Journal articles: 'Training protocols'

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Golik-Peric, Dragana, Miodrag Drapsin, Borislav Obradovic, and Patrik Drid. "Short-Term Isokinetic Training Versus Isotonic Training: Effects on Asymmetry in Strength of Thigh Muscles." Journal of Human Kinetics 30, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-011-0070-5.

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Short-Term Isokinetic Training Versus Isotonic Training: Effects on Asymmetry in Strength of Thigh MusclesThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two training protocols on the isokinetic performance of athletes. The study was conducted in 38 athletes, (age 23.3 ± 3.6 years) participating in national level leagues of different sports, whose initial concentric hamstrings-to-quadriceps (conH/Q) torque ratio was lower than 0.5. During seasonal testing, an isokinetic measurement of knee extensors and flexors was performed at 60º/s. The athletes were divided into two groups. Nineteen athletes performed the isokinetic training protocol (IT) while the second group of 19 athletes followed the isotonic training protocol (RT). Both protocols lasted 4 weeks. After completing the training protocols, both groups underwent a final isokinetic testing. The isokinetic data revealed significant increases after training in measures of peak torque in both extensor and flexor muscle groups, in both the IT and RT study groups (p < 0.05). There were significant increases (p< 0.05) in conH/Q ratio in both groups after the implemented protocols, but greater in IT group. Consequently, applied IT protocol induced changes in working muscles, thereby restoring detected asymmetry to an acceptable balance more efficiently compared to RT protocol.

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Cadore, Eduardo Lusa, Miriam González-Izal, Rafael Grazioli, Igor Setuain, Ronei Silveira Pinto, and Mikel Izquierdo. "Effects of Concentric and Eccentric Strength Training on Fatigue Induced by Concentric and Eccentric Exercises." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0254.

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Purpose: To compare the concentric and eccentric training effects on fatigue induced by eccentric and concentric protocols. Methods: A total of 22 men and women (22 [3.6] y) were assigned to concentric (GCON, n = 11) or eccentric training (GECC, n = 11). The concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) protocols were composed of 4 sets of 20 knee-extension/flexion repetitions. Force losses were analyzed by comparing 10 repetitions’ mean torques during the protocols and by verifying the maximal voluntary contraction and rate of torque development before and after the protocols. Muscle damage was assessed using echo intensity of the vastus lateralis 48 h after the protocols. Training consisted of 6 wk of isokinetic exercise at 60°/s (concentric or eccentric) twice weekly. Results: Before training, both protocols resulted in dynamic and isometric force losses in GCON and GECC (P < .01), but the magnitude was greater after the CON protocol than after the ECC protocol (P < .001). After training, both GCON and GECC showed similar force decreases during the CON and ECC protocols (P < .01), and these changes were not different from the pretraining decreases. Regarding maximal voluntary contraction after training, GECC showed lower force decreases than GCON after ECC exercise (−13.7% vs −22.3%, respectively, P < .05), whereas GCON showed lower maximal voluntary contraction decreases after CON exercise compared with pretraining (−29.2%, P < .05). Losses in rate of torque development were similar after the protocols before and after the training regimens. No changes in echo intensity were observed after the protocols before and after training. Conclusion: Both interventions resulted in similar force decreases during fatigue protocols compared with those associated with pretraining.

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Brandenburg, Jason, and David Docherty. "The Effect of Training Volume on the Acute Response and Adaptations to Resistance Training." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 1, no. 2 (June 2006): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.1.2.108.

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Purpose:To examine the acute response to 2 resistance-exercise protocols performed to repetition failure, but different in load configuration, and determine whether the acute response was related to strength increases after 8 weeks of training.Methods:Eighteen resistance-trained men completed a single session of 2 resistance-exercise protocols. The constant-load protocol (CL) required subjects to complete 3 sets of single-arm preacher curls (elbow flexion) to failure using a load of ~77% 1RM. The reduced-load protocol (RL) was similar, but training load was reduced for the second and third sets. Maximal isometric force (MVIC) and blood lactate were assessed preprotocol and postprotocol to determine the acute response. For the 8-week training phase, subjects (N = 12) were divided into 2 programs, each corresponsing to 1 of the protocols. Strength was measured before and after training.Results:MVIC decreased from 106.2 ± 13.8 to 84.3 ± 12.1 N · m and from 109.1 ± 14.7 to 82.5 ± 13 N · m after the CL and RL protocols, respectively. The decrements in MVIC were significant (P < .001), with the decline after RL tending to be greater (P = .051). Postprotocol blood lactate concentrations after CL and RL were 3.4 ± 1.1 and 4.1 ± 1.3 mmol/L, respectively, with greater increases after RL (P = .036). Similar and significant 1RM strength increases were observed after both programs (from 20.7 ± 2.7 to 23.3 ± 3.5 kg after CL and from 22.4 ± 2.9 to 25.5 ± 3.2 kg after RL; P < .001).Conclusion:The similar increases in strength suggest that either the greater acute response to RL was not related to the increases in strength or a minimal (threshold) response was achieved during both programs.

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Angle, Marcia A., Laura A. Brown, and Pierre Buekens. "IUD Protocols for International Training." Studies in Family Planning 24, no. 2 (March 1993): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2939206.

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Marín-Pagán, Cristian, Anthony J. Blazevich, Linda H. Chung, Salvador Romero-Arenas, Tomás T. Freitas, and Pedro E. Alcaraz. "Acute Physiological Responses to High-Intensity Resistance Circuit Training vs. Traditional Strength Training in Soccer Players." Biology 9, no. 11 (November 7, 2020): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9110383.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses induced by high-intensity resistance circuit-based (HRC) and traditional strength (TS) training protocols. Ten amateur soccer players reported to the laboratory on four occasions: (1) protocol familiarization and load determination; (2) maximal oxygen consumption test; (3) and (4) resistance training protocols (HRC and TS), completed in a cross-over randomized order. In both protocols, the same structure was used (two blocks of 3 sets × 3 exercises, separated by a 5-min rest), with only the time between consecutive exercises differing: TS (3 min) and HRC (~35 s, allowing 3 min of local recovery). To test for between-protocol differences, paired t-tests were applied. Results showed that oxygen consumption and heart rate during HRC were 75% and 39% higher than TS, respectively (p < 0.001). After the training sessions, blood lactate concentration at 1.5, 5 and 7 min and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption were higher in HRC. The respiratory exchange ratio was 6.7% greater during HRC, with no between-group differences found post-exercise. The energy cost of HRC was ~66% higher than TS. In conclusion, HRC training induces greater cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses in soccer players and thus may be a time-effective training strategy.

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Saucedo Marquez, Cinthia Maria, Bart Vanaudenaerde, Thierry Troosters, and Nicole Wenderoth. "High-intensity interval training evokes larger serum BDNF levels compared with intense continuous exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 119, no. 12 (December 15, 2015): 1363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00126.2015.

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Exercise can have a positive effect on the brain by activating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-related processes. In healthy humans there appears to be a linear relationship between exercise intensity and the positive short-term effect of acute exercise on BDNF levels (i.e., the highest BDNF levels are reported after high-intensity exercise protocols). Here we performed two experiments to test the effectiveness of two high-intensity exercise protocols, both known to improve cardiovascular health, to determine whether they have a similar efficacy in affecting BDNF levels. Participants performed a continuous exercise (CON) protocol at 70% of maximal work rate and a high-intensity interval-training (HIT) protocol at 90% of maximal work rate for periods of 1 min alternating with 1 min of rest (both protocols lasted 20 min). We observed similar BDNF kinetics in both protocols, with maximal BDNF concentrations being reached toward the end of training ( experiment 1). We then showed that both exercise protocols significantly increase BDNF levels compared with a rest condition (CON P = 0.04; HIT P < 0.001), with HIT reaching higher BDNF levels than CON ( P = 0.035) ( experiment 2). These results suggest that shorter bouts of high intensity exercise are slightly more effective than continuous high-intensity exercise for elevating serum BDNF. Additionally, 73% of the participants preferred the HIT protocol ( P = 0.02). Therefore, we suggest that the HIT protocol might represent an effective and preferred intervention for elevating BDNF levels and potentially promoting brain health.

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Schoenmakers, Patrick P. J. M., Florentina J. Hettinga, and Kate E. Reed. "The Moderating Role of Recovery Durations in High-Intensity Interval-Training Protocols." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 6 (July 1, 2019): 859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0876.

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Purpose:Over recent years, multiple studies have tried to optimize the exercise intensity and duration of work intervals in high-intensity-interval training (HIIT) protocols. Although an optimal work interval is of major importance to facilitate training adaptations, an optimal HIIT protocol can only be achieved with an adequate recovery interval separating work bouts. Surprisingly, little research has focused on the acute responses and long-term impact of manipulating recovery intervals in HIIT sessions. This invited commentary therefore aimed to review and discuss the current literature and increase the understanding of the moderating role of recovery durations in HIIT protocols.Conclusion:The acute responses to manipulations in recovery durations in repeated-sprint training (RST), sprint interval training (SIT), and aerobic interval training (AIT) protocols have recently begun to receive scientific interest. However, limited studies have manipulated only the recovery duration in RST, SIT, or AIT protocols to analyze the role of recovery durations on long-term training adaptations. In RST and SIT, longer recovery intervals (≥80 s) facilitate higher workloads in subsequent work intervals (compared with short recovery intervals), while potentially lowering the aerobic stimulus of the training session. In AIT, the total physiological strain endured per training protocol appears not to be moderated by the recovery intervals, unless the recovery duration is too short. This invited commentary highlights that further empirical evidence on a variety of RST, SIT, and AIT protocols and in exercise modalities other than cycling is needed.

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Ulbricht, Ariene Sampaio Souza Farias, Daniela Delwing-de Lima, Carla Werlang-Coelho, Débora Delwing-Dal Magro, Bruna Donat, Mariana Ramos Vieira, Marina Zordan Poletto, and Eduardo Manoel Pereira. "EFFECTS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE TRAINING ON OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLES OF OBESE RATS." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 25, no. 5 (October 2019): 404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220192505184278.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Obesity is a complex and multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by the accumulation of body fat; physical exercise increases energy expenditure and promotes a reparative effect through modulation of endogenous antioxidant defenses. Objective To evaluate the effects of the high-fat diet (HFD) on oxidative stress parameters in skeletal muscles of rats using aerobic exercise training protocols (AETP), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Methods The study was quantitative and experimental. Animals received 8 weeks of HFD or normal diet (ND), followed by 9 weeks of HFD or ND and the two AETPs. Results HFD did not alter the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA-RS), total sulfhydryl and protein carbonyl content in the soleus and plantaris muscles; in contrast, the protocols caused a decrease in TBA-RS levels in the plantaris muscle and increased the sulfhydryl content in the soleus muscle, while MICT increased the sulfhydryl content in the plantaris muscle and reduced protein carbonyl content in both muscles. HFD reduced SOD activity in the plantaris muscle while the MICT protocol enhanced SOD in the soleus muscle and both protocols reversed the decrease in SOD in the plantaris muscle. HFD increased CAT activity in the soleus muscle, the HIIT protocol prevented this alteration and both protocols increased CAT in the plantaris muscle. HFD reduced GSH-Px activity in both muscles, and the MICT protocol prevented this reduction in the soleus muscle, while the HIIT protocol partially prevented this decrease. The MICT protocol did not prevent the reduction of GSH-Px and the HIIT protocol partially prevented this decrease in the plantaris muscle. Conclusions HFD elicited oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle of rats, and both protocols were able to prevent most of the alterations in oxidative stress parameters caused by the HFD. Level of evidence IV; Investigation of treatment outcomes.

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Silva, Lucas Raphael Bento, Paulo Roberto Viana Gentil, Thomas Beltrame, Marco Antônio Basso Filho, Fagner Medeiros Alves, Maria Sebastiana Silva, Gustavo Rodrigues Pedrino, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, Victor Coswig, and Ana Cristina Silva Rebelo. "Exponential model for analysis of heart rate responses and autonomic cardiac modulation during different intensities of physical exercise." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 10 (October 2019): 190639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190639.

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The aim of this study was to compare the heart rate (HR) dynamics and variability before and after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) protocols with workloads based on treadmill workload at which maximal oxygen uptake was achieved ( WL V ˙ O 2 max ) . Ten participants performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to obtain oxygen uptake ( WL V ˙ O 2 max ) . All training protocols were performed on a treadmill, with 0% grade, and had similar total distance. The MICT was composed by 21 min at 70% of WL V ˙ O 2 max . The first HIIT protocol (HIIT-30 : 30) was composed by 29 repetitions of 30 s at 100% of s V ˙ O 2 max and the second HIIT protocol (HIIT-4 : 3) was composed by three repetitions of 4 min at 90% of WL V ˙ O 2 max . Before, during and after each training protocol, HR dynamics and variability (HRV) were analysed by standard kinetics and linear (time and frequency domains). The repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that the HR dynamics, which characterizes the speed of HR during the rest to exercise transition, was statistically ( p < 0.05) slower during MICT in comparison to both HIIT protocols. The HRV analysis, which characterizes the cardiac autonomic modulation during the exercise recovery, was statistically higher in HIIT-4 : 3 in comparison to MICT and HIIT-30 : 30 protocols ( p < 0.005 and p = 0.012, respectively), suggesting that the HIIT-4 : 3 induced higher sympathetic and lower parasympathetic modulation during exercise in comparison to the other training protocols. In conclusion, HIIT-4 : 3 demonstrated post-exercise sympathetic hyperactivity and a higher HRpeak, while the HIIT-30 : 30 and MICT resulted in better HRV and HR in the exercise-recovery transition. The cardiac autonomic balance increased in HIIT-30 : 30 while HIIT-4 : 3 induced sympathetic hyperactivity and cardiac overload.

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Lozano, Wilson M., Germán Parra, Oscar J. Arias-Mutis, and Manuel Zarzoso. "Exercise Training Protocols in Rabbits Applied in Cardiovascular Research." Animals 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081263.

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Rabbit exercise protocols allow for the evaluation of physiological and biomechanical changes and responses to episodes of acute or chronic exercise. The observed physiological changes are normal responses to stress, that is, adaptive responses to maintain or restore homeostasis after acute exercise. Indeed, the rabbit model is advantageous since (a) it has important physiological similarities in terms of the functioning of multiple organ systems, and can quickly induce alterations in pathophysiological conditions that resemble those of humans, and (b) it allows the implementation of a low-cost model in comparison with other large animals. When designing an exercise training protocol for rabbits, it is important to consider variables such as race, gender, age and, especially, training parameters such as volume, intensity, or rest, among others, to determine the outcome of the research. Therefore, the objective of this review is to identify and analyze exercise training protocols in rabbits in different experimental applications and the various physiological adaptations that are presented, with special focus in cardiovascular adaptations.

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Poutafkand, Fereshte, Hamid Marefati, and Hossein Taherichadorneshin. "A Comparison of the Effects of Resistance and Endurance Training Protocols on Serum Irisin Level and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Sedentary Obese Women." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 27, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2020-0023.

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Abstract Introduction. Studies have revealed that the anabolic effect of irisin on bone is mediated by an increase in alkaline phosphatase. However, few studies have investigated the interactive effect of irisin on alkaline phosphatase after exercise training. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the impact of endurance and resistance training protocols on serum irisin concentration and total alkaline phosphatase activity in sedentary obese women. Material and methods. Forty-five sedentary obese women (age: 48.96 ± 5.2 years, body mass index 32.24 ± 3.76 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to control, endurance, and resistance groups. Endurance (45 to 75 minutes at an intensity corresponding to 50 to 80% of heart rate reserve) and resistance exercise training (3 sets, 10-15 repetitions at an intensity corresponding to 50 to 65% of one-repetition maximum) were conducted for 8 weeks, 3 days per week. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was estimated using the modified Bruce protocol treadmill test. Fasting blood samples were taken before the first and 48-hr after the last exercise training sessions. The serum concentrations of irisin and total alkaline phosphatase activity were measured using the sandwich ELISA method and photo-metric method, respectively. Results. Both endurance and resistance exercise training protocols caused a significant reduction in BMI and BFP of obese women. In contrast, VO2max significantly increased after both exercise training protocols. However, neither endurance nor resistance training protocols had a significant impact on the serum concentrations of irisin and total alkaline phosphatase activity. No significant inter-group differences were observed between the subjects’ BMI, BFP, VO2max, total alkaline phosphatase, and irisin at the end of protocols. Conclusions. The finding of the current study revealed that neither of the training protocols had a significant impact on bone anabolic parameters. However, performing these types of exercise is suggested for weight management in obese women.

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Ruble, Julie E., and Barbara Lom. "Online Protocol Annotation: A Method to Enhance Undergraduate Laboratory Research Skills." CBE—Life Sciences Education 7, no. 3 (September 2008): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe.08-02-0007.

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A well-constructed, step-by-step protocol is a critical starting point for teaching undergraduates new techniques, an important record of a lab's standard procedures, and a useful mechanism for sharing techniques between labs. Many research labs use websites to archive and share their protocols for these purposes. Here we describe our experiences developing and using a protocol website for the additional purpose of enhancing undergraduate research training. We created our lab's protocol website in a message board format that allows undergraduates to post comments on protocols describing the lessons they learned, questions that arose, and/or insights they gained while learning to execute specific research protocols. Encouraging and expecting students to comment on the protocols they are learning to execute is beneficial for both the student and for the lab in which they are training. For the student, annotations encourage active reflection on their execution of techniques and emphasize the important message that attending to and understanding details of a protocol is a critical factor in producing reliable data. For the lab, annotations capture valuable insights for future generations of researchers by describing missing details, hints, and common hurdles for newcomers.

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Conceição, Matheus, Eduardo Lusa Cadore, Miriam González-Izal, Mikel Izquierdo, Giane Veiga Liedtke, Eurico Nestor Wilhelm, Ronei Silveira Pinto, et al. "Strength Training Prior to Endurance Exercise: Impact on the Neuromuscular System, Endurance Performance and Cardiorespiratory Responses." Journal of Human Kinetics 44, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0123.

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Abstract This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of two strength-training protocols on the neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory responses during endurance exercise. Thirteen young males (23.2 ± 1.6 years old) participated in this study. The hypertrophic strength-training protocol was composed of 6 sets of 8 squats at 75% of maximal dynamic strength. The plyometric strength-training protocol was composed of 6 sets of 8 jumps performed with the body weight as the workload. Endurance exercise was performed on a cycle ergometer at a power corresponding to the second ventilatory threshold until exhaustion. Before and after each protocol, a maximal voluntary contraction was performed, and the rate of force development and electromyographic parameters were assessed. After the hypertrophic strengthtraining and plyometric strength-training protocol, significant decreases were observed in the maximal voluntary contraction and rate of force development, whereas no changes were observed in the electromyographic parameters. Oxygen uptake and a heart rate during endurance exercise were not significantly different among the protocols. However, the time-to-exhaustion was significantly higher during endurance exercise alone than when performed after hypertrophic strength-training or plyometric strength-training (p <0.05). These results suggest that endurance performance may be impaired when preceded by strength-training, with no oxygen uptake or heart rate changes during the exercise.

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Lacerda, Lucas Túlio, Rodrigo Otávio Marra-Lopes, Marcel Bahia Lanza, Rodrigo César Ribeiro Diniz, Fernando Vitor Lima, Hugo Cesar Martins-Costa, Gustavo Ferreira Pedrosa, André Gustavo Pereira Andrade, Armin Kibele, and Mauro Heleno Chagas. "Resistance training with different repetition duration to failure: effect on hypertrophy, strength and muscle activation." PeerJ 9 (February 25, 2021): e10909. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10909.

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Background This study investigated the effects of two 14-week resistance training protocols with different repetition duration (RD) performed to muscle failure (MF) on gains in strength and muscle hypertrophy as well as on normalized electromyographic (EMG) amplitude and force-angle relationships. Methods The left and right legs of ten untrained males were assigned to either one of the two protocols (2-s or 6-s RD) incorporating unilateral knee extension exercise. Both protocols were performed with 3–4 sets, 50–60% of the one-repetition maximum (1RM), and 3 min rest. Rectus femoris and vastus lateralis cross-sectional areas (CSA), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) at 30o and 90o of knee flexion and 1RM performance were assessed before and after the training period. In addition, normalized EMG amplitude-angle and force-angle relationships were assessed in the 6th and 39th experimental sessions. Results The 6-s RD protocol induced larger gains in MVIC at 30o of knee angle measurement than the 2-s RD protocol. Increases in MVIC at 90o of knee angle, 1RM, rectus femoris and vastus lateralis CSA were not significant between the 2-s and 6-s RD protocols. Moreover, different normalized EMG amplitude-angle and force-angle values were detected between protocols over most of the angles analyzed. Conclusion Performing longer RD could be a more appropriate strategy to provide greater gains in isometric maximal muscle strength at shortened knee positions. However, similar maximum dynamic strength and muscle hypertrophy gains would be provided by protocols with different RD.

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Follador, Lucio, Ragami C. Alves, Sandro dos S. Ferreira, Cosme F. Buzzachera, Vinicius F. dos S. Andrade, Erick D. S. de A. Garcia, Raul Osiecki, Sara C. Barbosa, Letícia M. de Oliveira, and Sergio G. da Silva. "Physiological, Perceptual, and Affective Responses to Six High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols." Perceptual and Motor Skills 125, no. 2 (January 25, 2018): 329–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512518754584.

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This study examined the extent to which different high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) protocols could influence psychophysiological responses in moderately active young men. Fourteen participants completed, in a randomized order, three cycling protocols (SIT: 4 × 30-second all-out sprints; Tabata: 7 × 20 seconds at 170% ⋮O2max; and HIIT: 10 × 60 seconds at 90% HRmax) and three running HIIT protocols (4 × 4 minutes at 90%–95% HRmax, 5 × at v⋮O2max, and 4 × 1,000 meters at a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 8, from the OMNI-Walk/Run scale). Oxygen uptake (⋮O2), heart rate, and RPE were recorded during each interval. Affective responses were assessed before and after each trial. The Tabata protocol elicited the highest ⋮O2 and RPE responses, and the least pleasant session-affect among the cycling trials. The v⋮O2max elicited the highest ⋮O2 and RPE responses and the lowest mean session-affect among the running trials. Findings highlight the limited application of SIT and some HIIT protocols to individuals with low fitness levels.

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Pashaei, Zhaleh, Afshar Jafari, and Mohammad reza Alivand. "The effect of 8 weeks high- intensity interval training and combined training on miR-16 expression in peripheral mononuclear blood cells of overweight/obese middle-aged women." Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 42, no. 6 (February 24, 2021): 745–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/mj.2021.016.

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Background: MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNA molecules that regulate different biological processes through regulating the expression of different genes and the miR-16 is one of the miRNAs that play an important role in obesity-related disorders. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of high- intensity interval training (HIIT) alone and combined with resistance training (CHRT) on miR-16 expression in PBMCs of overweight/ obese middle-aged women. Methods: Twenty-four overweight/obese, inactive, health middle-aged women participated in two homogeneous groups HIIT (5 bouts of running at 80%–85% of VO2max with active breaks at 60% of VO2max, 5 days/week, n=12) and CHRT protocols (3 day/week HIIT with 2 day/week resistance training protocol with 75-80% of 1-RM, n=12) for eight- week. MiR-16 expressions in PBMCs of overweight/obese middle-aged women were measured by real time- PCR before and 48h after the training protocols. Results: Expression of miR-16 increased significantly in the both training protocols (HIIT: 2.32 fold, p=0.001 and CHRT: 4.96, p=0.006). However, there was no significant difference found between training protocols. Conclusion: The eight weeks of HIIT and CHRT training are lead to equally changes in the expression of miR-16, as an anti-inflammatory epigenetic factor, in PBMCs of overweight/obese women.

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B. Scott, Christopher, Maegan Chartier, Joshua Hodgkiss, Matthew Mallett, and Mikaela Shields. "Differences in Oxygen Uptake between Equivalent Resistance Training Protocols: Sets vs. Reps." International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports 9, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijpefs20410.

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We examined the energy costs of different resistance training protocols where exercise and recovery periods were equated: 48 total seconds of exercise and 210 seconds of between-set recovery. Two separate investigations were carried out at 65% of a 1 repetition maximum (1RM): back squat (7 men, 3 women) and bench press (9 men). Lifting cadence for concentric and eccentric phases was set at 1.5 sec each with 30 sec between-set recovery periods for the 8 sets, 2 reps protocol (sets) and a 3 min and 30 sec between-set recovery period for the 2 sets, 8 reps protocol (reps). The amount of oxygen consumed during lifting and between-set recovery periods was significantly greater for sets vs. reps protocol for both the back squat (+41%) and bench press (+27%) (p = 0.0001). Moreover, the total aerobic cost including the after-lifting excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was larger for the increased sets protocol for both the squat (+27%, p = 0.01) and bench press (+29%, p = 0.04). Total energy costs - aerobic plus anaerobic, exercise and recovery - were not different among sets or reps protocols. We conclude that a greater volume of oxygen is consumed with a lower repetition, increased number of sets resistance training protocol. We suggest that more recovery periods promote a greater potential for fat oxidation.

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Cipryan, Lukas. "IL-6, Antioxidant Capacity and Muscle Damage Markers Following High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols." Journal of Human Kinetics 56, no. 1 (February 25, 2017): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0031.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate changes of interleukin-6 (IL-6), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and muscle damage markers (creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) in response to three different high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols of identical external work. Twelve moderately-trained males participated in the three HIIT trials which consisted of a warm-up, followed by 12 min of 15 s, 30 s or 60 s HIIT sequences with the work/rest ratio 1. The biochemical markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and muscle damage were analysed POST, 3 h and 24 h after the exercise. All HIIT protocols caused an immediate increase in IL-6, TAC, CK, myoglobin and LDH. The most pronounced between-trials differences were found for the POST-exercise changes in IL-6 (Effect size ± 90% confidence interval: 1.51 ± 0.63, 0.84 ± 0.34 and 1.80 ± 0.60 for the 15s/15s, 30s/30s and 60s/60s protocol, respectively) and myoglobin (1.11 ± 0.29, 0.45 ± 0.48 and 1.09 ± 0.22 for the 15s/15s, 30s/30s and 60s/60s protocol, respectively). There were no substantial between-trial differences in other biochemical variables. In conclusion, the 15s/15s and 60s/60s protocols might be preferred to the 30s/30s protocols in order to maximize the training stimulus.

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Mueller, Michael M., Cathleen C. Piazza, James W. Moore, Michael E. Kelley, Stephanie A. Bethke, Angela E. Pruett, Amanda J. Oberdorff, and Stacy A. Layer. "TRAINING PARENTS TO IMPLEMENT PEDIATRIC FEEDING PROTOCOLS." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 36, no. 4 (December 2003): 545–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2003.36-545.

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Putman, John A. "Technical Issues Involving Bipolar EEG Training Protocols." Journal of Neurotherapy 5, no. 3 (January 3, 2002): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j184v05n03_06.

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Putman, John A., and Siegfried Othmer. "Phase Sensitivity of Bipolar EEG Training Protocols." Journal of Neurotherapy 10, no. 1 (December 12, 2006): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j184v10n01_06.

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Greenleaf, J. E., R. Bulbulian, E. M. Bernauer, W. L. Haskell, and T. Moore. "Exercise-training protocols for astronauts in microgravity." Journal of Applied Physiology 67, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 2191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.67.6.2191.

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The question of the composition of exercise protocols for use by astronauts in microgravity is unresolved. Based on our knowledge of physical working requirements for astronauts during intra- and extravehicular activity and on the findings from bed-rest studies that utilized exercise training as a countermeasure for the reduction of aerobic power, deterioration of muscular strength and endurance, decrements in mood and cognitive performance, and possibly for bone loss, two exercise protocols are proposed. One assumes that, during microgravity, astronaut exercise physiological functions should be maintained at 100% of ground-based levels; the other assumes that maximal aerobic power in flight can be reduced by 10% of the ground-based level. A recommended prescription for in-flight prevention or partial suppression of calcium (bone) loss cannot be written until further research findings are obtained that elucidate the site, the magnitude, and the mechanism of the changes. Hopefully these proposed exercise prescriptions will stimulate further research and discussion resulting in even more efficient protocols that will help ensure the optimal health and well-being of our astronauts.

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Bertossi, Alan A., Stephan Olariu, and Cristina M. Pinotti. "Efficient corona training protocols for sensor networks." Theoretical Computer Science 402, no. 1 (July 2008): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2008.03.007.

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Nunez, Tony P., Nicholas M. Beltz, Trisha A. McLain, Christine M. Mermier, and Len Kravitz. "Energy Expenditure with Two Suspension Training Protocols." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000485512.35308.70.

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Padalino, B., G. Rubino, P. Centoducati, and F. Petazzi. "Training versus Overtraining: Evaluation of Two Protocols." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 27, no. 1 (January 2007): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2006.11.013.

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Pereira, Bruno C., Alisson L. da Rocha, Ana P. Pinto, José R. Pauli, Leandro P. de Moura, Rania A. Mekary, Ellen C. de Freitas, and Adelino S. R. da Silva. "Excessive training impairs the insulin signal transduction in mice skeletal muscles." Journal of Endocrinology 230, no. 1 (July 2016): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-16-0063.

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The main aim of this investigation was to verify the effects of overtraining (OT) on the insulin and inflammatory signaling pathways in mice skeletal muscles. Rodents were divided into control (CT), overtrained by downhill running (OTR/down), overtrained by uphill running (OTR/up), and overtrained by running without inclination (OTR) groups. Rotarod, incremental load, exhaustive, and grip force tests were used to evaluate performance. Thirty-six hours after the grip force test, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus were extracted for subsequent protein analyses. The three OT protocols led to similar responses of all performance evaluation tests. The phosphorylation of insulin receptor beta (pIRβ; Tyr), protein kinase B (pAkt; Ser473), and the protein levels of plasma membrane glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) were lower in the EDL and soleus after the OTR/down protocol and in the soleus after the OTR/up and OTR protocols. While the pIRβ was lower after the OTR/up and OTR protocols, the pAkt was higher after the OTR/up in the EDL. The phosphorylation of IκB kinase alpha and beta (pIKKα/β; Ser180/181), stress-activated protein kinases/Jun amino-terminal kinases (pSAPK-JNK; Thr183/Tyr185), factor nuclear kappa B (pNFκB p65; Ser536), and insulin receptor substrate 1 (pIRS1; Ser307) were higher after the OTR/down protocol, but were not altered after the two other OT protocols. In summary, these data suggest that OT may lead to skeletal muscle insulin signaling pathway impairment, regardless of the predominance of eccentric contractions, although the insulin signal pathway impairment induced in OTR/up and OTR appeared to be muscle fiber-type specific.

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Smilios, Ilias, Panagiotis Tsoukos, Andreas Zafeiridis, Apostolos Spassis, and Savvas P. Tokmakidis. "Hormonal responses after resistance exercise performed with maximum and submaximum movement velocities." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 39, no. 3 (March 2014): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0147.

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This study examined the effects of maximum and submaximum movement velocities after a muscular hypertrophy type resistance exercise protocol on testosterone, human growth hormone (hGH) and cortisol concentrations and on neuromuscular performance assessed with a vertical jump. Eleven males performed a control and 3 resistance exercise protocols (4 sets of squat and 4 sets of leg-press exercises, 8 repetitions/set, 10-repetition maximum load). The first exercise protocol was performed at maximum velocity (Vmax); the second at 70% of Vmax with equal training volume (70%VmaxEV) to Vmax; and the third at 70% of Vmax (70%Vmax) with a 10.6% higher training volume to Vmax. Testosterone and hGH increased after all exercise protocols (p < 0.05) compared with baseline and were higher versus control values (p < 0.05). Cortisol concentrations gradually decreased in 70%Vmax, 70%VmaxEV and control protocols following a typical circadian rhythm (p < 0.05), but remained relatively constant in Vmax protocol. Comparisons among protocols showed that hGH was higher in 70%Vmax versus Vmax (p < 0.05), while cortisol was higher in Vmax versus 70%VmaxEV and control (p < 0.05). The greatest reduction in vertical jump and increase in heart rate were observed after the Vmax protocol (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a hypertrophy type resistance exercise protocol performed at maximum movement velocity increases testosterone and hGH and generates a greater biological stress, as evident by a higher cortisol concentrations and heart rate responses, and a greater reduction in neuromuscular performance. A protocol, however, performed at submaximum movement velocity combined with greater training volume stimulates to a greater extent the hGH response with no effect on cortisol.

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Nicolò, Andrea, Marco Montini, Michele Girardi, Francesco Felici, Ilenia Bazzucchi, and Massimo Sacchetti. "Respiratory Frequency as a Marker of Physical Effort During High-Intensity Interval Training in Soccer Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0028.

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Purpose: Variables currently used in soccer training monitoring fail to represent the physiological demand of the player during movements like accelerations, decelerations, and directional changes performed at high intensity. We tested the hypothesis that respiratory frequency (fR) is a marker of physical effort during soccer-related high-intensity exercise. Methods: A total of 12 male soccer players performed a preliminary intermittent incremental test and 2 shuttle-run high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols, in separate visits. The 2 HIIT protocols consisted of 12 repetitions over 9 minutes and differed in the work-to-recovery ratio (15:30 vs 30:15 s). Work rate was self-paced by participants to achieve the longest possible total distance in each HIIT protocol. Results: Work-phase average metabolic power was higher (P < .001) in the 15:30-second protocol (31.7 [3.0] W·kg−1) compared with the 30:15-second protocol (22.8 [2.0] W·kg−1). Unlike heart rate and oxygen uptake, fR showed a fast response to the work–recovery alternation during both HIIT protocols, resembling changes in metabolic power even at supramaximal intensities. Large correlations (P < .001) were observed between fR and rating of perceived exertion during both 15:30-second (r = .87) and 30:15-second protocols (r = .85). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that fR is a good marker of physical effort during shuttle-run HIIT in soccer players. These findings have implications for monitoring training in soccer and other team sports.

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Vargas Pinilla, Olga Cecilia. "Exercise and Training at Altitudes: Physiological Effects and Protocols." Ciencias de la Salud 12, no. 1 (January 16, 2014): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12804/revsalud12.1.2014.07.

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Moss, Donald. "Biofeedback-Assisted Relaxation Training: A Clinically Effective Treatment Protocol." Biofeedback 48, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-48.02.02.

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Purchasing biofeedback instruments and learning the technical process of operating each biofeedback instrument with a human subject are not enough. These steps are necessary, but they do not clearly guide one as to how the instruments should be used. A treatment protocol is required that provides an explanation of the patient's current suffering or problem, as well as a rationale for using biofeedback training in a fashion that can reasonably be expected to relieve that suffering. Such models or protocols are necessary to organize the process of the biofeedback training and provide a reasonable explanation to motivate the trainee/client. Experience shows that clients who understand how the intervention is relevant for their complaint apply themselves more fully and follow through with any homework more reliably. There are a number of such protocols, including biofeedback-assisted relaxation training, the breath training and respiratory biofeedback model, resonance frequency heart rate variability training, the neuromuscular rehabilitation model, various neurofeedback training models, and psychophysiological psychotherapy. This article will introduce biofeedback-assisted relaxation training (BART). BART is a widely applied biofeedback protocol in clinical practice and has been documented as effective in clinical studies from 1969 to the present, for anxiety disorders, diabetes, headaches, and a variety of other common medical and psychological conditions.

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Sarkar, Surojit, Suvam Dasgupta, K. Kosana Meitei, Snehunsu Adhikari, Amit Bandyopadhyay, and Swapan Kumar Dey. "Effect of Eccentric Cycling and Plyometric Training on Physiological and Performance Related Parameters of Trained Junior Track Cyclists." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2020-0003.

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AbstractIntroduction. Some certain well-established training protocols exist for developing physical and physiological demands of a track cyclist. But still there is controversy on the effectiveness of combined training protocols. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of 4-week concurrent eccentric cycling and plyometric training on cycling performance of male cyclists at the pre-competitive phase.Material and methods. A paired study design was applied to 15 young (15.04 ± 1.01 yrs) Indian male track cyclists to assess the effects of proposed concurrent training protocol on body composition and various physical fitness parameters.Results. Hydration status [TBW (~1%) and ICW (~1%)], glycogen content (~3%), muscular strength (~6-11%), trunk flexibility (~5%), anaerobic power output (~9%), endurance capacity (~5%), acceleration (~7%), leg explosive strength (~7%) and agility (~2%) were found to be improved significantly after the 4-week concurrent training protocol.Conclusions. The concurrent intervening physical training protocol was intended to increase muscular hypertrophy, peripheral factor gradient, glycolytic and oxidative enzyme capacity with proper neuromuscular coordination which may ultimately help the cyclists to pedal at a faster rate with higher muscular power output even for longer time.

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Padula, Cynthia A., and Evelyn Yeaw. "Inspiratory Muscle Training: Integrative Review." Research and Theory for Nursing Practice 20, no. 4 (December 2006): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/rtnp-v20i4a005.

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This article provides a critical review of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although extensive research on IMT has accumulated, its benefits have been debated, primarily because of methodological limitations of studies. Using relevant key words, multiple databases were searched from 1966. Selected studies used PImax (maximal inspiratory pressure) as an outcome variable. Overall, research demonstrated that a standard protocol of 30% or higher for a duration of 20 to 30 minutes per day for 10 to 12 weeks improves dyspnea and inspiratory strength and endurance with either inspiratory resistive or inspiratory threshold training. Regardless of method, IMT protocols for people with COPD and inspiratory muscle weakness and dyspnea are generally safe, feasible, and effective. Patient selectivity and study of subgroups are recommended.

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Chen, Zong-Rong, Shin-Liang Lo, Min-Hsien Wang, Ching-Fang Yu, and Hsien-Te Peng. "Can Different Complex Training Improve the Individual Phenomenon of Post-Activation Potentiation?" Journal of Human Kinetics 56, no. 1 (February 25, 2017): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0034.

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AbstractThe aims of the present study were (a) to determine whether the two types of complex training and vibration complex training would improve the individual phenomenon of post-activation potentiation (PAP) for every athlete in a team setting; and (b) to compare the acute effect of resistance and plyometric exercise, whole body vibration, complex training and vibration complex training on vertical jump performance. The participants were ten male division I college volleyball and basketball players. They were asked to perform three vertical jumps as a pre-test and were then randomly assigned to one of five PAP protocols, resistance exercise using half squat exercise, plyometric exercise using drop jumps with individualized drop height, whole body vibration using squats on a vibration plate, complex training combining resistance exercise with plyometric exercise, vibration complex training combining whole body vibration with plyometric exercise. Three vertical jumps were performed four minutes after the PAP protocol as a post-test. A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine the differences among the five PAP protocols and between the two testing times. Our results showed that the post-test results were significantly improved compared to the pre-test for the vertical jump height (p = .015) in all PAP protocols. There was, however, an individual phenomenon of PAP in the response to all PAP protocols. In conclusion, this study found that resistance and plyometric exercise, whole body vibration, complex training and vibration complex training induce similar group PAP benefits. However, some athletes decreased their performances in some of the exercises in the study. Therefore, it is not recommended for coaches to arrange the exercises in a team setting.

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Longo, Bernadette, Craig Weinert, and T. Kenny Fountain. "Implementation of Medical Research Findings through Insulin Protocols: Initial Findings from an Ongoing Study of Document Design and Visual Display." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 37, no. 4 (October 2007): 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/v986-k02v-519t-721j.

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Medical personnel in hospital intensive care units routinely rely on protocols to deliver some types of patient care. These protocol documents are developed by hospital physicians and staff to ensure that standards of care are followed. Thus, the protocol document becomes a de facto standing order, standing in for the physician's judgment in routine situations. This article reports findings from Phase I of an ongoing study exploring how insulin protocols are designed and used in intensive care units to transfer medical research findings into patient care “best practices.” We developed a taxonomy of document design elements and analyzed 29 insulin protocols to determine their use of these elements. We found that 93% of the protocols used tables to communicate procedures for measuring glucose levels and administering insulin. We further found that the protocols did not adhere well to principles for designing instructions and hypothesized that this finding reflected different purposes for instructions (training) and protocols (standardizing practice).

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Silva Santos, Marta, Francisco José Vera-Garcia, Leury Max Da Silva Chaves, Leardro Henrique Albuquerque Brandão, Danilo Rodrigues Pereira Da Silva, and Marzo Edir Da Silva Grigoletto. "Does core exercises important to functinal training protocols?" Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte 11, no. 4 (December 5, 2018): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33155/10.33155/j.ramd.2018.02.002.

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Objective: Our aim is to analyze the effects of 12 weeks of functional training with and without core exercises on core functional and performance indicators. Method: This is a three-arm randomized controlled trial, which will take place over 12 weeks. Participants will be randomly grouped into three training programs, namely: functional training group, which will perform global, multi-articular, and functional exercises, with no exercises for the core; functional training + core group, which will perform a similar protocol to the functional training group, but with the inclusion of specific exercises for the core region; and core training group, which will only perform specific exercises for the core. In both moments, tests will be carried out in the following order: McGill's torso muscular endurance test battery, unilateral hip bridge endurance test, sit up test, isometric dead lift, push up, sit to stand, functional movement screen, handgrip test, countermovement maximal vertical jump test, one repetition maximum in bench press, row and leg press, T- run agility test, Yo-Yo test. Discussion: These findings will provide new evidence to aid physical education professionals in decision-making regarding exercise prescription. Conclusion: We hypothesize that the inclusion of exercises specifically targeting the trunk in functional training protocols will lead to higher functional and core performance

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Amor, M., L. Fuentes, and J. M. Troya. "Training compositional agents in negotiation protocols using ontologies." Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering 11, no. 2 (March 15, 2004): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ica-2004-11207.

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Brown, Lee E., and Mike Greenwood. "Periodization Essentials and Innovations in Resistance Training Protocols." Strength and Conditioning Journal 27, no. 4 (August 2005): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200508000-00014.

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Kokalas, Nikos, Giorgos Tsalis, Nikos Tsigilis, and Vassilis Mougios. "Hormonal responses to three training protocols in rowing." European Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2004): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1066-9.

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Moreira, José B. N., Luiz R. G. Bechara, Luiz H. M. Bozi, Paulo R. Jannig, Alex W. A. Monteiro, Paulo M. Dourado, Ulrik Wisløff, and Patricia C. Brum. "High- versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training effects on skeletal muscle of infarcted rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 114, no. 8 (April 15, 2013): 1029–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00760.2012.

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Poor skeletal muscle performance was shown to strongly predict mortality and long-term prognosis in a variety of diseases, including heart failure (HF). Despite the known benefits of aerobic exercise training (AET) in improving the skeletal muscle phenotype in HF, the optimal exercise intensity to elicit maximal outcomes is still under debate. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of high-intensity AET with those of a moderate-intensity protocol on skeletal muscle of infarcted rats. Wistar rats underwent myocardial infarction (MI) or sham surgery. MI groups were submitted either to an untrained (MI-UNT); moderate-intensity (MI-CMT, 60% V̇o2 max); or matched volume, high-intensity AET (MI-HIT, intervals at 85% V̇o2 max) protocol. High-intensity AET (HIT) was superior to moderate-intensity AET (CMT) in improving aerobic capacity, assessed by treadmill running tests. Cardiac contractile function, measured by echocardiography, was equally improved by both AET protocols. CMT and HIT prevented the MI-induced decay of skeletal muscle citrate synthase and hexokinase maximal activities, and increased glycogen content, without significant differences between protocols. Similar improvements in skeletal muscle redox balance and deactivation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system were also observed after CMT and HIT. Such intracellular findings were accompanied by prevented skeletal muscle atrophy in both MI-CMT and MI-HIT groups, whereas no major differences were observed between protocols. Taken together, our data suggest that despite superior effects of HIT in improving functional capacity, skeletal muscle adaptations were remarkably similar among protocols, leading to the conclusion that skeletal myopathy in infarcted rats was equally prevented by either moderate-intensity or high-intensity AET.

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Weakley, Jonathon, Carlos Ramirez-Lopez, Shaun McLaren, Nick Dalton-Barron, Dan Weaving, Ben Jones, Kevin Till, and Harry Banyard. "The Effects of 10%, 20%, and 30% Velocity Loss Thresholds on Kinetic, Kinematic, and Repetition Characteristics During the Barbell Back Squat." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-1008.

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Purpose: Prescribing resistance training using velocity loss thresholds can enhance exercise quality by mitigating neuromuscular fatigue. As little is known regarding performance during these protocols, we aimed to assess the effects of 10%, 20%, and 30% velocity loss thresholds on kinetic, kinematic, and repetition characteristics in the free-weight back squat. Methods: Using a randomized crossover design, 16 resistance-trained men were recruited to complete 5 sets of the barbell back squat. Lifting load corresponded to a mean concentric velocity (MV) of ∼0.70 m·s−1 (115 [22] kg). Repetitions were performed until a 10%, 20%, or 30% MV loss was attained. Results: Set MV and power output were substantially higher in the 10% protocol (0.66 m·s−1 and 1341 W, respectively), followed by the 20% (0.62 m·s−1 and 1246 W) and 30% protocols (0.59 m·s−1 and 1179 W). There were no substantial changes in MV (−0.01 to −0.02 m·s−1) or power output (−14 to −55 W) across the 5 sets for all protocols, and individual differences in these changes were typically trivial to small. Mean set repetitions were substantially higher in the 30% protocol (7.8), followed by the 20% (6.4) and 10% protocols (4.2). There were small to moderate reductions in repetitions across the 5 sets during all protocols (−39%, −31%, −19%, respectively), and individual differences in these changes were small to very large. Conclusions: Velocity training prescription maintains kinetic and kinematic output across multiple sets of the back squat, with repetition ranges being highly variable. Our findings, therefore, challenge traditional resistance training paradigms (repetition based) and add support to a velocity-based approach.

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Singh, Favil, Carl Foster, David Tod, and Michael R. McGuigan. "Monitoring Different Types of Resistance Training Using Session Rating of Perceived Exertion." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2, no. 1 (March 2007): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2.1.34.

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Purpose:To evaluate the effectiveness of session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) to measure effort during different types of resistance training.Method:Fifteen male subjects (age 26.7 ± 4.3 years) performed 3 protocols. All protocols consisted of same 5 exercises but with different intensities, rest periods, and numbers of repetitions. One-repetition maximum (1-RM) was defined as the maximal amount of weight that an individual could lift 1 time without support. The strength protocol included 3 sets of 5 repetitions at 90% of 1-RM with 3 minutes rest between. The hypertrophy session included 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% with 1 minute of rest, and the power session included 3 sets of 5 repetitions at 50% with 3 minutes of rest. Session RPE is a modification of the standard RPE scale. Session and standard RPE were measured after the completion of each set and 30 minutes postexercise, respectively.Results:Results showed a difference between both the 2 RPE values of the strength and hypertrophy protocols (P ≤ .05) but no difference between mean and session RPE values for the power protocol. During the familiarization session, session RPE was measured at 5-minute intervals for 30 minutes postexercise. There was a significant difference (P ≤ .05) between the mean RPE values at the fifth and tenth minutes postexercise when compared with 30 minutes postexercise. All other session RPE values showed no significant difference.Conclusion:The session RPE method appears to be effective in monitoring different types of resistance training, and session RPE after 30 minutes was a better indicator of the overall resistance sessions than average RPE.

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Del Giudice, Adriano Sakaida, Israel Gustavo Guedes Sene, José Geraldo Rodrigues de Moraes Junior, Anderson Martelli, and Lucas Delbim. "Efeitos de Protocolos de Treinamento Intervalado e Contínuo na Reabilitação de Indivíduos Cardiopatas." Ensaios e Ciência: C. Biológicas, Agrárias e da Saúde 22, no. 1 (August 7, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2018v22n1p53-57.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os resultados agudos e crônicos dos métodos e protocolos de exercício contínuo moderado - ECM e intermitente de alta intensidade -HIIT como investidas reabilitativas para indivíduos com intercorrências cardiovasculares, principalmente, em indivíduos com alto risco de infarto do miocárdio - IAM e compará-los em função de sua eficácia e segurança. Os estudos analisados proporcionaram resultados agudos semelhantes entre os protocolos HIIT e ECM, principalmente, quando comparados ao principal objetivo, neste caso, preservar a integridade física dos indivíduos praticantes e incrementar sua reserva funcional. Quanto às respostas crônicas, os protocolos de treinamento HIIT apresentaram resultados adaptativos positivos nas funções fisiológicas e morfológicas se mostrando como uma alternativa de grande efetividade para a reabilitação cardíaca, em função de seu baixo volume total de treinamento, podendo ser de grande ajuda se incluído como alternativa de trabalho para reabilitação de patologias e intercorrências cardiovasculares.Palavras-chaves: Reabilitação Cardíaca. Treinamento Intervalado. Cardiopatas.AbstractThe objective of the present study was to investigate the acute and chronic outcomes of the methods and protocols of continuous training (CT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) as rehabilitative interventions for individuals with cardiovascular events, especially in individuals at high risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and to compare them for their efficacy and safety. The analyzed studies provided similar acute results between the HIIT and ECM protocols, mainly when compared to the main objective, in this case, to preserve the physical integrity of the practicing individuals and to increase their functional reserve. Regarding the chronic responses, the HIIT training protocols presented positive adaptive results in the physiological and morphological functions, showing itself as a highly effective alternative for cardiac rehabilitation due to its low total training volume, and could be of great help if included as a work alternative for the rehabilitation of pathologies and cardiovascular intercurrences.Keywords: Cardiac Rehabilitation. Interval Training. Cardiovascular Diseases.

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Callegari, Gustavo A., Jefferson S. Novaes, Gabriel R. Neto, Ingrid Dias, Nuno D. Garrido, and Caroline Dani. "Creatine Kinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase Responses After Different Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Protocols." Journal of Human Kinetics 58, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0071.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the responses of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) after performing different resistance and aerobic exercise protocols. Twelve recreationally trained men (age, 23.2 ± 5.6 years; body mass, 84.3 ± 9.3 kg; body height, 178.9 ± 4.5 cm; and BMI, 26.3 ± 2.3 kg·m2) volunteered to participate in this study. All subjects were randomly assigned to four experimental protocols (crossover): (a) aerobic training at 60% of VO2max, (b) aerobic training at 80% of VO2max, (c) a resistance exercise (RE) session with a bi-set protocol, and (d) an RE session with a multiple sets protocol. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after and 24 hours following the experimental protocols. After 24 hours, there was a significant increase in CK for the 80% of VO2max protocol vs. the bi-set RE session (p = 0.016). Immediately after the protocols, we observed a significant increase in LDH among certain groups compared to others, as follows: multiple sets RE session vs. 60% of VO2max, bi-set RE session vs. 60% of VO2max, multiple sets RE session vs. 80% of VO2max, and bi-set RE session vs. 80% of VO2max (p = 0.008, p = 0.013; p = 0.002, p = 0.004, respectively). In conclusion, aerobic exercise performed at 80% of VO2max appears to elevate plasma CK levels more than bi-set RE sessions. However, the bi-set and multiple sets RE sessions appeared to trigger greater levels of blood LDH compared to aerobic protocols performed at 60% and 80% of VO2max.

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Hall, Emily A., Andrea K. Chomistek, Jackie J. Kingma, and Carrie L. Docherty. "Balance- and Strength-Training Protocols to Improve Chronic Ankle Instability Deficits, Part I: Assessing Clinical Outcome Measures." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 568–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-385-16.

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Context: Functional rehabilitation may improve the deficits associated with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Objective: To determine if balance- and strength-training protocols improve the balance, strength, and functional performance deficits associated with CAI. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Athletic training research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Participants were 39 volunteers with CAI, which was determined using the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability Questionnaire. They were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: balance-training protocol (7 males, 6 females; age = 23.5 ± 6.5 years, height = 175.0 ± 8.5 cm, mass = 72.8 ± 10.9 kg), strength-training protocol (8 males, 5 females; age = 24.6 ± 7.7 years, height = 173.2 ± 9.0 cm, mass = 76.0 ± 16.2 kg), or control (6 males, 7 females; age = 24.8 ± 9.0 years, height = 175.5 ± 8.4 cm, mass = 79.1 ± 16.8 kg). Intervention(s): Each group participated in a 20-minute session, 3 times per week, for 6 weeks. The control group completed a mild to moderately strenuous bicycle workout. Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants completed baseline testing of eccentric and concentric isokinetic strength in each ankle direction (inversion, eversion, plantar flexion, and dorsiflexion) and the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), and side-hop functional performance test. The same variables were tested again at 6 weeks after the intervention. Two multivariate repeated-measures analyses of variance with follow-up univariate analyses were conducted. The α level was set a priori at .05. Results: We observed time-by-group interactions in concentric (P = .02) and eccentric (P = .01) inversion, eccentric eversion (P = .01), concentric (P = .001) and eccentric (P = .03) plantar flexion, BESS (P = .01), SEBT (P = .02), and side hop (P = .004). With pairwise comparisons, we found improvements in the balance- and strength-training protocol groups in concentric and eccentric inversion and concentric and eccentric plantar flexion and the BESS, SEBT, and side hop (all P values = .001). Only the strength-training protocol group improved in eccentric eversion. The control group did not improve in any dependent variable. Conclusions: Both training protocols improved strength, balance, and functional performance. More clinicians should incorporate hop-to-stabilization exercises into their rehabilitation protocols to improve the deficits associated with CAI.

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Medeiros, André Luiz F., Manoela Vieira Sousa, Morgana Lunardi, Silas Nery Oliveira, and Cintia De la Rocha Freitas. "Effect of a concurrent training session with different intensities in post-exercise blood pressure responses in normotensive adults." Motricidade 13, no. 4 (January 27, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.11695.

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The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of a concurrent training session (CT) with different intensities in post-exercise blood pressure responses in normotensive adults. Ten normotensive adult males (30.7 ± 4.1 years) participated in this study, they performed four experimental protocols: a) Strength Training (ST) at 50% of 1RM and aerobic training (AT) between 50-60% of the Working Heart Rate (WHR); b) ST at 50% of 1RM and AT between 80-90% of the WHR; c) ST at 85% of 1RM and AT between 50-60% of the WHR; d) ST at 85% of 1RM and AT between 80-90% of the WHR. Every protocol presented a decrease in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) 1 minute after finishing the training session, however, only the protocol with the intensity of 50% 1RM and 80-90% WHR presented a significant hypotensive effect (p ≤ 0.05). None of the protocols presented a significant decrease in the diastolic blood pressure. We concluded that the hypotensive effect in the SBP can be observed when the CT is performed at the intensity of 50% of 1RM and of 80-90% of the WHR.

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Sarabon, Nejc, Stefan Löfler, Gabriella Hosszu, and Christian Hofer. "Mobility test protocols for the elderly: a methodological note." European Journal of Translational Myology 25, no. 4 (September 23, 2015): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2015.5385.

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Consequences of falls are a major health problem in elderly. Poor balance is the precursor of falls and balance impairment has been evidenced after an injury. On the other hand, balance and stability can be improved with training. At the beginning of the project Mobility in Aging one of the questions was how to measure dynamic and static balance in order to get reliable and sensitive parameters to follow the effect of decay in movement functions in elderly or to track the improvement after training. In this short report we will give a couple of answers to a long standing debate. There is indeed evidence in literature that stability and balance is very important. Elderly people often shift from the so called ankle strategy to the hip strategy for balancing. The reflex reactions are the more to decay and we observed more co-contractions. Also, inactivity causes slower muscles contractions. Our goal should be a combination of trainings, where we can see changes at neuromuscular, structural and molecular levels, but we would like to say that our training protocols did not touch all the aspects of movement function we aimed to observe. Future projects will hopefully provide the missing information.

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Worthington, Veronica, Matthew Hayes, and Melissa Reeves. "Active Shooter Protocols: Perceptions, Preparedness, and Anxiety." Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research 26, no. 2 (2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.jn26.2.91.

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The national concern about active shootings has pushed schools to implement intense drills without considering unintended consequences. Studies have found that, although training had the potential to increase preparedness, it also increased anxiety. These findings apply to short-term effects, but there is a lack of empirical research on long-term effects of active shooter drills. The present study investigated whether active shooter training completed in high school impacts current levels of anxiety and preparedness of undergraduates. Collegiate participants (N = 364) completed an online survey and answered questions about their perceived knowledge of protocols, protocol actions, and training methods from high school followed by the same set of questions, this time referring to their current university. Participants then completed an anxiety measure (Spielberger, 1983) and a preparedness measure. Two hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to predict anxiety and preparedness. This study expanded findings on the effects of active shooter training by demonstrating long-term effects for high school training. Evacuation protocols (β = −.13, p = .03; β = .16, p = .007) and perceived knowledge (β = −.16, p = .004; β = .14, p = .01) positively impacted anxiety and preparedness, respectively, of university students. Experiences at the university level had an additional, larger impact on student anxiety, ΔR2 = .11, F(8, 347) = 5.88, p < .001, and preparedness, ΔR2> = .26, F(8, 347) = 17.32, p < .001, which seems to overshadow the effects from high school. This may be problematic because the perceived knowledge that leads to higher feelings of preparedness may not translate into appropriate actions in a real-life situation, potentially risking lives.

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Groezinger, Erich, and Ronald Cox. "A Comparison of HIT and Continuous Training Protocols on Indices of Aerobic Training." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000478920.42372.00.

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Hall, Emily A., Carrie L. Docherty, Janet Simon, Jackie J. Kingma, and Joanne C. Klossner. "Strength-Training Protocols to Improve Deficits in Participants With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.71.

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Context: Although lateral ankle sprains are common in athletes and can lead to chronic ankle instability (CAI), strength-training rehabilitation protocols may improve the deficits often associated with CAI. Objective: To determine whether strength-training protocols affect strength, dynamic balance, functional performance, and perceived instability in individuals with CAI. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Athletic training research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 39 individuals with CAI (17 men [44%], 22 women [56%]) participated in this study. Chronic ankle instability was determined by the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability Questionnaire, and participants were randomly assigned to a resistance-band–protocol group (n = 13 [33%] age = 19.7 ± 2.2 years, height = 172.9 ± 12.8 cm, weight = 69.1 ± 13.5 kg), a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation strength-protocol group (n = 13 [33%], age = 18.9 ± 1.3 years, height = 172.5 ± 5.9 cm, weight = 72.7 ± 14.6 kg), or a control group (n = 13 [33%], age = 20.5 ± 2.1 years, height = 175.2 ± 8.1 cm, weight = 70.2 ± 11.1 kg). Intervention(s): Both rehabilitation groups completed their protocols 3 times/wk for 6 weeks. The control group did not attend rehabilitation sessions. Main Outcome Measure(s): Before the interventions, participants were pretested by completing the figure-8 hop test for time, the triple-crossover hop test for distance, isometric strength tests (dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion), the Y-Balance test, and the visual analog scale for perceived ankle instability. Participants were again tested 6 weeks later. We conducted 2 separate, multivariate, repeated-measures analyses of variance, followed by univariate analyses on any significant findings. Results: The resistance-band protocol group improved in strength (dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion) and on the visual analog scale (P < .05); the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation group improved in strength (inversion and eversion) and on the visual analog scale (P < .05) as well. No improvements were seen in the triple-crossover hop or the Y-Balance tests for either intervention group or in the control group for any dependent variable (P > .05). Conclusions: Although the resistance-band protocol is common in rehabilitation, the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation strength protocol is also an effective treatment to improve strength in individuals with CAI. Both protocols showed clinical benefits in strength and perceived instability. To improve functional outcomes, clinicians should consider using additional multiplanar and multijoint exercises.

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Rothkegel, Holger, Martin Sommer, Thomas Rammsayer, Claudia Trenkwalder, and Walter Paulus. "Training Effects Outweigh Effects of Single-Session Conventional rTMS and Theta Burst Stimulation in PD Patients." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 23, no. 4 (December 5, 2008): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968308322842.

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Background. Focal single-session repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the primary motor cortex has been claimed to be capable of improving motor function in Parkinson's disease. Objective. The authors sought to determine which type of rTMS protocol holds the highest potential for future therapeutic application. Methods. Twenty-two patients with Parkinson's disease received 5 different rTMS protocols on 5 consecutive days in a pseudorandomized and counterbalanced order either in the defined OFF condition or with their usual medication. The protocols tested in the present study included 2 conventional rTMS protocols (0.5 and 10 Hz) as well as the recently introduced theta burst stimulation (cTBS, iTBS) and a sham condition. Cortical excitability, motor performance (pointing movement, pronation-supination, Purdue Pegboard Test, walking), and mood were assessed before and after each session. Results . The authors observed motor training from days 1 to 4, particularly in the group on dopaminergic medication. None of the rTMS paradigms excelled placebo stimulation. The only exception was the Purdue Pegboard Test, in which all active stimulation paradigms yielded slightly stronger effects than sham stimulation. Conclusions. Within a single session, no clinically relevant difference in the rTMS protocols could be detected. Training effects outweigh and may have masked rTMS effects, particularly in the group on dopaminergic mediation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Training protocols'

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