Relevant bibliographies by topics / Train signals

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Train signals'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Train signals"

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Buhaiov, M. V., and S. P. Samoilyk. "RANGE AND RADIAL VELOCITY MEASUREMENT AMBIGUITY ELIMINATION WITH TRAINS OF MULTICOMPONENT SIGNALS." Проблеми створення, випробування, застосування та експлуатації складних інформаційних систем, no. 18 (December 30, 2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.46972/2076-1546.2020.18.09.

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When designing pulse-Doppler radar, one of the key points is the choice of the pulse repetition period, which determines the boundaries of unambiguous measurement of range and radial velocity and creates contradictions in the measurement of these values. This contradiction is especially acute in the analysis of signals reflected from the propellers and turbines of aircraft. The main approaches to solving the problem of expanding the boundaries of unambiguous measurement of range and radial velocity is the use of variable pulse repetition period and the creation of signal ensembles to separate them by shape. Generation of an ensemble of sounding signals for a pulsed radar must be carried out taking into account both cross-correlation and auto-correlation properties. An approach to the generation of multicomponent signal trains with the possibility of pulse separation inside the train is proposed. Each of the pulses in the train is formed by adding a number of chirp signals, which differ in the values of amplitude and frequency deviation. As the frequency deviation increases, the amplitude of the component decreases. Reducing the cross-correlation coefficient of multicomponent signals from the formed ensemble can be achieved by increasing the number of components of each signal. The size of the signal ensemble, which can be formed on the basis of multicomponent chirp signals, depends on the requirements for the cross-correlation coefficient and auto-correlation function of the signals. It is shown that in order to expand the limits of coordinate measurement at a fixed wavelength, it is necessary to increase the number of pulses in the train. The results of the research demonstrate the potential possibility of using the proposed multicomponent chirp signal to form train of pulses with its subsequent separation.
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Lavoué, François, Olivier Coutant, Pierre Boué, Laura Pinzon-Rincon, Florent Brenguier, Romain Brossier, Philippe Dales, Meysam Rezaeifar, and Christopher J. Bean. "Understanding Seismic Waves Generated by Train Traffic via Modeling: Implications for Seismic Imaging and Monitoring." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 1 (October 21, 2020): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200133.

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Abstract Trains are now recognized as powerful sources for seismic interferometry based on noise correlation, but the optimal use of these signals still requires a better understanding of their source mechanisms. Here, we present a simple approach for modeling train-generated signals inspired by early work in the engineering community, assuming that seismic waves are emitted by sleepers regularly spaced along the railway and excited by passing train wheels. Our modeling reproduces well seismological observations of tremor-like emergent signals and of their harmonic spectra. We illustrate how these spectra are modulated by wheel spacing, and how their high-frequency content is controlled by the distribution of axle loads over the rail, which mainly depends on ground stiffness beneath the railway. This is summarized as a simple rule of thumb that predicts the frequency bands in which most of train-radiated energy is expected, as a function of train speed and of axle distance within bogies. Furthermore, we identify two end-member mechanisms—single stationary source versus single moving load—that explain two types of documented observations, characterized by different spectral signatures related to train speed and either wagon length or sleeper spacing. In view of using train-generated signals for seismic applications, an important conclusion is that the frequency content of the signals is dominated by high-frequency harmonics and not by fundamental modes of vibrations. Consequently, most train traffic worldwide is expected to generate signals with a significant high-frequency content, in particular in the case of trains traveling at variable speeds that produce truly broadband signals. Proposing a framework for predicting train-generated seismic wavefields over meters to kilometers distance from railways, this work paves the way for high-resolution passive seismic imaging and monitoring at different scales with applications to near-surface surveys (aquifers, civil engineering), natural resources exploration, and natural hazard studies (landslides, earthquakes, and volcanoes).
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Maler, Len. "Train signals for electric fish." Nature 384, no. 6609 (December 1996): 517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/384517a0.

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Huang, Qiongdan, Yong Li, Yaoping Zeng, and Yinjuan Fu. "Design and Characteristic Analysis of Multicarrier Chaotic Phase Coded Radar Pulse Train Signal." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/724294.

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By introducing phase code into multicarrier orthogonal frequency division multiplex signal, the multicarrier phase coded (MCPC) radar signal possesses a good spectrum utilization rate and can achieve a good combination of narrowband and wideband processing. Radar pulse train signal not only reserves the high range resolution of monopulse signal, but also has the same velocity resolution performance as continuous wave signal does. In this study, we use the chaotic biphase code generated by Chebyshev mapping to conduct a phase modulation on MCPC pulse train so as to design two different types of multicarrier chaotic phase coded pulse train signal. The ambiguity functions of the two pulse train signals are compared with that of P4 code MCPC pulse train. In addition, we analyze the influences of subcarrier number, phase-modulated bit number, and period number on the pulse train’s autocorrelation performance. The low probability of intercept (LPI) performance of the two signals is also discussed. Simulation results show that the designed pulse train signals have a thumbtack ambiguity function, a periodic autocorrelation side lobe lower than P4 code MCPC pulse train, and excellent LPI performance, as well as the feature of waveform diversity.
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Li, Wang, Shang Guan Wei, Bai Gen Cai, and Jian Wang. "Signal Simulation of the Train Integrated Positioning System." Advanced Materials Research 740 (August 2013): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.740.86.

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In order to simulate the multi-sensor signals of the train integrated positioning system, and make signal fusion and verification, the train integrated positioning signal simulation system is introduced in this paper, which is based on GNSS and multi-sensor integrated positioning thoughts, the mathematical models and failure characteristics of the sensors are analyzed, the pulse speed sensor and gyro error models are established, the data simulation approach and data acquisition modules are adopted to simulate pulse speed sensor and gyroscope signals, the GNSS simulator is used to simulate GNSS signal under different scenes and conditions, signal fusion algorithms are used to conduct fusion and filtering of the integrated positioning signal. The results show the availability of the simulated signals. The train integrated positioning signal simulation system provides test environments with the parameters controllable, and lays a good foundation for the researches of the Beidou based integrated positioning system and the multi-mode satellite positioning technology.
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Sushkova, Olga Sergeevna, Alexei Alexandrovich Morozov, Alexandra Vasilievna Gabova, Alexei Vyacheslavovich Karabanov, and Sergey Nikolaevich Illarioshkin. "A Statistical Method for Exploratory Data Analysis Based on 2D and 3D Area under Curve Diagrams: Parkinson’s Disease Investigation." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 4700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144700.

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A statistical method for exploratory data analysis based on 2D and 3D area under curve (AUC) diagrams was developed. The method was designed to analyze electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG), and tremorogram data collected from patients with Parkinson’s disease. The idea of the method of wave train electrical activity analysis is that we consider the biomedical signal as a combination of the wave trains. The wave train is the increase in the power spectral density of the signal localized in time, frequency, and space. We detect the wave trains as the local maxima in the wavelet spectrograms. We do not consider wave trains as a special kind of signal. The wave train analysis method is different from standard signal analysis methods such as Fourier analysis and wavelet analysis in the following way. Existing methods for analyzing EEG, EMG, and tremor signals, such as wavelet analysis, focus on local time–frequency changes in the signal and therefore do not reveal the generalized properties of the signal. Other methods such as standard Fourier analysis ignore the local time–frequency changes in the characteristics of the signal and, consequently, lose a large amount of information that existed in the signal. The method of wave train electrical activity analysis resolves the contradiction between these two approaches because it addresses the generalized characteristics of the biomedical signal based on local time–frequency changes in the signal. We investigate the following wave train parameters: wave train central frequency, wave train maximal power spectral density, wave train duration in periods, and wave train bandwidth. We have developed special graphical diagrams, named AUC diagrams, to determine what wave trains are characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we consider the following types of AUC diagrams: 2D and 3D diagrams. The technique of working with AUC diagrams is illustrated by examples of analysis of EMG in patients with Parkinson’s disease and healthy volunteers. It is demonstrated that new regularities useful for the high-accuracy diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease can be revealed using the method of analyzing the wave train electrical activity and AUC diagrams.
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Grzechca, Damian, and Adam Szczeponik. "Comparison of Filtering Methods for Enhanced Reliability of a Train Axle Counter System." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 12, 2020): 2754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102754.

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This paper presents signal filtering methods that can be effectively applied to train detection systems based on the axle counter systems that are currently in operation for train detection and provide information on the unoccupied status of railway tracks and turnouts. Signals from the wheel detectors contain noise, may be impulsive and time-varying, which means that even for the same train, the signals from the following wheels may be different. A problem appears when already homologated hardware (axle counter system) is working in a harsh environment, exposed to disturbances whose parameters significantly exceed standard thresholds. Despite this, the system must continue to provide reliable information. The authors present research on the application of such filters as median, Savitzkey-Golay, and moving average which can be implemented in the equipment currently in use under specific constraints (e.g., limited computational resources). The research results show that appropriately adjusted filters, for example, in terms of type and window size, increase the signal quality and thereby provide reliable information about passing trains, as well as enhance the availability and safety of the axle counter system performance.
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Malekjafarian, Abdollah, Eugene OBrien, Paraic Quirke, and Cathal Bowe. "Railway Track Monitoring Using Train Measurements: An Experimental Case Study." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 13, 2019): 4859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224859.

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This paper investigates the use of drive-by train measurements for railway track monitoring. An in-service Irish Rail train was instrumented while using accelerometers and a global positioning system. The measurements were taken over two months and the train bogie accelerations from 60 passes on the Dublin-Belfast line were used for this study. A 6 km section of the line is the particular focus, where the maintenance measurements from a Track Recording Vehicle (TRV) were available. The Hilbert transform is used to obtain the instantaneous amplitudes of the acceleration signals. A new representation of the signal is proposed to show the signal energy level as a function of train location. It is shown that the forward speed of the train has a significant influence on the energy level of the signals. Therefore, a two-step speed correction is applied to the data. First, data from passes with forward speed below a certain limit are removed from the data set. Subsequently, a scaling factor is defined for the remaining signals and the energy levels of those signals are scaled while using online speed measurements. The scaled amplitudes are compared with the TRV data. It is shown that the energy levels of the signals match the TRV measurements very well.
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HOWLETT, PHIL. "THE TWO-TRAIN SEPARATION PROBLEM ON LEVEL TRACK WITH DISCRETE CONTROL." ANZIAM Journal 60, no. 2 (October 2018): 137–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181118000214.

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When two trains travel along the same track in the same direction, it is a common safety requirement that the trains must be separated by at least two signals. This means that there will always be at least one clear section of track between the two trains. If the safe-separation condition is violated, then the driver of the following train must adopt a revised strategy that will enable the train to stop at the next signal if necessary. One simple way to ensure safe separation is to define a prescribed set of latest allowed section exit times for the leading train and a corresponding prescribed set of earliest allowed section entry times for the following train. We will find strategies that minimize the total tractive energy required for both trains to complete their respective journeys within the overall allowed journey times and subject to the additional prescribed section clearance times. We assume that the drivers use a discrete control mechanism and show that the optimal driving strategy for each train is defined by a sequence of approximate speedholding phases at a uniquely defined optimal driving speed on each section and that the sequence of optimal driving speeds is a decreasing sequence for the leading train and an increasing sequence for the following train. We illustrate our results by finding optimal strategies and associated speed profiles for both trains in some elementary but realistic examples.
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Tandon, Shantam, Karthik Subramanian, Tanmai Moundekar, and Vansh Khanna. "Improvement in Speed of Trains in Poor Visibility & Advancement of Train Transport Signaling Mechanism." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.23 (April 20, 2018): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.23.11923.

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The Railway system is heavily hampered by poor weather conditions like fog, smog and heavy rainfall especially in Northern India. These factors lead to poor visibility and reduces the average speed of trains which is the main reason for their delay, particularly in winter season. The average speed of the train is kept low so that the locomotive pilot can easily watch out signals and control the movement of the train. This paper focuses on techniques to boost the average speed of trains during low visibility by improving the transport signaling mechanism using wireless communication mechanisms using pulse code modulated signals.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Train signals"

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Wright, Paul. "The cognitive responses to UK railway signals during train driving." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75682/.

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When a train driver’s error results in a red, stop signal being passed without authority there is the potential for disaster. These events are termed a “SPAD”, signal passed at danger without authority. Occasionally these incidents have led to tragedies such as the Ladbroke Grove accident in 1999. This accident led to 31 fatalities and over 523 injuries. Investigations of incidents have resulted in safety advancements that decreased the number of incidents and accidents. Despite all these efforts SPADs still occur and very little is known about the cognitive effects that the track-side signalling system has on the driver during normal operational conditions. The motivation for understanding the cognitive and behavioural effects of the routine patterns of railway signalling is to identify potential high and low risk situations. The identification of neural correlates that predict the driver’s state of readiness prior to a potentially dangerous situation. The combination of knowledge of these events and the insights into their causes could allow better systems, operational methods and logistics to be designed. This is an Electroencephalograph, (EEG) study to identify neural correlates that are used to identify high and low risk response and perceptual accuracy situations. The behavioural data is recorded from the keyboard responses and used to guide the EEG analysis. The tools applied to solving the research problem are artefact detection and removal from the EEG data, followed by analysis for patterns and features. The phase-locking functional-connectivity reveals repetition priming, antipriming, and neural precursors to correct and erroneous responses. The phase-locking for certain graph metrics are found to vary significantly prior to response errors. The EEG analysis reveals that multiple cortical region coordinated cognitive activity is required to successfully perform multiple paradigm tasks. Certain channels and regions of the brain are important in creating a cognitive state that facilitated future correct responses. Different states are required to promote response accuracy for different forthcoming events.
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Wahlqvist, Emanuel. "Pre-study of new electrical coupling between train cars." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Signaler och System, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-167452.

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This study is meant to be an initial study of the possibility to replace the discrete control signal wires over the electrical coupler between train cars with a data bus system. The reason for this is that the electrical coupler is large and heavy due to the high amount of contacts it contains. It is also a problem for manufacturers who are upgrading an existing fleet and need to transfer more signals through a coupler with no spare contacts to use. Except the control signals there are also Ethernet and power signals in the electrical coupler. Some trains also use a bus system for control signals and/or signals containing a large amount of data such as passenger information.This report gives a presentation of some common ways to distribute electrical signals throughout a train used by most manufacturers. It also presents some design recommendations for a system that would collect existing signals to a bus system and two different design proposals that should be considered if such a system is to be developed. The study shows that there are already systems on the market for transferringcontrol signals over a bus but they are more aimed for trains under construction. Forthis reason a new bus system would only be suitable for upgrading existing couplersto free up space in the electrical coupler unit.
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Marcoux, Curtis. "Encoding of Sensory Signals Through Balanced Ionotropic Receptor Dynamics and Voltage Dependent Membrane Noise." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34440.

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Encoding behaviorally relevant stimuli in a noisy background is critical for animals to survive in their natural environment. We identify core biophysical and synaptic mechanisms that permit the encoding of low frequency signals in pyramidal neurons of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus, an animal that can accurately encode miniscule (0.1%) amplitude modulations of its self-generated electric field. We demonstrate that slow NMDA-R mediated EPSPs are able to summate over many interspike intervals of the primary electrosensory afferents (EAs), effectively eliminating the EA spike train serial correlations from the pyramidal cell input. This permits stimulus-evoked changes in EA spiking to be transmitted efficiently to downstream ELL pyramidal cells, where a dynamic balance of NMDA-R and GABA-A-R currents is critical for encoding low frequency signals. Interestingly, AMPA-R activity is depressed and plays a negligible role in the generation of action potentials; instead, cell intrinsic membrane noise implements voltage-dependent stochastic resonance to amplify weak sensory input and appears to drive a significant proportion of pyramidal cell spikes. Together, these mechanisms may be sufficient for the ELL to encode signals near the threshold of behavioral detection.
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McCamey, Morgan R. "Deep Learning for Compressive SAR Imaging with Train-Test Discrepancy." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1624266549100904.

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Veillard, Damien. "Etude et analyse des signaux d une centrale inertielle MEMS : application à la reconstruction du mouvement d un convoi ferroviaire." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT311.

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La localisation précise d’un train sur la voie ferrée est une information vitale pour la gestion du trafic et la sécurité des passagers. Le système européen de contrôle des trains (ETCS) embarque ainsi un accéléromètre mono axe mesurant l’accélération longitudinale du train. Ce capteur est l’un des nombreux capteurs présents à bord permettant une odométrie précise. Cependant, sa mesure est faussée par la projection de la gravité sur l’axe sensible en fonction de l’inclinaison de la voie. L’objectif de ce mémoire est donc d’augmenter l’intérêt de ce capteur en développant une solution basée sur une centrale inertielle complète dans le but de fournir une accélération longitudinale fiable. Pour cela, un estimateur d’état a été développé à partir d’un filtre de Kalman étendu et de la prise en compte de contraintes sur le vecteur d’état. L’utilisation d’une équation de réactualisation du gain de Kalman force ainsi l’estimation d’état à évoluer dans un espace contraint. De plus, le vecteur d’observation du système a été augmenté par les informations fournies par un estimateur de vitesse et un estimateur d’attitude du train. L’estimateur de vitesse utilise une analyse fréquentielle des mesures accélérométriques et l’estimateur d’attitude exploite la complémentarité fréquentielle des mesures gyrométriques et accélérométriques pour estimer les angles de roulis et de tangage. Ces informations sont ensuite fusionnées avec les mesures de la centrale. Enfin, des expérimentations ont été réalisées en Turquie dans un train et les performances de l’estimateur ont été validées en comparant les résultats obtenus aux données fournies par une centrale de navigation haut de gamme
The precise location of a train on the rail network is vital information for traffic management and passenger safety. The European Train Control System (ETCS) features a single-axis accelerometer which measures the longitudinal acceleration of the train. This sensor is one of many sensors onboard providing a precise odometry. However, its measurement is corrupted by the projection of the gravity on the sensitive axis as a function of the inclination of the track. The purpose of this work is to increase the value of this sensor by developing a solution based on a complete inertial system in order to provide a reliable longitudinal acceleration. For this, a state estimator was developed based on an extended Kalman filter and the consideration of constraints on the state vector. The use of updating equation of the Kalman gain forces the state estimation to evolve in a constrained space. In addition, the observation vector has been increased with the information provided by a velocity estimator and a train attitude estimator. The velocity estimator uses a frequency analysis of the accelerometer measurements and the attitude estimator operates the frequency complementarity of gyro and accelerometer measurements, to estimate the roll and pitch angles. This information is then merged with the measurements of the IMU. Finally, experiments were carried out in Turkey on a train and the estimator's performance was validated by comparing the results with data from a high-performance inertial navigation system
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Larson, P. T., and D. A. Sheaffer. "TRANSIENT REDUCTION ANALYSIS using NEURAL NETWORKS (TRANN)." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608892.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1992 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California
Our telemetry department has an application for a data categorization/compression of a high speed transient signal in a short period of time. Categorization of the signal reveals important system performance and compression is required because of the terminal nature of our telemetry testing. Until recently, the hardware for the system of this type did not exist. A new exploratory device from Intel has the capability to meet these extreme requirements. This integrated circuit is an analog neural network capable of performing 2 billion connections per second. The two main advantages of this chip over traditional hardware are the obvious computation speed of the device and the ability to compute a three layer feed-forward neural network classifier. The initial investigative development work using the Intel chip has been completed. The results from this proof of concept will show data categorization/compression performed on the neural network integrated circuit in real time. We will propose a preliminary design for a transient measurement system employing the Intel integrated circuit.
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Hedberg, Erik, and Mikael Hammar. "Train Localization and Speed Estimation Using On-Board Inertial and Magnetic Sensors." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reglerteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-121620.

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Positioning systems for trains are traditionally based on track-side infrastructure, implying costs for both installation and maintenance. A reliable on-board system would therefore be attractive. Sufficient reliability for on-board systems is likely going to require a multi-sensor solution. This thesis investigates how measurements from bogie-mounted inertial and magnetic sensors can contribute to such a system. The first part introduces and compares two different methods for estimating the speed. The first one estimates the fundamental frequency of the variations in the magnetic field, and the second one analyses the mechanical vibrations using the accelerometer and gyro, where one mode is due to the wheel irregularities. The second part introduces and evaluates a method for train localization using magnetic signatures. The method is evaluated both as a solution for localization along a given track and at switchways. Overall, the results in both parts show that bogie-mounted inertial and magnetic sensors provide accurate estimates of both speed (within 0.5 m/s typically) and location (3-5 m accuracy typically).
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Tallfors, Mats. "Parameter estimation and model based control design of drive train systems." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-285.

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Pulugurtha, Satya Venkata Sidhi Vinayak, and Kishore Kumar Atragadda. "A Multi-layered Routing Technique for Sensing Train Integrity and Composition." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för tillämpad signalbehandling, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-19489.

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This thesis deals with an approach to monitor the integrity and composition of cargo wagons withthe help of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The WSN is to be fully automated that does notneed any human intervention for gathering information about the composition and integrity ofcargo trains, which are the most necessary factors for Cargo Logistics. The nodes are deployed inevery wagon along with the master node in the main locomotive. The master node in thelocomotive gets the information from the slave nodes placed in the cargo wagons in successivesessions. If there are any unexpected changes in the composition of the wagon, theacknowledgments to the locomotive will be terminated. This approach mainly focuses ondesigning energy-efficient as well as cost-efficient WSN. The designed WSN can accommodateto changes, which are caused by external conditions. The designed approach is also scalable. TheWSN is designed with the usage of Zigbee mesh protocol with Arduino Microcontroller as thebrain of the system that is validated and verified in the indoor, imitating the railway environment.
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Sundberg, Simon. "Localization of eNodeBs with a Large Set of Measurements from Train Routers." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för matematik och datavetenskap (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-75456.

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This master thesis investigates the possibility of locating LTE base stations, known as eNodeBs, using signal measurements collected by routers on trains. Four existing algorithms for transmitter localization are adopted: the centroid, strongest signal, Monte Carlo path loss simulation and power difference of arrival (PDoA) methods. An improved version of Monte Carlo path loss simulation called logloss fitting is proposed. Furthermore, a novel localization method called sector fitting is presented, which operates solely on the cell identity and geographical distribution of the measurements. The methods are evaluated for a set of manually located eNodeBs, and the results are compared to other external systems that can be used to locate eNodeBs. It is found that the novel sector fitting algorithm is able to considerably improve the accuracy of the logloss fitting and PDoA methods, but weighted centroid is overall the most accurate of the considered methods, providing a median error of approximately 1 km. The Google Geolocation API and Mozilla Location Service still provides estimates that are generally closer to the true location than any of the considered methods. However, for a subset of eNodeBs where measurements from all sectors are available, the novel sector fitting algorithm combined with logloss fitting outperforms the external systems. Therefore, a hybrid approach is suggested, where sector fitting combined with logloss fitting or weighted centroid is used to locate eNodeBs that have measurements from all sectors, while Google Geolocation API or Mozilla Location Service is used to locate the remaining eNodeBs. It is concluded that while the localization performance for those eNodeBs that have measurements from all sectors is relatively good, further improvements to the overall results can likely be obtained in future work by considering environmental factors, the angular losses introduced by directional antennas, and the effects of downlink power control.
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Books on the topic "Train signals"

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Stewart, Ron W. Second train warning at grade crossings. Montreal, Que: Transportation Development Centre, 2004.

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Jing Jin cheng ji gao su tie lu xin hao xi tong ji cheng. Beijing Shi: Zhongguo tie dao chu ban she, 2010.

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Signal processing and integrated circuits. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2012.

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Works, Victoria Board of. Sign guidelines for the Metropolitan Trail Network. [Melbourne]: Dept. of Planning and Urban Growth, State Govt. of Victoria, 1990.

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Arnold, E. D. Evaluation of the Cross Alert system on the Virginia Capital Trail in James City County. Charlottesville, Va: Virginia Transportation Research Council, 2008.

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(Canada), Transportation Development Centre, and Highway-Railway Grade Crossing Research Program (Canada), eds. Second train warning at grade crossings. Montréal: Transportation Development Centre, 2005.

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Signal Red. Headline Publishing Group, 2010.

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Trains and Technology: The American Railroad in the Nineteenth Century : Bridges and Tunnels Signals (Bridges and Tunnels, Signals). University of Delaware Press, 2003.

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Trains - Railways; Tunnels; Signals; Diesel; Steam: With 10 Easy-to-Do Experiments and 230 Exciting Pictures. Anness Publishing, 2016.

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Fay, Jennifer. Nuclear Conditioning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696771.003.0003.

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Nevada’s Atomic Testing Site hosted nuclear atmospheric tests from the late 1940s to the early 1960s and doubled as both an outdoor laboratory and a film studio. Here, worlds meant to resemble small American towns in every detail were built and obliterated by nuclear explosions, giving rise to thousands of nuclear test films. Cinema transforms explosions into aesthetic experiences, turns the chaos of fallout into comprehensible narratives, and trains viewers to survive or endure the culture of nuclearism. Cinema naturalizes this regime that leaves a stratigraphic signature in the planet’s geological record, a signal so pronounced that geologists propose that the Anthropocene began in 1945 with the first atomic test. The chapter concludes with consideration of “Project Plowshare,” a proposed program to use atomic bombs for “geological engineering.” Operation Plowshare targets the earth’s “unfriendly terrain” to make it useful and welcoming to human development and global commerce.
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Book chapters on the topic "Train signals"

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Papp, Adam, Christoph Wiesmeyr, Martin Litzenberger, Heinrich Garn, and Walter Kropatsch. "Train Detection and Tracking in Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) Signals." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 320–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45886-1_26.

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Zhang, Ao, Fang Liu, Changqing Shen, and Fanrang Kong. "A New Method of Acoustic Signals Separation for Wayside Fault Diagnosis of Train Bearings." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 813–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09507-3_71.

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El-Kafafy, M., L. Colanero, N. Gioia, C. Devriendt, P. Guillaume, and J. Helsen. "Modal Parameters Estimation of an Offshore Wind Turbine Using Measured Acceleration Signals from the Drive Train." In Structural Health Monitoring & Damage Detection, Volume 7, 41–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54109-9_5.

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Gaßner, Philip, and Klaus Buchenrieder. "Improved Classification of Myoelectric Signals by Using Normalized Signal Trains." In Computer Aided Systems Theory – EUROCAST 2019, 372–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45096-0_46.

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Ashida, Go, Hermann Wagner, and Catherine E. Carr. "Processing of Phase-Locked Spikes and Periodic Signals." In Analysis of Parallel Spike Trains, 59–74. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5675-0_4.

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Li, Zhaohui, and Xiaoli Li. "Causality of Spike Trains Based on Entropy." In Signal Processing in Neuroscience, 39–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1822-0_3.

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Kim, J., M. H. Perrott, and F. X. Kaertner. "Femtosecond Synchronization of RF-Signals with Optical Pulse Trains." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 768–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27213-5_234.

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Noureddine, Hadi, Damien Castelain, and Ramesh Pyndiah. "Train Tracking and Shadowing Estimation Based on Received Signal Strength." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 23–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19786-4_3.

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Liu, Zhao-Qing, Xing-Yuan Song, Yi-Hao Chen, and Zhen-Ni Yang. "A Sensor Fusion Method for In-Station Articulation of Train." In Advances in Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing, 467–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6420-2_57.

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Bhardwaj, Harshit, Pradeep Tomar, Aditi Sakalle, and Arpit Bhardwaj. "Classification of Extraversion and Introversion Personality Trait Using Electroencephalogram Signals." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 31–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82322-1_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Train signals"

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Hofbauer, John, and Joseph Hofbauer. "Philosophy and Evolution of Wayside Signals." In 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6267.

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This paper begins with examining the fundamental nature of wayside signals and considers the first know signaling practices used to communicate the condition of the track ahead to the train engineer. The principle of wayside signals is to keep trains separated and to provide knowledge of the conditions ahead; speed and routing information. Most railways have gone through many different evolutions of signals and practices some driven by railway mergers which drove the operating rules. This consistently required changes within the training of locomotive engineers assigned operate trains within their territory. This paper will focus on a few transitions between signal types, the specific makeups and effectiveness of wayside signals since the beginning of railway signals in the early 1830s. Starting with the term “High Ball” not related to a popular drink known today, but a raising of a large ball into the air that could be seen from afar instructing a train his status to train operating schedule. Later, signals were developed to provide the train engineer the status of the track ahead by dividing the track into short sections. This allowed the track section to be labeled as “occupied” a train present or “un-occupied”, train not present within the track section. Wayside signals continued to be advanced such that today’s standards, aspects (mimicking the wayside signals) are displayed within the operating cab providing the indication directly to the engineer. As we continue forward, wayside signals have been reduced and in the future, they may be only in a museum next to the cassette player.
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Liu, Lu, Yujin Liu, and Yi Luo. "RNN-based dispersion inversion using train-induced signals." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2020. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2020-3427517.1.

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Meunier, Jeffrey K., and Amaury Rolin. "Autonomous Train Control and Track Circuit Inspection System." In 2013 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2013-2462.

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The Washington D.C. Metro utilizes an Automatic Train Control (ATC) system designed in the mid 1970’s. This ATC system employs passive track bed markers and antennas inductively coupled to the track to send and receive audio frequency control signals over the rails. The ATC system is only installed in revenue passenger cars and has never been installed on any other vehicle. Recently, a new inspection vehicle was delivered that includes an inspection module that interfaces with this train control system to inspect the control and track occupancy signals. This paper will discuss the challenges of designing a track circuit inspection system and retrofitting a refurbished ATC system designed for a revenue vehicle to a custom self propelled inspection car to ensure uniform inductive coupling over curved track, maintaining dynamic clearance envelop of the inspection car and design of custom broadband signal antennas to prevent interference. Additionally this paper will discuss the technical approach for conducting the inspection and results achieved during testing.
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Ross, Jason, Tom Campbell, Basant Parida, Mark Arnoldy, and Tarek Omar. "Development of Candidate New Emergency Warning Signals (EWS) to Improve Railroad Safety." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2281.

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From the original “steam trumpet” built for locomotives in 1832 by the Leicester and Swannington Railway to modern air-pressure horns, train warning signals have not changed significantly in nearly 200 years. The effectiveness of train warning signals has been of particular concern for trespassers listening to music with headphones. The authors have conducted research as part of a Federal Railroad Administration program to design and assess the effectiveness of candidate new emergency warning signal (EWS) sounds. This paper summarizes a literature review to understand the needs for a new EWS sound and principles of audible signal detection. Acoustic measurements were conducted of headphones to understand in-ear music levels and active and passive sound attenuation. Candidate EWS sounds were developed with a goal of maintaining the identification of a train approaching and increasing the sense of urgency and response time for trespassers to vacate the tracks. Testing of candidate EWS sounds was conducted in an audio booth and on-board a moving locomotive. The research results have shown that a new EWS sound can maintain the association of a train approaching, increase the sense of urgency, reduce the reaction time for trespassers to vacate the tracks and improve safety on railroad corridors.
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O’Connor, Thomas, Masood Taheri Andani, Josh Muñoz, and Mehdi Ahmadian. "Conversion of Non-Contact LIDAR Velocity Measurements to Spatial Markings and Indication Signals for Commercial Train Systems." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5625.

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The primary purpose of this study is to develop a foot pulse electrical circuit that can be integrated into a LIDAR system used for measuring track speed and curvature. LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) technology is used in a wide variety of applications because it is capable of reliably producing accurate and precise measurements. While application of LIDAR technology is vast, this particular study focuses on its ability to accurately measure velocity and track geometry of rail tracks. A research team at Virginia Tech (VT) has already developed, tested, and proven the capability of LIDAR technology to be used for railway applications [1,2]. Their analysis shows that a railcar-mounted LIDAR system can accurately measure track geometry, centerline velocity, car body dynamics, and several other useful parameters. While this system is reliable and multifunctional, the prototype used for testing is not easily upgraded to include additional features without augmenting the software currently used to analyze and record the LIDAR signal. However, the prototype LIDAR system lacks several capabilities that are desirable for integrating the system with typical commercial systems on trains. One signal that commercial train systems typically have, which the LIDAR prototype does not have, is a foot pulse. The foot pulse is usually generated by a tachometer on the wheel of the train and aims to send out a pulse every time the train has travelled a foot. This signal is used for multiple other systems on the train, so in order to simplify integration of the developed LIDAR prototype into commercial train systems, the prototype was upgraded to include additional features. Other than the foot pulse, the upgrade also included acceleration detection, direction indication, and laser-enable signals to have a more complete prototype. The upgrade was executed using an external microcontroller and accelerometer to provide proof of concept while leaving the current LIDAR prototype’s software (and already proven capabilities) untouched. This paper focuses on using the information generated by the current LIDAR system to implement the additional features in an inexpensive, reliable, and easily retrofittable manner.
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"Session TA2a: Neural spike train analysis." In 2014 48th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acssc.2014.7094551.

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Sun, Zhonglang, Hong Wang, and Xiaoling Xu. "Trouble Diagnosis of Diesel Valves by Sound Intensity and Vibration Signals." In ASME 1991 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1991-0375.

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Abstract In this paper, we study the trouble diagnosis of diesel valve train by sound intensity, especially by the technique of the Gated Spectrum Analysis. To check the efficiency and reliability of our sound intensity measurement, we record vibration signals and sound intensity simultaneously to diagnose the valve train troubles of the 290-QN diesel. Some typical troubles with the valve train are analogued, the frequency spectrum plots of the vibration signals and sound intensity signals are gotten with the help of the tape recorder which record the signals in situ, so we could identify the troubles of the valve train from these frequency spectrum plots directly.
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Fraser, Cameron. "Evolutions in Railway Signaling: A “New Age” of Control?" In 2009 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2009-63027.

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The development of railroad signaling systems evolved with the need to provide interlocking between points and signals, and block working to keep trains a safe distance apart. Accordingly, the archetypal behavior of train control is summed up as providing (1) safe and efficient train movement by (2) the management of train routing and separation. This has been rudimentary since the advent of railway signaling and propagated in even the most contemporary of technologies today.
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Kronvall, Ted, Johan Sward, and Andreas Jakobsson. "Non-parametric data-dependent estimation of spectroscopic echo-train signals." In ICASSP 2013 - 2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2013.6638869.

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Hofbauer, John. "The Creation of Cab Signaling." In 2019 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2019-1314.

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Cab signaling enforces the separation between trains as well as enforcing trains to reduce speed as the train approaches signals displaying STOP. Cab signaling allow for and provides a safe way to eliminate the number of wayside automatic signals while the number of controlled speeds can be increased. Light Rail Transit (LRT) systems today are built completely with cab signaling and only fixed wayside signals are placed at interlockings for routing information. Experimental cab signaling systems began in the United States in the 1920s, kicked off by the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ruling that required some form of Automatic Train Control (ATC) be installed on one passenger division by 1925. This paper will begin with examining the initial ATC designs (intermediate and continuous), the first experimental installations, the testing challenges and the overall enhancements that pioneered cab signaling systems in the US. The focus will include the teaming of the Pennsylvania Railroad with Union Switch and Signal (US&S) to develop, build and successfully test the continuous cab signaling system which later became the de facto standard. The early systems implemented used two (2) speeds, methods on adding a third speed and how the system became integrated with the existing automatic block signaling. How Pennsylvania Railroad (currently Amtrak) is still using the technology that started 100 years ago on the North East Corridor. It will also introduce how Light Rail systems operate on speed commands using cab codes.
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Reports on the topic "Train signals"

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Lin, Pei-Sung. Coordinated Pre-Preemption of Traffic Signals to Enhance Railroad Grade Crossing Safety in Urban Areas and Estimation of Train Impacts to Arterial Travel Time Delay. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/cutr-nctr-rr-2014-06.

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Signal maintainer struck by train. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface95wy006.

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