Journal articles: 'Trans Epidermal Water Loss'

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Yamamura, Tatsuo, Hitoshi Masaki, Ken-ichi Sakon, Kazushige Suzuki, and Tadashi Tezuka. "Simple monochromatic refractometer for trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL)." Journal of Dermatological Science 1, no. 3 (May 1990): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-1811(90)90132-w.

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LAUDASKA, H. "Digital method for dynamic trans-epidermal water loss measurement (TEWL)." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 11 (September 1998): S263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-9959(98)95576-3.

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Chirikhina, Elena, Andrey Chirikhin, Perry Xiao, Sabina Dewsbury-Ennis, and Francesco Bianconi. "In Vivo Assessment of Water Content, Trans-Epidermial Water Loss and Thickness in Human Facial Skin." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (September 3, 2020): 6139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176139.

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Mapping facial skin in terms of its biophysical properties plays a fundamental role in many practical applications, including, among others, forensics, medical and beauty treatments, and cosmetic and restorative surgery. In this paper we present an in vivo evaluation of the water content, trans-epidermial water loss and skin thickness in six areas of the human face: cheeks, chin, forehead, lips, neck and nose. The experiments were performed on a population of healthy subjects through innovative sensing devices which enable fast yet accurate evaluations of the above parameters. A statistical analysis was carried out to determine significant differences between the facial areas investigated and clusters of statistically-indistinguishable areas. We found that water content was higher in the cheeks and neck and lower in the lips, whereas trans-epidermal water loss had higher values for the lips and lower ones for the neck. In terms of thickness the dermis exhibited three clusters, which, from thickest to thinnest were: chin and nose, cheek and forehead and lips and neck. The epidermis showed the same three clusters too, but with a different ordering in term of thickness. Finally, the stratum corneum presented two clusters: the thickest, formed by lips and neck, and the thinnest, formed by all the remaining areas. The results of this investigation can provide valuable guidelines for the evaluation of skin moisturisers and other cosmetic products, and can help guide choices in re-constructive/cosmetic surgery.

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Cui, Y., P. Xiao, L. I. Ciortea, M. E. P. de Jesus, E. P. Berg, and R. E. Imhof. "Mathematical modelling for the condenser method of trans-epidermal water loss measurements." Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation 22, no. 4 (December 2007): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10589750701269951.

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Aitake, Michiyo, Haruka Note, Etsuro Hori, Eriko Hamade, Hideharu Yokoi, Miki Yatsuzuka, Taketoshi Ono, and Hisao Nishijo. "Gender differences in trans-epidermal water loss on the palm and anxiety." Autonomic Neuroscience 165, no. 2 (December 2011): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2011.08.021.

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Khosrowpour, Zeynab, Saman Ahmad Nasrollahi, Azin Ayatollahi, Aniseh Samadi, and Alireza Firooz. "Effects of four soaps on skin trans‐epidermal water loss and erythema index." Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 18, no. 3 (August 29, 2018): 857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12758.

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Rodrigues, Luis Monteiro, Pedro Contreiras Pinto, and Luis Marcelo Pereira. "Quantitative description of human skin water dynamics by a disposition-decomposition analysis (DDA) of trans -epidermal water loss and epidermal capacitance." Skin Research and Technology 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2003): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.0343.x.

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Hui, Xiaoying, Rania Elkeeb, Heldi Chan, and Howard I. Maibach. "Ability to estimate relative percutaneous penetration via a surrogate maker - trans epidermal water loss?" Skin Research and Technology 18, no. 1 (May 24, 2011): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00541.x.

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Cointereau‐Chardon, Suzy, Elisa Caberlotto, Marco Vicic, and Frederic Flament. "Self‐recording the skin hydration and Trans‐Epidermal Water Loss parameters: A pilot study." Skin Research and Technology 26, no. 5 (March 29, 2020): 713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/srt.12862.

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Sai, K., S. Fujiwara, T. Hariya, and H. Aoki. "677 Positive correlation between thermal sensitivity and trans-epidermal water loss on healthy human skin." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 138, no. 5 (May 2018): S115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.686.

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Zheng, Yuxiang, Huiyong Yin, William E. Boeglin, Peter M. Elias, Debra Crumrine, David R. Beier, and Alan R. Brash. "Lipoxygenases Mediate the Effect of Essential Fatty Acid in Skin Barrier Formation." Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, no. 27 (May 10, 2011): 24046–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.251496.

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A barrier to water loss is vital to maintaining life on dry land. Formation of the mammalian skin barrier requires both the essential fatty acid linoleate and the two lipoxygenases 12R-lipoxygenase (12R-LOX) and epidermal lipoxygenase-3 (eLOX3), although their roles are poorly understood. Linoleate occurs in O-linoleoyl-ω-hydroxyceramide, which, after hydrolysis of the linoleate moiety, is covalently attached to protein via the free ω-hydroxyl of the ceramide, forming the corneocyte lipid envelope, a scaffold between lipid and protein that helps seal the barrier. Here we show using HPLC-UV, LC-MS, GC-MS, and 1H NMR that O-linoleoyl-ω-hydroxyceramide is oxygenated in a regio- and stereospecific fashion by the consecutive actions of 12R-LOX and eLOX3 and that these products occur naturally in pig and mouse epidermis. 12R-LOX forms 9R-hydroperoxy-linoleoyl-ω-hydroxyceramide, further converted by eLOX3 to specific epoxyalcohol (9R,10R-trans-epoxy-11E-13R-hydroxy) and 9-keto-10E,12Z esters of the ceramide; an epoxy-ketone derivative (9R,10R-trans-epoxy-11E-13-keto) is the most prominent oxidized ceramide in mouse skin. These products are absent in 12R-LOX-deficient mice, which crucially display a near total absence of protein-bound ω-hydroxyceramides and of the corneocyte lipid envelope and die shortly after birth from transepidermal water loss. We conclude that oxygenation of O-linoleoyl-ω-hydroxyceramide is required to facilitate the ester hydrolysis and allow bonding of the ω-hydroxyceramide to protein, providing a coherent explanation for the roles of multiple components in epidermal barrier function. Our study uncovers a hitherto unknown biochemical pathway in which the enzymic oxygenation of ceramides is involved in building a crucial structure of the epidermal barrier.

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Sivaprasad, Umasundari, Kayla Kinker, Aaron Gibson, Stacey Bass, Nicolas Hershey, Jocelyn Biagini Myers, Melinda Butsch Kovacic, Lisa Martin, and Gurjit Khurana Hershey. "Role of SERPINB3, SERPINB4, and their mouse homolog Serpinb3a in allergen-induced cutaneous inflammation. (P3347)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 210.5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.210.5.

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Abstract The serine protease inhibitors SERPINB3 and SERPINB4 have been implicated in allergic disorders. We have recently demonstrated a role for the serine protease inhibitor Serpinb3a (the mouse homolog of SERPINB3 and SERPINB4) in a mouse model of asthma. Elevated levels of SERPINB3 and SERPINB4 are detected in the serum of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and they have been proposed as possible biomarkers for AD. Serine proteases are critical for epidermal barrier homeostasis and aberrant expression and/or activity of serine proteases have been associated with AD in human studies. We also observe a significant induction in the expression of Serpinb3a in a mouse model of cutaneous inflammation that has many similarities to AD. However the role of Serpinb3a in the skin is unknown. Using our mouse model of skin inflammation, we observed attenuation in trans-epidermal water loss, skin inflammation scores, decreased levels of total IgE, and pro-inflammatory markers like S100A8 in mice lacking Serpinb3a following exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus extract. In humans, we have identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the locus that encodes SERPINB3 and SERPINB4 that is associated with trans-epidermal water loss (p-val=0.031). In conclusion, we demonstrate that SERPINB3 and SERPINB4 contribute to cutaneous inflammation and work is ongoing to elucidate the role of this protein in regulating the skin barrier.

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Caberlotto, E., C. Cornillon, S. Njikeu, M. Monot, M. Vicic, and F. Flament. "Synchronized in vivo measurements of skin hydration and trans‐epidermal water loss. Exploring their mutual influences." International Journal of Cosmetic Science 41, no. 5 (September 4, 2019): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ics.12556.

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Ahn, Sang-Hyun, Su Shin, Yoonju Do, Yunju Jo, Dongryeol Ryu, Ki-Tae Ha, and Kibong Kim. "Topical Application of Galgeunhwanggeumhwangryeon-Tang Recovers Skin-Lipid Barrier and Ameliorates Inflammation via Filaggrin-Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin-Interleukin 4 Pathway." Medicina 57, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57121387.

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Background and objectives: The purpose of this study was to confirm the effect of Galgeunhwanggeumhwangryeon-tang (GGRT) on the skin barrier integrity and inflammation in an atopic dermatitis-like animal model. Materials and Methods: The model was established using lipid barrier elimination (LBE) in BALB/c mice. Ceramide 3B, a control drug, and GGRT were applied to the skin of LBE mice. Gross observation and histological examination were combined with measurement of skin score, trans-epidermal water loss, and pH. The expression of filaggrin, kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7), protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and interleukin 4 (IL-4) was examined. Results: The effect of GGRT on atopic dermatitis was estimated in silico using two individual gene sets of human atopic dermatitis. In animal experiments, GGRT treatment reduced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms, as confirmed via gross and histological observations, skin score, pH change, and trans-epidermal water loss. The expression level of filaggrin increased in the skin of GGRT-treated mice compared to that in the LBE group. The expression levels of KLK7, PAR2, TSLP, and IL-4 were decreased in GGRT-treated mice skin compared to those in LBE mice. Conclusions: We demonstrated that GGRT restored the skin barrier and reduced inflammatory reactions in a murine model of atopic dermatitis.

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Swift, Thomas, Gillian Westgate, Julie Van Onselen, and Stewart Lee. "Developments in silicone technology for use in stoma care." British Journal of Nursing 29, no. 6 (March 26, 2020): S6—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2020.29.6.s6.

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Soft silicone's flexibility, adhesive capacity and non-toxic, non-odourous and hypoallergenic nature have made it an established material for adhesive and protective therapeutic devices. In wound care, silicone is a component of contact layer dressings for superficial wounds and silicone gel sheeting for reducing the risk of scarring, as well as of barriers for incontinence-associated dermatitis. Regarding stoma accessories, silicone is established in barrier films to prevent contact dermatitis, adhesive removers to prevent skin stripping and filler gels to prevent appliance leaks. Until recently, silicone has not been used in stoma appliances flanges, as its hydrophobic nature has not allowed for moisture management to permit trans-epidermal water loss and prevent maceration. Traditional hydrocolloid appliances manage moisture by absorbing water, but this can lead to saturation and moisture-associated skin damage (MASD), as well as increased adhesion and resultant skin tears on removal, known as medical adhesive-related skin injury (MARSI). However, novel silicone compounds have been developed with a distinct evaporation-based mechanism of moisture management. This uses colloidal separation to allow the passage of water vapour at a rate equivalent to normal trans-epidermal water loss. It has been shown to minimise MASD, increase wear time and permit atraumatic removal without the use of adhesive solvents. Trio Healthcare has introduced this technology with a range of silicone-based flange extenders and is working with the University of Bradford Centre for Skin Sciences on prototype silicone-based stoma appliance flanges designed to significantly reduce the incidence of peristomal skin complications, such as MARSI and MASD. It is hoped that this will also increase appliance wear time, reduce costs and improve patient quality of life.

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Laneri, Sonia, Ritamaria Di Lorenzo, Antonia Sacchi, and Irene Dini. "Dosage of Bioactive Molecules in the Nutricosmeceutical Helix aspersa Muller Mucus and Formulation of New Cosmetic Cream with Moisturizing Effect." Natural Product Communications 14, no. 8 (August 2019): 1934578X1986860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x19868606.

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The present study was carried out to provide the allantoin and glycolic acid contents in the Helix aspersa Muller mucus of common Campania land (Italy) by using chromatographic method. The study continued with the formulation of a snail mucus cosmetic cream, whose ability to hydrate the skin was evaluated comparing the skin hydration and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) effects of a stable cosmetic preparation. The skin TEWL and skin hydration effects were measured by TEWAMETER and corneometer probe, respectively, at the beginning, after 1 hour, and 24 hours.

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Hardman, M. J., P. Sisi, D. N. Banbury, and C. Byrne. "Patterned acquisition of skin barrier function during development." Development 125, no. 8 (April 15, 1998): 1541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.8.1541.

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Skin barrier function is conferred by the outer layer of epidermis, the stratum corneum, and is essential for terrestrial life. Quantitative trans-epidermal water loss assays show that barrier forms late in embryogenesis, permitting the foetus to survive a terrestrial environment at birth. Using qualitative in situ assays for skin permeability, we show that barrier forms in a patterned manner late in mouse gestation. Barrier forms at specific epidermal sites, then spreads around the embryo as a moving front. The moving front of permeability change is accompanied by multiple changes in the outer, stratum corneum-precursor cells. We use the permeability assays to show that final stages of cornified envelope assembly are coordinated with initial stages of barrier formation. Hence the whole-mount permeability assays record developmental acquisition of a known, essential component of the adult barrier. We demonstrate the authenticity of the whole-mount assays after maternal glucocorticoid therapy (known to accelerate barrier formation) and in additional species including the rat where barrier formation is well characterized by TEWL assay (Aszterbaum, M., Menon, G. K., Feingold, K. R. and Williams, M. L. Pediatr. Res. 31, 308–317). The demonstration of patterned barrier formation in other species suggests patterned change as the universal mode of embryonic barrier acquisition. These results highlight the importance of patterning as a mode of epidermal maturation during development.

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Cristiano, Maria Chiara, Francesca Froiio, Antonia Mancuso, Michelangelo Iannone, Massimo Fresta, Serena Fiorito, Christian Celia, and Donatella Paolino. "In vitro and in vivo trans-epidermal water loss evaluation following topical drug delivery systems application for pharmaceutical analysis." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 186 (July 2020): 113295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113295.

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Wijayadi, Linda Julianti, and Kelvin Kelvin. "The Role of Essential Oils on Improving Elderly Skin Hydration." Science Midwifery 10, no. 4 (October 13, 2022): 3104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35335/midwifery.v10i4.769.

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Skin hydration has an important role in various diseases of the elderly. Skin hydration is determined by two factors, namely the ability of the stratum corneum (SC) to retain water due to natural moisturizing factors and the barrier function of the intercellular lipid lamellar structure and tight junctions. Several parameters are usually used for skin hydration, such as surface water content (SWC) and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL). With age, several changes in the skin affect hydration, including changes in the cellular and intercellular lipid matrix, skin pH, SC protease enzymes, decreased sebaceous and sweat gland activity, and decreased estrogen levels in women. Therefore, a moisturizer is needed to minimize the unwanted effects of some of these changes. Selection of the type of moisturizer is very important for the elderly, especially moisturizers with antiseptic, antibacterial, and antioxidant effects are highly recommended. The ability of essential oils as components of moisturizers has been proven in various studies. Essential oils can improve the function of the epidermal barrier and help prevent transepidermal water loss. Therefore, this literature review discusses the role of various essential oils, namely green tea oils (Camellia sinensis or Camellia assamica), virgin coconut oils (Cocos nucifera L.), evening primrose oils (Oenothera paradoxa), grape seed oils (Vitis vinifera L.) .), rosemary oils (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), immortelle oils (Helichrysum italicum), and cannabis seeds oils (Cannabis sativa L.) on improving skin hydration in the elderly.

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Takara, Tsuyoshi, Kazuo Yamamoto, Naoko Suzuki, Shinichiro Yamashita, Shin-ichiro Iio, Hayata Noguchi, Toshihiro Kakinuma, et al. "Oryza Ceramide®, a rice-derived extract consisting of glucosylceramides and β-sitosterol glucoside, improves facial skin dehydration in Japanese subjects." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 11, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v11i8.809.

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Background and objective: The ingestion of plant-derived glucosylceramides (GlcCer) has been reported to contribute to skin barrier function and hydration of the epidermis. b-sitosterol glucoside (BSG) colocalized with GlcCer in the rice hydrophobic fraction has been shown to increase ceramides in the stratum corneum in vitro. Although clinical studies demonstrated that GlcCer reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL), the contribution of BSG to epidermal dehydration when applied with GlcCer remains unknown. Therefore, we herein conducted a clinical trial on the effects of a rice-derived mixed fraction of GlcCer and BSG (Oryza Ceramide®) on TEWL and other skin parameters. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study design was used. Oryza Ceramide® (type PCD, 40 mg daily) containing 1.2 mg of GlcCer and 40 mg of BSG was used as the active sample. We enrolled 44 healthy Japanese women with epidermal dehydration. All subjects were randomly allocated to an active group (n=22) or placebo group (n=22) using a computerized random number generator. Capsules containing the active sample or placebo were administered for 12 weeks between August and December 2020. Cheek TEWL after 12 weeks was assessed as the primary outcome, and TEWL on a different part of the skin and various skin parameters, including epidermal moisture, pigmentation, pores, and elasticity, were measured before and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of the intervention. Blood, urine, and body parameters were also examined to evaluate safety.Results: Forty-four subjects completed the trial, and the per protocol set comprised 22 each in the active and placebo groups. Cheek TEWL significantly reduced after the Oryza Ceramide® intervention for 4 and 12 weeks. Among the secondary outcomes examined, lip moisture (12 weeks) and visible pore number (4 weeks) were improved by Oryza Ceramide®. Laboratory tests revealed no abnormalities to suggest any adverse effects of Oryza Ceramide®.Conclusions: Oryza Ceramide® (40 mg/day) consisting of GlcCer and BSG improved facial TEWL, lip moisture, and visible pores, and these effects may be attributed to increases in epidermal ceramides. The combination of rice GlcCer and BSG appears to be beneficial for improving facial skin conditions.Trial Registration: UMIN-CTR: UMIN000041295Foundation: The study was funded by Oryza Oil & Fat Chemical Co., Ltd. and Aichi Prefectural Subsidies for Research and Development of Creative Products in 2020.Keywords: rice; glucosylceramide; β-sitosterol glucoside; trans epidermal water loss; pore

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Aoshima, Hisae, Rinta Ibuki, Masayuki Ito, and Hirokazu Kawagishi. "Clinical Evaluation of Topical Lotion Containing 2-Aza-8-Oxohypoxanthine on Skin Barrier Function against Water Loss." Cosmetics 8, no. 3 (September 5, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8030083.

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A clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of 2-aza-8-oxohypoxanthine (AOH) on human skin in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, and split-face comparative trial. To this end, a topical lotion containing 0.1% of AOH and its placebo formulation were applied in 20 Japanese subjects (age: 41–58 years, average: 48.4 ± 4.7 years) to their faces daily for eight weeks. The moisture content in the stratum corneum and the trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured at the beginning of the study and after eight weeks. The results obtained upon comparing the data of the two measuring points showed that the 0.1% AOH lotion caused a statistically significant larger decrease in TEWL after eight weeks. Moreover, the 0.1% AOH lotion produced a larger increase in the moisture content in the stratum corneum after eight weeks, although there was no statistical difference between the two formulations. These results clearly indicate that AOH is effective as a cosmetic agent with a skin barrier function against water loss.

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Quiñones-Vico, María I., Ana Fernández-González, Elena Pérez-Castejón, Trinidad Montero-Vílchez, and Salvador Arias-Santiago. "Cytotoxicity and Epidermal Barrier Function Evaluation of Common Antiseptics for Clinical Use in an Artificial Autologous Skin Model." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040642.

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Bioengineered artificial skin substitutes (BASS) are the main treatment used in addition to autografts when skin injuries involve a large body surface area. Antiseptic/antibiotic treatment is necessary to prevent infections in the BASS implant area. This study aims to evaluate the effect of antiseptics and antibiotics on cell viability, structural integrity, and epidermal barrier function in BASS based on hyaluronic acid during a 28 day follow-up period. Keratinocytes (KTs) and dermal fibroblasts (DFs) were isolated from skin samples and used to establish BASS. The following antibiotic/antiseptic treatment was applied every 48 h: colistin (1%), chlorhexidine digluconate (1%), sodium chloride (0.02%), and polyhexanide (0.1%). Cell viability (LIVE/DEAD® assay), structural integrity (histological evaluation), and epidermal barrier function (trans-epidermal water loss, (TEWL), Tewameter®) were also evaluated. Cell viability percentage of BASS treated with chlorhexidine digluconate was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.001) than the other antiseptics at day 28. Compared to other treatments, chlorhexidine digluconate and polyhexanide significantly affected the epithelium. No significant differences were found regarding epidermal barrier. These results may be useful for treatment protocols after implantation of BASS in patients and evaluating them in clinical practice. BASS represent a suitable model to test in vitro the impact of different treatments of other skin wounds.

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Shin, Kyong-Oh, Dae Hyun Ha, Jin Ock Kim, Debra A. Crumrine, Jason M. Meyer, Joan S. Wakefield, Yerin Lee, et al. "Exosomes from Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Epidermal Barrier Repair by Inducing de Novo Synthesis of Ceramides in Atopic Dermatitis." Cells 9, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9030680.

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial, heterogeneous disease associated with epidermal barrier disruption and intense systemic inflammation. Previously, we showed that exosomes derived from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC-exosomes) attenuate AD-like symptoms by reducing multiple inflammatory cytokine levels. Here, we investigated ASC-exosomes’ effects on skin barrier restoration by analyzing protein and lipid contents. We found that subcutaneous injection of ASC-exosomes in an oxazolone-induced dermatitis model remarkably reduced trans-epidermal water loss, while enhancing stratum corneum (SC) hydration and markedly decreasing the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, and TSLP, all in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, ASC-exosomes induced the production of ceramides and dihydroceramides. Electron microscopic analysis revealed enhanced epidermal lamellar bodies and formation of lamellar layer at the interface of the SC and stratum granulosum with ASC-exosomes treatment. Deep RNA sequencing analysis of skin lesions demonstrated that ASC-exosomes restores the expression of genes involved in skin barrier, lipid metabolism, cell cycle, and inflammatory response in the diseased area. Collectively, our results suggest that ASC-exosomes effectively restore epidermal barrier functions in AD by facilitating the de novo synthesis of ceramides, resulting in a promising cell-free therapeutic option for treating AD.

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Muizzuddin, Neelam, Mary S. Matsui, Kenneth D. Marenus, and Daniel H. Maes. "Impact of stress of marital dissolution on skin barrier recovery: tape stripping and measurement of trans -epidermal water loss (TEWL)." Skin Research and Technology 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2003): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.00354.x.

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Wang, Xiaokang, Zimin Jin, Liumeng Mao, Lexi Tu, Yuqiang Sun, and Jianwei Tao. "Study on the Skin Hydration and Trans Epidermal Water Loss of Aloe Viscose Seamless Knitted Fabric for Autumn and Winter." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010212.

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To explore the skin moisturizing performance of aloe viscose fiber seamless knitted fabric, this experiment takes the different yarn-blending ratios of aloe viscose fiber and viscose fiber, as well as three different tissue structures as factors, establishes a sample scheme according to full factor experimental tests on skin hydration and trans epidermal water loss (TEWL) after the sample fabric had been wrapped around the skin, and uses two-way and one-way ANOVA in SPSS and the Duncan multiple comparison method. The test data were analyzed to study the influence of different materials and the structure of the veil on the moisture retention of the fabric. The results show that the sample scheme with the largest change rate of skin hydration is when the raw material of the veil is aloe viscose/viscose 100/0 yarn, and the structure is 1 + 3 simulated rib. The sample scheme with the minimum change rate of TEWL is when aloe viscose/viscose 75/25 yarn is used as the raw material of the veil, and the structure is 1 + 1 simulated rib, which provides a theoretical basis for the research and development of moisturizing knitted fabric.

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Jungersted, Jakob Mutanu, Julie K. Høgh, Lars I. Hellgren, Gregor B. E. Jemec, and Tove Agner. "Skin barrier response to occlusion of healthy and irritated skin: Differences in trans-epidermal water loss, erythema and stratum corneum lipids." Contact Dermatitis 63, no. 6 (August 20, 2010): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01773.x.

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Haftek, Marek, Maeve A. McAleer, Ivone Jakasa, WH Irwin McLean, Sanja Kezic, and Alan D. Irvine. "Changes in nano-mechanical properties of human epidermal cornified cells in children with atopic dermatitis." Wellcome Open Research 5 (May 19, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15729.1.

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Background: Impaired skin barrier is an important etiological factor in atopic dermatitis (AD). The structural protein filaggrin (FLG) plays a major role in maintenance of the competent skin barrier and its deficiency is associated with enhanced susceptibility to mechanical injury. Here we examined biomechanical characteristics of the corneocytes in children with AD and healthy controls. Methods: We recruited 20 children with AD and 7 healthy children. They were genotyped for filaggrin gene (FLG) loss-of-function mutations. Stratum corneum was collected from clinically unaffected skin by adhesive tapes. Cell stiffness (apparent elastic modulus, Ea) was determined by atomic force microscopy and filaggrin degradation products (NMF) by liquid chromatography. Skin barrier function was assessed through trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and disease severity by the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) tool. Results: Corneocytes collected from AD patients showed a decreased elastic modulus which was strongly correlated with NMF and TEWL, but not with SCORAD. As compared with healthy controls, AD patients had reduced TEWL and NMF levels regardless of FLG mutations. NMF was strongly correlated with TEWL. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that AD patients have decreased corneocyte stiffness which correlates with reduced levels of filaggrin degradation products, NMF and skin barrier function. Altered mechanical properties of the corneocytes likely contribute to the loss of mechanical integrity of the SC and to reduced skin barrier function in AD.

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Haftek, Marek, Maeve A. McAleer, Ivone Jakasa, WH Irwin McLean, Sanja Kezic, and Alan D. Irvine. "Changes in nano-mechanical properties of human epidermal cornified cells in children with atopic dermatitis." Wellcome Open Research 5 (July 17, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15729.2.

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Background: Impaired skin barrier is an important etiological factor in atopic dermatitis (AD). The structural protein filaggrin (FLG) plays a major role in maintenance of the competent skin barrier and its deficiency is associated with enhanced susceptibility to mechanical injury. Here we examined biomechanical characteristics of the corneocytes in children with AD and healthy controls. Methods: We recruited 20 children with AD and 7 healthy children. They were genotyped for filaggrin gene (FLG) loss-of-function mutations. Stratum corneum was collected from clinically unaffected skin by adhesive tapes. Cell stiffness (apparent elastic modulus, Ea) was determined by atomic force microscopy and filaggrin degradation products (NMF) by liquid chromatography. Skin barrier function was assessed through trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and disease severity by the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) tool. Results: Corneocytes collected from AD patients showed a decreased elastic modulus which was strongly correlated with NMF and TEWL, but not with SCORAD. As compared with healthy controls, AD patients had reduced TEWL and NMF levels regardless of FLG mutations. NMF was strongly correlated with TEWL. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that AD patients have decreased corneocyte stiffness which correlates with reduced levels of filaggrin degradation products, NMF and skin barrier function. Altered mechanical properties of the corneocytes likely contribute to the loss of mechanical integrity of the SC and to reduced skin barrier function in AD.

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Shoji, Toshihiko, Saeko Masumoto, Nina Moriichi, Yasuyuki Ohtake, and Tomomasa Kanda. "Administration of Apple Polyphenol Supplements for Skin Conditions in Healthy Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041071.

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This clinical study was performed to evaluate the effects of continuous apple polyphenol (AP) administration on facial skin conditions and pigmentation induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in healthy women participants. Participants (n = 65, age 20–39 years) were randomized to receive tablets containing AP (300 or 600 mg/day) or placebo in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Continuous administration of AP for 12 weeks significantly prevented UV irradiation induced skin pigmentation (erythema value, melanin value, L value), although a dose-dependent relationship was not clearly observed. In contrast, no significant differences were detected between the groups with regard to water content and trans-epidermal water loss. Our study demonstrated that APs and their major active compounds, procyanidins, have several health benefits. Here, we report that continuous administration of AP for 12 weeks alleviated UV irradiation induced skin pigmentation, when compared with placebo, in healthy women.

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Xiao, Perry, and Daqing Chen. "The Effect of Sun Tan Lotion on Skin by Using Skin TEWL and Skin Water Content Measurements." Sensors 22, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 3595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093595.

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Stratum corneum (SC) is the outermost skin layer. SC hydration is important for its cosmetic properties and barrier function. SC trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements and skin water content measurements are two key indexes used for SC characterisation. The instrument stability and accuracy are vitally important when measuring small changes. In this paper, we present our latest study on the effect of sun tan lotion on skin by using skin TEWL and skin water content measurements. We developed techniques to improve the measurement stability and to visualise small changes, as well as developed machine learning algorithms for processing the skin capacitive images. The overall results show that TEWL and skin water content measurements are capable of measuring the subtle changes of skin conditions due to the application of sun tan lotions. The results show that the TEWL values decreased after the sun tan lotion application. The sun tan lotion with SPF 20 had the lowest decrease, whilst the sun tan lotion with SPF 50+ had the highest decrease. The results also show that the skin water content increased after the sun tan lotion application, with SPF 20 having the highest increase, whilst SPF 50+ had the lowest increase.

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Alfonso, J. H., A. K. Afanou, J.-Ø. Holm, and E. Stylianou. "Skin bioengineering in the diagnosis of occupational protein contact dermatitis." Occupational Medicine 70, no. 4 (February 3, 2020): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa005.

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Abstract Protein contact dermatitis (PCD) often presents as chronic hand eczema (CHE) with an immediate hypersensitivity to protein proved by a positive skin prick test or by the presence of specific immunoglobulin E. This is frequently induced by occupational exposure to proteins in food workers, farmers, animal breeders, veterinarians and healthcare professionals. While skin barrier impairment is crucial in the pathogenesis of PCD, methods to assess skin barrier function such as trans-epidermal water loss and stratum corneum hydration are not widely used in clinical settings. We describe the diagnostic workup of occupational PCD due to Argentinean shrimps and discuss how the use of skin bioengineering methods including assessment of corneocytes morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy provides with insightful information on skin barrier function. Diagnosis of PCD is time-consuming and a multidisciplinary team contributes to early diagnosis and proper occupational rehabilitation.

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Jimenez, Lesle M., Mary A. Oliver, John W. Keyloun, Taryn E. Travis, Jeffrey W. Shupp, Lauren T. Moffatt, and Bonnie C. Carney. "614 Laser-treatment of Hypertrophic Scar Induces Change to Epidermal Histoarchitecture Correlating to Improved Epidermal Barrier Function." Journal of Burn Care & Research 43, Supplement_1 (March 23, 2022): S147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irac012.242.

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Abstract Introduction Mechanisms and timing of hypertrophic scar (HTS) improvement with laser therapy are incompletely understood. Epidermal keratinocytes influence HTS through paracrine signaling, yet they are understudied compared to fibroblasts. It was hypothesized that fractional ablative CO2 laser scar revision (FLSR) would change the fibrotic histoarchitecture of the epidermis in HTS. Methods Duroc pigs (n=4 FLSR and n=4 controls) were injured and allowed to form HTS. HTS and normal skin (NS) were assessed weekly by non-invasive skin probes measuring trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and biopsy collection. There were 4 weekly FLSR treatments. Early laser treatment began on day 49, and late began on day 77. Punch biopsies from NS and HTS were processed and stained with H&E. Image J was used to obtain epidermal thickness and rete ridge ratios (RRR). Gene and protein expression of involucrin (IVL) was examined through qRT-PCR and immunofluorescent (IF) staining. Results After treatment, peeling sheets of stratum corneum were apparent which were not present in the controls. TEWL was increased in HTS vs. NS at day 49 indicating decreased barrier function (42.2±8.0 vs. 22.0±4.62g/m2h, p=0.05). In the early group, TEWL was significantly decreased at week 4 to 16.4±3.5 g/m2h (p< 0.05). The late group was not significantly altered from NS at the pre-laser timepoint (day 77=12.1±1.99 g/m2h). Hence, there was no decrease in TEWL post-FLSR. After 4 sessions, epidermal thickness was significantly increased in treated scars in both FLSR groups (early:pre=85.6±6.8 vs. week 4=115.2±12.0 µm, p< 0.01) and (late:pre=75.2±6.6 vs. week 4=125.7±12.0 µm p< 0.001, n=8 scars,). There was no increase in controls. Late intervention significantly increased RRR (pre=1.3±0.1 vs. week 4=1.9±0.1, n=8 scars, p< 0.05), and early treatment trended towards increase (pre=1.17±0.05 vs. week 4=1.4 + 0.1). There was no increase in controls. There was increased IVL gene expression in HTS vs. NS that decreased after FLSR. Eight scars had up-regulated gene expression of IVL vs. NS levels pre-treatment (FC >1.5) compared to 4 scars at week 4. This was confirmed by IF where IVL staining decreased at week 4. Conclusions Changes in epidermal HTS histoarchitecture and expression levels of epidermal differentiation markers were induced by FLSR. The timing of laser intervention contributed to differences in TEWL, epidermal thickness, and RRR.

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Djawad, Khairuddin. "The effectiveness of Oral Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) on total antioxidant status, Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) and sebum concentration in photo aging skin." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): e32410111402. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11402.

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Introduction: Aging is a progressive process of decrease in organs functions and capacity, including the skin. Photoaging is extrinsic aging mainly occur due to ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Methods: This study is a clinical trial research design with one group pre-post test. All subjects who were exposed to UV for approximately 3-4 hours. All subjects signed an informed consent and were interviewed accordingly. Photoaging was diagnosed clinically by three dermatologists according to Glogau type II classification such as dynamic wrinkles, palpable keratosis, visible lentigo senilis, and smiley line. SOD 250 IU was given to all subjects twice daily for 60 days. Laboratory examinations such as TAS, TEWL, and sebum concentration were done pre and post-intervention. Results: A total of 25 subjects, Fitzpatrick skin type 4 were included in this study. There were 14 males and 11 females with 20 subjects age 30-40 years old and 5 subjects age 25-29 years old. Fourteen (56%) out of 18 subjects from low TAS group have normal TAS post-treatment with SOD. McNemar test showed a significant increase in TAS value pre and post-treatment with SOD (p<0.05). TEWL measurement on cheek showed 9 out of 10 subjects from the strained group have normal TEWL post-treatment, while all 3 subjects from the critical group have normal TEWL value. Measurement on the forehead showed 7 subjects from the strained group have a normal TEWL. Sebumeter on the forehead showed 17 subjects from dry skin group 14 (56%) subjects have normal skin, 1 (4%) subject becomes oily, and 2 subjects remains dry post-treatment with SOD for 60 days. All subjects with dry skin on U zone become normal skin post-treatment. Conclusion: SOD significantly increased TAS value, decreased TEWL, and improvement of skin dryness post-treatment with SOD for 60 days.

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Fania, Luca, Gaia Moretta, Flaminia Antonelli, Enrico Scala, Damiano Abeni, Cristina Albanesi, and Stefania Madonna. "Multiple Roles for Cytokines in Atopic Dermatitis: From Pathogenic Mediators to Endotype-Specific Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 2684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052684.

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases, which generally presents with intense itching and recurrent eczematous lesions. AD affects up to 20% of children and 10% of adults in high-income countries. The prevalence and incidence of AD have increased in recent years. The onset of AD mostly occurs in childhood, although in some cases AD may persist in adult life or even manifest in middle age (adult-onset AD). AD pathophysiology is made of a complex net, in which genetic background, skin barrier dysfunction, innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as itch contribute to disease development, progression, and chronicization. One of the most important features of AD is skin dehydration, which is mainly caused by filaggrin mutations that determine trans-epidermal water loss, pH alterations, and antigen penetration. In accordance with the “outside-inside” theory of AD pathogenesis, in a context of an altered epidermal barrier, antigens encounter epidermal antigen presentation cells (APCs), such as epidermal Langerhans cells and inflammatory epidermal dendritic cells, leading to their maturation and Th-2 cell-mediated inflammation. APCs also bear trimeric high-affinity receptors for immunoglobulin E (IgE), which induce IgE-mediated sensitizations as part of pathogenic mechanisms leading to AD. In this review, we discuss the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of AD, considering patients with various clinical AD phenotypes. Moreover, we describe the cytokine patterns in patients with AD at different phases of the disease evolution, as well as in relation to different phenotypes/endotypes, including age, race, and intrinsic/extrinsic subtypes. We also discuss the outcomes of current biologics for AD, which corroborate the presence of multiple cytokine axes involved in the background of AD. A deep insight into the correlation between cytokine patterns and the related clinical forms of AD is a crucial step towards increasingly personalized, and therefore more efficient therapy.

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El Moussaoui, Salima, Ismael Abo-Horan, Lyda Halbaut, Cristina Alonso, Lluïsa Coderch, María Luisa Garduño-Ramírez, Beatriz Clares, et al. "Polymeric Nanoparticles and Chitosan Gel Loading Ketorolac Tromethamine to Alleviate Pain Associated with Condyloma Acuminata during the Pre- and Post-Ablation." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 1784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111784.

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This study describes the preparation and evaluation of two formulations, a hydrogel and a nanostructured system, containing ketorolac tromethamine as an anti-inflammatory agent for the local therapy against the inflammatory process derived from the surgical excision of Condyloma acuminata. Both formulations were physicochemically characterized. In vitro release profiles show that the nanoparticles release 92% ± 2.3 of the total ketorolac tromethamine encapsulated, while the chitosan gel releases 18.6% ± 0.2. The ex vivo permeation and distribution through human skin were also assayed and was observed how the main amount of ketorolac tromethamine is retained in the epidermis. In vivo studies were accomplished to evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy in mice which also involved the histological analysis to confirm the in vivo results. The nanoparticles present a significantly higher anti-inflammatory efficacy than chitosan gel. The tolerability of developed formulations was assessed by monitoring the biomechanical properties of the skin before and after application of both formulations. No statistical differences in trans-epidermal water loss and skin hydration with respect to the basal values were observed and the formulations exhibited higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to a reference ketotorlac tromethamine solution. Therefore, it can be concluded that both formulations can be proposed as outstanding candidates for offering a local anti-inflammatory therapeutical tool with potential clinical application.

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Saputri, Pepi D., Yullya S. Mulyanti, Yuliarni, Busarin Kasemchainan, Partha P. Mitra, Paul Evans, and Haryono Hartono. "Effectiveness of the Cussons Baby Sensicare Range of Products on Skin Moisturization, Softness and Suppleness of the Skin, Trans Epidermal Water Loss and Dermoprotection." Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications 09, no. 02 (2019): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jcdsa.2019.92010.

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Georgieva, Filka. "THE SKIN BARRIER IN SENSITIVE SKIN SYNDROME." Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 27, no. 4 (November 25, 2021): 4120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2021274.4120.

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Background: Sensitive Skin Syndrome (SSS) is predominantly a self-defined condition without objective pathological findings. The syndrome presents with sudden and easily provoked flushes accompanied by unpleasant sensations like itching, pain or numbness in response to stimuli that usually do not cause such sensations. The intact skin is a barrier to uncontrolled water loss, plasma components and proteins from the organism. It is therefore assumed that one of the possible explanations of itching and other unpleasant sensations in SSS should be resulting in a dysfunctional skin barrier. Purpose: was to establish is there a dysfunction of the skin barrier in SSS patients. Objective and Methods: The presented study includes 64 females self-diagnosed with SSS and 45 females self-diagnosed with NSS (non-sensitive skin). Demographic data were collected from registers of Medico-Aesthetic Center “Medea” Varna from April 2017 till April 2019. Trans epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) and Hydration (H) of the epidermis in three different areas of the body were measured as an indicator of normal skin barrier functioning. Results: No significant differences in skin barrier indicators in SS compare to NSS were found. No visible pathological changes were found in patients according to the duration of SSS. A slight correlation between abnormal levels of TEWL and H and the severity of disease was obtained. Conclusion: All the reported and analyzed results indicate that disorders of the skin barrier are slightly connected with the severity and duration of SSS. This could be one of the explanations why adding topical treatment worsen rather than improve SSS. This is the first study in our country, which aims to measure the impact of changes in skin barrier on clinical characteristics of SSS.

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Laurino, Carmen, Beniamino Palmieri, Alessandro Coacci, and Maria Vadala'. "A dietary supplement improves age-related dermatological changes. Observational, anecdotal, spontaneous study." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v8i3.16672.

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Background: The rate of people with significant dermis and epidermis disorders increases linearly with age. The majority of skin changes are a consequence of cumulative exposure to environmental factors, such as chronic ultraviolet exposure.Aims and Objectives: Age-related dermatological changes include skin laxity, nails fragility, hair loss and hair breakage. This spontaneous, anecdotal observational study investigates if a dietary supplementation based on collagen, chondroitin sulfate, low-molecular weight hyaluronic acid, Pycnogenol® and coenzyme Q10 can improve age-related dermatological changes.Materials and Methods: Thirty four patients received the dietary supplement for 2 times/daily for 12 weeks. Facial skin hydration, Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) and elasticity were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks in five selected areas. Nails hardness of the index, middle and ring fingers were also assessed at baseline and at followup by a durometer and by a nail score. The Hair Mass Index (HMI) and the Hair Breakage Index (HBI) were assessed by a mechanical device together with hair score at baseline and after 12 weeks.Results: After 12 weeks skin hydration, TEWL and elasticity significantly improved in all the tested areas (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001). Nails hardness of index, middle and ring finger significantly increased (p < 0.001) after 12 weeks. HMI and HBI were both significantly reduced (p < 0.0001) after 12 weeks. In addition, both nails and hair score improved.Conclusions: Dietary supplementation significantly improved age-related dermatological changes.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(3) 2017 16-25

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Gallagher, Aine, Jonathan O’B Hourihane, Louise C. Kenny, Alan D. Irvine, and Ali S. Khashan. "A longitudinal study of skin barrier function in pregnancy and the postnatal period." Obstetric Medicine 7, no. 4 (September 4, 2014): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753495x14547428.

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Background It is unknown whether skin’s barrier function changes in pregnancy. Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) refers to the total amount of water loss through the skin and TEWL can be measured non-invasively as an index of skin barrier function. We measured TEWL during and after pregnancy to evaluate pregnancy-related skin barrier function. Methods This was a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of 52 low-risk, first-time pregnant women nested within the Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints (SCOPE) Ireland study. TEWL (gwater/m2/h) was measured three times during pregnancy: 19–21 weeks, 27–32 weeks and 36 weeks; and three times postnatally: 2–4 days, 2 months and 6 months post-delivery. Data were analysed using SPSS 18.0 and P > 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A rise in TEWL was seen between each visit with the highest readings, exceeding the normal range of 0–20 gwater/m2/h, recorded at two months post-delivery. Forty women attended at two months post-delivery of whom 22 women had an average reading between 0 and 20 gwater/m2/h; 10 women had an average reading between 21 and 40 gwater/m2/h and 8 women had an average reading between 41 and 75 gwater/m2/h. Readings had returned to an average of 0–20 gwater/m2/h at six months postnatally. Conclusion TEWL increases slightly in pregnancy and the postnatal period. The clinical significance of this is unclear and requires further investigation.

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Ridwan, Ivani. "Topical Application of Coconut Oil as Neonatal Management: A Review." Eureka Herba Indonesia 4, no. 1 (August 28, 2021): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/ehi.v4i1.28.

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Neonates or children under 28 days of age, are at the highest risk of dying. There were 4 million neonates who reported deaths each year in 2000 and 2.4 million in 2019 at the first 4-week of their life. It arises especially in low-income and middle-income countries. The cause of neonatal deaths was related to a preventable and treatable condition indeed postnatal management. Coconut oil proved as one of the herbals which safe and efficient for neonatal management. It’s had a low-cost, reachable, and widely produced in developing countries. This review collects and analyzes randomized controlled trial published studies. The database used from PubMed. The result demonstrates that coconut oil as a topical treatment is safe for neonatal management. It’s also feasible for use and has various benefits in reducing the risk of infant weight problems, apnea, hypothermia, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), and increasing the quality of skin conditions, vitamin D3 serum level, and increasing motor-mental development. Coconut oil could be considered a proven therapeutic option.

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Richards, Taylor, Scarlett Burron, Caitlin E. Grant, Keely Patterson, Luciano Trevizan, Debbie Minikhiem, Wendy Pearson, and Anna-Kate Shoveller. "114 Effects of Dietary Cameline oil Supplementation on Inflammatory and Oxidative Markers, Trans-Epidermal Water Loss, and Skin and Coat Health Parameters in Healthy Adult Dogs." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.104.

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Abstract Camelina oil has a desirable ratio of the essential fatty acids (EFAs) omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3; ALA), and omega-6 linoleic acid (C18:2n-6; LA). Alpha-linolenic acid supports canine skin and coat health, and inflammation. Therefore, an investigation of the effects of camelina oil on skin and coat health, and inflammation in comparison with other plant-derived EFA oil sources is needed. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of camelina oil to those of flaxseed and canola oil on skin and coat health, skin barrier function, and pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers. Thirty privately-owned, adult dogs of various breeds (17 females; 13 males), with an average age of 7.2±3.1 years and body weight (BW) of 27.4±14.0 were used. After a 4-week wash-in period using sunflower oil and a commercial kibble, dogs were blocked by age, breed, and size, and randomly allocated to one of three treatment oils: camelina, canola, or flaxseed. Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured using a VapoMeter on the pinna, paw pad, and inner leg. Fasted blood samples were collected to determine serum pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarker concentrations. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Plakoglobin (JUP) concentrations were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, while nitric oxide (NO) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentrations were determined using spectrophotometric assays. A 5-point-Likert scale was used to assess skin and coat characteristics. All data were collected on weeks 0, 2, 4, 10, and 16 and assessed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Follicle density, fur color, shine, and softness increased and skin moisture and dander decreased from baseline in all treatment groups (P >0.05). Outcomes did not differ (P >0.05) among treatment groups over 16 weeks, indicating that camelina oil can be considered comparable with existing plant-based canine oil supplements, flaxseed and canola, to support skin and coat health, and inflammation in dogs.

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Pinto, P. C., and L. M. Rodrigues. "Influence of the time of occlusion on the quantitative parameters obtained by modelling trans-epidermal water loss curves to describe the human cutaneous barrier functionin vivo." Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 43, no. 6 (November 2005): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02430956.

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Camera, E., S. Lisby, M. L. Dell'Anna, B. Santucci, R. Paganelli, O. Baadsgaard, and M. Picardo. "Levels of Enzymatic Antioxidants Activities in Mononuclear Cells and Skin Reactivity to Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate." International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 16, no. 1 (January 2003): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039463200301600107.

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Chemical irritants are able to produce several biological modifications of the skin, including the direct or indirect production of cytokines and reactive oxygen species leading to an inflammatory reaction. This report examines the existence of a possible correlation between the skin sensitivity to the irritant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and the activity of the enzymatic antioxidants. In twenty-three healthy subjects the evaluation of the epidermal and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) activities of superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (Cat) demonstrate a significant correlation (r= 0,85 and p< 0,005 for SOD, and r= 0,87 and p< 0,0001 for Cat). Based on this result, on a further group of normal subjects (n=13) we studied the link between the threshold dose of skin reactivity to SDS and the activities of the enzymatic antioxidants in PBMCs. The degree of skin modification induced by SDS, applied at different concentrations for 24 hrs, was determined by means of Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL), Erythemal Index or by Visual Score (VS). The minimal dose of the irritant capable of inducing skin modifications, was significantly correlated with SOD (r=0,77) and Cat (r=0,81) activities in PBMCs, and the modification of TEWL or EI were inversely correlated with levels of antioxidants in PBMCs (r=−0,62 for SOD and r=−0,66 for Cat). Our results indicate that the skin reactivity to irritants can be modulated by the levels of antioxidants, and suggest a possible therapeutical approach in preventing irritant contact dermatitis.

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Hwang, Jee-hyun, Haengdueng Jeong, Nahyun Lee, Sumin Hur, Nakyum Lee, Jeong Jun Han, Hye Won Jang, Wang Keun Choi, Ki Taek Nam, and Kyung-Min Lim. "Ex Vivo Live Full-Thickness Porcine Skin Model as a Versatile In Vitro Testing Method for Skin Barrier Research." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020657.

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Since the European Union (EU) announced their animal testing ban in 2013, all animal experiments related to cosmetics have been prohibited, creating a demand for alternatives to animal experiments for skin studies. Here, we investigated whether an ex vivo live porcine skin model can be employed to study the safety and skin barrier-improving effects of hydroxyacids widely used in cosmetics for keratolytic peels. Glycolic acid (1–10%), salicylic acid (0.2–2%), and lactobionic acid (1.2–12%) were used as representative substances for α-hydroxyacid (AHA), β-hydroxyacid (BHA), and polyhydroxyacid (PHA), respectively. When hydroxyacids were applied at high concentrations on the porcine skin every other day for 6 days, tissue viability was reduced to 50–80%, suggesting that the toxicity of cosmetic ingredients can be evaluated with this model. Based on tissue viability, the treatment scheme was changed to a single exposure for 20 min. The protective effects of a single exposure of hydroxyacids on skin barrier function were evaluated by examining rhodamine permeability and epidermal structural components of barrier function using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Lactobionic acid (PHAs) improved skin barrier function most compared to other AHAs and BHAs. Most importantly, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), an important functional marker of skin barrier function, could be measured with this model, which confirmed the significant skin barrier-protective effects of PHAs. Collectively, we demonstrated that the ex vivo live full-thickness porcine skin model can be an excellent alternative to animal experiments for skin studies on the safety and efficacy of cosmetic ingredients.

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Woo, Yu Ri, Seo-Yeon Park, Keonwoo Choi, Eun Sun Hong, Sungjoo Kim, and Hei Sung Kim. "Air Pollution and Atopic Dermatitis (AD): The Impact of Particulate Matter (PM10) on an AD Mouse-Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 6079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176079.

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Air pollution reportedly contributes to the development and exacerbation of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the exact mechanism underlying this remains unclear. To examine the relationship between air pollution and AD, a clinical, histological, and genetic analysis was performed on particulate matter (PM)-exposed mice. Five-week-old BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups (control group, ovalbumin (OVA) group, PM group, OVA + PM group; n = 6) and treated with OVA or PM10, alone or together. Cutaneous exposure to OVA and PM10 alone resulted in a significant increase in skin severity scores, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and epidermal thickness compared to the control group at Week 6. The findings were further accentuated in the OVA + PM group showing statistical significance over the OVA group. A total of 635, 501, and 2149 genes were found to be differentially expressed following OVA, PM10, and OVA + PM10 exposure, respectively. Strongly upregulated genes included RNASE2A, S100A9, SPRR2D, THRSP, SPRR2A1 (OVA vs. control), SPRR2D, S100A9, STFA3, CHIL1, DBP, IL1B (PM vs. control) and S100A9, SPRR2D, SPRR2B, S100A8, SPRR2A3 (OVA + PM vs. control). In comparing the groups OVA + PM with OVA, 818 genes were differentially expressed with S100A9, SPRR2B, SAA3, S100A8, SPRR2D being the most highly upregulated in the OVA + PM group. Taken together, our study demonstrates that PM10 exposure induces/aggravates skin inflammation via the differential expression of genes controlling skin barrier integrity and immune response. We provide evidence on the importance of public awareness in PM-associated skin inflammation. Vigilant attention should be paid to all individuals, especially to those with AD.

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Hwang, Jee-Hyun, Haengdueng Jeong, Nahyun Lee, Sumin Hur, Nakyum Lee, Jeong Jun Han, Hye Won Jang, Wang Keun Choi, Ki Taek Nam, and Kyung-Min Lim. "Ex Vivo Live Full-Thickness Porcine Skin Model as a Versatile In Vitro Testing Method for Skin Barrier Research." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020657.

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Since the European Union (EU) announced their animal testing ban in 2013, all animal experiments related to cosmetics have been prohibited, creating a demand for alternatives to animal experiments for skin studies. Here, we investigated whether an ex vivo live porcine skin model can be employed to study the safety and skin barrier-improving effects of hydroxyacids widely used in cosmetics for keratolytic peels. Glycolic acid (1–10%), salicylic acid (0.2–2%), and lactobionic acid (1.2–12%) were used as representative substances for α-hydroxyacid (AHA), β-hydroxyacid (BHA), and polyhydroxyacid (PHA), respectively. When hydroxyacids were applied at high concentrations on the porcine skin every other day for 6 days, tissue viability was reduced to 50–80%, suggesting that the toxicity of cosmetic ingredients can be evaluated with this model. Based on tissue viability, the treatment scheme was changed to a single exposure for 20 min. The protective effects of a single exposure of hydroxyacids on skin barrier function were evaluated by examining rhodamine permeability and epidermal structural components of barrier function using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Lactobionic acid (PHAs) improved skin barrier function most compared to other AHAs and BHAs. Most importantly, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), an important functional marker of skin barrier function, could be measured with this model, which confirmed the significant skin barrier-protective effects of PHAs. Collectively, we demonstrated that the ex vivo live full-thickness porcine skin model can be an excellent alternative to animal experiments for skin studies on the safety and efficacy of cosmetic ingredients.

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Ngo, Hien T. T., Minzhe Fang, Eunson Hwang, Yoosung Kim, Bom Park, Seul A. Seo, Nhung Quynh Do, Quynh T. N. Nguyen, and Tae-Hoo Yi. "Inhibitory Effects of Urtica thunbergiana Ethanol Extract on Atopic Dermatitis-Induced NC/Nga Mice." Antioxidants 9, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030197.

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease that persists or repeatedly recurs in both childhood and adulthood. Urtica thunbergiana (UT) is an aroma herb with little-known pharmacological effects and anti-inflammatory activities against AD. This study investigated the immunomodulatory efficacy of 50% ethanol-extracted UT in necrosis factor-alpha/interferon-gamma (TNF-α/IFN-γ)-stimulated HaCaT cells in vitro and AD-Biostir-induced NC/Nga mice in vivo. The results showed that UT exhibits a dose-dependent increase in scavenged free radicals, reaching 76.0% ± 1.4% of scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl at a concentration of 250 µg/mL. In addition, UT significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of the following pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells: interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine, macrophage-derived chemokine, and regulated on activation normal T expressed and secreted. UT-treated HaCaT cells showed inhibition of the overexpression of chemokine-regulated signaling molecules, such as nuclear factor-kappa B, inhibitor of kappa B (IκBα), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). UT dietary administration in AD-Biostir-induced NC/Nga mice treated and improved AD-like symptoms, such as scales, epidermal thickening, the dermatitis severity score, high trans-epidermal water loss, reduced skin hydration, increased mast cells, elevated serum immunoglobulin E levels, and an enlarged spleen. UT treatment inhibited the expression of phosphorylated forms of MAPKs, nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1, and regulator IκBα. It also upregulated filaggrin (FLG) production. Therefore, UT shows high anti-AD activity both in vitro and in vivo, and can be a useful anti-AD agent.

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Jürgens, Franziska M., Fabian C. Herrmann, Sara M. Robledo, and Thomas J. Schmidt. "Dermal Absorption of Sesquiterpene Lactones from Arnica Tincture." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040742.

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Arnica tincture is a traditional herbal medicine used to treat blunt injuries, e.g., bruises and squeezes. In addition, a potential new use in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis is currently under investigation. Therefore, detailed information about the dermal absorption of the tincture and especially its bioactive constituents, sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) of the helenalin- and 11α,13-dihydrohelenalin type, is mandatory. Consequently, this article reports on dermal absorption studies of Arnica tincture using diffusion cells and porcine skin as well as two human skin samples with different permeability. The amounts of STLs on the skin surfaces, in skin extracts and in the receptor fluids were quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). It was found that Arnica STLs permeated into the receptor fluid already 4 h after the application, but the amount was rather low. Within 48 h, a maximum of 8.4%, 14.6% and 36.4% of STLs permeated through porcine skin, human skin A (trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) = 11.518 g·m−2·h−1) and the more permeable human skin B (TEWL = 17.271 g·m−2·h−1), respectively. The majority of STLs was absorbed (penetrated into the skin; 97.6%, 97.8% and 99.3%) after 48 h but a huge portion could not be extracted from skin and is expected to be irreversibly bound to skin proteins. To better visualize the analytes in different skin layers, a fluorescence-labeled STL, helenalin 3,4-dimethoxycinnamate, was synthesized. Fluorescence microscopic images depict an accumulation of the fluorescent derivative in the epidermis. For the treatment of local, cutaneous complaints, an enrichment of the bioactive substances in the skin may be considered beneficial.

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Omar, Sharifah Shakirah Syed, Hazrina Hadi, Nadzira Mohd Hanif, Hawa Mas Azmar Ahmad, and Shiow-Fern Ng. "Lightening Effect of Skin Lightening Cream Containing Piper betle L. Extract in Human Volunteers." Cosmetics 8, no. 2 (April 26, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8020032.

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Hyperpigmentation affects people globally with negative psychological impacts. Piper betle L. leaf (PBL) extract has many benefits including skin lightening which may reduce hyperpigmentation. The objective of this study was to develop an effective skin-lightening cream containing PBL with ideal characteristics. A formulation of base cream and PBL cream was prepared and characterized by centrifugation, particle size and zeta potential analysis, rheological profile studies and physical properties’ observation. In vivo studies on 30 human subjects tested the effects of base and PBL cream on skin-lightening, hydration, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and elasticity through weekly tests 4 weeks in duration. Base and PBL creams had a non-Newtonian property with acceptable color, odor, texture, zeta potential, particle size and showed no phase separation. The in vivo study indicated a significant reduction in melanin content and an improvement in skin tone for PBL cream but not in base cream. TEWL and elasticity also showed significant reduction for both formulations, indicating a healthier skin barrier and supple skin with consistent use, although hydration fluctuated with no significant changes. The developed PBL cream showed significant results in the reduction in melanin content and improving skin tone, which shows the formulation can confer skin-lightening effect.

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Ho, Fritz Ka-Ho, Albert Bolhuis, and M. Begoña Delgado-Charro. "Prevention and Treatment of Fungal Skin Infections Using Cationic Polymeric Films." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081161.

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Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection of skin, nails and hair. Treatments can be long and infections are often recurrent, and novel treatments are desirable. Here we tested the use of polymeric films that can be sprayed on the skin for the prevention and treatment of dermatophytosis. The two polymers selected were ABIL T Quat 60 and Eudragit E100, which were tested ex vivo using a porcine skin model, and in vitro using microbiological and microscopy techniques. Acceptability of the polymeric films was tested on the skin of healthy volunteers. The results showed that ABIL and Eudragit films prevented and treated fungal skin infections. Whilst polymer films may provide a physical barrier that prevents fungal colonization, it was shown that both polymers are active antifungals ex vivo and in vitro and have intrinsic antifungal activity. For ABIL, we also established that this polymer binds essential nutrients such as metal ions and sugars, thereby restricting the growth of fungi. When applied to healthy subjects’ skin, the polymeric films neither modified the skin color nor increased trans-epidermal water loss, suggesting a low potential for skin irritation, and the approach was generally found to be acceptable for use by the volunteers. In conclusion, we developed a novel strategy for the potential prevention and treatment of dermatophytosis.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Trans Epidermal Water Loss'

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