Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Training protocols'

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin -- La Crosse, 1999.
Digitized and made available by the University of Wisconsin--La Crosse, Murphy Library. Includes bibliographical references. Online version of print edition.

Background Whole-body vibration (WBV) as a training modality is established in the fields of sport, fitness, rehabilitation, and clinical intervention. WBV exercises are performed thereby while standing on a motor driven oscillating platform device. Therefore, the scientific interest in WBV is a steadily increasing field in sports science and research. It has been shown that WBV training elicits various biological and physiological effects in men. Nevertheless, there are only a small number of studies examining WBV effects on neuromuscular performance of the lower extremities in elderly people. Furthermore, the results of these studies show many discrepancies that may be caused by limitations referring to the different applied training protocols and vibration loads. In addition, there is still a deficit of information for effective but safe recommendations for WBV application for trunk and neck muscles. Therefore, this doctoral thesis deals with three major aspects of WBV as an exercise modality in strength training: (1) the recommendation of optimal vibration loads (VbLs) for the lower extremities as an essential element of the WBV exercise parameters in older adults, (2) the evaluation of these VbLs in a WBV training intervention for elderly people with regard to feasibility and chronic effects on neuromuscular performance of the lower limbs, and (3) the allocation of information for effective but safe advices for VbLs for trunk and neck muscles. These aspects are further specified toward five hypotheses (H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5) by findings and limitations of the current state of literature. Methods The five hypotheses are evaluated within three research papers (studies 1 to 3). The first study (S1) evaluated the optimal VbL determined by the combination of three biomechanical variables (vibration frequency, vibration amplitude, and knee angle) in older adults (H1). Therefore, the neuromuscular activity of the quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles in 51 healthy subjects were measured during WBV exposure using surface electromyography (EMG). Maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) were conducted prior to the measurements to normalise the EMG signals. A three-way mixed ANOVA was performed to analyse the different effects of the biomechanical variables on muscle activity. Study 2 (S2) represents a randomised controlled trial to assess the results of S1 implemented in a WBV training protocol and therefore to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a six-week WBV intervention (H2, H3, and H4). A total of 21 subjects was allocated randomly into either a WBV training or control group. While the WBV group completed a six-week WBV training programme the control group was asked not to change their current level of physical activity during the study. Before and after the intervention period, jump height was measured during a countermovement jump (CMJ). In addition, isokinetic knee extension and flexion strength parameters were recorded using a motor-driven dynamometer. The Borg scale for ratings of perceived exertion (RPE scale) was used to evaluate the intensity of WBV exercises within each training session. Changes from pre- to posttest were analysed by a paired sample t-test (within-group comparisons) and independent sample t-test (between-group comparisons). The intention of study 3 (S3) was to analyse the impact of biomechanical variables on neuromuscular activity of different trunk and neck muscles during WBV (H5) filling the lack of information in current literature. Those biomechanical variables were assumed, which current literature suggests as having the lowest risk of negative side effects on the head. Surface EMG was used to record the neuromuscular activity in 28 healthy subjects. EMG signals were normalised to prior measured MVC. Different effects of the biomechanical variables were analysed by an ANOVA for repeated measurements. Results The findings of S1 showed that the biomechanical variables affect the level of neuromuscular activity of thigh muscles in older adults in different dimensions which confirms H1. The maximum levels of muscle activity were significantly reached at high amplitude and high frequency, whereas the factor “knee angle” only significantly affected the quadriceps femoris. Furthermore, WBV led to a higher muscle activation of the quadriceps femoris (74.1 % MVC) than of the hamstring muscles (27.3 % MVC). The main findings in S2 were an increased multi-joint strength performance of the lower limbs during a countermovement jump in the WBV group, whereas values of the control group remained unchanged after the intervention, thus confirming H2. There were no statistically significant differences in isokinetic maximal strength, mean power, or work values in knee extension or flexion in both groups (rejecting H3). In addition, the subjective perceived exertion of the WBV exercises and respective training parameters ranged between moderate rating levels of 7 and 13 of the Borg scale and indicate WBV intervention as a feasible and safe training program for elderly people, which is consistent with H4. Finally, the outcomes of S3 confirmed H5 as the biomechanical variables affect the level of neuromuscular activity of the trunk and neck in different dimensions. The maximum levels of muscle activity were significantly reached at high amplitude and high frequency, while knee angles had similar effects on the VbL. WBV led to a higher muscle activation of the lower back muscles (27.2% MVC) than of neck muscles (8.5 % MVC) and the abdominal muscles (3.6 % MVC). Conclusion A maximised VbL for WBV training in older adults depends on specific combinations of the biomechanical variables (vibration frequency, vibration amplitude, and knee angle). In addition, a WBV training based on this age-specific high VbL is a feasible, suitable and effective training program for elderly people to prevent age-related reduction of muscle performance in the lower extremities. Furthermore, the combination of biomechanical variables recommended in literature as safe for preventing harmful transmissions to the head, only elicit low to moderate muscle activation of the upper body. The findings of this thesis represent fundamental research in the field of WBV and may help to improve further research in this area. Finally, this thesis may help coaches and therapists to enhance the quality of WBV training in practical application
Hintergrund Ganzkörpervibration (Whole-Body Vibration, WBV) hat sich als Trainingsanwendung im Sport-, Fitness, Rehabilitationsbereich und klinischen Bereich etabliert, wobei die Übungen dabei im Stehen auf einer Vibrationsplatte durchgeführt werden. In diesem Zusammenhang ist auch das wissenschaftliche Interesse am Vibrationstraining ein stetig wachsendes Feld in den Bereichen der Sportwissenschaft und Forschung. Bisher konnte gezeigt werden, dass Vibrationstraining verschiedene biologische als auch physiologische Reaktionen beim Menschen hervorruft. Dennoch gibt es nur wenige Untersuchungen, die sich mit den Auswirkungen des Vibrationstrainings auf die neuromuskuläre Leistung der unteren Extremitäten bei älteren Menschen beschäftigen. Des Weiteren weißen die Ergebnisse dieser wenigen Studien viele Widersprüchlichkeiten auf, welche durch die unterschiedlich verwendeten Trainingsvorgaben und Vibrationsbelastungen verursacht sein könnten. Darüber hinaus besteht noch ein großes Defizit an grundlegenden Informationen hinsichtlich effektiver, aber dennoch sicherer Vorgaben in der Anwendung des Vibrationstrainings im Bereich der Rumpf- und Nackenmuskulatur. Vor diesem Hintergrund beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Dissertation mit drei wesentlichen Aspekten des Vibrationstrainings: (1) die Empfehlung von optimalen Vibrationsbelastungen (VbL) als wesentlicher Bestandteil des Vibrationstrainingsplans der unteren Extremitäten älterer Menschen, (2) die Evaluierung dieser VbL anhand einer auf Vibrationstraining basierter Intervention mit älteren Menschen hinsichtlich Durchführbarkeit und Auswirkungen auf die neuromuskuläre Leistung der unteren Gliedmaßen, und (3) Angaben für effektive und sichere VbL für Rumpf- und Nackenmuskulatur bereitzustellen. Mit der Aufarbeitung von Ergebnissen und Defiziten des aktuellen Forschungsstands werden diese Aspekte durch die Formulierung von fünf Hypothesen (H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5) weiter spezifiziert. Methodik Die fünf Hypothesen werden in drei wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen (Studie 1 bis 3) untersucht. Die erste Studie (S1) befasste sich mit der optimalen VbL für ältere Personen (H1), welche durch die Kombination von drei biomechanischen Variablen (Vibrationsfrequenz, Vibrationsamplitude und Kniewinkel) bestimmt wird. Hierzu wurde die neuromuskuläre Aktivität der vorderen und hinteren Oberschenkelmuskulatur von 51 gesunden Probanden unter Vibration mittels Oberflächen-Elektromyografie (EMG) gemessen. Vor den Messungen wurden maximale muskuläre Kontraktionen durchgeführt, um die EMG zu normalisieren. Um die unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen der biomechanischen Variablen zu analysieren wurde eine drei-faktorielle Varianzanalyse durchgeführt. Studie 2 (S2) entspricht einer randomisierten kontrollierten Studie, welche die Ergebnisse aus S1 in einem Trainingsplan verwendet, um die Durchführbarkeit und Effektivität eines sechs wöchigen Vibrationstrainings zu untersuchen (H2, H3, und H4). Hierfür wurden 21 Probanden zufällig einer Vibrationstrainings- oder einer Kontrollgruppe zugeteilt. Während die Vibrationsgruppe ein sechs wöchiges Vibrationstraining absolvierte, wurden die Teilnehmer der Kontrollgruppe gebeten ihre körperliche Aktivität während des Studienzeitraums nicht zu verändern. Vor und nach dem Untersuchungszeitraums wurde die Sprunghöhe während eines „countermovement jump“ (CMJ) erfasst. Weiterhin wurden isokinetische Kraftmessgrößen der Kniegelenkbeugung und –streckung an einem Dynamometer ermittelt. Die Borgskala zur Erfassung des subjektiven Belastungsempfindens wurde eingesetzt, um die Intensität der Übungen des Vibrationstrainings innerhalb einer Trainingseinheit zu messen. Veränderungen der Messgrößen zwischen Eingangs- und Abschlusstest wurden statistisch mit einem t-Test für abhängige (innerhalb einer Gruppe) und einem t-Test für unabhängige Stichproben (zwischen den Gruppen) untersucht. Ziel der dritten Studie (S3) war es den Einfluss der biomechanischen Variablen auf die muskuläre Aktivierung verschiedener Rumpf- und Nackenmuskeln (H5). Hierzu wurden solche biomechanische Variablen ausgesucht, welche laut derzeitigem Wissensstand jeweils das geringste Risiko von Nebenwirkungen für den Kopf ausüben. Mittels Oberflächen-EMG wurde die muskuläre Aktivität von 28 Probanden erfasst. EMG Signale wurden zu vorangegangenen MVC Messungen normalisiert. Die Unterschiedlichen Effekte der biomechanischen Variablen wurden mittels einer Varianzanalyse für Messwiederholungen analysiert. Ergebnisse Die Ergebnisse von S1 konnten zeigen, dass die biomechanischen Variablen den neuromuskulären Aktivierungsgrad der Oberschenkelmuskulatur bei älteren Personen unterschiedlich beeinflussen und somit H1 bestätigen. Der höchste Grad der Aktivierung wurde deutlich mit einer großen Amplitude und hohen Frequenz erreicht, wobei der Kniewinkel ausschließlich die vordere Oberschenkelmuskulatur beeinflusst. Zudem, führte der Vibrationseinfluss zu einer größeren Muskelaktivität der Oberschenkelvorderseite (74.1 % MVC) als der –rückseite (27.3 % MVC). Die Resultate von S2 hinsichtlich des CMJ Tests bestätigen H2, da es in der Vibrationstrainingsgruppe zu einer gesteigerten gelenksübergreifender Kraftleistung in den Beinen kam, aber keine Veränderungen in der Kontrollgruppe feststellbar waren. Hingegen kam es in keiner Gruppe zu statistisch signifikanten Veränderungen der isokinetischen Messgrößen (Maximalkraft, Kraftleistung, Muskelarbeit), wodurch H3 abgelehnt wird. Das subjektive Belastungsempfinden der Übungen und des Belastungsgefüges des Vibrationstrainings liegt zwischen moderaten Bewertungsstufen von 7 bis 13 der Borgskala und weist daraufhin, dass Vibrationstraining ein praktikables und sicheres Übungsprogramm für ältere Menschen ist und somit H4 bestätigt. Die Ergebnisse von S3 konnten H5 bestätigen, da die biomechanischen Variablen den neuromuskulären Rumpf- und Nackenmuskulatur unterschiedlich beeinflussen. Der höchste Grad der Aktivierung wurde deutlich mit einer großen Amplitude und hohen Frequenz erreicht, wobei der Kniewinkel sich ähnlich auf die VbL auswirkt. Der Vibrationsstimulus führte zudem zu einer höheren Aktivierung der unteren Rückenmuskulatur (27.2% MVC) als der Nacken- (8.5 % MVC) und Bauchmuskulatur (3.6 % MVC). Schlussfolgerungen Die maximale muskuläre Belastung älterer Personen in einem Vibrationstrainings hängt von bestimmten Kombinationen der biomechanischen Variablen (Vibrationsfrequenz, Vibrationsamplitude und Kniewinkel). Zudem ist ein Vibrationstraining, das auf altersspezifischen Vibrationsbelastungen basiert ein machbares, angemessenes und effektives Trainingsprogramm für älteren Menschen, um einem altersbedingten Abnehmen der muskulären Leistungsfähigkeit vorzubeugen. Weiterhin führt die Verbindung von biomechanischen Variablen, welche laut bisherigem Forschungsstand als sicher gegen schädliche Vibrationsübertragungen zum Kopf gelten, nur zu leichten bis moderaten Muskelaktivierung im Oberkörper. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation liefern einen Beitrag zur Grundlagenforschung auf dem Gebiet des Vibrationstrainings und können weiteren Forschungsarbeiten hilfreich sein. Darüber hinaus kann diese Arbeit helfen die Qualität von Vibrationstrainingsangeboten zu verbessern und somit zum praktischen Nutzen beitragen

Laboratory-based rowing tests are the established standard for assessing fitness traits among elite rowers, and for prescribing individualised exercise intensities for training. But because tests occur on a rowing ergometer, the specificity of laboratory testing has been questioned compared with the criterion of on-water rowing. This project validated equipment required to replicate a laboratory-based rowing test in the field and evaluated the feasibility of on-water tests. Ergometer and on-water test results were compared to assess the validity of ergometer-derived training prescriptions and to establish the effectiveness of on-water tests for monitoring longitudinal fitness changes and for predicting rowing performance. Concept2 rowing ergometers (Morrisville, USA) have frequently been used for rowing tests. Although subtle design variations exist between the different models of Concept2 ergometer, there were no substantial differences between the results from incremental rowing tests using Model C and Model D ergometers. The Concept2 Model D was therefore accepted as the standard ergometer for subsequent laboratory tests. Typical error (TE) results from duplicate Concept2 Model D tests conducted 2-4 d apart showed that laboratory tests were highly reliable (TE: maximal power = 2.8%, peak oxygen consumption = 2.5%). As oxygen consumption (VO2) is measured routinely during laboratory rowing tests, it is necessary to obtain similar measurements during any on-water protocol. The MetaMax 3B portable indirect calorimetry system (Cortex, Leipzig, Germany) was therefore validated against a first-principles, laboratory-based indirect calorimetry system (MOUSe, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia). VO2 from the MetaMax was significantly higher during submaximal exercise (p=0.03), although results were within 0.16 L.min-1 (4.1%) across all exercise intensities. There was good agreement between duplicate MetaMax trials separated by ~2 d; mean VO2 was within 0.11 L.min-1 (2.5%) and TE was ¡Ü2.3%. The specificity of rowing testing was improved using an On-water incremental test that replicated a laboratory-based Ergometer protocol. However, the individual variation in physiological responses between-tests meant that training intensity recommendations from the Ergometer test were not always applicable to on-water training. Furthermore, measurements from the On-water protocol displayed similar or lesser reliability (TE=1.9-19.2%) compared with the Ergometer test (TE=0.1-11.0%). As an effective fitness test must also be sensitive to longitudinal changes, the responses to 6 wks training were compared between the Ergometer and On-water methods. The magnitude of On-water training effects were usually greater (small Cohen¡¯s effect size) compared with the Ergometer test (trivial effect), although On-water and Ergometer tests both indicated that training responses were negligible because virtually all changes were less than one of their respective TEs. Correlations between test results and rowing performance were largest when rowing mode was matched between conditions, but Ergometer results provided the highest correlations (Ergometer vs. 2000-m ergometer time-trial: R= -0.92 to -0.97 compared with On-water vs. On-water maximal power output: R=0.52 to 0.92). Although On-water tests improved the specificity of on-water training prescriptions, these tests provided no obvious benefits for monitoring longitudinal fitness changes or performance compared with Ergometer tests. Given that On-water tests are also more time consuming and logistically challenging, their practical application is limited.

When distance runners are recruited or walk-on to participate on their college track teams, they have two main goals in mind. They want to have a satisfying individual and team experience, and they have a desire to win and be the best. The outcomes of these goals are most directly influenced by their coach, who plans, develops, and implements the mental and physical aspects of the distance runnersâ overall training program. Wins and losses can be measured on the track, but distance runnersâ perceptions of satisfaction with their athletic experience are not often or easily assessed. Based on the advantages that satisfaction can offer student-athletes, this study was designed to achieve a dual purpose. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between collegiate distance runnersâ satisfaction and training protocols. The secondary purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between collegiate distance runnersâ training program satisfaction and performance. The participants included 130 NCAA distance runners from the six major Division I conferences. In order to assess satisfaction levels of training and instruction protocols and performance, the procedures required the distance runners to complete the 2010 Track Distance Athlete Satisfaction and Performance Questionnaire. The 2010 Track Distance Athlete Satisfaction and Performance Questionnaire was comprised of the following four sections: training (satisfaction), instruction (satisfaction), performance (satisfaction), and demographic information. The results were analyzed to determine the relationships between satisfaction and the training and instruction protocols and between overall training program satisfaction and performance, gender, and academic level. The results of this study indicated that NCAA Division I distance runners perceive their coachesâ overall training programs and training and instruction protocols as satisfying. Further research is needed to continue to fill the gap in the satisfaction and performance literature and to develop a comprehensive understanding of this complex relationship. Overall, this study found that distance runners who are satisfied with their training program tend to be confident in their training, motivated, trusting of the coach and his or her training program, and enjoy their college racing and training experience. Therefore, satisfaction also positively affects distance runner retention.
Ph. D.

Biocuration is manual scientific collection, annotation and validation of literary information of biological and model organisms into a single database. Successful biocuration processes involve those with an extensive collection of literature, a user-friendly database interfaces for entering and analyzing data from published papers, and highly regulated training and quality assurance protocols. Due to the rapid expansion of biomedical literature, an efficient and accurate biocuration process has become more valuable due to the magnitude of data available in published literature. As the biocuration process incorporates undergraduates, it is critical that the medium for data collection is simple, ergonomic, and infallible. A reconstructed FileMaker Pro database was introduced to previously trained undergraduate students for process evaluation. Streamlining the biocuration process and grouping data structure to be more intuitive were two goals the new database interface hoped to achieve. The creation of a rigorous training program and strict quality management protocol is needed to prepare the lab for the introduction of efficient biocuration processes. Through the database designing process, training protocols were drafted to effectively call the biocurator’s attention to important changes in the interface design. Upon prototyping the database, entry errors were reviewed, training protocols were adjusted, and the quality protocols were drafted. When the combination of undergraduate biocurators and the reconstructed database under these new protocols was compared to statistics in the biocuration field, results proved to show increase in both productivity rates as well as accuracy rates. By having such efficiency at the undergraduate level, subject matter experts will no longer be required to perform this type of research and can focus on analysis. This will increase research productivity and reduce costs in the overall biocuration process. With over 12,000 published papers regarding Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis on Pubmed in 2014 alone, this revolutionary combination could lead to quickly finding a suitable cure for these patients.

This study compared the acute cardiopulmonary and metabolic effects of four high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols using varying intensities during the work and recovery periods. Eleven participants (5 males, 6 females) performed four, 20- minute HIIT protocols at a 1:1 "work:recovery" ratio on a cycle ergometer in random order. The work:recovery relative intensities, based upon previously determined maximum work rates, were: 80%:0%, 80%:50%, 100%:0%, and 100%:50%. Oxygen uptake, heart rate, blood lactate, and rating of perceived exertion were measured. Data were analyzed using a two-way, repeated measures ANOV A (p ≤ 0.05). Oxygen uptake and heart rate were expressed as a percentage of the peak values established during a prior graded exercise test. There were clear differences in physiological response between protocols. The 80:50 and 100:0 may produce the best combination of effects. The 100:50 produced the greatest physiological response, however, it may not be practical for the general population.

Super Slow training was proposed by Ken Hutchins in a book entitled Super Slow: The Ultimate Exercise Protocol (1992). Since then Super Slow training has been proposed to improve strength more effectively than traditional resistance training and improve cardiovascular measures above aerobic exercise. However, whether this type of training is safe for the older, possibly hypertensive population to which it is being targeted is questionable. To help provide an answer to this question the purpose of this study was to measure blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) while performing the Super Slow resistance training protocol (SS) and compare those measures to the "Gold Standard" slow resistance training protocol (GS). The elbow flexion and knee extension exercise were incorporated for this investigation. The subjects completed three separate testing sessions. Session 1 consisted of obtaining a 1 repetition maximum on the above mentioned exercises and a familiarization trial for SS. The SS trial consisted of three sets of each exercise. Each set consisted of a 10 second concentric phase and a 5 second eccentric phase. HR was monitored using an Acumen HR monitor (Acumen Inc., Sterling, VA). Blood pressure measurements were obtained using an Omron wrist blood pressure monitor (Omron Healthcare Inc., Vernon Hills, IL). Measurements were taken after set 1, 2, and 3 and 2 minutes post set 3. Measurements were also taken prior to set 2 and 3. RPE's differentiated to the active musculature were obtained three times per set. GS was administered in the same manner as SS with the exception of speed of movement, resistance, and number of repetitions accomplished. Each set during GS consisted of a 2 second concentric phase and a 4 second eccentric phase. Values were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA for between and within group comparisons for HR, blood pressure, and RPE. When ANOVA indicated a significant difference, a Bonferroni post hoc procedure was used to detect specific differences between the variables in different trials. Results were considered significant at p < .05. The results showed systolic blood pressure was lower than the resting measurement during the elbow flexion exercise and higher than the resting measurement during the knee extension exercise within trials. Diastolic blood pressure did not change significantly within trials through either protocol. HR was greater during GS as compared to SS for both exercises. RPE was also greater during GS as compared to SS for both exercises. In conclusion, even though systolic blood pressure was greater within SS and GS, a comparison of these protocols showed minimal differences in BP responses suggesting either would be appropriate for the individual to whom strength training is not contraindicated. This assumption is also considering these same results would be seen in the hypertensive populations. However, it should be individualized because different people have differing blood pressure responses. Also, consideration should be given to resistance because of the greater HR and RPE response elicited by GS.

The purposes of this dissertation were to 1) determine the effectiveness of the neutrophillymphocyte ratio (NLR) as an athlete monitoring tool in resistance training and 2) determine if repetition maximum or relative intensity loading scheme is superior in managing fatigue through the hormonal, inflammatory, and performances response throughout a 10-week periodized resistance training program. Results from the dissertation give merit to continued research regarding the use of NLR as a monitoring tool to help determine the degree of recovery. Furthermore, results from this dissertation lead to questioning the effectiveness of using a repetition maximum (RM) loading scheme within a periodized training model. Results indicated statistical significant time x group interaction effects for training strain and T:C, statistical main effects for time for NLR, IPF, and IPFa. Under an identical programming model, RM loading subjects experienced a 48.7% increase in training strain over the course of ten weeks. This intensification in training strain likely contributed to the increased negative immune and endocrine response the RM subjects experienced when compared to the relative intensity (RISR) group. When dissecting the individual pre-post performance results, the three largest decreases in static jump height (out of four) participated in the RM loading group. Additionally, only two subjects experienced decreases in their maximal strength (based on isometric mid-thigh pull), both of which participated in the RM loading group. Lastly, it is highly likely that one subject from the RM group was at exceedingly high risk of entering a state overtraining. At a minimum, the subject entered a state of a nonfunctional overreach, based on an increase in cortisol concentrations, NLR, T:C levels, along with decreases in testosterone concentrations and maximal strength performance. When combined, results suggest that using an RM loading scheme and a periodized model may not allow for adequate recovery, especially during phases where recovery is of utmost importance (e.g. a taper).

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
The greatest threat to the DOD Test and Training Test Centers is the loss of the Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum used in transmitting digital data generated by the test instrumentation during the evaluation of weapon systems. The T&E ranges use the RF spectrum for data generated by status reporting, GPS/TSPI, telemetry, target control, range safety, situational awareness, video, voice communication, etc. In the past the ranges developed their data links independently of one another. The Flexible Interoperable Transceiver (FIT) Data Link Standard identifies protocols and technology that provides for interoperability and spectral efficiency, and can be applied to most RF transmission requirements at the test ranges and training centers.

Universal Newborn Hearing Screenings have largely been successful since the National Institute if Health Consensus Development recommended, in 1996, that all infants should receive a newborn hearing screening prior to hospital discharge. Currently, the implementation of newborn hearing screening programs is varied across states and hospitals in the U.S. Due to this high variability, it is the responsibility of each individual hospital to formulate and consistently maintain a protocol for their newborn hearing screening program. This can create a great burden among hospitals as they must obtain the appropriate equipment, as well as employ and train screeners. However, national medical groups may be utilized to alleviate this burden. These medical groups supply the equipment, and more importantly, employ and train the screeners. This not only alleviates the burden on hospitals, but also provides a degree of standardization across newborn hearing screening programs which may reduce lost-to-follow-up statistics. Hospitals who do not utilize a national medical group may not have the expertise to formulate a comprehensive newborn hearing screening protocol. Our study is interested in examining if birthing hospitals that utilize a national medical group have more standardized medical protocols and have better (lower) lost-to-follow-up statistics. A survey was administered to current universal newborn hearing screeners employed at five hospitals across the eastern region of Tennessee. The survey examined various aspects of a typical newborn hearing screening program including training protocols and requirements, screening equipment, data recording and tracking, and methods of delivery of test results. In our presentation, we will be sharing the results of this study and interpret the data in light of determining best practices for newborn hearing screenings.

People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are 4 times more likely to have a diagnosis of depression than persons without HIV. The specific problem at a rural clinic in a southern region of the United States, was a lack of continuity in the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) screening procedures that made sure that PLWHA were screened, identified, and referred. Early identification and treatment can help patients cope with barriers that affect health outcomes. The purpose and goal of this project was to develop and implement an evidence-based depression screening protocol to improve clinical staff practices and adherence to the PHQ-9 guidelines thereby increasing the number of PLWHA who were diagnosed and treated for depression. The Iowa model of evidenced-based practice served as a guide for this project. An interdisciplinary team was assembled to develop protocols and staff training. This project compared clinic staff knowledge on depression through pre and posttests. Upon completion of staff training, the pretest had a M = 78.33 and SD = 11.146 and the posttest a M = 99.17 and a SD = 2.887. Results of a paired t test confirmed a statistically significant increase in knowledge with p < .000. Over a 4-week period, depression screenings at the study site went from 10% to 100%. Data showed that positive social change was realized when PLWHA began to get depression treatment because of proper screening, early interventions, and depression management. Although the project is designed for the PLWHA in the rural clinic, other primary care providers may find that an evidenced-based practice protocol can be useful to improve PHQ-9 depression-screening practices for patients in other clinical areas.

Acutely ill patients, across the age continuum, often present with complex communication needs (CCN) due to motor, sensory, cognitive and linguistic barriers they may experience during their hospital encounter. While hospital administrators recognize the importance of improving communication among the healthcare team members to increase quality and safety measures, few have focused on improving the patient-provider communication process, especially for patients with CCN. Recent Joint Commission standards mandates hospitals and healthcare providers improve communication for patients with CCN across all points of the care continuum. The study investigated the effectiveness of AAC training protocols for acute care nurses and ancillary healthcare providers using an on-line instructional medium for clinical skills teaching. The study design allowed for the measurement of learning following exposure to the tutorial and the analysis of possible clinical skill application. The current study invited a total of 377 nurses and graduate students to participate. Eight-three participated in the study and were divided randomly into two groups. Seventeen (20.5%) were assigned to in the control group, and 66 (79.5%) participants were into the test group. Both groups were directed to complete a pre-test measure. This was followed by exposure to the tutorial for the test group. The groups then were instructed to complete a post-test measure. For all participants in the test condition, the mean difference score (post-pre) was 19.2. The average pre-test score was 60.8 with a standard deviation of 12.4 while the average post-test score was 80.1 with a standard deviation of 11.3. This difference was significant (p

The global intent of this research was to confirm the validity of the interpolated twitch technique (ITT) to voluntary torque model (first study) and then to utilize this technique in developing definitive criterion measures enhancing the study of training strategies on central fatigue (second study) and velocity specific (third study) voluntary activation (VA) and force production outcomes. The first study assessed the contribution of non-stimulated synergists to the non-linearity of the ITT voluntary torque relationship for elbow flexion contraction. Since multiple synergist stimulation was found not to significantly improve the ITT to voluntary torque relationship, follow-up pilot work was conducted in which the quadriceps femoris was identified as a valid ITT test model muscle. The first training study investigated the effects of high volume, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) resistance training of the quadriceps femoris on MVIC levels of force and VA prior to, during, and recovery from a standardized fatigue test protocol. Results showed significant increases in pre-fatigue MVIC VA and force, increases in resistance to early fatigue, but also increased overall rate of fatigue resulting in non-significant changes in total force volume and endurance time. Post-fatigue analysis showed significant training increases in rate and level of recovery for both MVIC VA and force production. The second training study investigated the effects of high resistance ramp versus ballistic type MVIC strength training of the quadriceps femoris on central adaptations in submaximal and maximal levels of MVIC VA and force production. Results showed similar ramp and ballistic group training increases in MVIC force and VA on both ramp and ballistic tests. Ballistic group, ballistic test change scores were significant but not for the ramp test, suggesting ballistic group test-training specificity. The ballistic group showed significant force increases on the submaximal 150ms ballistic test, while the ramp group showed non-significant training changes, further supporting test-training specificity for the ballistic group. Results support utility of the ITT and provide valuable information with regard to training and test-training specificity considerations.

Acutely ill patients, across the age continuum, often present with complex communication needs (CCN) due to motor, sensory, cognitive and linguistic barriers they may experience during their hospital encounter. While hospital administrators recognize the importance of improving communication among the healthcare team members to increase quality and safety measures, few have focused on improving the patient-provider communication process, especially for patients with CCN. Recent Joint Commission standards mandates hospitals and healthcare providers improve communication for patients with CCN across all points of the care continuum. The study investigated the effectiveness of AAC training protocols for acute care nurses and ancillary healthcare providers using an on-line instructional medium for clinical skills teaching. The study design allowed for the measurement of learning following exposure to the tutorial and the analysis of possible clinical skill application. The current study invited a total of 377 nurses and graduate students to participate. Eight-three participated in the study and were divided randomly into two groups. Seventeen (20.5%) were assigned to in the control group, and 66 (79.5%) participants were into the test group. Both groups were directed to complete a pre-test measure. This was followed by exposure to the tutorial for the test group. The groups then were instructed to complete a post-test measure. For all participants in the test condition, the mean difference score (post-pre) was 19.2. The average pre-test score was 60.8 with a standard deviation of 12.4 while the average post-test score was 80.1 with a standard deviation of 11.3. This difference was significant (p<.00001). This suggests the on-line tutorial as a mode of delivery for clinical skills teaching of AAC solutions for patients with CCN was effective. The study also involved the design of a set of scenarios to assess transfer of knowledge from the tutorial to clinical practice in a safe environment. The scenarios targeted three areas for participants to problem solve through: the development of a yes/no response, recognition of sensory issues displayed by patients with CCN; and, candidacy for AAC use in an acute care setting. The scenarios were presented to both groups after completion of the post-test measure. No significant difference across the groups was noted. However, findings suggested that the use of scenarios may be a viable method for assessing the application of clinical skills when the participant had to generate a narrative outlining clinical practice as opposed being scaffold by the selection of correct and incorrect clinical skill strategies presented. The study emphasizes the need to enhance the patient-provider communication experience for patients with CCN and outlines basic elements for nurse training modules.

Les Interfaces Cerveau-Ordinateur basées sur l’Imagerie Mentale (IM-ICO) permettent auxutilisateurs d’interagir uniquement via leur activité cérébrale, grâce à la réalisation de tâchesd’imagerie mentale. Cette thèse se veut contribuer à l’amélioration des IM-ICO dans le but deles rendre plus utilisables. Les IM-ICO sont extrêmement prometteuses dans de nombreuxdomaines allant de la rééducation post-AVC aux jeux-vidéo. Malheureusement, leurdéveloppement est freiné par le fait que 15 à 30% des utilisateurs seraient incapables de lescontrôler. Nombre de travaux se sont focalisés sur l’amélioration des algorithmes de traitementdu signal. Par contre, l’impact de l’entraînement des utilisateurs sur leur performance estsouvent négligé. Contrôler une IM-ICO nécessite l’acquisition de compétences et donc unentraînement approprié. Or, malgré le fait qu’il ait été suggéré que les protocolesd’entraînement actuels sont théoriquement inappropriés, peu d’efforts sont mis en oeuvre pourles améliorer. Notre principal objectif est de comprendre et améliorer l’apprentissage des IMICO.Ainsi, nous cherchons d’abord à acquérir une meilleure compréhension des processussous-tendant cet apprentissage avant de proposer une amélioration des protocolesd’entraînement afin qu’ils prennent en compte les facteurs cognitifs et psychologiquespertinents et qu’ils respectent les principes issus de l’ingénierie pédagogique. Nous avonsainsi défini 3 axes de recherche visant à investiguer l’impact (1) de facteurs cognitifs, (2) de lapersonnalité et (3) du feedback sur la performance. Pour chacun de ces axes, nous décrivonsd’abord les études nous ayant permis de déterminer les facteurs impactant la performance ;nous présentons ensuite le design et la validation de nouvelles approches d’entraînementavant de proposer des perspectives de travaux futurs. Enfin, nous proposons une solution quipermettrait d’étudier l’apprentissage de manière mutli-factorielle et dynamique : un systèmetutoriel intelligent
Mental-imagery based brain-computer interfaces (MI-BCIs) enable users to interact with theirenvironment using their brain-activity alone, by performing mental-imagery tasks. This thesisaims to contribute to the improvement of MI-BCIs in order to render them more usable. MIBCIsare bringing innovative prospects in many fields, ranging from stroke rehabilitation tovideo games. Unfortunately, most of the promising MI-BCI based applications are not yetavailable on the public market since an estimated 15 to 30% of users seem unable to controlthem. A lot of research has focused on the improvement of signal processing algorithms.However, the potential role of user training in MI-BCI performance seems to be mostlyneglected. Controlling an MI-BCI requires the acquisition of specific skills, and thus anappropriate training procedure. Yet, although current training protocols have been shown tobe theoretically inappropriate, very little research is done towards their improvement. Our mainobject is to understand and improve MI-BCI user-training. Thus, first we aim to acquire a betterunderstanding of the processes underlying MI-BCI user-training. Next, based on thisunderstanding, we aim at improving MI-BCI user-training so that it takes into account therelevant psychological and cognitive factors and complies with the principles of instructionaldesign. Therefore, we defined 3 research axes which consisted in investigating the impact of(1) cognitive factors, (2) personality and (3) feedback on MI-BCI performance. For each axis,we first describe the studies that enabled us to determine which factors impact MI-BCIperformance; second, we describe the design and validation of new training approaches; thethird part is dedicated to future work. Finally, we propose a solution that could enable theinvestigation of MI-BCI user-training using a multifactorial and dynamic approach: an IntelligentTutoring System

Les Interfaces Cerveau Ordinateur Actives (ICOs) permettent à une personne d'exercer un contrôle direct et volontaire sur un système informatique par interprétation de son activité cérébrale : certains signaux du cerveau sont capturés afin que le système reconnaisse des actions imaginées spécifiques (mouvements, images, concepts). Les ICOs actives et leurs utilisateurs doivent être entrainés. Cet entraînement rend les signaux plus aisés à reconnaître par le système.Cependant, à l'heure actuelle les ICO servent principalement dans un contexte médical pour aider les personnes en situation de handicap (moteur, ou empêchant complètement la communication avec le monde extérieur) et se trouvent rarement en dehors de laboratoires spécialisés.Les ICO ont de nombreuses limitations :• La variabilité dans les signaux: les signaux sont différents d'une personne à l'autre voire même chez un même individu à des moments différents.• Des sessions d'entraînement longues et répétitives: entre dix minutes et deux mois, sont ennuyantes et désengagent les utilisateurs du processus d'apprentissage.• Un feedback limité: les systèmes actuels proposent un feedback unimodal élémentaire qui est inadapté pour les nombreux utilisateurs. la communication est unidirectionnelle dans le sens où le système donne des instructions que l'utilisateur doit exécuter.L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des solutions aux problèmes sus décrits afin d'obtenir une architecture consistante qui rendra les ICO plus compatibles avec les applications d'IHM. L'idée principale est l'implantation du co-apprentissage dans la boucle ICO et l'exploration de la manière dont les utilisateurs et le système peuvent mutuellement se donner du feedback dans le but de l'amélioration de l'utilisabilité des ICO.Cette thèse se structure autour de trois innovations portant sur la boucle ICO :• Une architecture générale basée sur les principes des ICO asynchrones et sur l'entraînement incrémental combinés avec une séparation aveugle des sources et un classifieur à distance minimum. Nous évaluerons l'architecture sur une tache de pilotage de drone au long d'un mois et concluons qu'elle est en adéquation avec les besoins d'une utilisation quotidienne ludique.• Une modalité de visualisation plus intuitive pour les résultats de classification ainsi que pour les caractéristiques de distance sur la base d'une projection en coordonnées de Wachspress pour un nombre arbitraire de classes. Nous combinons la visualisation avec un feedback direct des utilisateurs leur permettant d'interactivement changer la marge de classification, le type de distance où encore de trier et de gérer les signaux d'entraînement en temps réel. Nous évaluons cette contribution sur un jeu de tir simple et découvrons qu'il y a une bonne synergie entre la modalité de visualisation et le feedback direct des utilisateurs et qu'une telle combinaison est bien plus agréable à utiliser qu'un entraînement d'ICO standard.• Enfin, nous développons une ICO fonctionnelle à base d'imagerie conceptuelle à l'aide de notre architecture ainsi que de nos systèmes de visualisation et de feedback, ce qui permet une interaction plus agréable au travers de l'imagination de catégories sémantiques et de concepts. Nous démontrons que ce type d'ICO détecte plus aisément les catégories sémantiques éloignées plutôt que les catégories sémantiques proches. Pour terminer, nous créons un nouveau protocole d'entraînement implicite pour les ICO à base d'Imagerie Conceptuelle basé sur l'amorçage sémantique et conceptuel, ce qui permet d'intégrer l'entraînement dans le scénario et l'environnement d'une jeu vidéo sans que l'utilisateur n'en soit conscient. Notre protocole mène à une meilleure immersion et à meilleur sentiment de flot vis à vis du jeu
Active Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) allow people to exert direct voluntary control over a computer system: their brain signals are captured and the system recognizes specific imagined actions (movements, images, concepts). Active BCIs and their users must undergo training. This makes the signals easier to recognize by the system. This acquisition can take from 10 minutes up to 2 months. BCIs can thus be applied to many control and interaction scenarios of our everyday lives, especially in relation to entertainment (Wolpaw et al., 2002).BCIs are mostly used by disabled people in a medical setting and seldom leave the lab. First of all, high-grade equipment is expensive and non-portable. Although there are commercial ventures proposing BCI acquisition equipment to the general public, the quality is still insufficient to build accurate and robust BCIs.BCIs also suffer from numerous limitations:• Variability of the signals: signals different across people or within the same individual at different times.• Long and repetitive training sessions: between 10 minutes up to several months, disengage and bore users.• Limited feedback: simple unimodal feedback ill adapted for many users. Feedback is unidirectional and the user just has to follow instructions.All these issues limit the adoption of BCI, the lack of widespread commercial success and the use of BCI from human computer interaction applications.The objective of the thesis is to propose solutions to the above problems so as to obtain a consistent architecture that will allow BCIs to be better suitable to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) applications. The idea is to implement co-learning in the BCI loop and to explore how users and system can give feedback to each other in order to improve BCI usability.This thesis is structured around three innovations surrounding the BCI loop:• A general architecture based on asynchronous BCI principles and on incremental training combined with an unsupervised blind-source separation filter and a minimum distance classifier. This architecture allows producing BCIs with minimal training session. We evaluate the architecture on a drone piloting task over a month and find that it is suitable for use in daily recreational applications.• A more intuitive visualization modality for classification outcomes and distance features using Wachspress coordinate projection for an arbitrary number of classes. We combine the visualization with direct feedback mechanism where users can interactively change the classification margin, change the types of features as well as edit the training trials in real-time. We evaluate our contribution on a simple shooter game and find there is a good synergy between our visualization modality and direct user feedback and that the combination is much more enjoyable to users than a standard BCI training.• Finally we develop an operational Conceptual Imagery BCI based on our architecture, visualization and feedback system that allow for more natural interactions through the imagination of sematic categories and concepts. We show that this type of BCI is more effective at detecting distinct semantic categories rather than close ones. Then, we build on this conceptual BCI to propose a smart home control system for healthy and disabled users. Finally we invent a new seamless training protocol for Conceptual Imagery that uses conceptual and semantic priming in order to integrate the training in the narrative and environment of the game without the realization of the user. Our technique leads to better flow and immersion of users in the game. We believe this training protocol can be extended to many tasks outside of games or even of Conceptual Imagery

Mestrado em Marketing
Este estudo pretende reconhecer a importância do Ensino Profissional em Portugal e propor um Plano de Marketing para a criação de um Curso Profissional na Associação para a Educação Cultura e Formação (APECEF). O método para realização deste projeto partiu de uma pesquisa documental sobre o Ensino Profissional. Dado que o enquadramento legal é de grande regulamentação e muito exigente a esse nível, era imprescindível conhecer a posição oficial da Direção Geral de Estabelecimentos Escolares - DGEstE. Para que fosse possível entender e enquadrar a importância da relação Escola-Empresa no contexto do Ensino Profissional, as entidades contactadas foram a Confederação Empresarial de Portugal - CIP e a Associação Nacional de Escolas Profissionais - ANESPO. Tornou-se evidente que o curso escolhido teria de proporcionar uma garantia de empregabilidade para ter sucesso Reunindo todas as condições internas e externas, o Curso Profissional - Técnico de Redes Elétricas surgiu como resposta a uma efetiva necessidade no mercado de mão-de-obra técnica. Para que o projeto pudesse concretizar-se era indispensável conhecer a posição do segmento alvo relativamente ao Ensino Profissional e especificamente ao Curso de Técnico de Redes Elétricas, para o que foi realizado um inquérito a alunos do atual 9º ano de escolaridade do Colégio de S. Tomás e escolas vizinhas pertencentes ao Agrupamento de Escolas Professor Lindley de Cintra - Lumiar. Verificando-se que todas as condições estavam reunidas, quer do ponto de vista legal, quer do de mercado (segmento alvo e empregador), passou-se à elaboração do Plano de Marketing.
The aim of this study is two-fold: firstly, to recognise the importance of Technical Education in Portugal and secondly, propose a Marketing Plan to create a Technical Course at the Associação para a Educação, Cultura e Formação (APECEF). The method for accomplishing this project started from a documental research about what Technical Education is, its history and current stand. Due to the fact that Portuguese legal framework is extremely complex within this area, it was necessary to know the official opinion of the main governmental department which deals with these matters, Direção Geral de Estabelecimentos Escolares (DGEstE). In order to understand and structure the importance of the "School - Companies" association within the context of Technical Education, the companies that were contacted were Confederação Empresarial de Portugal - CIP and the Associação Nacional de Escolas Profissionais - ANESPO. Considering all the internal and external conditions, the Technical Course - Electric Network Technician - came across as an answer to an evident market necessity. For its accomplishment, it was important to know the opinion of the public target. A survey was addressed to students of the 9th grade, not only from Colégio de São Tomás but also from neighbouring schools in Lumiar area. After concluding that all variables were gathered, not only from the legal aspect but also from the market (public target ? employer) point of view, a Marketing Plan was elaborated.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Thesis (B.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2009.
Project advisor: Stan Henderson. Title from PDF title page; viewed on Jan. 21, 2010. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on microfiche.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease causing bronchospasm, which leads to the sensation of shortness of breath. Children with asthma are often afraid of exercise because the exercise induced exacerbation which gives children a sense of breathlessness. As a result, they usually have a sedentary lifestyle that decreases their physical fitness. However, there is evidence supporting the claim that exercises do not induce exacerbation, and exercise should be encouraged to asthmatic children to improve their physical fitness. In Hong Kong, protocol for exercise training with asthmatic children is limited. This is unfortunate because recent studies have shown that exercise training has improved the physical fitness of asthmatic children. This present studies used databases included PubMed (from 1950 to 2012), Ovid MEDLINE® (from 1950 to 2012), CINAHL (from 1982 to 2012), and ProQuest (from 1999 to 2012), to identify significant research on the topic. Eight studies, including seven RCTs and one cohort study, were chosen for in depth review. They were all good quality studies with satisfactory results that identified improvement in physical fitness for mild to moderate asthmatic children after exercise training. This present studies proposed an exercise training program for a pediatric ward in a public hospital in Hong Kong. The target population is children, aged 7 to 17, who suffer from mild to moderate asthma. They will enroll in an exercise training program to perform cycling in a clinical setting three times per week. The program will be sustained for nine weeks. The participants will undergo the innovation under the supervision of trained nurses. Evidence-based protocol is developed for the innovation to guide nurses on how to carry out the exercise training effectively and smoothly. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) grading system is adopted to measure the levels of evidence and grading of the recommendations in the protocol. A communication plan will be developed to gain support from the identified stakeholders. A pilot study plan will be established in order to determine the feasibility of the proposed innovation. The exercise stress test, which is the primary outcome of the innovation, will be measured in the pilot study. Knowledge, job satisfaction, and confidence level of staff will be evaluated. The effectiveness of the innovation will be evaluated based improvements as measured by lung function, exercise stress and quality of life of the asthmatic children after exercise training. It will also consider nurse competency in carrying out the exercise training program. In the pediatric ward of a public hospital, mild to moderate asthmatic children are going to perform cycling under close monitoring and supervision. The proposed clinical setting for exercise program is intentional. Its relax atmosphere may encourage asthmatic children to do more exercises even after the training program. The researcher identifies transferable elements in the innovation, including characteristics of the patients, staff, setting and philosophy of care. The feasibility of the program is evaluated according to the culture and resource environment. The cost effectiveness is considered and it factors in the benefits of the innovation physically and psychologically. In order to implement this program successfully, a well-designed and planned protocol is proposed. The innovation is designed to be effective in improving the physical and psychological fitness of asthmatic children.
published_or_final_version
Nursing Studies
Master
Master of Nursing

Behavior analysts have had much success in affecting behavior change with individuals diagnosed with intellectual disabilities as well as those who would be considered typically developing with a variety of intervention strategies; most of which involve affecting direct acting contingencies. However, the realm of language-based psychopathology has just begun to be addressed within the field through language based, or indirect acting strategies. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is based on the concept of derived stimulus relations and allows for a behavior analytic treatment of language-based psychopathology. The current study was intended to test the efficacy of a brief protocol-delivered ACT intervention with individuals who smoke marijuana. Oral swab drug screens were the primary dependent variable, along with the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II (AAQ-II). All six ACT components were taught to each subject using a set list of metaphors and exercises and was assessed using a concurrent/non-concurrent multiple baseline across participants design. Results indicate that the brief protocol impacted levels of marijuana consumption with all three participants and that their self-reported levels of struggle (via the AAQ-II) lessened over the course of the training.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Este trabalho teve como objetivos: 1- adaptar para ratos dois modelos de treinamento intervalado, realizados no treinamento com humanos; 2- padronizar uma periodização do treinamento aeróbio para natação com ratos; 3- comparar os efeitos desses protocolos com o treinamento contínuo. Foram avaliados em ratos Wistar, adultos (70-120 dias), o limiar anaeróbio de lactato (LAN); a concentração de lactato sangüíneo (CLS) relativa á carga de 5% mc, durante o teste do LAN; o glicogênio muscular e hepático; o metabolismo glicídico à, virro, em fatias isoladas de músculo sóleo incubadas em presença de insulina (lOOpiJ/lOOinL), medindo-se a captação de glicose pela [FI] 2-deoxyglicose (2- UG = O,SuiCimL), a síntese de glicogênio, produção de lactato e oxidação de glicose com glicose (5,5 mM) contendo U-'4C] glicose (0,25 pti'mL'), expressos em imolg'ht A análise estatística empregada foi Mova, one-way, pThis study aimed to adapt for rats two models of interval training currently used in human training, establish a periodisation protocol for aerobic swimming training and to compare them with the continuous swimming training. The variables evaluated were lactate anaerobic threshold (AT); blood lactate concentration (BLC) at the overload of 5% body mass (bm) during the test for AT estimation and muscle and liver glycogen concentrations. Glucose metabolism in vitro, in isolated sóleous muscle incubated in presence of insulin (lOOmU/lOOmL), was also evaluated, by measuring the glicose uptake, using [3H] 2-deoxyglicose (2-DO = 0,5 uCimL1) as tracer, as well as, glycogen synthesis, lactate production and glucose oxidation from [U' 4C] glucose (0,25 tCi mLj. The statistical methods included Anova one-way, with the significance level set at 5%. In one experiment, four groups of male Wistar were compared: sedentary (SED); continuous training with overload of 5% bm (CT5); interval training with 7,5% bm, work:pause of 4 min:lmin30s (IT-7,5); Interval training with overlod of 10% mc, work:pause of 30s:30s (IT-1O). The groups of exercise-ttrained rats exercised 6Omini'day. In another experiment, a SED group, a continuous training (CT5) and a periosdised training (basic, specific and taper period), with volume intensity, aerobic and anaerobic alternation of the stimulus (PT) were formed. After a 3-4 weeks adaptation period, in both experiments, the trained groups maintained training frequency of 5 days/week, during 5 weeks. In each experiment, the training overload was quantified (% bm time of exercise in the training session) and the total work was the same in all groups. In the first experiment there was no significant difference in AT among the groups. CT5 group presented lower BLC at 5% bm than SED (CT5 = -21,8; 1T7,5 e ITIO = -12,7%) groups, The animal of the [T-7,5 group... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

Orientador: Maria Alice Rostom de Mello
Banca: Eliete Luciano
Banca: Cláudio Alexandre Gobatto
Banca: Ana Cláudia Garcia de Oliveira Duarte
Banca: Ana Raimunda Dâmaso
Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivos: 1- adaptar para ratos dois modelos de treinamento intervalado, realizados no treinamento com humanos; 2- padronizar uma periodização do treinamento aeróbio para natação com ratos; 3- comparar os efeitos desses protocolos com o treinamento contínuo. Foram avaliados em ratos Wistar, adultos (70-120 dias), o limiar anaeróbio de lactato (LAN); a concentração de lactato sangüíneo (CLS) relativa á carga de 5% mc, durante o teste do LAN; o glicogênio muscular e hepático; o metabolismo glicídico à, virro, em fatias isoladas de músculo sóleo incubadas em presença de insulina (lOOpiJ/lOOinL), medindo-se a captação de glicose pela [FI] 2-deoxyglicose (2- UG = O,SuiCimL), a síntese de glicogênio, produção de lactato e oxidação de glicose com glicose (5,5 mM) contendo U-'4C] glicose (0,25 pti'mL'), expressos em imolg'ht A análise estatística empregada foi Mova, one-way, pAbstract: This study aimed to adapt for rats two models of interval training currently used in human training, establish a periodisation protocol for aerobic swimming training and to compare them with the continuous swimming training. The variables evaluated were lactate anaerobic threshold (AT); blood lactate concentration (BLC) at the overload of 5% body mass (bm) during the test for AT estimation and muscle and liver glycogen concentrations. Glucose metabolism in vitro, in isolated sóleous muscle incubated in presence of insulin (lOOmU/lOOmL), was also evaluated, by measuring the glicose uptake, using [3H] 2-deoxyglicose (2-DO = 0,5 uCimL1) as tracer, as well as, glycogen synthesis, lactate production and glucose oxidation from [U' 4C] glucose (0,25 tCi mLj. The statistical methods included Anova one-way, with the significance level set at 5%. In one experiment, four groups of male Wistar were compared: sedentary (SED); continuous training with overload of 5% bm (CT5); interval training with 7,5% bm, work:pause of 4 min:lmin30s (IT-7,5); Interval training with overlod of 10% mc, work:pause of 30s:30s (IT-1O). The groups of exercise-ttrained rats exercised 6Omini'day. In another experiment, a SED group, a continuous training (CT5) and a periosdised training (basic, specific and taper period), with volume intensity, aerobic and anaerobic alternation of the stimulus (PT) were formed. After a 3-4 weeks adaptation period, in both experiments, the trained groups maintained training frequency of 5 days/week, during 5 weeks. In each experiment, the training overload was quantified (% bm time of exercise in the training session) and the total work was the same in all groups. In the first experiment there was no significant difference in AT among the groups. CT5 group presented lower BLC at 5% bm than SED (CT5 = -21,8; 1T7,5 e ITIO = -12,7%) groups, The animal of the [T-7,5 group... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)
Doutor

The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not self-monitoring of stressors and physiological response to stressors enhances the effectiveness of a stress management technique, specifically relaxation training. The primary hypothesis which stated that the RSMS group would experience a greater reduction in depression (on the Beck Depression Inventory), and enhancement in self-efficacy (on the General Self-efficacy Scale) than all other groups, was not supported.

Orientador: Maria Alice Rostom de Mello
Banca: Eliete Luciano
Banca: Patricia Chakur Brum
Banca: Vilmar Baldissera
Banca: Angelina Zanesco
Resumo: Há grande importância em determinar a intensidade de exercício para o treinamento em ratos devido ao interesse de diversas áreas de pesquisas, envolvendo distintas condições fisiológicas desses animais. Portanto, é necessário otimizar protocolos de avaliação física para ratos exercitados, aumentando sua aplicabilidade. Desta forma, o objetivo geral da presente tese foi padronizar e testar diferentes modelos invasivos e não invasivos de avaliação aeróbia e anaeróbia em ratos Wistar, alimentados e após 12 horas de jejum, validando-os através da comparação com a máxima fase estável de lactato (MFEL) em dois exercícios distintos: natação e corrida em esteira rolante. Com essa finalidade, ratos jovens foram adaptados de maneira sistematizada à natação e à corrida em esteira rolante, para posterior determinação da zona de transição aeróbia-anaeróbia. Foram utilizados protocolos de limiar anaeróbio obtido por concentração fixa de lactato e inspeção visual do ponto de inflexão lactacidêmico, seguido por bissegmentação das retas de regressão; modelo de potência crítica não invasivo e exaustivo proposto por Monod e Scherrer (1965) e método invasivo e não exaustivo caracterizado por duplos esforços para a obtenção da potência crítica sugerida por Chassain (1986). As intensidades aeróbias foram comparadas à MFEL, considerada o padrão ouro desse sistema. Para a investigação da validade do parâmetro anaeróbio sugerido por Monod e Scherrer (1965), dosagens de reservas intramusculares de glicogênio foram efetuadas após exercício em intensidade equivalente à carga e velocidade crítica. Houve ainda a manipulação do ciclo de luminosidade claro-escuro para verificar os efeitos do ritmo circadiano na determinação de tais capacidades. Apesar das distintas características, todos os protocolos padronizados e utilizados foram capazes de estimar a zona de transição aeróbia-anaeróbia.
Abstract: For obvious reasons, a large number of studies involving exercise is conducted in laboratory animals, manly rats. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods for physical evaluation of exercised rats. The aim of present study was to describe and to test different aerobic and anaerobic evaluation models, invasive or non-invasive, for rats. The protocols were validated using the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). Wistar rats were evaluated in two different exercise types: swimming and treadmill running. The Wistar rats were adapted to swimming exercise and treadmill running. After this, we determined the aerobic/anaerobic transition zone. We used three protocols: incremental test for determine the lactate threshold using fixed blood lactate concentration and individual inflection point of blood lactate curve; noninvasive critical power model purposed by Monod and Scherrer (1965) and the double bouts exercise test for non-exhaustive aerobic capacity purposed by Chassain (1986). The aerobic intensities were compared with the MLSS, considered an important indicator of endurance exercise capacity. To investigate the validity of anaerobic parameter suggest by Monod and Scherrer (1965), muscle glycogen stores were accomplished after exercise at intensity equivalent to critical load and critical velocity. The effect of the light-dark cycle on the aerbic and anaerobic capacity was also invetigated.
Doutor

Although the current body of research on parent training is limited, research has shown parent training to be an effective way of producing naturalistic learning within the home. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether a language intervention could be taught to parents to increase independent manding responses in their children. Three naturally occurring family routines were chosen by the family, and the parent was trained to implement an echoic-to-mand procedure with her child to increase manding responses. Results indicated that the parent successfully implemented behavior analytic strategies during naturally occurring family routines, increasing her child’s verbal behavior acquisition.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between estimated absolute and relative squat strength and a static jump protocol with potential to provide desirable training adaptation data to practitioners in the field of collegiate strength and conditioning. Forty-one young (20.80 ± 2.44 years), healthy volunteers reported estimated back squat 1RM’s based on the most recent training block and completed a static jump protocol. Males (n=19, est. 1RM 141.29 ± 32.02kg) and female (n=22, est. 1RM 71.56 ± 19.64kg) jump data revealed large to very large correlations between squat strength, mean jump heights of jumps and other calculated variables.

Hearing protection can mitigate the harmful effects of noise, but for Service Members these devices can also obscure auditory situation awareness cues. Tactical Communication and Protective Systems (TCAPS) can restore critical cues through electronic circuitry with varying effects on localization. Evidenced by past research, sound localization accuracy can improve with training. The investigator hypothesized that training with a broadband stimulus and reducing the number of presentations would result in training transfer. Additionally, training transfer would occur with implementation of more user-engaged training strategies. The purpose of the experiments described in this study was to develop an optimized auditory azimuth-training protocol for use in a field-validated portable training system sensitive to differences among different TCAPS. A series of indoor experiments aimed to shorten and optimize a pre-existing auditory localization training protocol. Sixty-four normal-hearing participants underwent localization training. The goal of training optimization included the following objectives: 1) evaluate the effects of reducing stimulus presentations; 2) evaluate the effects of training with a broadband stimulus (but testing on untrained military-relevant stimuli); and 3) evaluate performance differences according to training strategies. Twenty-four (12 trained and 12 untrained) normal-hearing listeners participated in the field-validation experiment. The experiment evaluated localization training transfer from the indoor portable system to live-fire blanks in field. While training conducted on the portable system was predicted to transfer to the field, differences emerged between an in-the-ear and over-the-ear TCAPS. Three of four untrained stimuli showed evidence of training transfer. Shortening the training protocol also resulted in training transfer, but manipulating training strategies did not. A comparison of changes in localization scores from the indoor pretest to the field posttest demonstrated significant differences among listening conditions. Training improved accuracy and response time for the open ear and one of two TCAPS. Posttest differences between the two TCAPS were not statistically significant. Despite training, localization with TCAPS never matched the open ear. The portable apparatus employed in this study offers a means to evaluate the effects of TCAPS on localization. Equipped with a known effect on localization, TCAPS users can render informed decisions on the benefits or risk associated with certain devices.
Doctor of Philosophy
Hearing protection can mitigate the harmful effects of noise, but for Service Members these devices can obscure auditory situation awareness cues. Certain powered hearing protection can restore critical cues through electronic circuitry with varying effects on localization. Evidenced by past research, sound localization accuracy can improve with training. The investigator hypothesized that training with a broadband stimulus and reducing the number of presentations would result in auditory learning. Additionally, implementing more user-engaged training strategies would demonstrate more auditory learning. The purpose of the experiments described in this study was to develop an optimized auditory azimuth-training protocol for use in a field-validated training system sensitive to differences among active hearing protection. A series of indoor experiments aimed to shorten and optimize a pre-existing auditory localization training protocol. Sixty-four normal-hearing participants underwent localization training. The goal of training optimization included the following objectives: 1) evaluate the effects of reducing stimulus presentations; 2) evaluate the effects of training with a broadband stimulus (but testing on untrained military-relevant stimuli); and 3) evaluate performance differences in localization performance according to training strategies. In the field-validation study, 12 trained and 12 untrained normal-hearing listeners participated. The experiment evaluated localization learning from the indoor portable training system to live-fire blanks in a field. Training conducted on the portable system was predicted to transfer to the field, but differences would emerge between an in-the-ear and an over-the-ear TCAPS. Three of four untrained stimuli showed evidence of localization learning. Shortening the protocol also resulted in localization learning, but manipulating training strategies did not. A comparison of changes in localization scores from the indoor pretest to the field posttest demonstrated significant differences among listening conditions. Training improved performance for the open ear and one of two active hearing protectors. Posttest differences between the two devices were not significant. Despite training, performance with hearing protection never equaled the open ear. The portable apparatus employed in this study offers a means to evaluate the effects of hearing protection on localization. Knowing the effects of hearing protection on localization apprises users of the benefits and/or risk associated with the use of certain devices.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco use remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the US. Effective tobacco cessation aids are widely available, yet underutilized. Tobacco cessation brief interventions (BIs) increase quit rates. However, BI training has focused on conventional medical providers, overlooking other health practitioners with regular contact with tobacco users. The 2007 National Health Interview Survey found that approximately 20% of those who use provider-based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are tobacco users. Thus, CAM practitioners potentially represent a large, untapped community resource for promoting tobacco cessation and use of effective cessation aids. Existing BI training is not well suited for CAM practitioners' background and practice patterns, because it assumes a conventional biomedical foundation of knowledge and philosophical approaches to health, healing and the patient-practitioner relationship. There is a pressing need to develop and test the effectiveness of BI training that is both grounded in Public Health Service (PHS) Guidelines for tobacco dependence treatment and that is relevant and appropriate for CAM practitioners. METHODS/DESIGN: The CAM Reach (CAMR) intervention is a tobacco cessation BI training and office system intervention tailored specifically for chiropractors, acupuncturists and massage therapists. The CAMR study utilizes a single group one-way crossover design to examine the CAMR intervention's impact on CAM practitioners' tobacco-related practice behaviors. Primary outcomes included CAM practitioners' self-reported conduct of tobacco use screening and BIs. Secondary outcomes include tobacco using patients' readiness to quit, quit attempts, use of guideline-based treatments, and quit rates and also non-tobacco-using patients' actions to help someone else quit. DISCUSSION: CAM practitioners provide care to significant numbers of tobacco users. Their practice patterns and philosophical approaches to health and healing are well suited for providing BIs. The CAMR study is examining the impact of the CAMR intervention on practitioners' tobacco-related practice behaviors, CAM patient behaviors, and documenting factors important to the conduct of practice-based research in real-world CAM practices.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Há grande importância em determinar a intensidade de exercício para o treinamento em ratos devido ao interesse de diversas áreas de pesquisas, envolvendo distintas condições fisiológicas desses animais. Portanto, é necessário otimizar protocolos de avaliação física para ratos exercitados, aumentando sua aplicabilidade. Desta forma, o objetivo geral da presente tese foi padronizar e testar diferentes modelos invasivos e não invasivos de avaliação aeróbia e anaeróbia em ratos Wistar, alimentados e após 12 horas de jejum, validando-os através da comparação com a máxima fase estável de lactato (MFEL) em dois exercícios distintos: natação e corrida em esteira rolante. Com essa finalidade, ratos jovens foram adaptados de maneira sistematizada à natação e à corrida em esteira rolante, para posterior determinação da zona de transição aeróbia-anaeróbia. Foram utilizados protocolos de limiar anaeróbio obtido por concentração fixa de lactato e inspeção visual do ponto de inflexão lactacidêmico, seguido por bissegmentação das retas de regressão; modelo de potência crítica não invasivo e exaustivo proposto por Monod e Scherrer (1965) e método invasivo e não exaustivo caracterizado por duplos esforços para a obtenção da potência crítica sugerida por Chassain (1986). As intensidades aeróbias foram comparadas à MFEL, considerada o padrão ouro desse sistema. Para a investigação da validade do parâmetro anaeróbio sugerido por Monod e Scherrer (1965), dosagens de reservas intramusculares de glicogênio foram efetuadas após exercício em intensidade equivalente à carga e velocidade crítica. Houve ainda a manipulação do ciclo de luminosidade claro-escuro para verificar os efeitos do ritmo circadiano na determinação de tais capacidades. Apesar das distintas características, todos os protocolos padronizados e utilizados foram capazes de estimar a zona de transição aeróbia-anaeróbia.
For obvious reasons, a large number of studies involving exercise is conducted in laboratory animals, manly rats. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods for physical evaluation of exercised rats. The aim of present study was to describe and to test different aerobic and anaerobic evaluation models, invasive or non-invasive, for rats. The protocols were validated using the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). Wistar rats were evaluated in two different exercise types: swimming and treadmill running. The Wistar rats were adapted to swimming exercise and treadmill running. After this, we determined the aerobic/anaerobic transition zone. We used three protocols: incremental test for determine the lactate threshold using fixed blood lactate concentration and individual inflection point of blood lactate curve; noninvasive critical power model purposed by Monod and Scherrer (1965) and the double bouts exercise test for non-exhaustive aerobic capacity purposed by Chassain (1986). The aerobic intensities were compared with the MLSS, considered an important indicator of endurance exercise capacity. To investigate the validity of anaerobic parameter suggest by Monod and Scherrer (1965), muscle glycogen stores were accomplished after exercise at intensity equivalent to critical load and critical velocity. The effect of the light-dark cycle on the aerbic and anaerobic capacity was also invetigated.

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em Fisioterapia
Introdução: pela especificidade do gesto desportivo do basquetebol, a entorse do tornozelo é a lesão mais frequente nesta modalidade, e, assim, são recomendadas medidas preventivas através da integração de programas de equilíbrio. Objetivo: analisar o efeito da aplicação do “Specific Balance Training Program” na funcionalidade da articulação do tornozelo em atletas de basquetebol. Tendo como parâmetros a avaliar, a amplitude de movimento e o equilíbrio estático e dinâmico. Metodologia: a amostra foi constituída por 12 basquetebolistas do sexo masculino com idades entre os 14 e 16 anos, divididos em dois grupos, em que os participantes do grupo experimental (GE), além de ter efetuado o treino habitual, realizaram o “Specific Balance Training Program” durante 4 semanas. Os parâmetros avaliados foram equilíbrio dinâmico quantificado pelo Star Excursion Balance (SBET), o equilíbrio estático estimado pelo Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), e a amplitude de dorsiflexão do tornozelo calculada pelo teste Weight-Bearing Lunge (WBL) Resultados: no equilíbrio dinâmico não foram observados quaisquer alterações estatisticamente significativas entre grupos, em todas as direções do SBET e em ambos os membros (0,228Background: as a specificity of the basketball sporting gesture, an ankle sprain is the most common injury in this sport and, so, it is recommended to have preventive measures by integrating an equilibrium program. Objective: analyse the effect of the application of “Specific Balance Training Program” in the functionality of the ankle joints in basketball athletes, having as parameters to evaluate the movement, amplitude, static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium. Methodology: the sample was composed by 12 male basketball players with an age ranging from 14 to 16 years old, divided in two groups. The participants of the experimental group (EG), besides having their usual train, performed the “Specific Balance Training Program” for 4 weeks. The evaluated parameters were dynamic equilibrium quantified by the Star Excursion Balance (SBET), static equilibrium estimated by the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) and the ankle dorsiflexion amplitude calculated by the test Weight-Bearing Lunge (WBL). Results: in the dynamic equilibrium there were no major changes statistically between groups in all the SBET directions and in both members (0,228N/A

Thirty-four parents were referred by their CPS caseworkers to participate in one of two ACT for Parenting workshops. These workshops followed a 12 hour treatment protocol based on an acceptance and commitment therapy philosophy of parenting. Briefly, an ACT philosophy of parenting maintains that effective parenting requires awareness and acceptance of thoughts and feelings as they occur in the context of the parent-child relationship. An ACT philosophy of parenting also relies heavily on the identification and commitment to parenting values. Participants were asked to track acceptance and valuing behavior on a daily basis for 25 days prior to the intervention and 25 days post-intervention, as well as to complete a package of self-report instruments designed to measure both ACT specific and general psychological processes, at three different points (pre-, post- and follow-up). Nineteen parents received the treatment, and of those, seventeen provided follow-up data 3-4 months post-intervention. Results indicate statistically significant changes in the expected directions for scores on the BASC-2 Externalizing Composite as well as on the Meta-Valuing Measure. A total of 10 parents also evidenced clinically significant change in the expected directions on a variety of outcome measures.

Whole body vibration (WBV) training is a relatively new training technique and is considered low intensity as it elicits non-voluntary muscle contractions generated by mechanical vibrations. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a 6-week WBV training paradigm on the physical capacities and fatigability of overweight young female adults. We hypothesized that WBV would increase fat free mass as well as leg power and strength, decrease the fatigue index of the lower limbs during the Wingate test, increase fatigue resistance, improve neuromuscular efficiency and decrease fatigue perception in overweight young female adults. Participants (n=24) were overweight young female adults (body fat percentage 30-35) between the ages of 20 and 40 and were randomized into 2 groups; control group (CON; n=10) or whole body vibration group (VIB; n=14). This study consisted of six weeks of training and four testing sessions: 2 before (sessions 1 & 2) and 2 following (sessions 3 & 4) the training regimen. During testing sessions 1 and 3, the basal metabolic rate, body composition, leg power (Wingate), elasticity index (EI), squat and countermovement jumps and fatigue perception (questionnaires) were assessed for all subjects. Isokinetic tests to measure strength and muscle fatigue tests were performed during testing sessions 2 and 4. The training protocol lasted 6 weeks and exercises were performed 3 times a week. Sessions lasted 30 minutes and entailed 15 sets of 1-minute exercises followed by 1-minute rest intervals. One set consisted of 15 controlled and timed squats (15 flexion and extension per minute). The VIB group performed their exercises on the power Plate® pro 6. Vertical vibration amplitude settings were kept on low (2mm) throughout the entire 6 weeks and set at a frequency of 30Hz for weeks 1-3 and increased to 35Hz for weeks 4-6. The CON group performed the same exercises without vibration. iv The results revealed that a 6-week WBV training regimen had no effect on body composition or basal metabolic rate. WBV training did not affect EI as evidenced by similar squat jump and countermovement jump measures for both the CON and VIB groups. WBV training had no effect on leg power as measured using the Wingate ergocycle. The Wingate test did show a decrease in the fatigue index for both groups (p˂0.05). Unexpectedly, a decrease in strength was found in extension phase during the eccentric contractions (120°/s) and flexion phase during concentric contractions (120°/s and 180°/s). As there were no changes in fat free mass, it seems that the reduction in strength was due to central changes. The fatigue rate represented by regression slopes showed that the VIB group was more fatigue resistant post training compared to the CON group. Fatigue perception as measured using a multidimensional approach with questionnaires (FSS, MFI and SHARP) revealed no changes in fatigability for either group. To conclude, this study demonstrated that WBV training in overweight young female adults had minimal effects on the physical capacities and fatigability of our subjects. Higher intensity vibration parameters, a longer training regimen or individualized vibration parameters may have greater benefits for overweight subjects and should be considered in future studies.

Landing is a dynamic activity and considered one of the leading causes of noncontact ACL injuries. Poor biomechanics during dynamic activity resulting from neuromuscular imbalances may contribute to ACL injury. The purpose of this study was to determine if a trunk and hip neuromuscular training program for female high school athletes facilitates neuromuscular changes during landing mechanics. Participants were assessed using the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) after a drop box jump, pre-test, mid-test, and post-test. A high LESS score indicates poor landing mechanics. Additionally, participants filled out a survey regarding their perceptions of neuromuscular changes and their landing mechanics. LESS scores decreased significantly between pre to post testing. Participants believed their landing mechanics improved, they became stronger, and they become more aware of their body. Results showed that an eight week hip and trunk neuromuscular program improved landing mechanics and may help decrease noncontact ACL injuries in this population.

Trabalho de Projeto apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Fisioterapia, ramo de Fisioterapia Materno-Infantil
Introdução: Estudos recentes evidenciam uma elevada prevalência de Incontinência Urinária (IU) em jovens atletas e nulíparas, especialmente na ginástica, atletismo e jogos de bola, condicionando o seu desempenho e interferindo com a qualidade de vida (QV). Assim, com a Fisioterapia pretende-se reabilitar estas atletas através do treino dos músculos do pavimento pélvico (TMPP) - tratamento classificado com o mais alto nível de evidência. Objetivo: Investigar a eficácia de um protocolo de TMPP no tratamento da IU em jovens atletas nulíparas. Metodologia: Estudo experimental, longitudinal com avaliações pré e pós-teste. Participaram nove jovens atletas nulíparas, divididas em dois grupos de intervenção que realizaram o protocolo de TMPP, um com supervisão da fisioterapeuta (n=4) e outro sem supervisão (n=5). Na primeira etapa do estudo as participantes responderam ao CONTILIFE, Escala de Auto-eficácia dos Exercícios de Broome (EAEB) e ao questionário sociodemográfico; na segunda etapa realizaram o International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF), o Pad-Test e os testes de Oxford e Perineometria; e na terceira foi aplicado o protocolo de TMPP. No tratamento de dados foi utilizado o Test-T e o Manny-Whitney test na análise indutiva e a Correlação de Spearman na análise correlacional, com o nível de significância p≤0,05. Resultados: Verificou-se uma prevalência de IU de 74%, assim como uma correlação negativa entre o CONTILIFE (score total) e a IU (p=0,018 e r=-0,336) e uma correlação positiva entre o CONTILIFE (score total) e o score total da EAEB (p=0,0132 e r=0,307). Encontraram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as atletas dos grupos de intervenção e o peso (p=0,029). A comparação entre o pré e pós-teste só foi significativa no parâmetro Pad-test (p=0,05). Todas atletas do grupo com supervisão registaram melhorias nos parâmetros analisados. Conclusão: O protocolo de TMPP parece ser eficaz no tratamento da IU em atletas nulíparas e foram encontradas diferenças entre o protocolo supervisionado e não supervisionado, nomeadamente no grupo com supervisão. Background: Recent studies show a high prevalence of Urinary Incontinence (UI) in young athletes and nulliparous, especially in gymnastics, athletics and ball games, interfering with their performance and consequently with quality of life (QoL). Thus, the Physiotherapy aim is to rehabilitate these athletes with the pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) – classified with the higher level of evidence. Objective: Investigate the effectiveness of the PFMT protocol in the treatment of UI in young nulliparous athletes. Methods: Experimental and longitudinal study with pre and post-test evaluations. Participation of nine young nulliparous athletes, divided in two intervention groups, one with supervision of a physiotherapist (n=4) and another without (n=5) who did the PFMT protocol. In the first stage the participants answered to CONTILIFE, to Self-Efficacy Scale of Broome Exercises Broome and to a sociodemographic questionnaire; on second stage they did the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF), Pad-Test and Oxford Test and perineometry; and in the third stage the PFMT protocol was applied. To data analysis it was used the T-test and Manny-Whitney test in inductive analysis and the Spearman’s Correlation in correlacional analysis and the level of significance was p≤0,05. Results: The prevalence of UI was 74%, this study shows a negative correlation between CONTILIFE (total score) and UI (p=0,018 e r=-0,336) and a positive correlation between CONTILIFE (total score) and Self-Efficacy Scale of Broome Exercises Broome (p=0,0132 e r=0,307). Statistical differences had benn found between athletes and weigth (p=0,029). The comparison between pre and posttest was significant in Pad-test (p=0,05). All athletes of intervention group with supervision had registered improvements. Conclusions: The PFMT protocol seems to be effective in the treatment of UI in young athletes and nulliparous and differences were found between the assisted and unassisted protocol, especially in the group with supervision.

A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de 8 semanas de treinamento de força ou potência sobre a expressão de genes pertencentes a via de sinalização canônica da WNT, assim como a expressão protéica de b-catenina. Vinte e cinco indivíduos (27,4±4,6 anos) foram distribuídos randomicamente nos grupos: treinamento de força (TF) (n=10), treinamento de potência (TP) (n=10), e controle (C) (n=5). Os grupos TF e TP realizaram o exercício agachamento durante 8 semanas, 3 vezes por semana. Biópsias do músculo vasto lateral foram retiradas antes e após o período de treinamento. Alguns genes foram modulados positivamente no grupo TF (WNT1:6.4 vezesP<0.0001; SFRP1:3.3 vezesP<0.0001 e LEF1:7.3 vezesP<0.0001) e também no grupo TP (WNT1:24.9 vezesP<0.0001; SFRP1:2.7 vezesP<0.0001; LEF1:34.1 vezesP<0.0001 e Cyclina D1:7.7 vezesP<0.001). O conteúdo protéico total de -catenina aumentou somente no grupo TP (p<0,05). Nossos dados indicam que o treinamento de potência desencadeia respostas de maior magnitude sobre a via WNT quando comparado ao treinamento de força máxima.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of 8 weeks of strength and power training on the expression of genes related to the canonical WNT pathway and b-catenin protein levels. Twenty five subjects (27.4±4.6 yrs) were randomly assigned to three groups: strength training (ST) (n=10), power training (PT) (n=10), and control (C) (n=5). The ST and the PT groups performed squats, 3 times per week, for 8 weeks. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were collected before and after the training period. Certain genes were up-regulated in the ST group (WNT1:6.4 foldP<0.0001; SFRP1:3.3 fold-P<0.0001 and LEF1:7.3 foldP<0.0001) and also in the PT group (WNT1:24.9 foldP<0.0001; SFRP1:2.7 foldP<0.0001; LEF1:34.1 foldP<0.0001 and Cyclin D1:7.7 foldP<0.001). Finally, the total protein content of -catenin increased only in the PT group (P<0.05). Our data indicate that PT triggers greater responses on the WNT pathway as compared to ST regimens.

Many school systems across the USA have implemented sheltered instruction observation protocol (SIOP) strategies to help their English language learners (ELLs) master core content while they learn English. Most studies have reported positive results from using SIOP strategies with ELLs. Elementary and middle school studies were available, but studies of SIOP implementation in a comprehensive high school were lacking. This action research project was initiated by teacher leaders (department chairs) and the school principal. It included a year of combined SIOP training and implementation. After the first academic year of utilizing SIOP school-wide, an anonymous electronic survey was used to collect information on teacher implementation, the teachers' perceptions of students' success, and teacher plans for future use of the SIOP model. This study was implemented in a comprehensive high school in the Rocky Mountain region. The research questions were: To what degree, do teachers having received in-service training in SIOP, report implementing the various components of the program in their daily instruction? After one school year of implementing the SIOP model, what are teachers' perceptions regarding the effectiveness of using the SIOP model with students? How does SIOP need (number of ELLs per class), class size, years of teaching experience, teaching subject, or prior English as a second language (ESL) training relate to a teacher's perception of SIOP effectiveness scale? Is the level of implementation related to the teacher's perceptions of effectiveness? Do teachers plan to use the SIOP model in the future? Teachers reported a high degree of implementing SIOP strategies. They perceived the strategies improved student learning in most cases. There was no statistically significant relationship found between the degree of SIOP implementation and perceptions of the effectiveness of SIOP. Correlational analyses indicated that SIOP need (number or ELLS per class), class size, years of teaching experience, teaching subject, and prior ESL training did not affect the degree of implementation or perceptions of the effectiveness of the SIOP model in this comprehensive high school.

O treinamento isocinético é uma alternativa eficaz para incrementos neuromusculares e na performance de torque muscular dos flexores e extensores do joelho. No entanto, o treinamento mais efetivo para aumentar o equilíbrio de torque muscular entre isquiotibiais e quadríceps (I/Q) ainda parece desconhecido. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos de três diferentes tipos de treinamentos isocinéticos nas razões I/Q convencional (Rcon) e funcional (Rfun). Adicionalmente, foram avaliados os efeitos desses treinamentos nas variáveis de pico de torque (PT) concêntrico e excêntrico, pico de torque isométrico (PTI) taxa de produção de torque (TPT), ativação muscular (EMG), atraso eletromecânico (AE), espessura muscular (EM) e echo-intensity (EI) dos músculos flexores e extensores do joelho, bem como no desempenho funcional através dos testes squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ) e sprint 40m. Quarenta sujeitos homens destreinados (22,87 ± 2,28 anos, 70,66 ± 11,04 kg, 174,29 ± 6,9 cm) realizaram 6 semanas de treinamento para flexores e extensores do joelho em um dinamômetro isocinético Biodex. Eles foram selecionados de forma randomizada em 3 grupos de treinamento: modo concêntrico de extensão e concêntrico de flexão de joelhos (CON/CON); modo excêntrico de extensão e excêntrico de flexão de joelhos (EXC/EXC); modo concêntrico de extensão e excêntrico de flexão de joelhos (CON/EXC); e um grupo controle que não realizou nenhum treinamento (CNTRL). Todas as sessões de treinamento foram separadas por pelo menos 48h e as variáveis analisadas foram testadas em 2 dias, sendo realizadas 72h antes e depois da realização dos treinamentos. O grupo que treinou no modo EXC/EXC obteve maiores resultados na RFun, assim como aumentos significativos em PT excêntrico, PTI, CMJ e DJ comparado aos demais grupos (p<0,05), enquanto o grupo que treinou no modo CON/CON aumentou TPF em relação aos demais (p>0.05). Todos os grupos aumentaram EM do quadríceps e isquiotibiais de forma similar (p<0,05). Não houve diferença entre os grupos para PT concêntrico, EMG, AE, EI, RCon, SJ ou Sprint 40m (p>0,05). Portanto, o modo de treinamento EXC/EXC pode ser o mais efetivo para aumentar equilíbrio de torque muscular funcional I/Q. Treinamento excêntrico aumenta o torque excêntrico, influenciando nos aumentos na RFun e em saltos verticais que envolvem torque excêntrico (CMJ e DJ). O modo de treinamento CON/CON pode ser o mais efetivo em aumentos na potencia muscular.
Isokinetic dynamometers may be a viable alternative for improvements in neuromuscular and strength performance of knee flexors and extensors. However, the most advantages training protocol to elicit the greatest increases in hamstrings to quadriceps (H/Q) muscle balance is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare three different isokinetic training protocols on H/Q strength balance, calculated by conventional and functional ratios. A secondary aim was to compare the training protocols across varied quadriceps and hamstrings muscle actions on concentric and eccentric peak torque (PT), isometric peak torque (IPT), rate of torque development (RTD), muscle activation (EMG), electromechanical delay (EMD), muscle thickness (MT) and echo-intensity (EI), as well functional performance tested by squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ) and 40m sprint tests. Forty untrained male subjects (22.87 ± 2.28 yrs, 70.66 ± 11.04 kg, 174.29 ± 6.9 cm) performed 6 weeks of training of their dominant and non-dominant knees on a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. They were randomly assigned to 3 training groups; concentric quadriceps and concentric hamstrings (CON/CON), eccentric quadriceps and eccentric hamstrings (ECC/ECC), concentric quadriceps and eccentric hamstrings (CON/ECC) or no training (CNTRL). All training sessions were separated by at least 48 hours, and all variables were tested in 2 days 72h before and after training. Results revealed that the ECC/ECC group showed significant increases in functional ratio, as well as hamstrings and quadriceps eccentric PT, IPT, CMJ and DJ, compared to all other groups while the CON/CON group increased RTD (p<0.05). In addition, all training groups increased MT of quadriceps and hamstrings similarly (p<0.05). There were no differences between groups for concentric PT, EMG, ED, EI, SJ, conventional ratio or 40m sprint (p>0.05). Our findings suggest that ECC/ECC training may be the most effective at increasing functional H/Q strength ratio. Eccentric training increases eccentric strength, thereby increasing the functional H/Q strength ratio. Eccentric training also improves vertical jumps involving eccentric strength. CON/CON training may be more effective at increasing muscle power.

Orientador: Mara Patrícia Traína Chacon Mikahil
Texto em português e inglês
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física
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Resumo: Diferentes trabalhos experimentais e dados epidemiológicos têm comprovado que a prática sistematizada de atividade física regular contribui como fator de prevenção para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). O presente trabalho compara o efeito de treinamento: Aeróbio (TA), com Pesos (TP) e Concorrente (TC), utilizando cargas de treino equivalentes, sobre o risco global para DCVs medido por diferentes escalas multifatoriais. Os participantes foram 49 voluntários não ativos, distribuídos em Grupo Controle (GC, n=12, idade=48,7±5,6 anos), grupo TA (n=13, idade=47,8±4,9 anos), grupo TP (n=12, idade=48,8±5,1 anos) e grupo TC (n=12, idade=49,5±4,7 anos). Os voluntários foram avaliados pré e pósintervenção para verificação de Colesterol Total (CT), HDL-Colesterol (HDL), LDL-Colesterol (LDL), Triglicerídeos (Tg) e Pressão Arterial em repouso. Esses dados foram utilizados para quantificação do risco cardiovascular global através das escalas (algoritmo): Risco Geral de Doenças Cardiovasculares Risco de Doenças Coronarianas em 10 anos (LDL), Risco da Primeira Doença Coronariana em dois anos, Risco de Desenvolvimento de Doenças Coronarianas Graves ou Escore de Risco de Framingham. Também foram avaliados a Força Muscular de membros superiores (supino reto) e inferiores (leg press) através do teste de 1- Repetição Máxima e o Consumo Pico de Oxigênio (VO2pico) por meio de ergoespirometria em esteira rolante. Os treinamentos tiveram duração de 60 minutos, 3 sessões semanais, por um período de 16 semanas, divididas em duas etapas iguais com uma semana de intervalo para o teste utilizado no ajuste das intensidades do TA. O TA foi composto por caminhadas e corridas divididas em zonas de treinamento baseadas na velocidade do Limiar Ventilatório e Ponto de Compensação Respiratória, de modo que, as intensidades variaram entre 50-85% do VO2pico. O TP foi realizado com 10 exercícios em equipamentos específicos, com 3 séries de 10 repetições máximas e 1min de intervalo na primeira etapa e, os mesmos exercícios com 3 séries de 8 repetições máximas e 1min30s de pausa na segunda etapa. O TC foi composto por aproximadamente 50% de cada treinamento sendo TP seguido de TA. Foram observadas reduções significantes (p<0,05) para TP e TC em todas as escalas de risco aplicadas, assim como para o CT e LDL. Além disso, as concentrações de Tg reduziram (p<0,05) no TC. Foram identificados aumentos pós-treinamento (p<0,05): VO2pico para o TA e TC, força de membros superiores para TP e TC e força de membros inferiores (p<0,05) para TA, TP e TC. Esses resultados corroboram com estudos em jovens e mostram a eficácia do CT no aumento da força corporal e VO2pico, melhora de fatores de risco para DCV e principalmente redução do risco global de DCV através de todas as escalas analisadas em homens de meia-idade. Contudo, esse estudo acrescenta evidências científicas sobre o TC como um ótimo protocolo para promoção tanto do aumento de variáveis funcionais quanto para redução do risco cardiovascular global, mesmo quando realizado com volume reduzido quando comparado aos protocolos isolados
Abstract: Different experimental and epidemiological data have shown that the systematic practice of regular physical activities contributes as a preventing factor to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The present study compared the effect of Aerobic training (AT), Resistance training (RT) and Concurrent training (CT) prescribe with equivalent training loads on the Global CVD Risk through different multifactors scores (algorithms). Forty nine healthy and not active volunteers were distributed in: Control Group (CG, n=12, age=48.7±5.6 yr, BMI=25.2±2.9 kg/m2), AT group (n=13, age=47.8±4.9 yr, BMI=25.4±2.3 kg/m2), RT group (n=12, age=48.8±5.1 yr, BMI=28.4±4.4 kg/m2) and CT group (n=12 , age=49.5±4.7 yr, BMI=28.7±4.0 kg/m2). The training lasted 60 minutes, 3 times/wk for 16 weeks, divided in two equal stages with one week apart to adjust the intensity of the AT. The AT consisted in walking and running at 50- 85% of the VO2peak, the session work was divided in training zones based on Ventilatory Threshold and Respiratory Compensation Point. The RT consisted of 10 exercises on specific equipment, with 3 sets of 10 repetitions maximum with 1min rest between sets on the first stage and the same exercises with 3 sets of 8 repetitions maximum and 1min 30sec rest between sets on the second stage. The TC was composed of approximately 50% of each training (RT followed by AT). It was assessed pre and post intervention: Total Cholesterol (TChol), HDL-Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, Triglycerides (Tg) and Rest Blood Pressure. These data were used to quantify the overall cardiovascular risk across algorithms: General Cardiovascular Disease Risk, Coronary Heart Disease Risk - 2 years, Hard Coronary Heart Disease Risk. In addition, were verified: Muscle Strength of upper and lower limbs (1-Maximun Repetition test) and Oxygen Peak Consumption (VO2peak) by cardiopulmonary exercise test. No differences were observed between groups for all pre-intervention variables. After 16 wk, the RT and CT showed significant reductions (p <0.05) of all risk algorithms applied and also a decrease in TChol and LDL. Moreover, CT decrease significantly Tg. Increases were also identified post-training (p <0.05) on VO2peak for AT and CT, on upper limb strength for RT and CT and on lower limb strength (p <0.05) for AT, RT and CT. These results have shown the effectiveness of CT in the reduction of Global CVD Risk through all algorithms, as well as the decrease of risk factors and improvement on body strength and VO2peak. Similar results were previously reported by young men study. In summary, this study provides additional scientific evidence on the CT as an optimal training program capable to increase fitness variables as to reduce the Global CVD Risk in middle-aged men; these results were achieved even when CT was performed with reduced volume compared to isolated training programs
Mestrado
Atividade Fisica Adaptada
Mestre em Educação Física

Um dos problemas para desenvolvimento de trabalhos multicêntricos é a falta de protocolos padronizados compatíveis às políticas de saúde, que sejam de fácil entendimento e inserção de dados confiáveis, mesmo por pesquisadores não envolvidos no desenvolvimento do projeto. Por outro lado, algumas políticas de saúde pública não estão sintonizadas às necessidades populacionais nem aos programas de especialização, necessitando, portanto, da criação de cursos de treinamentos objetivos que garantam qualidade de entendimento dos assuntos abordados pelos protocolos. O Brasil possui grande número de portadores de deficiência visual. A reabilitação para portadores de baixa visão é pouco conhecida e praticada pela classe oftalmológica. No país, existe falta de programas de capacitação em Baixa Visão durante a residência médica e não existe sistematização do uso de protocolo multicêntrico para coletar dados confiáveis que permitam o levantamento do perfil nacional da baixa visão. A padronização, registro e intercâmbio dos dados multicêntricos necessários para estudos podem ser obtidos pela utilização de um protocolo para formação de um banco de dados nacional com grande valor para o desenvolvimento de programas em saúde pública. Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e estruturar um protocolo multicêntrico para trabalhos em Baixa Visão, baseado no protocolo adotado pela OMS, com lançamento dos dados via Internet, mantendo a qualidade da informação inserida na ficha de pesquisa. Material e Método: Adequação do protocolo da OMS para a necessidade brasileira, integrado na Web. Desenvolvimento do curso básico de baixa visão, utilizando recursos de teleducação interativa. O protocolo foi preenchido por dois grupos de residentes, mas apenas um deles (grupo B) teve acesso prévio ao curso disponível na Web. O preenchimento dos protocolos foi avaliado por quatro especialistas. Para cada item da ficha de pesquisa foi atribuída uma nota segundo o grau de concordância do preenchimento com o padrão-ouro. Resultado: Foi criado um protocolo simplificado e implementado na Web que pôde ser aplicado em pacientes adultos e crianças, sua utilização não interferiu na rotina do atendimento ambulatorial. O curso foi executado pelo grupo B entre 2 e 3 dias. O nível de melhoria da qualidade das informações inseridas foi medido pela análise comparativa do preenchimento entre os dois grupos. O grupo B apresentou superioridade no preenchimento da ficha de pesquisa. Discussão: A elaboração do protocolo multicêntrico pode ser o ponto inicial para integração e intercâmbio das informações. O lançamento dos dados via Internet possibilita a formação do banco de dados que pode ser incrementado por diversos centros. A construção do programa de teleducação via Internet para a formação objetiva em Baixa Visão é uma ferramenta para difusão dos conhecimentos básicos desta especialidade, garantindo a melhoria das informações inseridas na ficha de pesquisa. A análise dos dados pode favorecer o delineamento do perfil da deficiência visual e estabelecimento de estratégias nacionais de atenção primária. Conclusão: É viável a construção de um protocolo de pesquisa multicêntrica, com dados relevantes sobre deficiência visual, orientado pela necessidade de desenvolver estratégia de política de saúde compatível com o protocolo Internacional. A utilização da Internet para lançamento dos dados possibilitou a formação do banco de dados que pode ser incrementado por diferentes centros oftalmológicos, passando a ter abrangência nacional. A construção do curso de teleducação proporcionou aumento da qualidade da inserção de dados.
One of the problems in the development of multicentric projects is the lack of standardized protocols compatible with health policies, which are easy to understand and to use in recording reliable data even by researchers not involved in developing the project. On the other hand, some public health policies are not in tune wit h the needs of the population or with specialization programs, and require the creation of objective training courses that guarantee the quality of understanding of the topics covered by the protocols. Brazil has a great number of visual impaired individuals. Rehabilitation for Low Vision patients is not well known or widely practiced by ophthalmologists. Besides a lack of professional qualification training programs in Low Vision during medical residency, there is no systematization of use of the multicentric protocol to collect reliable data in order to map out a national profile of Low Vision. Standardization, register, and interchange of the multicentric data necessary for studies can be obtained by the use of a protocol to construct a national data base that would be vital for the development of Public Health programs. This study has the objective of developing and structuring a multicentric protocol for Low Vision projects, based on the protocol adopted by the World Health Organization -WHO, with data entered via the Internet, maintaining the quality of the information inserted on the research form. Material and Method: Adaptation of the Web-integrated WHO protocol to the needs of Brazil, and development of a basic course in Low Vision using interactive Tele-Education resources. The protocol form was completed by two groups of medical residents, but only one of them (Group B) had had prior access to the course available on the Web. The answers to the protocol questions were evaluated by four specialists. For each item on the research form, a grade was attributed according to the degree of agreement with the gold standard. Result: A simplified Web-implemented protocol was developed which could be applied to adult and child patients, and its application did not interfere in the out-patient routine of patient care. The course was taken by Group B for 2 to 3 days. The level of improvement in quality of the information entered was measured by a comparative analysis between the two groups. Group B showed superiority in terms of the answers given on the research form. Discussion: The preparation of a multicentric protocol may be the starting point for the integration and exchange of information. Data insertion via the Internet enables the construction of a data bank that can be incremented by several centers. The Internet-based Tele-Education program for objective professional qualification training in Low Vision is a tool for divulging basic knowledge in this specialty, guaranteeing an improvement in the information entered on the research forms. Analysis of the data may outline the profile of visual deficiency and enable the establishment of national primary care strategies. Conclusion: the construction of a multicentric research protocol with relevant data on visual deficiency is viable, guided by the need to develop a strategy of health care policies compatible with the international protocol. The use of the Internet for data insertion has made it possible to form a data base that can receive information from different ophthalmology centers, thus presenting a national scope. The preparation of the Tele-Education course led to an improvement in the quality of data inserted.