that when calculating the volume of emerging profit, it is necessary to maximize not only the profit function itself, but also the transaction utility function. Numerical analysis of the results of calculations shows the unattainability of the maximum possible values of profit, since in practice the management of the enterprise maximizes not the profit itself, but its utility, expressed as the corresponding transactional function.
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Filali, Rajaa, and Mohamed Bouhdadi. "A Mechanically Proved and an Incremental Development of the Session Initiation Protocol INVITE Transaction." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/352071.
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The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is an application layer signaling protocol used to create, manage, and terminate sessions in an IP based network. SIP is considered as a transactional protocol. There are two main SIP transactions, the INVITE transaction and the non-INVITE transaction. The SIP INVITE transaction specification is described in an informal way in Request for Comments (RFC) 3261 and modified in RFC 6026. In this paper we focus on the INVITE transaction of SIP, over reliable and unreliable transport mediums, which is used to initiate a session. In order to ensure the correctness of SIP, the INVITE transaction is modeled and verified using event-B method and its Rodin platform. The Event-B refinement concept allows an incremental development by defining the studied system at different levels of abstraction, and Rodin discharges almost all proof obligations at each level. This interaction between modeling and proving reduces the complexity and helps in assuring that the INVITE transaction SIP specification is correct, unambiguous, and easy to understand.
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Oleinik, A. N. "Transactions in science in comparative perspective." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 9 (September 28, 2018): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-9-52-69.
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The article develops a transactional approach to studying science. Two concepts play a particularly important role: the institutional environment of science and scientific transaction. As an example, the North-American and Russian institutional environments of science are compared. It is shown that structures of scientific transactions (between peers, between the scholar and the academic administrator, between the professor and the student), transaction costs and the scope of academic freedom differ in these two cases. Transaction costs are non-zero in both cases, however. At the same time, it is hypothesized that a greater scope of academic freedom in the North American case may be a factor contributing to a higher scientific productivity.
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Chu, Mei, Guang Nan Guo, Yong Gang Yun, Hong Yan Shi, and Jin Ping Liu. "A Web Service Transaction Coordination Framework Based on Compensation." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 5183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.5183.
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The atomicity characteristic of traditional transaction processing makes entire transaction process to naught in case of specific event or error. To address problem of traditional transaction processing and combining with characteristics of Web service transaction processing, a Web service transaction coordination framework based on compensation was presented. The coordination algorithm and state transformation of long transaction were also provided. The framework mainly provides fault recovery of Web service to ensure atomicity of transaction and consistency of compensation. It permit participant submitting sub-transactions independently to deal with transaction fault with compensation, which can meet requirements of business transactions cross-enterprises.
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Jiang, Yi, Xu Liu, and Jun Dai. "A Novel Pricing Mechanism for User Coalition in Blockchain." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (November 28, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8885179.
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As the blockchain platform is widely used as a new trading way, both participants and transaction volume in the blockchain projects have been growing by leaps and bounds. The generic mechanisms of ranking transaction priorities are heavily dependent on the transaction fees the users append into each transaction; then, all transactions are ranked in the nonincreasing order according to the transaction fee amounts, and the selected transactions will be packed into a new created block in order based on the ranking results. However, more complex influence factors more than transaction fees on transaction priority ranking results are not taken into consideration in the generic transaction priority ranking mechanisms, and a single user is the objective to create transactions in these mechanisms. In order to optimize the generic transaction priority ranking mechanisms and enrich transaction creation modes, a novel user-coalition-based transaction pricing mechanism (UCTPM) is proposed, and the user coalition quality score, user coalition contribution degree, and the transaction type demand degree are formulated and introduced into the UCTPM mechanism. Our research findings indicate that the UCTPM mechanism satisfies the economic attributes of budget balanced, individual rationality, and incentive compatibility when the user coalition contribution degree increases through theoretical proof and experimental analysis. Moreover, the UCTPM mechanism allows all the transactions to be processed more efficiently by experimental analysis.
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Damanik, Johannes Maysan, and Eduardus Tandelilin. "STRATEGI DAN KINERJA INVESTASI DALAM AKTIVITAS PERDAGANGAN INVESTOR ASING VS INVESTOR DOMESTIK." Jurnal Manajemen Universitas Bung Hatta 17, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37301/jmubh.v17i1.19997.
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This study is aimed to find out the investment strategy and investment performance betwen foreign investrors and domestics investror who have transaction in Indonesia Stock Excange. A Proxy used to see the Investment Strategy and Investment Performance in this study is the Trading Profit from transaction wich has been done by the investors. Investment strategy chossen bt investors can be seen from the investor’s tendency in doing some sales which contains some shareds with positive and negative valued trading profit. Investment Performance is seen from the investor’s capability in producing positive valued trading profit. This study used intra-day transaction data which are transacted by foreign investors and domestic investors. The result of this study found that foreign investors used a momentum when transacting in the stock excange and domestics investor using a contrarian when transacting in the stock excange. This study olso found that there isn’t defferent performance between foreign investors and domestik investors in stock excange transactions activities.
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Yang, Ming-Hour, Jia-Ning Luo, Murugesan Vijayalakshmi, and Selvaraj Mercy Shalinie. "Contactless Credit Cards Payment Fraud Protection by Ambient Authentication." Sensors 22, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051989.
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In recent years, improvements to the computational ability of mobile phones and support for near-field-communication have enabled transactions to be performed by using mobile phones to emulate a credit card or by using quick response codes. Thus, users need not carry credit cards but can simply use their mobile phones. However, the Europay MasterCard Visa (EMV) protocol is associated with a number of security concerns. In contactless transactions, attackers can make purchases by launching a relay attack from a distance. To protect message transmission and prevent relay attacks, we propose a transaction protocol that is compatible with EMV protocols and that can perform mutual authentication and ambient authentication on near-field-communication-enabled mobile phones. Through mutual authentication, our protocol ensures the legitimacy of transactions and establishes keys for a transaction to protect the subsequent messages, thereby avoiding security problems in EMV protocols, such as man-in-the-middle attacks, skimming, and clone attacks on credit cards. By using ambient factors, our protocol verifies whether both transacting parties are located in the same environment, and it prevents relay attacks in the transaction process.
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SAIDANE, LEILA AZOUZ, and FAROUK KAMOUN. "MODELLING AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE CIRCULATING MULTISEQUENCER, THE MULTI-TOKENS AND THE CONSENSUS ALGORITHMS IN A REAL TIME DISTRIBUTED TRANSACTIONAL SYSTEM." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 12, no. 06 (December 2001): 719–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054101000837.
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In a real-time distribute transactional system, customers generate transactions, which should be scheduled to be executed on different servers. The transactions have temporal constraints and must be executed before their deadlines. To schedule these transactions the circulating mutisequencer, the multi-tokens and the consensus algorithms have been considered to obtain a global view of the system. In this paper, mathematical models are developed to obtain the average stay time of a transaction within the system. These models introduce a bulk arrival M/G/1 station with K classes of customers where bulks are considered according to FIFO discipline and customers (actions) are scheduled according to EDF within a group and with the HOL discipline for the algorithm operating. The response time distribution is also computed. This allowed us to determine the minimum relative deadline, to affect to a generated transaction, to guarantee a given probability p that the transaction does not miss its deadline. The system is then called p-feasible. This study enables to determine the number of tokens to use for the multi-tokens algorithm, for a given number of servers and shows that the circulating mutisequencer algorithm presents the best results.
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Cernisevs, Olegs. "ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FORMATION OF THE TRANSACTION PRICE IN THE BLOCKCHAIN." 3, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2786-4995-2021-3-04.
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The blockchain as the tool was invented together with the Bitcoin and evolving. Despite the fact that new blockchains appeared, like Ethereum and other, the first one was not explored enough from the perspective of understanding dependencies between its elements. Mathematical and cryptographic dependencies are well described in the scientific literature, but dependencies exploration and description in relation to its economical usage of it is still missing. The blockchain structure and mechanics provide that transaction registered within the blockchain are not free for the final user. The transaction price in the Blockchain exists. This transaction price can be decisive for the implementation of a project using blockchain. Understanding factors, which affect this price forming helps to understand frames, when usage of the blockchain is effective. Taking into account all above mentioned, one of the targets of this article is to analyze the life cycle of transactions in the blockchain and determine the factors that have a significant impact on the formation of the transaction price in the Bitcoin Blockchain. From the other hand blockchain assumed as the competitor or even “killer” of the traditional payment systems. There is the list of elements, which should be taken in account comparing both approaches for the transaction execution. This list includes comparing deficits and advantages of both systems, like security issues, transaction speed issues and so on. From this perspective based on the comparing the transactional price forming in both systems, author assess the prospects for using transactions in the Blockchain in comparing with the traditional payment systems.
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Marifati, Imam Soleh, and Vadlya Maarif. "Sistem Informasi Akuntansi Pemesanan dan Pembayaran (Ordering and Billing) Makanan dan Minuman Berbasis Android Pada RM. Ayam Goreng “Padamara” Purbalingga." Indonesian Journal on Software Engineering (IJSE) 4, no. 2 (July 23, 2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/ijse.v4i2.5978.
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Abstract - Ordering and billing transactions of food and beverages in a restaurant business are in the revenue cycle. Transactions in the revenue cycle have an important role for the company because from this transaction the company gets cash income. The use of information technology to support the transaction process can increase the effectiveness of the transaction process. Transactions can be processed quickly and accurately. Restaurant business can use accounting information systems to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of transaction processes in the revenue cycle. A computer-based accounting information system is needed in processing transactions. In this study, the authors developed the application of accounting information systems to process transactions in the revenue cycle for restaurant business activities. This application processes transaction data starting from ordering, payment and making revenue reports from restaurant business activities.
Keywords: Order, Billing, Accounting Information System
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I. P., Kozhokar’. "Legal Consequences of the Invalidity of Pretended Contracts." Rossijskoe pravosudie, no. 9 (August 23, 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2072-909x.2021.9.35-40.
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The purpose of this work is to identify and analyze the legal consequences of fake transactions. In the course of the study, it was concluded that fake transactions can be made both intentionally and inadvertently, as a result of a good-faith misconception of the parties regarding the chosen legal contractual structure. A fake transaction can cover not only another civil transaction, but also other actions of the parties. The legal consequence of making a fake transaction is its insignificance; restorative consequences are not applicable to fake transactions. The application of the legal regime of a hidden transaction is not a special legal consequence of the invalidity of the covering transaction.
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Stipić, Srđan, Vesna Smiljković, Osman Unsal, Adrián Cristal, and Mateo Valero. "Profile-guided transaction coalescing—lowering transactional overheads by merging transactions." ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization 10, no. 4 (December 2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2541228.2555306.
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Ulum, Khozainul. "MENELISIK HUKUM JUAL BELI KREDIT MELALUI KAJIAN TAFSIR AL-QURAN." JES (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah) 2, no. 1 (September 4, 2017): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/jes.v2i1.28.
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In fulfilling the needs, human beings tend to do various ways and always looking for ease. In the context of the fulfillment of economic needs, for example, not everyone can get easy access to be able to get the needs. The purchasing power of each person always refers to the stability of the amount of income earned every day or every month. Therefore, it is not surprising that payment system in transaction of buying and selling that try to make easy for consumer to get what is wanted, that is credit payment. In Islam, payments in credit transactions are known as nasīah. This paper will trace the arguments of the Quran that are related to the payment of sale and purchase on credit. From the Quranic interpretation of sura al-Baqarah verse 282 and 283 above with respect to the transaction on credit, it can be summarized as follows. First, the transaction on credit in Islam is not forbidden and not makruh. In other words, it is allowed even though the price of goods sold in credit is more expensive than the price in cash. Second, in a transaction on credit, it is ordered to make record and witness to the requierments and conditions of the transaction. The purpose of these records and testimony is to safeguard the rights of each transactor and to avoid disputes in the future. In this case, ulama have difference on the form of such recording and testimonies. One side believes that the order is obligatory (wajib), and the other side thinks it sunnah. According to me, after seeing the purpose of record and testimony of the above transactions, the record and testimony in the transaction is wajib.Third, transaction made in cash (yadan bi yadin), according to the author, is also required to record and testimony. This is a form of caution, because at the moment there are many disputes in transactions that arise in the community, even though they have done the recording and testimony. Fourth, note of treaty and the receipts included in each transaction at the present have an important meaning to safeguard the rights and obligations of each party conducting the transaction. Moreover, note of treaty and receipt are a valid and concrete evidence explaining the truth of the transaction.
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Aljojo, Nahla. "Examining Heterogeneity Structured on a Large Data Volume with Minimal Incompleteness." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 9, no. 2 (November 2, 2021): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10857.
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While Big Data analytics can provide a variety of benefits, processing heterogeneous data comes with its own set of limitations. A transaction pattern must be studied independently while working with Bitcoin data, this study examines twitter data related to Bitcoin and investigate communications pattern on bitcoin transactional tweet. Using the hashtags #Bitcoin or #BTC on Twitter, a vast amount of data was gathered, which was mined to uncover a pattern that everyone either (speculators, teaches, or the stakeholders) uses on Twitter to discuss Bitcoin transactions. This aim is to determine the direction of Bitcoin transaction tweets based on historical data. As a result, this research proposes using Big Data analytics to track Bitcoin transaction communications in tweets in order to discover a pattern. Hadoop platform MapReduce was used. The finding indicate that In the map step of the procedure, Hadoop's tokenize the dataset and parse them to the mapper where thirteen patterns were established and reduced to three patterns using the attributes previously stored data in the Hadoop context, one of which is the Emoji data that was left out in previous research discussions, but the text is only one piece of the puzzle on bitcoin transaction interaction, and the key part of it is “No certainty, only possibilities” in Bitcoin transactions
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Goel, Manisha. "Management of Transaction Exposure." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 3, no. 1 (January 2012): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssmet.2012010103.
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In an era of globalization, thousands of transactions of international trade take place among companies of different countries. But the profitability of these transactions can be completely wiped out by adverse movements in the exchange rate during this time gap. Transaction exposure is a measure of effect of exchange rate fluctuations on these transactions. Unmanaged transaction exposure can paralyze not only financial position but also competitive position of companies in market. The present study portrays transaction exposure management as practiced by various multinational companies in India. And compares management of transaction exposure by banking and non-banking and foreign and Indian MNCs. The effect of various factors on their management policy is also investigated. The results of the study evidence that the majority of firms make efforts to measure their transaction exposure. There is no significant effect of level of transaction exposure on estimation policy and decision to develop separate management system for management of transaction exposure of companies. Significant difference exists between management policies of companies of different sectors toward management of their transaction exposure. Companies are actively using various hedging strategies for managing their transaction exposure.
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Zarir, Abdullah A., Gustavo A. Oliva, Zhen M. (Jack) Jiang, and Ahmed E. Hassan. "Developing Cost-Effective Blockchain-Powered Applications." ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology 30, no. 3 (May 2021): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3431726.
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Ethereum is a blockchain platform that hosts and executes smart contracts. Executing a function of a smart contract burns a certain amount of gas units (a.k.a., gas usage). The total gas usage depends on how much computing power is necessary to carry out the execution of the function. Ethereum follows a free-market policy for deciding the transaction fee for executing a transaction. More specifically, transaction issuers choose how much they are willing to pay for each unit of gas (a.k.a., gas price). The final transaction fee corresponds to the gas price times the gas usage. Miners process transactions to gain mining rewards, which come directly from these transaction fees. The flexibility and the inherent complexity of the gas system pose challenges to the development of blockchain-powered applications. Developers of blockchain-powered applications need to translate requests received in the frontend of their application into one or more smart contract transactions. Yet, it is unclear how developers should set the gas parameters of these transactions given that (i) miners are free to prioritize transactions whichever way they wish and (ii) the gas usage of a contract transaction is only known after the transaction is processed and included in a new block. In this article, we analyze the gas usage of Ethereum transactions that were processed between Oct. 2017 and Feb. 2019 (the Byzantium era). We discover that (i) most miners prioritize transactions based on their gas price only, (ii) 25% of the functions that received at least 10 transactions have an unstable gas usage (coefficient of variation = 19%), and (iii) a simple prediction model that operates on the recent gas usage of a function achieves an R-Squared of 0.76 and a median absolute percentage error of 3.3%. We conclude that (i) blockchain-powered application developers should be aware that transaction prioritization in Ethereum is frequently done based solely on the gas price of transactions (e.g., a higher transaction fee does not necessarily imply a higher transaction priority) and act accordingly and (ii) blockchain-powered application developers can leverage gas usage prediction models similar to ours to make more informed decisions to set the gas price of their transactions. Lastly, based on our findings, we list and discuss promising avenues for future research.
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SCHWARZ, KERSTIN, CAN TÜRKER, and GUNTER SAAKE. "INTEGRATING EXECUTION DEPENDENCIES INTO THE TRANSACTION CLOSURE FRAMEWORK." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 08, no. 02n03 (June 1999): 111–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843099000071.
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The transaction closure framework provides means to describe and reason about different kind of dependencies between interrelated transactions. In this paper, we investigate execution dependencies for describing certain control flows among related transactions of a transaction closure. In particular, we consider the transitivity property for all kinds of transaction execution dependencies and present a complete and minimal set of rules for reasoning about the transitivity of execution dependencies. Furthermore, we analyze the relationship between execution and termination dependencies and point out that some dependency combinations are incompatible. Using derived transitive dependencies, we are able to conclude how arbitrary transactions of a transaction closure are transitively interrelated and, thus, to detect contradictory dependency specifications as well as superfluous transactions.
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Warsifah, Warsifah, and David Gurion Napitupulu. "Aspek Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pembeli Dalam Melakukan Transaksi Jual Beli Melalui Electronic Commerce (Studi Kasus Putusan Pengadilan Nomor 183/Pdt.G/2018/PN.Mdn)." IBLAM LAW REVIEW 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52249/ilr.v2i1.64.
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The development of technological advances, especially in the development of the internet in Indonesia, apparently also affects business development and the way of transacting in buying and selling transactions through electronic commerce. The use of the internet through e-commerce provides convenience, time efficiency, convenience and so on. Buying and selling transactions through e-commerce are basically the same as conventional buying and selling transactions, but what makes the difference is the media where buyers and sellers meet in buying and selling transactions, namely through the use of the internet in cyberspace. The e-commerce sale and purchase transaction, in the agreement is also the same as the conventional sale and purchase transaction, on the condition that the agreement written in Article 1320 of the Civil Code and the agreed agreement is made in the form of an electronic contract. Often in buying and selling transactions through e-commerce, the party who is harmed is the consumer as the buyer with the contents of the previously agreed agreement not being implemented properly by the seller. These violations range from defaults to consumer disputes. By studying and analyzing case studies in the results of court decisions number 183/Pdt.G/2018/PN.Mdn, it aims to find out the judge's considerations and the legal relationship between the buyer as the Plaintiff and the Defendant and to know aspects of legal protection for the buyer in making a sale transaction. buy through e-commerce.
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Mashatan, Atefeh, Victoria Lemieux, Seung Hwan (Mark) Lee, Przemysław Szufel, and Zachary Roberts. "Usurping Double-Ending Fraud in Real Estate Transactions via Blockchain Technology." Journal of Database Management 32, no. 1 (January 2021): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2021010102.
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This paper discusses the problem of double-ending fraud in real estate transactions – a type of transactional fraud wherein agents handling real estate transactions unfairly benefit (e.g., by simultaneously representing both the buy and sell side of a real estate transaction in a manner that unfairly boosts the commission they receive, or colluding to increase their commission in a real estate transaction at the expense of the buyer and/or seller of the real property). The paper proposes a unique blockchain solution design that leverages blockchain's properties of transparency and ability to create tamper-resistant audit trails to reduce opportunities for double-ending fraud and increase real estate market participants' trust in the handling of their transactions. The paper discusses the implementation of a prototype of the solution based on hyperledger fabric and sails; it presents the results of an agent-based modelling simulation validating that the inherent transparency of the proposed design offers optimal allocation for both sellers and buyers.
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Gaćeša, Radmila. "Her majesty the transaction." Bankarstvo 50, no. 2 (2021): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bankarstvo2102178g.
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The transaction is one of the unavoidable phenomena of the modern world. The transaction is accessible, ubiquitous, global, and necessary, hence the number of transactions and the number of users is constantly increasing, as statistics regularly confirm. Generators of further development of transactions in the world of financial and especially banking services are certainly ICT companies together with numerous providers that develop and improve information and communication technologies, and make available reliable information transmission systems without which the world of transactions we know today would not be possible. Banks pay special attention to the further development and improvement of each individual type of transaction. In doing so, banks actively cooperate with ICT companies, sending initiatives and giving ratings, and appropriate support, as they are vitally interested in providing innovative services and types of transactions to their existing and potential clients.
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Lenkart, Joe, and Jen-chien Yu. "Specialized Reference Services at Illinois: Reference Transactional Analysis and Its Implications for Service Providers and Administrators." Reference & User Services Quarterly 56, no. 4 (June 21, 2017): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.56.4.268.
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As reference service environments continue to evolve, service providers and administrators are encountering numerous challenges and opportunities. This article examines the specialized reference services at the University of Illinois. Using reference transactional data from two academic years (69,630 transactions), this study focuses on five specialized service points and two general service points. Moreover, this study analyzed READ Scale scores, duration of the transaction, question type, and subject area covered during these transactions.
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Zhang, Zihao, Huiqi Hu, Xuan Zhou, and Jiang Wang. "Starry." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 16, no. 1 (September 2022): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3561261.3561268.
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Multi-master architecture is desirable for cloud databases in supporting large-scale transaction processing. To enable concurrent transaction execution on multiple computing nodes, we need an efficient transaction commit protocol on the storage layer that ensures ACID as well as consensus among replicas. A leader-based protocol is easy to implement. However, it faces the single-node bottleneck and suffers from high transaction latency in cross-region deployment. While a leaderless protocol can achieve a higher degree of parallelism, it is inefficient in resolving conflicts. This paper proposes the semi-leader protocol, which is a new type of transaction commit protocol for multi-master transaction processing. In a nutshell, the semi-leader protocol is a hybrid protocol that offers separate commit paths for conflicting transactions and non-conflicting transactions. A centralized node, known as the sequencer, is employed to perform precise conflict resolution for conflicting transactions, while non-conflicting transactions can be committed timely in a decentralized manner. Based on the semi-leader protocol, we designed Starry, a multi-master transaction processing mechanism. Experimental results demonstrate that Starry is 1.4× and 4.21× as performant as the leaderless and leader-based protocols respectively in throughput. When dealing with high-contention workloads, Starry can significantly reduce the abort rates.
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Coronado, Jose Jaime Arana, Jos Bijman, Onno Omta, and Alfons Oude Lansink. "Relationship characteristics and performance in fresh produce supply chains: the case of the Mexican avocado industry." Journal on Chain and Network Science 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2010.x101.
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Inter-organisational relations research has shown that relationship characteristics can influence performance in seller-buyer transactions. Using a transaction cost economics approach, this research shows that relational elements such as expectation of continuity reduce the transaction risks related to behavioural uncertainty or asset specificity. However, transaction costs are not only caused by transaction risks but also by the need to coordinate the individual activities of the buyer and the seller. Inter-organisational coordination is important in transactions with perishable products and products with credence attributes, such as in fresh produce supply chains. To study the impact of different relationship characteristics on the efficiency of transactions in a fresh produce supply chain, we collected and analyzed data from 122 avocado producers in Mexico. We found that information exchange and producer expectation of continuity of the relationship positively affect performance in the seller-buyer transaction. While expectation of continuity leads to lower transaction costs associated with behavioural uncertainty, information exchange facilitates the efficient alignment of interdependent activities.
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Vandevoort, Brecht, Bas Ketsman, Christoph Koch, and Frank Neven. "Robustness against read committed for transaction templates." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 14, no. 11 (July 2021): 2141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3476249.3476268.
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The isolation level Multiversion Read Committed (RC), offered by many database systems, is known to trade consistency for increased transaction throughput. Sometimes, transaction workloads can be safely executed under RC obtaining the perfect isolation of serializability at the lower cost of RC. To identify such cases, we introduce an expressive model of transaction programs to better reason about the serializability of transactional workloads. We develop tractable algorithms to decide whether any possible schedule of a workload executed under RC is serializable (referred to as the robustness problem). Our approach yields robust subsets that are larger than those identified by previous methods. We provide experimental evidence that workloads that are robust against RC can be evaluated faster under RC compared to stronger isolation levels. We discuss techniques for making workloads robust against RC by promoting selective read operations to updates. Depending on the scenario, the performance improvements can be considerable. Robustness testing and safely executing transactions under the lower isolation level RC can therefore provide a direct way to increase transaction throughput without changing DBMS internals.
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RUSINKIEWICZ, MAREK, PIOTR KRYCHNIAK, and ANDRZEJ CICHOCKI. "TOWARDS A MODEL FOR MULTIDATABASE TRANSACTIONS." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 01, no. 03n04 (December 1992): 579–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218215792000155.
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In many application areas the information that may be of interest to a user is stored under the control of multiple, autonomous database systems. To support global transactions in a multidatabase environment, we must coordinate the activities of multiple Database Management Systems that were designed for independent, stand-alone operation. The autonomy and heterogeneity of these systems present a major impediment to the direct adaptation of transaction management mechanisms developed for distributed databases. In this paper we introduce a transaction model designed for a multidatabase environment. A multidatabase transaction is defined by providing a set of (local) sub-transactions, together with their precedence and dataflow requirements. Additionally, the transaction designer may specify failure atomicity and execution atomicity requirements of the multidatabase transaction. These high-level specifications are then used by the scheduler of a multidatabase transaction to assure that its execution satisfies the constraints imposed by the semantics of the application. Uncontrolled interleaving of multidatabase transactions may lead to the violation of interdatabase integrity constraints. We discuss the issues involved in a concurrent execution of multidatabase transactions and propose a new concurrency control correctness criterion that is less restrictive than global serializability. We also show how the multidatabase SQL can be extended to allow the user to specify multidatabase transactions in a nonprocedural way.
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Setiawan, Wijayanto. "Aspek hukum kontrak dagang via internet (cyberspace transactions) dalam perspektif sistem hukum Islam." Ijtihad : Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v10i2.123-155.
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Trade contracts via the internet (cyberspace transactions) or e-commerce or in other terms is a necessity inthe development of cyberspace in the last ten decades. In terms of the applicable legal aspects, contractstrade via the internet is having a substantial difference with the conventional contract law. From theviewpoint of Islamic Law (fiqh), the implementation of e-commerce business transactions can besamed with al-sala>m transactions in the way of payment and delivery of commodities which serve as theobject of the transaction. Transactions in e-commerce over the Internet can be aligned with the principlesof the existing transaction in the transaction al-salam, especially relating to the parties involved in thetransaction, the consensus statement and transaction through a transaction object. Based on thesestudies, the commercial transactions over the Internet is allowed as long as meet the principles of thecontract (‘aqad) in Islam, namely: (1) the parties involved in implementing the contract with proves goodand sincerity; (2) the process of conveying statements of the consensus between party is clear and notconflicting with shar’i; and (3) the object of transactions (goods or services) is something that is halal.
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Liu, Jian, and Xuemin Deng. "Copyright Transaction Mode and Copyright Protection Risk Analysis of Green Industry from the Perspective of Information Environment." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (July 7, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2539949.
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At present, the requirements of the current environment and background require us to have higher requirements for the data mode of copyright transaction. According to the previous way to conduct copyright transactions, it will cause a lot of unnecessary trouble, and according to the establishment of the copyright transaction database, we analyse the data types and patterns of copyright transactions and related copyright transaction protection measures and risk prevention. According to the copyright transaction database, we adopt BS network model, CIF copyright transaction data set model, CI data set model, data interactive query technology, and block matching technology to deal with the copyright transaction data model and copyright transaction risk prevention under the background of Informa ionization as follows: (1) we use BS network model, CIF copyright transaction data set model, and CI data set model to analyse and detect the copyright transaction data before transaction, which better reflects the network model effect of self-enhancing operation rate of copyright transaction data and effectively avoids overfitting problem. (2) By using interactive data query technology, the data presented in the preparation work before the transaction is more detailed, the samples are normalized, and the collected transaction data are tested for accuracy, which can eliminate potential dangers. (3) The method of similarity feature reconstruction of copyright transaction data set completes the extraction of association matching features of copyright transaction data system, which provides strong support for us to prevent risks and effectively match data in copyright transaction.
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Gaffney, Kevin P., Robert Claus, and Jignesh M. Patel. "Database isolation by scheduling." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 14, no. 9 (May 2021): 1467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3461535.3461537.
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Transaction isolation is conventionally achieved by restricting access to the physical items in a database. To maximize performance, isolation functionality is often packaged with recovery, I/O, and data access methods in a monolithic transactional storage manager. While this design has historically afforded high performance in online transaction processing systems, industry trends indicate a growing need for a new approach in which intertwined components of the transactional storage manager are disaggregated into modular services. This paper presents a new method to modularize the isolation component. Our work builds on predicate locking, an isolation mechanism that enables this modularization by locking logical rather than physical items in a database. Predicate locking is rarely used as the core isolation mechanism because of its high theoretical complexity and perceived overhead. However, we show that this overhead can be substantially reduced in practice by optimizing for common predicate structures. We present DIBS, a transaction scheduler that employs our predicate locking optimizations to guarantee isolation as a modular service. We evaluate the performance of DIBS as the sole isolation mechanism in a data processing system. In this setting, DIBS scales up to 10.5 million transactions per second on a TATP workload. We also explore how DIBS can be applied to existing database systems to increase transaction throughput. DIBS reduces per-transaction file system writes by 90% on TATP in SQLite, resulting in a 3X improvement in throughput. Finally, DIBS reduces row contention on YCSB in MySQL, providing serializable isolation with a 1.4X improvement in throughput.
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Khan, Mohammad Monirujjaman, Nesat Tasneem RoJa, Faris A. Almalki, and Maha Aljohani. "Revolutionizing E-Commerce Using Blockchain Technology and Implementing Smart Contract." Security and Communication Networks 2022 (May 31, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2213336.
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The days of storing data manually are behind us. We are opting for the online form of data storage and transfer. The new era of data digitization comes with its own perks and detriments. Cybersecurity is still a crucial concern today. As more data transfer occurs through an online medium, the risks of a breach and cyberattacks are inevitable. The whole foundation of e-commerce is based on the online transfer of goods and transactions without the need to travel. Transferring transactional data and transactions in e-commerce are prone to cyber threats. Our research’s major objective is to develop a system that protects against such mishaps, especially during the transfer of transactional data, and also implement an automated system that ensures these transactions occur without any errors. To implement this, we are taking advantage of new emerging technologies called blockchain and smart contract. Blockchain allows a decentralized, immutable digital ledger to safely store and transfer data across the network. Blockchain technology is used in e-commerce to transfer transactions in a safe, secure, and faster way. Blockchain enables a peer-to-peer transaction system and data encryption that enables the safe transfer of transactional data. Blockchain is used to transfer transactional data. A smart contract is a special program that enables, verifies, and enforces the terms of a contract digitally. It provides transactional security as the contact is in place. The blockchain, coupled with smart contracts, will revolutionize the future of e-commerce. We have combined blockchain technology to ensure data security and user privacy with smart contracts to ensure that the protocol for the transaction is maintained. The results are presented by building and implementing the proposed system that provides the solution for transactional data privacy.
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Lourenço, João, Diogo Sousa, Bruno Teixeira, and Ricardo Dias. "Detecting concurrency anomalies in transactional memory programs." Computer Science and Information Systems 8, no. 2 (2011): 534–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis110110007l.
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Concurrent programs may suffer from concurrency anomalies that may lead to erroneous and unpredictable program behaviors. To ensure program correctness, these anomalies must be diagnosed and corrected. This paper addresses the detection of both low- and high-level anomalies in the Transactional Memory setting. We propose a static analysis procedure and a framework to address Transactional Memory anomalies. We start by dealing with the classic case of low-level dataraces, identifying concurrent accesses to shared memory cells that are not protected within the scope of a memory transaction. Then, we address the case of high-level dataraces, bringing the programmer?s attention to pairs of memory transactions that were misspecified and should have been combined into a single transaction. Our framework was applied to a set of programs, collected form different sources, containing well known low- and high-level anomalies. The framework demonstrated to be accurate, confirming the effectiveness of using static analysis techniques to precisely identify concurrency anomalies in Transactional Memory programs.
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Deng, Xiaohong, Xiaoyu Song, and Zhongmin Xu. "Transaction Costs, Modes, and Scales from Agricultural to Industrial Water Rights Trading in an Inland River Basin, Northwest China." Water 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 1598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111598.
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Water transactions from agriculture to industry have become an important means to address water scarcity and improve water economic efficiency. Transaction costs (TCs) are one of the main factors preventing water markets from forming or efficiently operating. To evaluate the level of transactions costs, we set the appropriate transaction modes for cross-sector lever water trading and evaluated the TCs from agriculture to industry in the Heihe River Basin (HRB), an inland basin in northwest China. We found that the ranges of transaction costs per m3 of water ranged from 0.06 to 1.10 yuan, and the ratios of TCs to transaction prices ranged from 4.11% to 244.44%. The transaction scale should be more than 15,267 m3 or 29,888 m3 when the TC is at the lower or upper limit in the study area. When the transaction scales are set correctly, the range of the transaction costs will be in an acceptable range, and the proportion of TCs to transaction price will not exceed the 8% limit of the California Water Bank, which was employed as a comparison. The key restrictive factor of water trading in HRB may be the low transaction scale, followed by the high water TCs. The effects of improving water use efficiency in cross-sector trading could not neutralize the restrictions caused by the negative effects of small water demand transaction scales for undeveloped secondary industries in HRB. However, considering the industrial structure and development trends of the regional economy, the future driving force of water transactions across sectors likely lies in tertiary industries in HRB.
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Hussaini, Sunusi, Mustapha Haruna, and Deepak Kumar Shrivastava. "Blockchain: The Gateway to New Technology and its Applications for Academic Libraries." Journal of Information Technology and Sciences 8, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/joits.2022.v08i01.003.
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The block chain is a distributed database that stores and shares records of all transactions or digital events that have taken place. Each transaction is double-checked by the majority of the system's members. It holds every single transaction's record. The block chain is a novel technology that is being used to validate and store transaction records for online crypto currencies such as Bit coin. Transactions cannot be retracted, copied, or faked because the system is redundant and distributed. The block chain has potential applications in domains other than online money, such as public libraries. This column will briefly outline what a block chain is and how it is used, as well as potential future uses that librarians and Academic Library practitioners would be interested in, as well as some of the system's flaws. Information workers may be able to utilize and benefit from this technology in a variety of ways.
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Mohammed, Mohammed Jassem, Rahmah Ismail, and Ruzian Markom. "Potential Jurisprudential Adaptation for the Tripartite Credit Card Transaction from an Islamic Perspective." Arab Law Quarterly 28, no. 4 (November 12, 2014): 317–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730255-12341286.
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The credit card represents one of the most important financial instruments at present. The credit card concept originated and was developed in the West under the rules of conventional law. Over time the credit card has invaded the Islamic markets. A credit card transaction does not fall under any of the known financial contract categories in Islamic principles. Therefore, determining the Islamic rulings and finding a jurisprudential adaptation for such credit card transactions is essential for clarifying relevant jurisprudential rulings, as one cannot specify whether a specific transaction is permitted or prohibited without a jurisprudential adaptation on the matter. Islamic researchers have taken great effort to clarify the jurisprudential adaptation of a credit card transaction. This article will examine the potential legitimate nature of the credit card transaction in order to determine Islamic rulings. The concept ‘credit card’ originated in the West and developed under the rules of conventional law. Although credit cards have since invaded the Islamic markets, their transactions do not fall under any of the known categories for Islamic financial contracts; therefore, one must determine the Islamic rulings that relate to such transactions. Islamic scholars have exerted much effort to find a jurisprudential adaptation for the credit card transaction, which is essential in order to clarify jurisprudential rulings on transactions and to specify whether a transaction is permitted or prohibited. This article examines the potential legitimate nature of the credit card transaction in order to determine the Islamic rulings.
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Astrini, Danti, Bambang Juanda, and Noer Azam Achsani. "IMPACT OF REDENOMINATION ON PRICE, VOLUME, AND VALUE OF TRANSACTION: AN EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMIC APPRAOCH." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 19, no. 2 (December 29, 2016): 207–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v19i2.630.
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Redenomination is a simplification of nominal value of currency by reducing digit (zero number) without reducing the real value of the currency. This paper provide an overview of the impact of redenomination to changes in transaction prices, transaction value and number of transactions using experimental methods. The results showed that the most substantial price reduction on the elastic goods can occur in conditions of low economic growth and high inflation. Price reductions also occur in conditions of high economic growth and low inflation. Based on results, there is no change between before and after redenomination on the number of transactions. So redenomination would not change the number of transactions in elastic goods. Conditions which can change the value of the transaction is low growth and high growth in high inflation condition. Conditions of high inflation and low growth will decrease the value of the transaction while the condition of high inflation with high growth will increase the value of the transaction.
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Liu, Bocheng, Xiang Chen, and Kaizhi Yu. "Online Transaction Fraud Detection System Based on Machine Learning." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2023, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2023/1/012054.
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Abstract With the rapid development of Internet technology, the scale of online transactions is constantly expanding. At the same time, the related network transaction fraud problem has become more significant. Compared with the credit card transaction, the network transaction has the characteristics of low cost, wide coverage and high frequency, which makes the detection of fraud more complex. Aiming at the problem of difficult fraud detection in network transactions, this paper designed two fraud detection algorithms based on Fully Connected Neural Network and XGBoost, whose AUC values can achieve 0.912 and 0.969 respectively. Meanwhile, we designed an interactive online transaction fraud detection system based on XGBoost model, which can automatically analyze the transaction data uploaded and return the fraud detection results to users.
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Wijaya, Debora Kezia, and Christine S. T. Kansil. "EFEKTIVITAS PERATURAN OTORITAS JASA KEUANGAN NOMOR 9/ POJK.04/2015 TAHUN 2015 TENTANG PEDOMAN TRANSAKSI REPURCHASE AGREEMENT BAGI LEMBAGA JASA KEUANGAN (STUDI KASUS TRANSAKSI REPO SAHAM BENNY TJOKROSAPUTRO TAHUN 2016)." Jurnal Hukum Adigama 2, no. 1 (August 23, 2019): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v2i1.5247.
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Effectiveness is a situation that shows how the achievement of something with both time and good result. Effectiveness of government regulation means that the regulators have succeed implementing and applying the regulation in society. The effectiveness of government regulation is also apparent from whether the objective of the regulation is sufficient or not. The Financial Services Authority has made the Repurchase Agreement Transaction Regulation in 2015, which known as Financial Services Authority Regulation Num. 9/POJK.04/2015 Concerning Guideline of Repurchase Agreement Transaction for Financial Services Institution. Repurchase Agreement Transaction hereinafter referred to as Repo Transaction is a contract of selling or buying Securities with a commitment to sell or buy them back at the appointed time and price. The Repo Transaction is one of transaction in Indonesia’s Capital Market. Repo Transactions are essentially type of transactions that can be considered as selling and buying Securities, but actually Repo Transaction is not same as selling and buying Securities in general. Differences between Repo Transaction and selling and buying Securities also seen in the effect of the Repo Transaction itself, each Repo Transaction shall result in a change of ownership of Securities. There had been a dispute in 2016 related to Repo Transaction between Benny Tjokrosaputro and an Investment Bank Goldman Sachs International, in his accusation Benny contends the transaction between Goldman and Platinum committed an illegal action of Repo Transaction, and it’s a tort. It is expected that this regulation can provide protection and legal standing related to Repo Transaction in Indonesia.
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Marques, Rui Pedro, Henrique Santos, and Carlos Santos. "Comparison and Evaluation of Organizational Transactions for Continuous Auditing and Business Compliance." International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design 9, no. 2 (April 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijismd.2018040101.
Full textAbstract:
This article presents a comparator module which aims to compare, in real time, executions of organizational transactions with patterns of behaviors of these transaction executions, allowing the determination of which execution pattern is being followed by running each transaction. This is according to information received by the internal control mechanisms, which continuously monitors the transaction executions. A possible application using this module was deployed and results were obtained from a case study. The results prove effectiveness of the module, mainly because it is able to assess business compliance and the qualitative risk associated to each transaction execution while it is running, enabling an efficient continuous auditing application. The innovation of this article is ensured by the use of an ontological model to represent organizational transactions, which can be applicable to any type of transaction in any business area in order to audit transactions at a very low level, contrary to what happens in traditional auditing, which occurs at a high level (e.g. compare whether a completed transaction has followed a set of procedures). Besides the conceptualization, this work presents some technical details of development and discussion of results from the case study.
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Ramadhani, Zulfa Nur Fajri, Siskarossa Ika Oktora, and Indonesian Journal of Statistics and Its Applications IJSA. "DETERMINAN TRANSAKSI NONTUNAI DI INDONESIA DENGAN PENDEKATAN ERROR CORRECTION MECHANISM (ECM) MODEL." Indonesian Journal of Statistics and Its Applications 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/ijsa.v3i1.190.
Full textAbstract:
Consumption is an activity that must be done by everyone. In order to consume something, a transaction is needed to get the goods or services desired. One kind of transaction that is used by many people nowadays is non-cash transaction. Since Bank Indonesia established Gerakan Nasional Non Tunai (GNNT) in August 2014, the value of non-cash transactions exceeds the value of cash transactions. It happenned because people prefer non-cash to cash transaction which is easier, safer, more practical, and more economical. Besides, an increase in non-cash transactions can also be influenced by other factors. Therefore, a study is conducted to analyze the determinants of non-cash transactions from the macro side by using Error Correction Mechanism (ECM). The data used in this study are secondary data from Bank Indonesia and Badan Pusat Statistik with monthly period from January 2010 until December 2017. The results showed that in the long run, private savings and BI rate have positive effect on non-cash transactions. In the short run, private savings and money supply have positive effect on non-cash transactions. While inflation does not affect non-cash transactions, both in the short and long run.