Academic literature on the topic 'Traités – Violation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Traités – Violation"
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Meyer, Michael A. "L'action humanitaire: un compromis délicat." Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 69, no. 767 (October 1987): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100093631.
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De plus en plus, un certain nombre d'organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) semblent revendiquer le droit d'apporter une assistance humanitaire en même temps que celui de dénoncer toute violation des droits de l'homme. Cette revendication, si elle est louable et compréhensible, ne correspond pas aux principes reconnus du droit et de la pratique en matière de secours. Nous examinerons ici quelques aspects de ce problème, notamment en ce qui concerne les dispositions du droit des traités applicables aux conflits armés et aux territoires occupés (Droit international humanitaire).
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Kornblum, Elisabeth. "Etude comparative de différents systèmes de rapports d'auto-évaluation portant sur le respect, par les Etats, de leurs obligations internationales(II)." Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 77, no. 812 (April 1995): 155–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100092753.
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La procédure permettant de rendre compte de la mise en œuvre des traités de désarmement est appelée «vérification». Un des buts essentiels de la vérification est d'instaurer des rapports de confiance entre anciens adversaires, tout particulièrement les Etats-Unis et l'ex-URSS.Il n'existe pas de définition générale, officielle et universellement reconnue de la vérification, mais celle-ci comporte les éléments suivants:a) l'existence d'une obligation, dont il faut vérifier qu'elle est remplie et respectée;b) le recueil d'informations sur le respect de cette obligation;c) l'analyse, l'interprétation et l'évaluation — d'un point de vue technique, juridique et politique;d) une évaluation du respect ou du non-respect de l'obligation, qui met un terme à l'exercice de vérification. Bien qu'il puisse apparaître comme une conséquence logique de l'exercice, l'examen des réactions à envisager en cas d'éventuelle violation d'une obligation ne fait pas partie intégrante de la vérification.
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Désilets, Élise, Benoit Brisson, and Sébastien Hétu. "Sensitivity to social norm violation is related to political orientation." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): e0242996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242996.
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Human behavior is framed by several social structures. In the present study, we focus on two of the most important determinants of social structures: social norms and political orientation. Social norms are implicit models of shared expectations about how people should behave in different social contexts. Although humans are very sensitive to violations in social norms, there are important individual differences in our sensitivity to these violations. The second concept this study focuses on is political orientation that is define by a continuum from left (liberal) to right (conservative). Individual political orientation has been found to be related to various individual traits, such as cognitive style or sensitivity to negative stimuli. Here, we propose to study the relation between sensitivity to social norm violation and political orientation. Participants completed a task presenting scenarios with different degrees of social norm violation and a questionnaire to measure their political opinions on economic and identity issues. Using hierarchical regressions, we show that individual differences in sensitivity to social norm violation are partly explained by political orientation, and more precisely by the identity axis. The more individuals have right-oriented political opinions, the more they are sensitive to social norm violation, even when multiple demographics variables are considered. Our results suggest that political orientation, especially according to identity issues, is a significant factor of individual differences in social norm processing.
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Moty, Numrata, Manish Putteeraj, Jhoti Somanah, and Krishnee Adnarain-Appadoo. "Mapping Personality Traits and Gender-Based Stereotypes on Perceived Negotiation Skills." Businesses 4, no. 1 (February 23, 2024): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/businesses4010005.
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Implementing effective dispute resolution strategies such as negotiation has proved to be quite effective whenever there is a divergence of interest between two conflicting groups. This study aims to see if gender-based stereotypes or specific personality traits can positively or negatively influence negotiation skills in an attempt to improve the negotiation process, whereby individuals could be trained to adopt specific behaviors to obtain more favorable negotiation results. Using the expectancy violation theory (EVT) to analyze how individuals respond to unanticipated violations of social norms and expectations whilst negotiating, a quantitative study was carried out among legal officers working in private, public, and parastatal organizations in Mauritius. The sample size, 270, was calculated based on a population size of 899 as per records of the Mauritius Bar Council. The results demonstrate most legal officers were equipped with good negotiation skills, with no significant difference between males and females (U = 1138.50, p > 0.05), while a high level of neuroticism was indicative of poor negotiation skills (τb = −0.167, p > 0.05). These findings demonstrate that participants agreed that their negotiation skills were influenced in gender-dominated meetings which align with the principles of the EVT, the violation of certain expected negotiation behavior based on gender impact negotiation outcomes. Since negotiation skills were significantly associated with negotiation outcomes (χ2(4) = 37.963, p < 0.05), this provides pointers to businesses on how to improve and optimize negotiation outcomes by choosing a negotiator with the most apt personality traits.
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Garfinkel, Paul E., R. Michael Bagby, EM Waring, and Barbara Dorian. "Boundary Violations and Personality Traits among Psychiatrists." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 7 (September 1997): 758–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379704200709.
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Objective: To demonstrate that sexual abuse of patients by psychiatrists can be due to a variety of contributors, which may include therapists' psychopathic and narcissistic personality styles. Method: Data from a prospective cohort of residents training in psychiatry were examined to evaluate the personality traits of 2 psychiatrists subsequently convicted of boundary violations. Results: The 2 psychiatrists who lost their licenses were identifiable at the beginning of their residency training as individuals with significant character pathology. Conclusions: For some psychiatrists, repetitive sexual abuse of patients represents one aspect of an ongoing pattern of exploitative relationships. The professional and ethical implications of these findings as they relate to early identification for those at risk are considered.
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Sharma, Abhishek, Chandana Hewege, and Chamila Perera. "Violations of CSR Practices in the Australian Financial Industry: How Is the Decision-Making Power of Australian Women Implicated?" Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010777.
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Financial institutions have made significant efforts in recent decades to integrate CSR activities into their core business approaches; however, several studies have shown that CSR violations have increased in the Australian financial industry, with financial institutions engaging in unethical practices and deceptive strategies to benefit their organizational profits over consumer interests. So far, research has shed light on how financial institutions have used CSR violation and manipulative strategies to bias consumer decision making, but there has been little investigation into how these manipulative techniques bias an individual’s rational, emotional, and decision-making powers when purchasing financial products. As a result, this study employs the theoretical notions of the emotion-imbued choice model (EIC) to investigate on how rational decision making, along with moderating effects of emotions (such as anxiety) and behavioural traits (such self-efficacy), influence the decision-making powers of Australian women when making financial product purchase decisions. It employs an online survey with 357 usable responses from Australian women, where several complex products and services are offered, and contentious claims of financial misconducts are reported. Data analysis is carried out through SPSS where regression analysis is performed along with double moderation performed through Hayes Process Model 2, with anxiety and self-efficacy chosen as moderators. Results reveal that anxiety significantly affects decision-making power of Australian women whereas moderating effects of self-efficacy was found to be insignificant. In addition, the regression results also showed that in the face of CSR violations, rational decision making has the greater influence on decision-making power of Australian women as compared to anxiety and self-efficacy. This study will be useful to a wide range of stakeholders, including the government, regulators, marketers, CSR activists, consumer watchdogs as they provide a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between rationality, emotions, and behavioural traits and how they affect the decision making of Australian women when making financial product purchase decisions.
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Liu, Wenlong, and Yanying Wang. "Analysis of the Characters' Personalities in Everyday Use from the Perspective of Violating the Principle of Cooperation." International Journal of Education and Humanities 8, no. 3 (May 17, 2023): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v8i3.8328.
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This study examines the personality traits of characters in Everyday Use through the lens of violating the cooperative principle. The purpose is to analyze how characters' communication behaviors reflect their individual personalities. The methods include identifying examples of violating the cooperative principle in the text and analyzing their implications for character traits. The findings suggest that the characters' communication behaviors reveal their unique personality traits by violating the cooperative principle, which contributes to the understanding of literary analysis.
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Alexeeva, Oksana, and Lilia Mindubaeva. "A pathogenetic role of personality traits in patients with vertebrogenic pain syndromes." Manual Therapy, no. 3-4 (January 3, 2024): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54504/1684-6753-2023-3-4-65-68.
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Ndyulo, Lisa, and Nomalanga Mashinini. "Setting boundaries for image misappropriations through online catfishing." South African Mercantile Law Journal 34, no. 3 (2022): 332–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/samlj/v34/i3a2.
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Social networking platforms have popularised catfishing, which entails creating and using a fake social media account to exploit other users. Catfishing involves acts of online misappropriation because the traits of a person’s identity, such as a name and photograph, can be used by a catfish to pose as another person to deceive other users. Image rights are frequently affected by such acts of impersonation. This article determines whether mere misappropriation of identity suffices as a cause of action for image rights violations. The South African courts must clarify whether mere misappropriation constitutes a ground for violating identity in catfishing cases. Thus, the courts should recognise mere misappropriation as sufficient to yield a claim when the falsification and commercial exploitation of identity cannot be proven. Such an approach will allow for the speedy resolution of disputes and will also ensure that justice is served before the plaintiff suffers irreparable harm as a result of image misappropriations on social media.
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Ju, Uijong. "Task and Resting-State Functional Connectivity Predict Driving Violations." Brain Sciences 13, no. 9 (August 24, 2023): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13091236.
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Aberrant driving behaviors cause accidents; however, there is a lack of understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying these behaviors. To address this issue, a task and resting-state functional connectivity was used to predict aberrant driving behavior and associated personality traits. The study included 29 right-handed participants with driving licenses issued for more than 1 year. During the functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, participants first recorded their resting state and then watched a driving video while continuously rating the risk and speed on each block. Functional connectome-based predictive modeling was employed for whole brain tasks and resting-state functional connectivity to predict driving behavior (violation, error, and lapses), sensation-seeking, and impulsivity. Resting state and task-based functional connectivity were found to significantly predict driving violations, with resting state significantly predicting lapses and task-based functional connectivity showing a tendency to predict errors. Conversely, neither impulsivity nor sensation-seeking was associated with functional connectivity. The results suggest a significant association between aberrant driving behavior, but a nonsignificant association between impulsivity and sensation-seeking, and task-based or resting state functional connectivity. This could provide a deeper understanding of the neural processing underlying reckless driving that may ultimately be used to prevent accidents.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Traités – Violation"
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Laly-Chevalier, Caroline. "La violation du traité." Lille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL20023.
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En droit international, la violation du traite fait rarement l'objet d'un constat objectif et donne lieu a un jeu de pretentions subjectives, concurrentes et contestables, entre les etats et organisations internationales parties. La << violation du traite >> n'est guere definie. Plusieurs causes sont a l'origine du flou juridique qui entoure la notion. D'une part, la distinction entre les regimes de responsabilite a raison de l'origine de l'obligation violee n'existe pas en droit international. La violation du traite ne releve donc pas d'un regime de responsabilite qui lui soit propre. D'autre part, on se trouve face a deux corps de regles qui ont des champs d'application distincts et qui sont simultanement applicables. Le droit des traites, que la convention de vienne sur le droit des traites de 1969 codifie, entend determiner les regles relatives au contenu et a la portee des obligations primaires decoulant du traite. La violation d'une obligation primaire donne naissance a des obligations dites secondaires qui font alors l'objet du droit de la responsabilite internationale. Toutefois, le droit des traites et le droit de la responsabilite internationale ne constituent guere deux ordres hermetiquement clos et presentent nombre de points de contact. Le rapport de violation du traite contribue a clarifier leur articulation, il apparait comme le creuset des elements constitutifs de la violation du traite et se situe au confluent des deux corps de regles complementaires. Par consequent, du rapport de violation va decouler un regime juridique de la violation du traite fait d'emprunts au droit des traites et au droit de la responsabilite. Face a la violation d'un traite, l'entite victime peut choisir de sauvegarder ou, au contraire, de renoncer a la relation conventionnelle violee. Dans le respect des exigences procedurales, elle met ainsi en uvre les reactions autorisees soit par le droit des traites, soit par le droit de la responsabilite, ou peut encore les combiner.
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Sognigbé, Sangbana Muriel. "La sanction internationale de la violation des droits de l'homme." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT3009.
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La sanction internationale de la violation des droits de l'homme peine à atteindre les objectifs qui lui sont assignés. Les sanctions non juridictionnelles mises en place au sein du système de la Charte des Nations unies sont le régime de droit commun, mais leur efficacité reste limitée pour la victime. Les Comités créés pour veiller à l'application des conventions relatives aux droits de l'homme prennent de simples recommandations à l'issue de l'examen des communications individuelles et sont incompétents pour connaître des violations graves. À défaut de mécanisme de sanction des violations graves, le Conseil de sécurité a étendu l'application des mesures collectives aux droits de l'homme. Le recours ainsi fait au Chapitre VII est confronté aux difficultés opérationnelles qui en limitent la portée. Face à ces difficultés, le Conseil de sécurité a diversifié ses sanctions. Toutefois, qu'elles soient des sanctions ciblées ou des mesures juridictionnelles comme la création de juridictions pénales ou la saisine de la Cour pénale internationale, les mesures collectives sont axées sur l'individu et non l'État. Bien que ce dernier soit le titulaire des obligations internationales en la matière, il est à l'abri de toute sanction contraignante, qu'elle soit collective ou pénale. L'absence de sanction efficace à l'encontre de l'État et la garantie insuffisante des droits de la victime impose une réforme du contentieux international des droits de l'homme. Au-delà du renforcement des mécanismes des organes de traités, la création d'une juridiction universelle chargée de sanctionner la violation des droits de l'homme au sein du système des Nations unies doit être envisagéeThe goal of effectively addressing human rights violations by imposing international sanctions has been hardly achieved. Under the UN Charter, even though non-judicial sanctions are applied as the common system, they are not effective enough in addressing the victim's needs. Committees established to monitor the application of human rights Conventions, while considering individual communications, can only make recommendations, as they are not even competent to handle serious human rights violations. In the absence of an effective mechanism to deal with serious human rights violations, the Security Council has extended the application of collective measures under Chapter VII of the Charter to human rights, resulting into operational difficulties limiting its scope. Therefore, the Security Council has diversified its sanctions in order to address these challenges. However, the collective measures, either targeted sanctions or judicial measures e.g. the establishment of criminal courts or referral to the International Criminal Court, only focus on the individual rather than the State. Although the State is the duty bearer under the international human rights obligations, it is not subject to binding sanctions, whether collective or criminal. The lack of effective sanctions against State and the insufficient guarantee for protection of the victim's rights call for a reform of the international human rights litigation. In addition to strengthening the treaty body system, it is worth considering the establishment of a World Court within the UN system to impose enforceable sanctions on States in case of human rights violation
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Laly-Chevalier, Caroline. "La violation du traité /." Bruxelles : Bruylant, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb400549677.
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Katiman, Esra. "La traite des êtres humains en tant que violation du droit international des droits de l'Homme." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAA019.
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La présente étude porte sur l’analyse de l’aspect normatif de l’interdiction de traite en droit international ainsi que sur la mise en oeuvre du principe de cette interdiction. Les recherches effectuées montrent que l’aspect normatif de la notion conditionne une protection renforcée, et que sa mise en oeuvre nécessite une approche axée sur les droits de l’homme. La notion juridique de « traite des personnes » fait son entrée littérale dans le droit international des droits de l’homme par l’adoption du Protocole additionnel à la Convention des Nations Unies contre la criminalité transnationale organisée visant à prévenir, réprimer et punir la traite des personnes, et en particulier des femmes et des enfants (2000). La première définition conventionnelle de traite, qui a un caractère composite, englobant aussi plusieurs autres notions, pose, en même temps, les premières difficultés dans l’appréhension juridique de la notion. Une protection renforcée et une mise en oeuvre axée sur les droits de l’homme, faisant également l’objet de cette étude, permettent, en fait, de voir que le droit positif donne, pour l’essentiel, une définition de la traite aggravée, tandis que la notion de « traite » tout court continue à évoluer à la lumière des exigences des droits de l’homme. La multiplication des instruments internationaux et celle des mécanismes de contrôle dans la lutte contre la traite s’avèrent, pour le moment, incapables de lutter efficacement contre l’augmentation constante du nombre des victimes de traite, ce qui ne cesse de susciter des interrogations. En réalité, une lutte efficace contre la traite ne peut passer que par la reconnaissance des spécificités du crime de traite dans son ensemble ainsi que par une mise en œuvre effective des droits des victimes de traite conformément aux exigences des droits de l’homme, les approches actuelles privilégiant plutôt la punition des bourreaux à la protection de leurs victimesThis study focuses on the analysis of the normative aspect of the prohibition of trafficking in international law and on the implementation of the principle of the prohibition. Research shows that the normative notion of conditional strengthened protection and its implementation require an approach based on human rights. The legal concept of "trafficking in persons"entered in the international human rights law literature with the adoption of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000). The first conventional definition of trafficking, which has a composite characterencompassing several other concepts, poses simultaneously the first difficulties in addressing the legal concept. Reinforced protection and an implementation based on human rights, which have also been evaluated in this study, allow one to see that the positive law, in principal, gives a definition of aggravated trafficking while the term "trafficking" in short continues to evolve in light of the requirements of human rights. The proliferation of international instruments and control mechanisms in the fight against trafficking, for the moment, prove to be unable to effectively fight against the ever increasing number of victims of trafficking, which continues to raise questions. An effective fight against trafficking can only be achievedthrough the recognition of the specific crime of trafficking as a whole as well as an effective implementation of human trafficking victims’ rights in accordance with the requirements of human rights, while the current approaches favor instead the punishment of perpetrators to protect their victims
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Kodmani, Ahmad. "La responsabilité de l’Etat sans faute du fait des engagements internationaux : Devant le juge administratif français." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0044/document.
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La question de la responsabilité de l’État sans faute du fait des engagements internationaux devant le juge administratif français est soumise aux évolutions jurisprudentielles. En 2011, le Conseil d’État a consacré la responsabilité de l’État sans faute des coutumes internationales. Cette consécration a provoqué un débat sur l’assimilation entre la responsabilité du fait des lois et la responsabilité du fait des conventions internationales. Pour le comprendre, il faut se tourner vers le passé: le régime de responsabilité du fait des conventions internationales inauguré avec l’arrêt Compagnie générale d’énergie radioélectrique. En 1966, le Conseil d’État a dépassé la problématique de la théorie des actes de gouvernement et a constitué un régime de responsabilité fondé sur le principe d’égalité devant les charges publiques. La règle de réparation est destinée à réparer non pas les dommages résultant directement de la convention, mais ceux causés par son application. Elle ne concerne que les dommages anormaux et spéciaux. Ce régime de responsabilité a été accepté dans des termes proches du régime de la responsabilité du fait des lois. Aujourd’hui, et avec l’évolution jurisprudentielle, une dissociation s’opère entre la responsabilité du fait des engagements internationaux et la responsabilité du fait des lois. Il semble possible de consacrer l’indépendance du régime de la responsabilité du fait des engagements internationaux de celui des loisThe question of the state’s responsibility towards international engagements is subject to jurisprudential evolutions. In 2011, the Counsel of the State dedicated the responsibility without fault due to the international customs. These dedications provoked a debate about the founded assimilation between the responsibility of the acts of laws and the responsibility due to the international conventions. Concerning this, one must turn to the past: the system of responsibility based on the occurrences of international conventions inaugurated with the stop of the company of radio electric energy. In 1966, the Counsel of the State overtook the problem of the theory of government act and constituted a system of responsibility based on the principle of equality before the public charges. The rule of reparation is not destined to repair the damages directly resulting from the convention, but those caused by its application. It only concerns the abnormal and particular damages. This state of responsibility was accepted under the close terms of the system of responsibility on the acts of laws.Today and with the jurisprudential evolution, a disassociation operates between the responsibility of actions on international engagements and the responsibility of the acts of law. It seems possible to sanction independence from the system of responsibility of actions of international engagements and that of law
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Kane, Mouhamadou Madana. "Droit de la responsabilité des états et arbitrage transnational CIRDI." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CERG0642.
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La prolifération des traités bilatéraux d'investissement a contribué, ces dernières années, à l'augmentation des litiges portés devant les tribunaux d'arbitrage du Centre International pour le Règlement des Différends relatifs aux Investissements (CIRDI). En effet, les clauses de règlement des différends contenus dans ces traités ont permis aux investisseurs étrangers de saisir directement les tribunaux CIRDI en cas de violation par l'État d'accueil de l'investissement des dispositions protectrices ou de traitement prévues dans ces traités. La présence de l'État au contentieux CIRDI fait que les litiges soumis aux tribunaux arbitraux portent par nature sur des questions de responsabilité. Dès lors, l'invocation par les arbitres des règles coutumières du droit de la responsabilité de l'État, telles que codifiées par la Commission du droit international, est quasi systématique. Au regard de la pratique arbitrale, cette thèse se veut un essai sur les interactions entre le droit de la responsabilité de l'État et l'arbitrage CIRDI sur le fondement des traités de protection, l'objectif final étant de parvenir à une conclusion sur l'existence ou non d'un sous-système de responsabilité de l' État sur le fondement des traités de protection des investissements. Pour ce faire, suivant la démarche de codification de la Commission du droit International, elle met l'accent sur l'influence des règles coutumières d'engagement de la responsabilité de l'État sur la pratique des tribunaux d'arbitrage du CIRDI fondée sur les traités de protection ; et, sous l'angle de la mise en œuvre et du contenu de la responsabilité étatique, elle aborde, à la lumière du droit international général, les aspects de compétence des tribunaux d'arbitrage du CIRDI, les éléments de recevabilité des réclamations des investisseurs étrangers, et les questions liées à la réparation du préjudice causé par l'ÉtatWith the proliferation of Bilateral Investment Treaties, many disputes have in the recent years been brought before arbitral tribunals under the auspices of the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). By virtue of dispute settlement clauses of such treaties, foreign investors are able to directly call upon the jurisdiction of ICSID in case of breach by the host State of its treaty-based protection and treatment obligations. Because of the State's involvement, ICSID disputes raise, by nature, issues of Sate Responsibility. Therefore, it is not surprising that ICSID arbitrators systematically rely on customary rules on State Responsibility as codified by the International Law Commission to form and motivate their opinions. The current thesis aims at assessing, in light of the arbitral practice, the interactions between the Law of State Responsibility and ICSID's treaty-based arbitration, with the objective to determine whether State responsibility under treaties is a self-contained regime. We have adopted the International Law Commission's codification approach to highlight, on one side, the influence of customary rules on engagement of State Responsibility on the practice of ICSID arbitral tribunals; and, on the other side, with regards to invocation and content of the State's responsibility, the relationships between general international law and salient aspects of the jurisdiction of ICSID tribunals, the admissibility of claims and the reparation of injury caused to the investor by the State
Books on the topic "Traités – Violation"
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Laly-Chevalier, Caroline. La violation du traité. Bruxelles: Bruylant, 2005.
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Laly-Chevalier, Caroline. La violation du traité. Bruxelles: Bruylant ; Éd. de l'Université de Bruxelles, 2005.
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Croizier, Isabelle. L' offensive de la CEE contre les aides nationales: La récupération des aides nationales octroyées en violation du traité CEE. Rennes [France]: Apogée, 1993.
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Pauchard, Nicolas. Gouverner les ressources génétiques. Les stratégies des acteurs face aux droits de propriété et aux règles sur l’accès et le partage des avantages. Éditions Alphil-Presses universitaires suisses, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/alphil.03157.
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En 1991, un employé du Ministère canadien de l’agriculture et de l’agroalimentaire récolte, en Chine, des semences de la plante de stévia. Il les séquence puis dépose les données obtenues sur la banque de séquences d’ADN étasunienne GenBank ®. Ces données seront utilisées, une décennie plus tard, par une entreprise de biotechnologie suisse, pour développer une souche de levure capable de sécreter, avec un meilleur rendement, l’édulcorant naturellement contenu dans la plante de stévia. Plusieurs brevets seront obtenus par la firme. En 2015, des ONG dénoncent l’appropriation de savoirs traditionnels détenus par des populations amérindiennes sur la plante de stévia, en violation des traités sur l’accès aux ressources génétiques et le partage juste et équitable des avantages découlant de leur utilisation (APA), à savoir la Convention sur la diversité biologique et le Protocole de Nagoya. Face à de tels processus, qui détient quels droits sur les organismes, l’ADN qu’ils contiennent, les données extraites de cet ADN et les connaissances traditionnelles ou techniques produites ? Mis en oeuvre depuis près de trente ans pour apporter une solution à ces problèmes, le régime sur l’APA peine, en pratique, à y répondre. Cet ouvrage explore les stratégies des États, des multinationales, des acteurs de la recherche publique, des institutions de conservation des ressources génétiques et des ONG, face aux droits de propriété et à ce régime sur l’APA, fragmenté, encore instable et souvent instrumentalisé. Il propose des pistes d’amélioration, en testant une proposition de régime alternatif et en formulant une série de recommandations.
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Luraghi, Nino. The Discourse of Tyranny and the Greek Roots of the Bad King. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199394852.003.0002.
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This chapter provides a systematic discussion of the essential attributes of the tyrant in ancient Greece, whence both the term and the concept spread throughout the West. Seen against the background of Greek cultural and moral values, the tyrant emerges as a radically marginal character, a violator of the accepted norms of sociability, a monstrous aberration. Thus, tyranny was perceived and depicted not as a bad political alternative but as a primordial sort of evil: a taboo that cannot be rationalized. Yet, the discourse of tyranny, this chapter argues, underpinned the whole concept of monarchy in Greek culture, to the point that the typical virtues of the ideal ruler were nothing more than a reversal of the negative traits of the tyrant.
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Churchill, Robert Paul. Women in the Crossfire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190468569.001.0001.
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Every year, thousands of girls and women die, often at the hands of blood relatives. These victims are accused of committing honor violations that bring shame upon their family—such transgressions range from walking with a boy in their neighborhood to seeking to marry a man of their own choosing to being a victim of rape. Women in the Crossfire presents a thorough examination of honor killing, an age-old social practice through which women are trapped and subjected to terror and deadly violence as consequences of the evolution of dysfunctional patriarchal structures and competition among men for domination. To understand the practice of honor killing, its root causes, and possibilities for protection and prevention, this book considers the issues from a variety of perspectives (epistemic, anthropological, sociological, cultural, ethical, historical, psychological, etc.) and makes use of original research—an analysis of a database of honor killing cases, published here for the first time. Specifically, the book addresses the salient traits and trends present in honor killing incidents and examines how honor is understood in sociocultural contexts where these killings occur. It illuminates socialization factors within honor-shame cultures that include gender construction, child-rearing practices, and adverse experiences that prime boys and men to take roles as one-day killers of sisters, daughters, and wives in the name of honor. In addition to this microcausal pathway, the book relies on theories of cultural evolution to explain how honor killing was an adaptation to specific ecological challenges and co-evolved with other patriarchic institutions.
Book chapters on the topic "Traités – Violation"
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Gan, Jiahua, Meng Zhang, and Yun Xiao. "Multidimensional Data Analysis Based on LOGIT Model." In Proceeding of 2021 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Applications, 303–15. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2456-9_32.
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AbstractLogit Model is an important method for empirical analysis of multi-source data. In order to explore the traffic safety mechanism, The Paper taked traffic behavior data as an example, researched personal characteristics of truck drivers, Analyzed the influence of the driver’s personal traits on traffic violations. Based on the binary logistics regression model, the analysis model of traffic violations was established. The results show that personality, driver’s license level, daily driving time, transportation route, vehicle ownership, and occupational disease are important factors that affect drivers’ violations. Further data analysis shows that truck drivers with bile personalities, driving for more than 12 h per day, no fixed transportation routes, and vehicles with loans have the highest probability of violations. The data analysis conclusion provides data basis for truck driver management and improving truck traffic safety.
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Messervey, Deanna L., and Erinn C. Squires. "Empirical Research on Military Ethical Behaviour." In Handbook of Military Sciences, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_58-1.
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AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of key empirical research examining ethical and unethical behaviour in the military. Early research examined the impact of atrocities on the psychological well-being of Vietnam War veterans. In later conflicts, researchers examined battlefield attitudes, behaviours, willingness to report fellow unit members for ethical violations, and the adequacy of training. In addition to battlefield ethics, researchers have also investigated individual, situational, and organizational factors that increase the risk of unethical behaviour (i.e., ethical risk factors). This chapter summarizes research that highlights how individual differences in moral identity and malevolent traits can impact ethical and unethical behaviour among military personnel. It also discusses how situational factors, such as sleep deprivation and anger, can increase the likelihood of military personnel engaging in unethical behaviour. Lastly, the chapter discusses how organizational factors, such as ethical climate and culture and ethical leadership, play a role in ethical and unethical behaviour.
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Ursulet, Adriana, Émilie de Repentigny, Joyce E. Quansah, Monique Bessette, and Jean Gagnon. "The Mediating Role of Hostile Attribution Bias in the Relationship between Cluster B Personality Traits and Reactive Aggression: An Event-Related Potentials Study." In Aggression and Violent Behaviour [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105367.
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The aim of this study was to better understand the role of hostile attribution bias (HAB) in the relationship between cluster B personality traits and reactive aggression. Sixty-three French-speaking adults were asked to complete online questionnaires assessing their personality traits, hostile attribution bias, and aggressive behaviors. While brain activity was recorded, they were asked to read scenarios involving daily life interactions and to imagine why the characters (whose intentions were ambiguous) behaved in a provocative manner toward them. Following each scenario, we analyzed the N400 component of the event-related brain potential associated with the presentation of unexpected hostile or nonhostile intentions after each scenario. Results showed a stronger N400 amplitude during the presentation of unexpected nonhostile intentions (hostile expectancy violations) in the centro-parietal regions. There was no mediating effect of hostile or nonhostile expectancy violation in the relationship between cluster B personality characteristics and reactive aggression. Further studies are needed to better understand the psychological processes underlying aggressive behaviors in cluster B personality disorders.
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Harris, Lasana T. "Prediction." In Invisible Mind. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035965.003.0003.
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The third chapter introduces prediction as a Bayesian process that ensures survival. It then focuses on social prediction—predicting other people’s behavior—exploring consistently low correlations between traits (a form of social cognition) and behavior. It then describes the brain correlates of prediction violation, social reward, and social punishment, before arguing that social cognition may not be necessary to predict other people’s behavior; instead people may rely on other heuristics such as social norms. Therefore, it discounts the importance of social cognition for this aspect of human survival.
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Holliday, Christopher. "James Bond and Art Cinema." In The Cultural Life of James Bond. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462982185_ch11.
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The James Bond films are an enduring example of “escapist” popular cinema seemingly at odds with the filmmaking traditions of European modernism. However, this chapter offers the 007 film series as a candidate for Britain’s contribution to the European Art Cinema tradition. From Maurice Binder’s opening credits for Dr. No (1962), reminiscent of experimental filmmaker Len Lye, to the discontinuous editing patterns and jump cuts of On Her Majesty’s Secret Service (1969), 1960s Bond cinema formally registers the violation of the classical norms and stylistic traits upon which art cinema was predicated. This chapter accordingly identifies how the stylistic transformation of the early Bond films can be woven into the art cinema traditions and political modernism of post-war European filmmaking.
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Goyal, Shikha, and Pretty Bhalla. "A Review Study of the Effects of Personality Traits on Destructive and Constructive Deviance." In Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development, 187–202. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9996-8.ch010.
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There are two streams of behavior—negative and positive—that have the same baseline (i.e., departure from norms) leading to deviant behavior, but these are not integrated. Constructive deviants are employees who break the rules and norms but intend to benefit the organization. They lead to violation of norms but also to positive impact on organizational growth. The author discusses the types of behavior that help the organization in achieving the goals and explore the causes or factors that relate to constructive deviance. Also, dysfunctional behavior like workplace aggression leads to destructive workplace deviance and will be explained with their impact on organization working. The occurrence of destructive deviant behavior imparts a chain of worrying negative outcome in the workplace. The author will provide an integrated approach that is how one type of deviance is related to another type of deviance in the workplace. The author has explained the existence of relationship between employee personality traits and workplace deviant behavior.
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Alfieri, Costanza, Paola Inverardi, Patrizio Migliarini, and Massimiliano Palmiero. "Exosoul: Ethical Profiling in the Digital World." In HHAI2022: Augmenting Human Intellect. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia220194.
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The development and the spread of increasingly autonomous digital technologies in our society pose new ethical challenges beyond data protection and privacy violation. Users are unprotected in their interactions with digital technologies and at the same time autonomous systems are free to occupy the space of decisions that is prerogative of each human being. In this context the multidisciplinary project Exosoul aims at developing a personalized software exoskeleton which mediates actions in the digital world according to the moral preferences of the user. The exoskeleton relies on the ethical profiling of a user, similar in purpose to the privacy profiling proposed in the literature, but aiming at reflecting and predicting general moral preferences. Our approach is hybrid, first based on the identification of profiles in a top-down manner, and then on the refinement of profiles by a personalized data-driven approach. In this work we report our initial experiment on building such top-down profiles. We consider the correlations between ethics positions (idealism and relativism) personality traits (honesty/humility, conscientiousness, Machiavellianism and narcissism) and worldview (normativism), and then we use a clustering approach to create ethical profiles predictive of user’s digital behaviors concerning privacy violation, copyright infringements, caution and protection. Data were collected by administering a questionnaire to 317 young individuals. In the paper we discuss two clustering solutions (k = 2 and k = 4) in terms of validity and predictive power of digital behavior.
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Fein, Elizabeth. "The Dilemma of Cure." In Living on the Spectrum, 189–213. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479864355.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the ethical questions surrounding the cure and prevention of autism as they are negotiated by families affected by Asperger’s syndrome and related autism spectrum conditions. Through interviews with youth on the autism spectrum and their families, as part of a clinical ethnography of these families at home, in school, and within their communities, the chapter argues that the seemingly insoluble quality of ethical conflicts around neurodiversity is underpinned by individualization: a model of the self as sharply bounded and defined exclusively by internal traits. Within many of these families, autism was understood to shape the motivations, desires, interests, and daily activities that constituted the identities of these youth, making the removal of autism feel like an erasure of their personhood. At the same time, in a context where they are expected to win their social roles through such individual attributes, the lack of social support available to these youth put them at high risk for social abandonment and invisibility as adults, especially outside of their parental households. Prevention and cure thus come to feel like both a profound violation and an ethical necessity.
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R. Keylor, William. "La tentation de l’apaisement à Washington : la réponse de l’Administration Roosevelt aux violations du traité de Versailles par l’Allemagne, 1935-1938." In Terres promises, 253–66. Éditions de la Sorbonne, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.psorbonne.43348.
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Grethlein, Jonas. "Representation Delimited and Historicized." In Metalepsis, 25–58. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846987.003.0002.
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This chapter enriches the volume’s overall diachronic approach with an additional transmedial perspective as it compares cases of metalepsis in archaic and classical vase-painting with violations of levels of representation in epic and lyric poetry. It focuses, first, on how characters in texts and figures in painting address the recipients, either with apostrophe (in texts) or en face gaze (in pictures). It then considers cases in which the represented world of a painting seems to acknowledge its own representation, for instance when figures apparently lean against the edges of the vessel on which they are painted. The chapter argues that medial differences have a significant impact on metalepsis: not all textual metalepses have pictorial parallels, nor can we find equivalents to all pictorial metalepses in literature. However, it concludes that ancient literature and vase-painting nevertheless share traits that reveal a distinct tendency of ancient metalepsis: in both media the boundaries between the representation, the represented object, and the recipient were less clear-cut than in our modern view. The chapter concludes by suggesting a possible reason for this in the rootedness of ancient representations in specific contexts: specifically, performative settings for literature, and pragmatic utility for painted pots.
Conference papers on the topic "Traités – Violation"
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Oppenheim, Ilit, Yisrael Parmet, and Tal Oron-Gilad. "Can Driver Behavior be traced to Gender Role, Sex and Age?" In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002477.
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Traffic violations are deliberate deviations from safe driving rules associated with enhanced risks for crash involvement, impacted by traits and demographics. Violations tend to decrease with age, males and young drivers tend to make more violations. But some studies reported the opposite or no sex differences. We argue that part of this ambiguity can be attributed to gender role (Undifferentiated, Feminine, Masculine, and Androgynous). Previously, we showed that for a group of 527 adult drivers (mean age 29), gender role was a better predictor of violation tendency than sex. Now we extend this study by using a larger sample in three age categories (≤20, 21-54, and 55-65). We aim to examine whether gender role contributes to explaining violations. We distributed a web-based survey containing self-reports of traffic violations (DBQ; Reason et al., 1990), the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974), and demographics. In total we collected 1039 questionnaires, 485 females and 554 males. We used a K-Means cluster analysis to define the gender role groups and came up with 5 meaningful clusters (Undifferentiated, Feminine, Masculine, Androgynous, and Mid). The mid group is new, and indicative of possible preconception in gender roles of the Bem inventory. We then conducted a three-way interaction model on violations. Gender role, age and sex predicted respondents' violation tendency, and their three-way interaction was statistically significant. The masculine young males had the highest predicted DBQ violation scores. Scores decreased with age except for the older masculine males. Furthermore, androgynous elderly males had the lowest scores. Our results show that there is value to include gender role in analysis of violations, and that this factor contributes over age and sex alone. Including gender role yielded better predictors of driver behavior than sex alone. The effect of gender role on drivers' self-reported violation tendency is an exciting and intriguing finding which indicates the need to further examine gender role effects in driving.
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Alhajyaseen, Wael, Chantal Timmermans, Abdrabo Soliman, Tom Brijs, Khaled Bedair, Veerle Ross, and Wondwesen Girma Mamo. "Impact of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder on Driving among Drivers in Qatar." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0090.
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This study aims to investigate the impact of ADHD traits on young drivers’ deviant driving behaviors that may contribute to their involvement in traffic crashes. Methods: A sample of 450 young drivers from the State of Qatar were asked to fill the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale and the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire, in order to examine the impact of self-reported ADHD traits on ordinary violations, driving errors, lapses and aggressive violations. A path analysis model was developed to test the predictability of these ADHD traits on deviant driving behaviours. Results: Male drivers with hyperactivity-impulsivity traits are significantly more likely to report deviant driving behaviors. In contrast, female drivers with inattention traits are more likely to report deviant driving behaviors. The inattention trait has a minor predictive role for young male drivers and is not significantly related to aggressive violations. Female drivers’ aggressive violations are not predicted by the hyperactivity-impulsivity trait, but the inattention traits among those drivers are the strongest predictor of aggressive violations. Conclusion: Theses results have practical implication regarding creating inclusion environment to trainee drivers with ADHD in driving school. This can be achieved by developing special driving training and education programs.
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HAVARNEANU, CORNELIU-EUGEN, and CORNELIA MĂIREAN. "Personality Traits as Predictors of Aggressive Violations on the Road. Driving Experience as a Moderator." In Psychology and the realities of the contemporary world. Romanian Society of Experimental Applied Psychology, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15303/rjeap.2016.si1.a14.
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Brosseau, Joe. "Techniques for Evaluating and Improving the Operational Efficiency of Positive Train Control Braking Enforcement Algorithms." In 2014 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2014-3865.
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Software algorithms are used in Positive Train Control (PTC) systems to predict train stopping distance and to enforce a penalty brake application. These algorithms have been shown to be overly conservative, leading to operational inefficiencies by interfering with normal train operations. A braking enforcement algorithm that can safely stop trains to prevent authority and speed limit violations without impacting existing railroad operations is critical to successful widespread implementation of PTC. Due to operational issues observed with early PTC braking enforcement algorithms, a number of techniques are proposed and evaluated to improve the operational efficiency of these algorithms, with emphasis on applicability to PTC systems currently being implemented. Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) is employing a new methodology for evaluation of braking algorithms that uses Monte Carlo simulation techniques to statistically evaluate the performance of the algorithm, with limited need for field testing to verify the simulation results. In the Monte Carlo process, computer simulations are run repeatedly using randomly selected input values to predict the resulting probability distribution of stopping locations. The method provides a higher level of confidence in algorithm performance with reduced time and cost compared to traditional methods, which rely heavily on field testing. For freight trains, the method utilizes a detailed train dynamics simulation model previously developed and validated by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). For passenger trains, TTCI is developing and validating a new model capable of simulating brake systems and components specific to passenger and commuter equipment. New methods for addressing operational efficiency of braking algorithms focus on improving the accuracy of stopping distance prediction and reducing the potential variation from the prediction. Techniques investigated by TTCI include adaptive functions, which measure train braking performance en route and adapt the algorithm to these characteristics; emergency brake backup, which uses feedback following a penalty application to determine if additional emergency braking is required to stop the train short of the target; an improved target offset function, which relies on statistical multi-variable regression of thousands of stopping distance simulations; and including information about dynamic braking effort in the stopping distance prediction. Results from TTCI’s investigations show potential to reduce the operational impact, by demonstrating the probability of stopping excessively short of the target is significantly less than that of previous algorithms. The techniques are already being adopted by PTC onboard suppliers for the largest North American railroads, and many are applicable to railways worldwide.
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Wang, Ruyi, Ciguang Wang, Pengzhen Lu, and Yongfeng Qi. "Profitability Analysis of Attaching Operation by the Car Units Violating Marshalling Plan in the Marshalling Station about Owing-Axis Goods Trains Originated." In Second International Conference on Transportation Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41039(345)549.
Full textReports on the topic "Traités – Violation"
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Pilkevych, Ihor, Oleg Boychenko, Nadiia Lobanchykova, Tetiana Vakaliuk, and Serhiy Semerikov. Method of Assessing the Influence of Personnel Competence on Institutional Information Security. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4374.
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Modern types of internal threats and methods of counteracting these threats are analyzed. It is established that increasing the competence of the staff of the institution through training (education) is the most effective method of counteracting internal threats to information. A method for assessing the influence of personnel competence on institutional information security is proposed. This method takes into account violator models and information threat models that are designed for a specific institution. The method proposes to assess the competence of the staff of the institution by three components: the level of knowledge, skills, and character traits (personal qualities). It is proposed to assess the level of knowledge based on the results of test tasks of different levels of complexity. Not only the number of correct answers is taken into account, but also the complexity of test tasks. It is proposed to assess the assessment of the level of skills as the ratio of the number of correctly performed practical tasks to the total number of practical tasks. It is assumed that the number of practical tasks, their complexity is determined for each institution by the direction of activity. It is proposed to use a list of character traits for each position to assess the character traits (personal qualities) that a person must have to effectively perform the tasks assigned to him. This list should be developed in each institution. It is proposed to establish a quantitative assessment of the state of information security, defining it as restoring the amount of probability of occurrence of a threat from the relevant employee to the product of the general threat and employees of the institution. An experiment was conducted, the results of which form a particular institution show different values of the level of information security of the institution for different values of the competence of the staff of the institution. It is shown that with the increase of the level of competence of the staff of the institution the state of information security in the institution increases.
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Idris, Iffat. Preventing Atrocities in Conflict and Non-conflict Settings. Institute of Development Studies, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.137.
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Atrocity prevention refers to activities to prevent atrocity crimes against civilians. These include genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing, and can take place in both conflict and non-conflict settings. This points to the need to prioritise and implement atrocity prevention specifically, and not just as part of conflict prevention efforts. Atrocity prevention interventions are broadly of two types: operational (short-term responses) and structural (addressing underlying causes/drivers). These encompass a wide range of approaches including: acting locally (with local actors taking the lead in prevention activities); tackling hate speech, and promoting an independent and strong media; documenting human rights violations, and prosecuting and punishing those responsible (establishing rule of law). The international community should prioritise atrocity prevention, but work in a united manner, take a comprehensive approach, and give the lead to local actors. Atrocity crimes generally develop in a process over time, and risk factors can be identified; these traits make atrocity prevention possible. This rapid review looks at the concept of atrocity prevention, how it is distinct from conflict prevention, the different approaches taken to atrocity prevention, and the lessons learned from these. The review draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature, in particular reports produced by international development organisations such as the United Nations (UN) and USAID. The literature was largely gender-blind (with the exception of conflict-related sexual violence) and disability-blind.