Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Traité de paix de Trianon'
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Hamard, Bruno. "L'occupation française de la ville de Szeged (1918-1920) : un exemple de gestion des gages territoriaux alliés en Hongrie, avant la signature de la paix de Trianon." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010676.
Full textThe french occupation of Szeged, second city of Hungary, take place in the allies plans of the first world war settlement. Being in touch against the entente's forces, hungary was defaited by the oriental army copps-between october and november 1918. This situation, worse for Budapest, was the effect of the victorious Franchet d'Esperey own initiative. In the context of peace settlement in europe at the end of the conflict, after the german capitulation was signed (IIth november 1918), many of allies occupation areas were decided. The object of those was to force the defeated central empires to accept the political, financial and military stipulations. In this way, the french army stated in Szeged during the period of the hungarian civil war (november 1918-august 1918). Present in all of the civil and military hungarian administration of the city, the french government try to well administrate the difficulties in a local aspect: penury, poverty and territorial ambition of the successor states
Gradvohl, Paul. "Genèse et mise en place du contrôle militaire interallié en Hongrie : un exemple de politique militaire française au centre de l'Europe en 1918-1927." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040010.
Full textBerkes, Antal. "L'affaire des optants : les enjeux nationaux et internationaux d'un différend roumano-hongrois." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA030035.
Full textThe Romanian-Hungarian optants dispute, which took place from 1922 to 1930, is an international conflict which accompanied Hungary’s and Romania’s policy of foreign affairs throughout the interwar period, and which fits into a global historical context. Following the occupation and annexation of Transylvania by Romania, some 360-370 Hungarian families of Transylvanian origin used their right of option and chose Hungarian nationality. However, contrary to the provisions of the treaty of peace of Trianon, they lost their land estates in the Transylvanian agrarian reform without any compensation. They initiated, as well as the Hungarian government in their name, an international dispute against Romania to claim the restitution or compensation of the expropriated land estates. The thesis demonstrates that both Romania and Hungary were interested not in the prompt settlement of the dispute at all costs, but in its publicity on the international scene in order to strengthen their narratives favorable (Romanian position) or hostile (Hungarian revisionist position) to the status quo created by the Trianon peace treaty. As for the optants, few of them managed to safeguard their elite economic and social position but most of them suffered uprooting and impoverishment, despite their ultimate success in securing justice and compensation for the lost lands
Le, Boeuf Romain. "Le traité de paix en droit international public." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100046.
Full textPeace treaty is an international legal act of a contractual nature, concluded by two or more States in order to end the war between them. Nevertheless, regarding both the circumstances of its conclusion and its content, this instrument is remotely compatible with the classical figure of international treaty. The requirement of free and equal wills faces both the existence of a prior use of force and the lack of reciprocity on the agreed rights and obligations. This does not mean that the instrument is solely the product of two forces confronting each other. In practice, the winner does not arbitrarily dictate its terms to a coerced vanquished. On the contrary, a peace treaty finds itself at the intersection of several legal mechanisms which partly determine the content and the extent of the respective rights and obligations of belligerents. Those mechanisms are mostly borrowed from the law of international responsibility and the law of collective security. They invite to consider the peace treaty not as the product of the exclusive application of the law of treaties, but as the result of simultaneous and potentially conflicting requirements of different bodies of rules. This dynamic approach of the instrument brings a new light on the substantive rules governing the end of international armed conflicts. It also permits to discuss certain representations sometimes hastily associated with the very concept of treaty
Payen, Éric de. "Les minorités magyares du Traité de Trianon à la construction de l'Union européenne." Montpellier 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON30064.
Full textThe treaty of Trianon opens the century of Magyars and their combat for the construction of a specific right to protect the minorities. The inter-war period and the communist period confine the Magyar ones in a keen political resistance. After the return of the democracy in this area, the Magyar ones adapt to mentalities of the States in which they are, to be able to impose itself in the public life. These fights, helped by pressures of the European institutions, entrain democratization and an important projection of the Humans right in all the frontier States of Hungary. The hermetically closed borders fall thanks to widening from the European Union and thanks to the local initiatives such as the ‘euroregions'
Séré, Daniel. "La paix des Pyrénées (7 novembre 1659) : la paix, fonction royale, dans les négociations entre la France et l'Espagne (1635-1659)." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040269.
Full textThe purpose of this study is to focus on one of the major roles of a King in the 17th century : to restore the peace. The main idea is that peace, in the foreign affairs, was as major part of King's duty as was war. To illustrate this, a close analysis was performed of the various attempts of peace negotiation between France and Spain, that lasted all along the war, up to the Treaty of the Pyrenees (November 7, 1659). The first part of the document, which is basically a detailed chronology, aims to give a continuous and unified view of the of the negotiation events, in the prospective of the final peace. A large use of the French and Spanish sources allows to emphasize several previously lessened aspects of this long efforts toward peace. The second part consists of special studies on selected topics : the complexity of the antagonism between France and Spain; the reluctance in Spain to make peace in spite of the perception of a deep crisis of the monarchy; the practice of negotiation as seen from the various attempts of peace, the peace in the reality and in the mentalities of the first half of the 17th century. Each of these studies contributes to enlighten an aspect of the role of the King as a peace maker
Bély, Lucien. "Diplomates et diplomatie autour de la paix d'Utrecht." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010635.
Full textPayen, Germain. "Les conséquences géopolitiques du traité d'Apamée en Asie Mineure." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27044.
Full textCette thèse considère les suites de la paix d’Apamée sur le plan des relations politiques entre les États d’Anatolie et sur l’évolution de la place tenue par cette péninsule dans l’ordre géopolitique méditerranéen. Le traité d’Apamée, conclu en 188 avant notre ère entre la puissance romaine et le royaume séleucide, fut un acte diplomatique majeur pour l’Asie Mineure et l’ensemble de la région anatolienne, libérés de la domination des Séleucides. Jusqu’ici, l’historiographie traditionnelle a abordé ce sujet selon deux perspectives, à savoir l’apparition de l’impérialisme romain en Orient et la vie politique et administrative des cités égéennes. À l’inverse, cette étude se concentre sur les principales puissances politiques de la région anatolienne : les royaumes. Dans le cadre de cet espace fragmenté et diversifié, des modifications de l’équilibre géopolitique régional peuvent être mises en relation avec le bouleversement de l’ordre méditerranéen, par le croisement de sources grecques, latines et orientales, ainsi qu’en faisant usage de procédés développés par le courant de la World History. L’évolution ultérieure de la situation mise en place à Apamée est étudiée jusqu’au point de disparition d’une Anatolie dirigée par des souverains non incorporés dans l’horizon impérial des grandes puissances étrangères, situation à laquelle les ultimes défaites de Mithridate VI du Pont et de Tigrane d’Arménie face à Rome mirent un terme définitif.
The geopolitical aftermath of the treaty of Apamea in Asia Minor This thesis examines the effects of the peace of Apamea with regard to the political relations between the Anatolian states and analyses the importance that this region played in Mediterranean politics following this accord. The treaty of Apamea, concluded in 188 BC between Rome and the Seleucid kingdom, became a diplomatic milestone for Asia Minor and the entirety of Anatolia, then freed from Seleucid domination. The study of this subject has a long tradition in modern historiography, which consists of works focused on either the appearance of Roman imperialism in the East, or the political and administrative lives of the Greek cities. This study is specifically devoted to the central political powers of the Anatolian peninsula; that is to say, the independent kingdoms of Anatolia. The changes seen on the geopolitical balance of this fragmented region can be linked to the profound modifications on the scale of the whole Mediterranean. The sources considered include Greek, Latin and oriental documents and artefacts, as well as some “World History” theoretical approaches. The further evolution of the Apamean order can then be followed up until the disappearance of any powerful local power outside the foreign nations incorporated into imperial rule. The simultaneous defeats of Mithridates VI of Pontus and Tigranes of Armenia against Rome mark the end of this situation where independent kingdoms in this region pursued their own autonomous foreign policies.
Madhoun, Mimoun. "Le développement des relations sino-japonaises depuis la rupture sino-soviétique jusqu'à la signature du traité de paix sino-japonais (1960-1978)." Paris, INALCO, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INAL0003.
Full textMbadinga, William Charlis. "Les pourparlers de paix entre Rome et les Barbares le long du limes rhéno-danubien de 337 à 375." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00857547.
Full textDemel, Julie Anne. "Regard historique sur la diplomatie féminine en Autriche et en France de la paix des dames 3 août 1529 au traité de Lisbonne 13 décembre 2007." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA4041.
Full textThe aims of this thesis are as follows:First to present the women who played a key role in Franco-Austrian relations in their historical context;2) To define the diplomacy exercised by these women in order to bring peace to Europe and contribute to understanding among European peoples;3) And finally, to emphasize the actions of these women which have been engraved in European memory. 1) Why women?The founding fathers of Europe are well known. Everyone has heard of Jean Monnet, Konrad Adenauer, Robert Schuman, etc. But what about women? What role did they play in the political arena? Women are sometimes mentioned in history books, but often only in footnotes or appendices. By focusing on the history of Franco-Austrian relations and by paying particular attention to annotations, it becomes clear that certain women played a significant political role. While they may not have been in the limelight, they were certainly part of the political scene. From the 16th century, Louise of Savoy and Margaret of Austria joined efforts to put an end to a war that was ravaging Europe. What would have become of Europe two centuries later if the Empress Maria Theresa and Madame de Pompadour hadn’t provoked a reversal of alliances?The Congress of Vienna tells of the intrigues between Metternich, Talleyrand and the other diplomats, but few books emphasize the role of women in their account of the Congress. It was actually in the literary salons of Fanny von Arnstein, Wilhelmine of Sagan and her sister Dorothea de Talleyrand-Périgord that European politics happened. In the 19th century, other women would continue the literary salon tradition in France and in Austria. The most influential salons were those of Mélanie de Pourtalès in Strasbourg and of the Countess of Greffulhe in Paris, as well as the famous salon of Berta Zuckerkandl-Szeps in Vienna. Following the First World War, women were poorly represented in the League of Nations in Geneva. Geneva nevertheless became a meeting place for strong feminine personalities. Gathered around Briand and Stresemann, these women included Louise Weiss, Genève Tabouis, Annette Kolb and Marie Curie, among others. At this same time in Vienna, women were joining the European movement of Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi. Following the Second World War, French women, thanks to their newly acquired suffrage, were able to become involved in politics. But it is since the creation of the European Union that many women in France and Austria have come together in building a unified Europe. In 2007, Benita Ferrero-Waldner and Cécilia Sarkozy joined efforts to free the Bulgarian nurses being unjustly detained in Libya and put an end to human rights violations. To this day, history has been written from a uniquely masculine viewpoint. Yet the look of history changes when it is told from a feminine point of view. Europe was and is built by both men and women. It is therefore important to know and acknowledge the contribution of these Austrian and French feminine personalities. 1. The Women During these five centuries, women undeniably brought a certain dynamic to European political life - At first, it was primarily the princesses belonging to the royal houses of France and Austria who exercised this power. Let us not forget that Louise of Savoy and Margaret of Austria were both regents of their respective countries. Of the various emperors of the House of Habsbourg, Empress Maria Theresa was the most successful in directing the affairs of the state. The Empress Zita ceaselessly served Austria throughout her life. The role of Madame de Pompadour is even more surprising. She was the mistress of Louis XV despite being of common origin. -Besides these princesses of royal blood, other women belonging to the aristocracy were also interested in politics, for example the Duchess of Sagan, the Princess de Metternich, the Countess of Pourtalès and the Countess Greffulhe. -Fanny von Arnstein and Madame de Staël came from the world of finance. -At the end of the 19th century and during the 20th century it was mostly journalists of Jewish origin, such as Berta Zuckerkandl-Szeps, Louise Weiss and Cécile Brunschvicg, and intellectuals like Bertha von Suttner who became involved in politics. -In the second half of the 20th century, women of all origins were working in the European ministries and institutions. Consider, for example, Johanna Nestor, Brigitte Ederer, Edith Cresson, Benita Ferrero-Waldner and Ursula Plasnik. Regardless of their origins, they are all true Europeans. Their goal was and continues to be the construction of a peaceful Europe. 2. Diplomacy These women exercised different types of diplomacy, but always shared the same objectives: Peace and reconciliation between France and Austria. -Louise of Savoy and Margaret of Austria negotiated as equals. They submitted their project of peace to their sovereign, but maintained enough freedom to negotiate alone, face to face and make the final decision. They also used secret diplomacy in order to prepare the Treaty of Cambrai. -The Empress Maria Theresa and Madame de Pompadour had other methods of negotiation. An empress could not negotiate directly with the mistress of a French king. Thus the ministers of foreign affairs and diplomats intervened. -During the Congress of Vienna politics took place in the salons. Women gathered information from these salons, which acted as a meeting place for diplomats from all over Europe. The princesses of Sagan could influence both Metternich (Wilhelmine) on the one hand and Talleyrand (Dorothea) on the other. -The same was true under the Second Empire. In a whirlwind of “madness” in Compiegne and Fontainebleau, women tried to assume a role in politics. They also attempted cultural diplomacy. Pauline de Metternich tried to impose Richard Wagner in France and Mélanie de Pourtalès attempted to preserve French culture in Alsace. -Before the First World War, women would become directly involved and attempt to negotiate with male politicians. Berta Zuckerkandl-Szeps met Clemenceau in an attempt to reconcile France and Austria. Bertha von Suttner traveled Europe and the United States trying to prevent war. -Following the carnage of 1914-1918, women continued their efforts to prevent another war. They focused their work around the League of Nations and supported Stresemann and Briand. -It was only after the Second World War that the position of women changed both in society and in diplomacy. Women were no longer acting alone, but within national institutions and international organizations. The European Union gives women the possibility to express themselves and to become involved. Simone Veil and Nicole Fontaine were both President of the European Parliament, with a twenty year lapse between the two. Jacques Delors encouraged women to participate in building Europe. Manuel José Barroso, the European Commission’s current president, pledged for gender balance, though the result did not meet expectations. -Today men and women must adapt to the new context of diplomacy in all its diversity. They must possess new technologies if they wish to occupy high level functions or positions in the European embassies of tomorrow. 3. Collective and cultural memory in European history The marks left on history and cultural memory by the diplomatic actions of all these women vary in degree. -First, there is what we call the forgotten or lost memory. Everyone knows Francis I and Charles V, but few have heard of Louise of Savoy or Margaret of Austria. Madame de Pompadour remains in the collective memory as the mistress of Louis XV. The important role she played in the reversal of alliances continues to be minimized to this day. During the Congress of Vienna, only the actions of Metternich and Talleyrand are emphasized. -Along with this forgotten or lost memory, certain women and their diplomatic actions remain alive in the cultural memory of one country, but have been completely erased from the memory of the other country. Pauline de Metternich left her mark on Austria, but is hardly known in France. Similarly, Mélanie de Pourtalès is relatively unknown in Austria, but her memory remains alive in Alsace. -Some women were deliberately overlooked. We call this repressed memory. This is particularly true for women of Jewish origin in Austria. Perhaps the best illustration can be seen in the fate of Fanny von Arnstein. -Today there are many of what Pierre Nora calls lieux de mémoire (“places of memory”). These may be, for example, postage stamps bearing the image of Annette Kolb or Bertha von Suttner, commemorative plaques honoring Berta von Zuckerkandl-Szeps or Irene Harand, banknotes or coins featuring Marie Curie or Bertha von Suttner, paintings immortalizing the beauty of Mélanie de Pourtalès or the Countess of Greffulhe, poems singing the glory of Louise of Savoy, or European literary characters that embody Dorothea de Talleyrand-Périgord. Certain women also created their own lieu de mémoire: Margaret of Austria immortalized herself by building the magnificent Royal Monastery of Brou. Madame de Pompadour decorated and built several castles and her name continues to be associated with Sevres porcelain. As for the Empress Maria Theresa, her mark can be found throughout Vienna. Marie Curie, by twice receiving the Nobel Prize for her scientific work, and Bertha von Suttner, by publishing her book Die Waffen nieder! (“Lay Down Your Arms”) and by also receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, have entered directly into European memory. Others, like Geneviève Tabouis and Brigitte Ederer are kept alive in the communicative memory. It is still too early to tell what history holds in store for women playing a role in politics after 1945. Christiane Scrivener and Simone Veil, who both have laws named after them, have already found their place in history. Since joining the French Academy, Simone Veil has become an “Immortal” (a name bestowed upon Academy members)
Ali, Hasan. "Les accords de Camp David et la paix au Moyen-Orient." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990CLF10092.
Full textSypula, Ewa. "Évolution des conceptions françaises de l'unification de l'Europe." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00542144.
Full textDelaroche, Jean-Marie. "Droit d'ingérence et concurrence militaire internationale en Méditerranée orientale : les puissances européennes et le maintien de l'ordre dans les Balkans, du traité de Berlin (1878) à la Première Guerre mondiale." Thesis, Lille 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL30043/document.
Full textBetween the Treaty of Berlin of 1878 and the outbreak of the First World War, the European powers tried to prevent the Balkan disorders from compromising continental and world peace. For this reason, and because their diplomats interpreted the Balkan violences essentially as acts of brigandage and not as the expression of independentist political movements, the European powers imposed on the Ottoman Empire reforms of the gendarmeries of its provinces of Eastern Rumelia, Crete, Macedonia and Albania implemented by their own officers.This thesis of military history is both an institutional history and a history of the actors. One has tried to determin under what conditions the western gendarmic model could be grafted and adapted to the Eastern social and cultural realities through the action of a few European officers in charge of collaborating with each other and confronting the Balkan reality that was often foreign to them. This approach makes it possible to renew the study of the European concert and its progressive seizure by highlighting the mutual mistrust of the powers one against the other and the ambiguity of the orders that each one gave to its own officers.It also captures the dynamics of international interference and how the target state can seek to escape from it. Finally, it reveals the difficulty of an institution of policing, whose administrative traditions stem from the model of the French nation-state, to adapt to fragmented political societies under construction in order to ensure the protection of all minorities
Ludwig, Bernard. "Anticommunisme et guerre psychologique en République fédérale d'Allemagne et en Europe (1950-1956) : démocratie, diplomaties et réseaux transnationaux." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010691.
Full textDioum, Sidy. "La mise à l'épreuve du régime de non-prolifération des armes nucléaires et leurs vecteurs au regard des crises contemporaines." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0085.
Full textThe end of the East-West confrontation appeared to be a watershed in the fight against the proliferation of nuclear weapons. While the world was celebrating the fall of the Berlin wall, the context that will succeed this time is marked by the continuity and the aggravation of several serious crises linked to nuclear proliferation in India, Pakistan, Iran and North-Korea. These crises occurred even though all nuclear weapons were globally reduced by more than a quarter since the end of the cold war, have been a mixed reaction from the " International community ". These crises show that it is essential to strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation system by providing prompt, credible and dynamic responses. While doubts have been raised about the ability of the classical regime to discourage those who wish to develop nuclear activities for other than peaceful purposes, the need to consider appropriate modern tools to change rapidly geopolitical context seemed to be essential. This implies a rearrangement of the classic nuclear non-proliferation system with a view to strengthen the legitimacy of the norm of non-proliferation. In addition, these crises show that it is essential to strengthen the mechanisms for implementation of the Treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (NPT). The application of an additional protocol, coupled with the implementation of a comprehensive safeguards agreement, is indeed essential to obtain full insurance compliance with non-proliferation commitments and is the current standard to allow the agency (IAEA) to fulfill its mission
El, Jadie Amna. "L'énergie nucléaire et le droit international public." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR1006/document.
Full textAll states without discrimination have an inalienable right to develop the uses of nuclear energy for civilian purposes, provided they do not divert these peaceful uses to nuclear weapons. However, five states have been granted the right to possess these weapons, that is : United-States, France, Russia, China and United-Kingdom. Around this position a fierce debate, both legal and ethical, has been raised. Indeed for its opponents nuclear represents a persistent risk that is non controllable by science. Major nuclear accidents, radioactive wastes and the use of nuclear for military purposes are unmanageable risks of exceptionnal serious gravity. On the other hand, the proponents of this energy present it as safe, even as part of sustainable development. According to them, nuclear is a reliable means to fight global warming and is also a solution to the energy shortage the world is facing. When analyzing the reliability and the credibility of all arguments for and against this industry, it can be noticed that the lawfulness and legitimacy of the use of nuclear energy are ill-founded. Therefore, we believe there is a need to go beyond nuclear with the conclusion of an international convention dealing with the progressive but comprehensive nuclear ban
Lemieux, François. "L'application du traité de Troyes, 21 mai 1420 : au-delà de l'échec, dix années de tentatives et d'efforts au royaume de France." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19101.
Full textThe terms of the peace ratified by Charles VI and Henry V in Troyes in May 1420 are pretty clear and seem easy to apply : the dauphin Charles, sole heir of king Charles VI, is disinheritaded; Henry V, by wedding the daughter of the king of France, Catherine, becomes the new legitimate heir of Charles VI and, when the latter is to die, will reign over France and England without, however, unifying the two kingdoms; the treaty of Troyes also seals the alliance between Burgundy, England and the northern half of France in the war against the armagnac party of the dauphin Charles which controls the southern part of France, the kingdom of Bourges. Yet, when the peace ceremony of the cathedral of Saint Peter and Saint Paul of Troyes is over, the theory of the treaty comes up against a completely different reality. While the treaty plans a total adherence to the peace from the northern half of France and the politic death of the armagnac party and of the dauphin Charles, what occurs is quite the opposite : aresistance movements to the treaty itself and to the authority that it gives to Henry V as heir and regent of France arise from everywhere and the dauphin’s party, far from disapearing, holds fast against the « coalition » formed by England, France and Burgundy. Last but not least comes the untimely death of Henry V in August 1422 wich, once Charles VI follows him in death in the following October, leaves the kingdoms of Fance and England in the hands of a less than one year hold baby-king. All those facts seem to imply a quick failure of the peace and the people in charge of applying it know it too well. Nevertheless, the ten years following the ratification of the treaty and despite every difficulties against it are the withnesses to a genuine attempt to properly apply the peace of Troyes or, at least, of some of its clauses and elements that really can be putted into practice.