Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trafic des récepteurs'
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Belouzard, Sandrine. "Trafic intracellulaire des récepteurs de la leptine." Lille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LIL2S025.
Full textLeptin is an adipocyte derived hormone that regulates energy intake and neuroendocrine functions. Resistance to the weight reducing effects of leptin is a common feature of most cases of human and rodent obesity, but the molecular basis of this resistance is poorly understood. We studied the cell surface expression of the two leptin receptor isoforms OB-Ra and OB-Rb, a key determinant in leptin sensitivity. Both isoforms have short half-lives and were localized in trans-golgi network, endosomes and at the cell surface at steady state. The cell surface receptors were constitutively endocytosed and degraded with no evidence of recycling. Our results suggest that leptin receptors were partially retained in the biosynthetic pathway. The transmembrane domain is important for this retention. Leptin receptors are internalized by a clathin independent mechanism and were transported to early endosomes. OB-Ra is ubiquitylated on lysine 877 and 889 in the cytoplasmic tail, the mutations of which abolishes internalization. Fusion of an ubiquitin molecule at the C-terminus of an OB-Ra construct defective both in ubiquitylation and endocytosis restores clathrin-independent endocytosis. Those results suggest that ubiquitin linked to the lysines 877 and 889 constitute the endocytosis signal of OB-Ra. Finally, fusion of an ubiquitin molecule to a transferrin receptor deleted from its own cytoplasmic domain diverts it from clathrin-dependent to clathrin-independent endocytosis. We propose that mono-ubiquitin conjugates act as internalization motifs for the clathrin-independent pathway that is followed by leptin receptors
Pougnet, Johan. "Régulation du trafic des récepteurs AMPA et de la plasticité synaptique induite par les récepteurs P2X." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22062/document.
Full textIonotropic AMPA receptors (AMPAR) activated by glutamate are the main actors of the fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain. They also play a crucial role in the process of synaptic plasticity that are widely recognized to be the basis cognitive functions. P2X receptors are ATP-gated cation channels widely expressed in the brain where they mediate action of extracellular adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP) released by neurons or glia. P2X receptors are located et the periphery of glutamatergic synapses and although purinergic signaling has multiple effects on synaptic transmission and plasticity, the function of P2X receptors at brain synapses remains to be established.Here, we show in cultured hippocampal neurons that activation of postsynaptic P2X receptors by exogenous ATP or glial release of endogenous ATP decreases the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents and AMPA-evoked currents. Using a combination of electrophysiology, surface or internalization assays and real time imaging, we demonstrate that the calcium influx through the ATP-gated channels triggers AMPA receptor internalization through clathrin-mediated dynamin-dependent endocytosis leading to reduced surface AMPA receptors and therefore, altered AMPA-mediated current. We also identified by molecular and pharmacological approaches the signaling cascade involved in the P2X-mediated alteration of surface AMPAR trafficking. P2X-mediated AMPAR internalization is dependent on the activation of kinases CamKII and phosphatases which regulate the phosphorylation level of AMPARs. Our finding indicates that postsynaptic P2X receptors play a critical role in regulating the surface expression of AMPAR and thereby regulate the synaptic strength
Ladepeche, Laurent. "Rôle du trafic des récepteurs NMDA au cours de la maturation et plasticité synaptique." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21944/document.
Full textGlutamate synapse mediates most synaptic excitation in the brain and changes in its strength constitute a cellular basis for learning and memory processes. These adaptive properties often require ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor (NMDAR) and the calcium influx in the postsynaptic compartment following their opening. So far, the activation of the subsequent signaling pathways was considered as the only mechanism essential for synaptic plasticity. It recently appeared that NMDAR diffuse at the neuronal surface, dynamically shaping their distribution. Whether the NMDAR surface dynamics and its potential regulators play an instrumental role in the plastic properties of synapses emerged thus as a possibility. During my PhD, I tackled this question using a combination of high resolution imaging techniques (e.g. single nanoparticle tracking, FRAP) and high specificity molecular approaches (e.g. biomimetic ligand, antibody based receptor cross-link). First, I studied surface dynamics of endogenous NMDAR during synaptic plasticity on hippocampal neurons in vitro. My results reveal that the induction of glutamate synapse long-term potentiation (LTP) is accompanied by a lateral redistribution of surface NMDAR within the postsynaptic area. Strikingly, reducing the surface diffusion of NMDAR using both commercial and purified antibodies from autoimmune encephalitis patients targeting extracellular epitopes of the NMDAR prevents LTP. Second I investigated whether NMDAR dynamics were regulated. In collaboration with Stephane Oliet’s group (CRI, INSERM), we uncovered that rapid surface redistribution can also be achieved differentially using the NMDAR co-agonists, glycine and D-serine, in a GluN2A/GluN2B NMDAR subunit dependent manner. In addition, I demonstrated that the direct interaction between NMDAR and dopamine D1 receptor at the membrane controls both receptors distribution in the synaptic area and modulates synaptic plasticity. Altogether, these data indicate that the NMDAR surface dynamics is regulated by ambient neuromodulators such as dopamine and co-agonists, dynamically controlling then the plastic range of synapses
Molla, Herman Anahi. "Trafic intracellulaire et ciliogénèse." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T020.
Full textThe primary cilium (PC) is present in almost all vertebrate cells and defects in its assembly/function are associated with a huge number of ciliopathies. PC seems to function as a mecanosensory antenna since is enriched in receptors, like the G-protein coupled receptors (RCPGs). Beta-arrestines (βarrs) 1 and 2 regulate GPCR at the cell membrane, suggesting that they could also play a role in cilia-associated GPCRs. We found that βarr2 is specifically localised to PC and that it interacts with Kif3A and 14-3-3, two proteins involved in ciliogenesis, suggesting a possible function of βarr2 in ciliogenesis. Indeed, βarr2 absence impedes PC formation. Nevertheless, this seems to be an indirect effect due to the fact that the absence of βarr2 leads to a cell over proliferation, preventing cilia formation. We also observed that PC is invaginated in what we call the ciliary pocket, which can be transitory or permanent, depending on the cell type, from which clathrin coated pits bud forming clathrine coated vesicles. This led us to study the role of clathrin adaptor complexes (AP) in ciliogenesis, and we could observe that API would be important for the morphology/orientation of PC. Thus, it is possible to imagine that the ciliary pocket serves as a membrane platteform for the docking of Golgi-coming vesicles or for endocytic process which could control ciliary components
Fafouri, Assia. "La physiologie et le trafic intracellulaire du récepteur somatostatinergique sst2A." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077253.
Full textVirard, François. "Trafic, maturation et signalisation proapoptotique de TLR3." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10337.
Full textMartin, Stéphane. "La famille hétérogène des récepteurs de la neurotensine : pharmacologie, signalisation et trafic intercellulaire." Nice, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NICE5744.
Full textHuyghe, Déborah. "Étude du trafic polarisé de la sous-unité GluK3 des récepteurs du glutamate de type kaïnate." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21686/document.
Full textGlutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Glutamatergic synaptic transmission is mediated by three types of ionotropic receptors that have been classified according to their preferential affinity for the agonists NMDARs (N- methyl-D-aspartate receptors), AMPARs (a-amino-3-hydroxy- 5-methylisoazol-4- propionate receptors) and KARs (kainate receptors). Kainate receptors (KARs) are widely expressed in the brain and are present both at pre- and postsynaptic sites and are involved in several physiological functions. There are five subunits of KAR (GluR5-7, KA1 and KA2 or GluK1-5). One of the main project of my laboratory is to understand the function, the traffic and the regulation of GluK3 subunit, that has been involved in different neuronal desorders such as schizophrenia and depression. GluK3(GluR7)-containing KARs are thought to compose pre-synaptic autoreceptors that facilitate hippocampal mossy fiber synaptic transmission. There are two splice variants of GluK3, named GluK3a and GluK3b . GluK3a shares the same export motif as GluK2a in its C-terminal cytoplasmic domain which allows high expression at the plasma membrane in heterologous cell systems and in primary cultured neurons. In contrast, GluK3b seems to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is only detected at the plasma membrane in substantial amounts when co-expressed with GluK3a. In my thesis, I have been interested in the mechanisms of polarized trafficking of GluK3 with a main focus on GluK3b. I have been able to identify molecular mechanisms that underlie the polarized trafficking of KARs composed of the GluK3b splice variant. Endocytosis followed by degradation is driven by a di-leucine motif on the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain of GluK3b both in heterologous cells and in cultured hippocampal neurons. The internalization of GluK3b is clathrin and Dynamin2 dependent. Moreover, endocytosis of GluK3b in neurons is regulated by bath application of the KAR agonist kainate. Interestingly, the preferential subcellular localization of GluK3b in dendrites or axons depends on the endocytotic process. We submitted a paper to J. of Neurosciences that show that the subcellular localization of GluK3b depends on the dynamic regulation of an endocytic process that could control the polarized trafficking of KARs in neurons in an activity- dependent manner. I also developped a second project focus on the traffic of KARs expressed as heteromers (GluK3b assembled with GluK3a). I am actually working on this project in my lab in order to send a second paper in the next months
Robert, Jessica. "Mécanismes moléculaires du trafic intracellulaire du récepteur V1b/V3 de la vasopressine." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N04S.
Full textNatural mutations of several G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) cause retention of the receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are responsible for diseases. I identified a short sequence,FN(X)2LL(X)3L, in the C-terminus of the pituitary vasopressin V1b receptor (V1bR) our model to investigate the mechanisms of GPCR export, necessary for its ER exit. The mutation of this motif totally abolished the plasma membrane expression and functions of the receptor and retained it in the ER,Treatment with a specific non-peptide V1bR antagonist SSR149415 restored expression of the mutated receptor on the cell surface and its correct maturation, resulting into the functional recovery of its signaling properties. SSR149415 acts by stabilizing a native-like conformation of the V1bR, reducing its association with calnexin and thus favoring a secretory pathway rather than the proteasomal degradation pathway. These results highlight a promising pharmacological approach of the folding defects
Bard, Lucie. "Dynamique des interactions protéiques lors de la maturation synaptique : etude du trafic de surface des récepteurs NMDA." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21640/document.
Full textThe formation of synapses follows different steps including synaptogenesis, maturation and plasticity. Adhesion molecules and ionotropic receptors play key roles in these processes. During my thesis, I have been interested in the dynamics of the interactions mediated by two membrane proteins, N-cadherin and the NMDA receptor N-cadherin plays important roles in axon outgrowth, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are mostly unknown. Using live imaging and optical trapping, I demonstrated that the direct transmission of actin-based traction forces to N-cadherin adhesions, through catenin partners, drives growth cone advance. Synaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play key roles during synaptic refinement and plasticity, however the molecular mechanisms that govern the distribution of the synaptic surface NMDARs are largely unknown. We investigated the dynamics of endogenous NMDARs using high-resolution single particle imaging and a newly-developed biomimetic divalent competing ligand. My results show that the dynamic interaction between PDZ domain-containing scaffold proteins and NR2A-NMDARs regulates their synaptic retention and surface distribution. Interestingly, a rapid displacement of NR2A-NMDARs out of synapses is paralleled by a compensatory increase in NR2B-NMDARs, providing functional evidence that the sites of synaptic anchoring of native surface NR2-NMDARs are different. Furthermore, such redistribution of surface NR2-NMDARs strongly impairs synaptic maturation and plasticity. Together, these data reveal a rapid and specific regulation of surface NR2-NMDARs by PDZ domain-containing scaffolds in synapses, supporting a role of the postsynaptic density architecture in regulating specific NR2-NMDAR retention and synaptic adaptation
Morelon, Emmanuel. "La chaîne gamma commune aux récepteurs de cytokines : d'un déficit immunitaire atypique au trafic intracellulaire." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA11T032.
Full textPiguel, Nicolas. "Rôle de Scribble1 dans la formation des synapses glutamatergiques et le trafic des récepteurs NMDA." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21802/document.
Full textOne of the most studied and more important synapse is the glutamatergic excitatory synapse, which dysfunctions lead to brain pathologies. In the hippocampus, the most represented synapses are glutamatergic synapses using glutamate as neurotransmitter. Postsynaptic structures, such as dendritic spines, concentrate many glutamate receptors, adhesion proteins and scaffold proteins bridging receptors to molecular cascades and intracellular actin cytoskeleton. The morphology of the dendritic spine and the number of glutamate receptors at the surface of the spine are key-elements in synaptic transmission, such as of long-term potentiation (LTP). In this study, I identify Scribble1 as an important regulator of NMDA receptors trafficking. Scribble1 is well known for its roles in cell polarity, division and migration processes. First, I show that Scribble1 gain- and loss-of-function affect the number and morphology of spines, as well as the actin polymerization. Next, I showed that Scribble1 interacts directly with the NMDA receptor and stimulates its recycling to the membrane. Finally, in immature neuron, Scribble1 is involved in axon growth cone migration. In a Scribble1 mutant animal model, circletail, we observed disruption of synaptic transmission and memory and social performance defects, compatible with a role of the protein in central nervous system function
Renancio, Cédric. "Étude du trafic vésiculaire des récepteurs glutamatergiques de type AMPA : caractérisation d’une nouvelle protéine auxiliaire." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22139/document.
Full textAMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPAR) are the main actors of the fast excitatory synaptic transmission. Their abundance at the postsynaptic density is essential for the establishment and maintenance of synaptic function, and is the result of a highly dynamic trafficking. Many studies have characterized the membrane diffusion mechanisms involved in the AMPAR synaptic localization, and revealed the critical role of the AMPAR auxiliary proteins in the modulation of this trafficking. Furthermore, it is suggested that AMPAR synaptic localization is also regulated during the early steps of the intracellular trafficking, from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane via the post-Golgi vesicles. However, the post-Golgi vesicular trafficking of AMPAR has never been visualized and therefore remains poorly understood. In collaboration with the Guus Smit team (Amsterdam), I participated in the caracterization of a novel AMPAR auxiliary protein called Shisa6. As part of this project, I studied the role of this protein on the AMPAR membrane diffusion, using a method of single particle tracking (Quantum dot) developed in the laboratory. My main thesis project was to study the post-Golgi vesicular trafficking of AMPAR through the development of a new experimental protocol. Indeed, the failure in the dynamic visualization of the receptor vesicular trafficking could be explained by a low signal/noise ratio resulting of a poor AMPAR vesicular concentration, combined with a high background noise due to receptors localized both in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and at the plasma membrane. In order to overcome this difficulty, we have used an ingenious tool (ARIAD system) so as to block AMPAR into the ER and, by adding a ligand, control their trafficking from the ER to the plasma membrane. Thanks to this tool we have not only significantly increased the AMPAR concentration in the post-Golgi vesicles, but also eliminated the plasma membrane background noise. The FRAP imaging technique was used in order to remove the ER background noise. Such methodological approach combined with imaging techniques in living neurons, allowed us to clearly visualize for the first time the post-Golgi vesicular trafficking of AMPAR, and to study the mechanisms involved in this trafficking
Simon, Anne. "Activité constitutive et plasticité de distribution des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066304.
Full textNégrier-Martin, Marie-Laure. "Influence de l'environnement en neurotransmetteur sur les réponses neuronales au sein du striatum : analyse du trafic des récepteurs dans un modèle de culture primaire." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28846.
Full textWe have developed a model of primary striatal neuronal cultures in serum free medium. We have studied the trafficking of GPCR expressed in vivo in the striatum, after acute stimulation in order to investigate the influence of the neurotransmitter environment on G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) trafficking and compartimentalization in striatal neurons. We have shown that : 1) In this model, neurons are polarized with a somatodendritic and axonal field, synzptic contacts are present, and the inttracellular distribution of organelles involved in the endocytosis pathway is similar to previous results obtained in other neuronal types. Striatal phenotypes, displayed in vivo, are also expressed in vitro. Most of the neurons display a GABAergic phenotype, and about 20 % express the substance PmRNA. Few neurones display a cholinergic or somatostatinergic phenotype. 2) Some neurons express the dopaminergic D1 receptor (D1R) or substance P receptor. The fluorescent immunodetection of these GPCR shows an expression pattern that closely resembles the in vivo situation in basal conditions. 3) Acute pharmacological stimulation dramatically modifies the pattern of these GPCR immuostaining in dendrites and axon, indicating that these receptors are targeted at the membrane and responsive to stimulation. In dendrites, this GPCR redistribution corresponds to an internalization of the receptor in early endosomes. The transient D1R internalization, after stimulation, is followed by the receptor recycling, which is inhibited by monensin. The effect of monensin on axonal D1R suggeststhat, despite its extrasynzptic location, D1R follows the same recycling pathway as dendritic receptors
Bats, Cécile. "Etude du rôle des protéines d'échafaudage dans le contrôle du trafic de surface des récepteurs AMPA." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21348.
Full textThe number of synaptic AMPA receptors is key in controlling glutamatergic transmission. This number results from a dynamic equilibrium between synaptic, exyrtasynaptic and intracellular pools of receptors, and some variations in synaptic strength observed during maturation or plasticity correspond to changes in its set point. Recent data show that receptors exchange between synaptic and extrasynaptic sites by diffusion. Whereas the role of scaffolding proteins in controlling the vesicular trafficking of AMPA receptors is well established, the molecular mechanisms regulating their surface trafficking remain unknown. Here, quantum dots were used to probe the mobility of AMPA receptors at the neuronal membrane. By disrupting the interaction of the receptors with Narp or Stargazin/PSD-95, we have shown that these scaffolding proteins restrict their diffusion. Thus, by controlling the trapping of AMPA receptors at synapses these proteins maintain and potentially modulate synaptic strength
Perkovska, Sanja. "Mécanismes moléculaires de la signalisation et du trafic des récepteurs V1b et V2 de la vasopressine." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20022.
Full textMolecular mechanisms of trafficking and signalling of V1b and V2 vasopressin receptors Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is a neurohypophysial hormone inducing ACTH release from corticotroph cells in the pituitary and antidiuretic effect in the kidney via the V1b and V2 receptors (V1bR and V2R), respectively. Little is known on molecular mechanisms mediating V1bR trafficking and signalling. In parallel, much more information is available about V2R functioning. Nevertheless, from a pathophysiological point of view, most of the natural V2R mutations lead to intracellular retention of the receptor which is unable to interact with AVP and promote water reabsorption, leading to the congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (cNDI) renal disease. New therapeutic strategies focused on trafficking of the sequestered mutants must be developed. In a more fundamental part, we studied the molecular mechanisms implicated in the signalling and trafficking of the V1bR such as internalization, recycling and desensitization. We demonstrated using arrestin KO cells that under AVP stimulation, V1bR strongly internalizes into the cells by an arrestin-dependent mechanism. Using BRET biophysical approach, we corroborated these results by demonstrating a specific AVP-induced direct V1bR-arrestin interaction which involves principally the V1bR C-terminus. Alanine substitutions of the C-terminal serines 368, 371, 373, 374 corresponding to putative GRK sites, did not affect the internalization/recycling processes of V1bR nor its interaction with arrestin. Chimeric V1b-V2 receptors for which the C-termini have been exchanged, allowed us to correlate a weak, transient interaction with arrestin to the rapid recycling of V1bR (class A receptors), and a strong, long-lasting arrestin interaction with the slow recycling of V2R (class B receptors). On the contrary, nor the C-terminal part of V1bR, neither proline 9 in i2 loop were involved in desensitization since modifications in these two domains did not affect this process. Moreover, desensitization occurs in the absence of internalization. V1bR internalization and desensitization constitute two independent processes. Subsequently, we demonstrated that V1bR is able to form not only homodimers but also heterodimers with V2R. Upon binding to the heterodimer, AVP and the selective hV1bR agonist d[Cha4]AVP have different outcomes on receptor-arrestin interaction and Ca2+ release, suggesting that V1bR-induced Ca2+ increase could need only one activated protomer whereas arrestin recruitment would need two. Moreover, V1bR was shown to signal through Gq and interestingly also through Gs protein, depending on the nature of the ligand and on the receptor localization within specialized compartments of the plasma membrane. Having in mind a potential therapeutic application for cNDI, we were able to develop and characterize new agonist pharmacochaperones able to rescue and activate a set of cNDI mutants of the V2R. Moreover, we demonstrated their biased character, consisting in arrestin-related antagonistic properties. These biased pharmacochaperones ligands having a potential long-lasting antidiuretic effect, offer new perspectives for cNDI patients
Ouedraogo, Moussa. "Etude du rôle de la boucle C-terminale des récepteurs NPY Y1 et Y2 : Couplage biologique et séquences de régulation du trafic intracellulaire des récepteurs." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR13031.
Full textNeuropeptide (NPY) is a neurohormone involved in many physiological functions and pathophysiological states. NPY activates various receptors Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5. All are seven transmembrane domains receptors negatively coupled to the adenylyl cyclase via a Gi/o protein. The regulation of the activity of NPY receptors is not well documented. Recent study in the laboratory showed that the Y1 receptor is internalized and recycled to cell membrane upon agonist stimulation. Surprisingly, we did not observe internalization of the other Y2, Y4, Y5 receptors under the same conditions. It is therefore crucial to understand structural bases of the rapid internalization of the Y1 receptors by evaluating the importance of the C-terminal loop in the process of receptor endocytosis. To do so, we generated receptors punctually mutated or progressively deleted amino acids from its C-terminal tail and chimeric receptors resulting from the exchange of C-terminal tails between Y1 and Y2 receptors. All constructs were coupled to the EGFP in N-terminal and transfected in HEK 293 cells. We thereafter checked their functionality and analyzed the intracellular profile of receptors trafficking. Data showed that the C-terminal tail of the Y1 receptor is critical for receptor internalization mediated by the NPY but neither essential to its coupling with the adenylyl cyclase nor the receptor desensitization. The internalization induced by the agonist requires the presence of two motifs located on the C-terminal domain and i2 loop of the Y1 receptor. The Y2 receptor which is not internalized present only one of them localized in the C-terminal domain. In addition, deletion of the 27 or the last 32 amino acids of the C-terminal tail showed a constitutive endocytosis of the receptor which is not present in wild-type Y1 receptor. This tonic regulation of the truncated receptors would be due to the consensus motif YXX uncovered by truncation and/or to a conformational change of the receptor
Decossas, Marion. "Trafic intracellulaire du récepteur muscarinique m2 dans les neurones de la voie basalocorticale et du ganglion cervical supérieur." Bordeaux 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR21045.
Full text1 Acute and chronic hypercholinergy induced a decrease of the density of m2 muscarinic receptors (m2R) localized at the plasma membrane of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM), in vivo. However, the intracellular mechanisms are different : 1/ endocytosis of m2R after acute AChE inhibition, 2/ exagerated storage of m2R in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex after chronic inhibition. The m2R density is increased at the membrane of cortical cholinergic varicosities after chronic AChE inhibition. 2 We have correlated a decrease of the density of m2R at the plasma membrane induced by a prolonged agonist exposure with a drecrease of its capacity to inhibit Ca++ current in neurons of the superior cervical ganglion, in vitro. 3 In aged rats, the densities of m2R localized at the plasma membrane and in the cytoplasm of cholinergic neurons of the NBM are decreased. In cortical varicosities, the total number of m2R is decreased
Coudroy, Gwénaëlle. "Etude du trafic de la cubiline dans les cellules MDCK : invalidation du gène de la cubiline chez la souris." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066531.
Full textBoeuf, Julien. "Caractérisation des GASP, une nouvelle famille de protéines impliquées dans le trafic intracellulaire des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/BOEUF_Julien_2008.pdf.
Full textG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), one of the most important family of proteins, are distributed at the plasma membrane and are implicated in cell communication. They represent major targets for pharmaceutical drugs and their function is tightly regulated. Recently, we identified a novel family of proteins interacting with GPCRs. This family, called GASP, could have an important function in the proteolysis of the GPCRs, which is considered as a key feature of the regulation of GPCR activity. My PhD work focused on the domains of GASPs and GPCRs that are critical for the interaction between these two kinds of proteins, identifying a novel protein-protein interaction motif and designing and developing a small peptide capable of preventing this interaction. I also focused on the interaction between GASP-1 and -2 and the acetylcholine muscarinic M1 receptor, and the consequences of this interaction on the proteolysis of this receptor, showing for the first time the implication of GASPs in the intracellular trafficking of fast recycling GPCR. Finally, I studied the physiological role of GASP-1 using transgenic animals deficient in this protein. These mice showed notably alteration in behavioral and biochemical adaptive mechanisms related to acute and prolonged administration of cocaine. The regulation of the circadian rhythms was also assessed. Despite the lack of difference in terms of sleep-activity rhythm between wild-type and mutant mice, an interaction between the GASPs and the PER clock proteins, that leads to the modification of their subcellular distribution, was observed
Das, Vincent. "Rôle de la polarisation du trafic intracellulaire dans la formation de la synapse immunologique." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066396.
Full textCouesnon, Aurélie. "Passage de la neurotoxine botulique à travers la barrière intestinale." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003461.
Full textBoher, Laurent. "Etude et mise en oeuvre de récepteurs itéractifs pour systèmes MIMO." Rennes, INSA, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ISAR0017.
Full textMIMO systems, associating multiple antennas at transmission and reception, allow a significant gain in capacity thanks to exploitation of spatial diversity. Though they are promising, most of MIMO techniques insert co-antenna interference that must be cancelled to fully exploit the diversity of the channel. Iterative solutions based on turbo-equalization principle allow the interference to be treated but are relatively complex to implement. The aim of this thesis is to study the feasibility and the complexity of the integration of iterative receivers for MIMO systems. Firstly, an analysis of existing iterative solutions leads us to consider a MIMO detector based on linear filters that offers an interesting performance/complexity trade-off. Then, an efficient receiver architecture has been defined. We especially study the integration of matrix calculations for MMSE filtering and the scheduling of the exchanges between detection and decoding. Finally, an integration on FPGA allows the evaluation of proposed architectures
Perrin-Cocon, Laure. "Caractérisation des compartiments d'endocytose impliqués dans l'apprêtement des antigènes : rôle des récepteurs d'endocytose dans le trafic intracellulaire des antigènes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10073.
Full textDayot, Stéphanie. "Rôle antitumoral de l'orexine A et des ligands biaisés dans les cancers digestifs : Impact sur le trafic intracellulaire d'OX1R." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC301.
Full textOrexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides, which have two isoforms, A and B (OxA and OxB, respectively). They interact with two G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes, OX1R and OX2R. Once activated, these two receptors induce the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ via the Gq protein. In the team, where I began my PhD, it was clearly show that the orexins/OX1R system had anti-tumor properties in some cancers including colon cancer (Voisin et al., 2011). It has been showed that OxA but also OxB induce mitochondrial apoptosis via OX1R. These results mean that the orexins/OX1R system represents a potential target in the treatment of colon cancer.My first objective was to study the role of orexins and in particular OxA on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in human. This work showed that OX1R was expressed in 96% of PDACs tested. In addition, I have shown that OX1R is expressed early in pre-cancerous lesions (PanIN). I have demonstrated that the PDAC-derived human cell line, the AsPC-1 line, expressed OX1R, and that OxA was able to induce mitochondrial apoptosis comparable to that observed in colon cancers (Voisin et al. 2011). Finally, suprisingly, my results show that almorexant, a DORA antagonist, has antitumor properties identical to OxA, the natural agonist of OX1R. The unexpected results of the almorexant with regard to its anti-tumor properties challenged me and thus determined the axis of my second objective. So I wanted to know if this effect was only related to the PDAC or if it was more widely effective in other cancers in particular colon cancer. For this, I studied the effect of almorexant in cell lines derived from human colon adenocarcinoma, lines HT-29 and LoVo. In addition, in collaboration with B. Robert's group (CRCM, INSERM U1194, Montpellier)we have developed, by a "phage display" strategy, an agonist antibody that mimicked the effects of OxA on the same cancer cells. My third objective was to study the phenomena of OX1R internalization under the action of OxA and its intracellular traffick by confocal microscopy and images analysis approaches. Indeed, so far, little or nothing is known. Several vesicle markers associated with the internalization of proteins have been used. Of course, in view of the almorexant unexpected effects, it seemed important for me to study its impact on the regulation.To conclude, the OX1 receptor is a potential target for the therapeutic treatment of human adenocarcinoma of the colon and pancreas. In addition, the demonstration that almorexant and the C2 antibody mimic the proapoptotic and antitumor effects of OxA, represents a very good alternative to the natural peptide whose disadvantages in terms of stability and administration may represent a brake in its possible therapeutic use. In addition, the membrane expression of the OX1 receptor within the cell and its fate is different depending on the ligand. These data are therefore of interest for a therapeutic point of view because the almorexant as the antibody C2 allow the OX1 receptor to stay expressed on the cell surface and thus to be available for its proapoptotic activity
Saint-Jean, Bruno. "Etude de la voie de transport assurée par le récepteur d’adressage vacuolaire BP80." Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUES037.
Full textBP80 is a vacuolar receptor responsible for sorting proaleurain from the trans-Golgi network. The complex receptor-ligand is packed into shuttle vesicles that are directed and fused to a prevacuolar compartment where the lower pH induces the dissociation between the receptor and the proaleurain. This latter matured and released in the lytic vacuole. Beside the fact that BP80 uses clathrin coated vesicles for its traffic, we have no other indication on the signals in the cytoplasmic tail used by BP80 traffic. In an attempt to identify trafficking signals, we fused the GFP to the transmembrane and the cytosolic domains of BP80 and called the resulting fusion protein GFP-PS1. Like the native vacuolar receptor, GFP-PS1 accumulates and cycles in the same cell compartment. We then introduced single or two mutation(s) in the cytosolic portion of GFP-PS1. Using this approach, we identify two important sorting signals, which participates to recycling and endocytic events of BP80
Jules, Farah. "Récepteurs de l'endothéline-1 dans le noyau des cellules endothéliales endocardiques humaines : implicatiion dans la régulation du calcium nucléaire et le trafic transcellulaire." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2007. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3923.
Full textLegueux, François Jacques Yves. "Le transporteur de cholestérol STARD3, surexprimé dans les cancers du sein, un régulateur du trafic du récepteur à l'EGF." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2010/LEGUEUX_Francois_Jacques_Yves_2010.pdf.
Full textBreast cancer remains the first cause of mortality among women in France. A study of lymph node metastasis was used to isolate STARD3 gene (StAR related lipid Transfer Domain3). In cancers, STARD3 is amplified and overexpressed with ERBB2 oncogene. STARD3 is a ubiquitous late endosomal cholesterol-binding protein. ERBB2 is a EGF receptor family member involved in metastatic progression. The objective of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that STARD3 and ERBB2 are functionally linked. In STARD3 overexpressing cells, all different types of endosomes morphologicaly altered leading to strong decrease of the EGF ligand binding to the cell surface. The mechanism involved is based on receptor sequestration in intracellular compartment. The reduction of plasma membrane receptor resulted in strong reduction of EGF signaling. We have demonstrated that cellular cholesterol and caveolin (a cholesterol-binding protein) accumulate in the intracellular STARD3 compartment. In addition, STARD3 and EGFR interact within endosomes, making it insensitive to ligand-induced downregulation. This study highlights the role of STARD3 in the cellular response to membrane receptors. We could also propose new hypotheses about the functional relationship existing between ERBB2 and STARD3 in pathology. ERBB receptors represent potential new targeted therapies. For example, trastuzumab (Herceptin) is a humanized antibody directed against the extracellular portion of ERBB2 currently used clinically. However, only one-third of patients respond to treatment and resistance are poorly understood. A better knowledge of ERBB2-coexpressed genes is crucial for the improvement of therapies
Achard, Caroline. "Etude d'un cas d'ypogonadisme hyponadotrope par mutation de la LHβ et étude du trafic des récepteurs de la THS et de la FSH." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA11T011.
Full textBastin, Guillaume. "Les résidus cystéines en positions 2 et 12 de RGS4 influencent son trafic intracellulaire et ses fonctions." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10003/document.
Full textRGS proteins (Regulator of G-protein Signaling) are potent inhibitors of heterotrimeric G-protein signaling. RGS4 attenuates G-protein activity in several tissues such that loss of its function may lead to bradycardia, diabetic cardiomyopathy, breast cancer cell invasion, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. RGS4 has been localized to both plasma membrane and intracellular pools, however, the nature of its intracellular trafficking remains to be elucidated. G-protein inhibition requires the presence of RGS4 at the plasma membrane. In this work, we characterized the complementary roles of two putative palmitoylation sites on RGS4 to target intracellular compartments and plasma membrane. We identified palmitoylation on Cys2 and 12 respectively important for RGS4 endosomal targeting and plasma membrane localization, when mutations were introduced to the palmitoylation sites, RGS4 capability of inhibiting Gq-mediated signaling was impaired. As a continuum we identified two palmitoylating enzymes, DHHC3 and 7 as modulator of RGS4 localization and function. Knock downs of DHHC3 and 7 impaired RGS4 endosomal and plasma membrane targeting and capability of inhibiting M1-muscarinic receptor signaling. Finally we used live cell confocal microscopy to define RGS4 intracellular trafficking routes. Specifically Rab5 mediated RGS4 trafficking from the plasma membrane to intracellular compartments while Rab11 mediated RGS4 trafficking to the plasma membrane. Activation and inhibition of Rab5 and 11 routes impaired RGS4 capability of inhibiting M1-muscarinic receptor signaling pathway. These novel findings provide a strong rationale for future studies aimed at developing new strategies to increase the function of RGS4
Roux, Alexandra. "Les kératines 8/18 dans la régulation de la voie de signalisation et du trafic vésiculaire du récepteur de l'insuline chez les cellules hépatiques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27983.
Full textIntermediate filaments (IFs), together with microfilaments (MFs) and microtubules (MTs), form the cytoskeleton. Unlike the few genes that code for actins and tubulins, expressed in all cells in the body, IF proteins are coded by a large number of genes, classified into 6 types, depending on the tissue and cell differentiation status. For their part, keratins are expressed in pairs in the different epithelia. In more specific terms, the keratin pair 8/18 (K8/K18) is present in all simple epithelia, with some cells containing a second pair. In contrast, the K8/K18 pair forms the only IF network found in hepatocytes and hepatoma cells, hence their usefulness as cell models for addressing functional issues. As for all other IF types, K8/K18 IFs contribute to the maintenance of liver cell integrity. In addition, the use of transgenic mice has allowed to foresee a significant role for these IFs, as partners of signaling platforms in hepatic epithelial cells. The liver exerts a key task as regulator of blood glucose level, due to its ability to store and redistribute large amount of glucose throughout the body, as required. This modulation is finely regulated by insulin via the activation of its receptor (IR) and the downstream signaling pathway. Perturbations in this regulation lead to metabolic diseases, particularly in the liver. As such, recent experimental data suggest a contribution of K8/K18 IFs in the modulation of glucose metabolism and IR/PI3K/Akt pathway. However, the interplay between the IF pair, glucose metabolism and the signaling pathway, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, remain enigmatic. The work unveiled in this thesis examines the involvement of K8/K18 IFs in the regulation of the IR signaling pathway and vesicular trafficking in liver cells. The experimental approach is based on the use of cultured hepatocytes and hepatoma cells, which may or may not contain K8/K18 IFs, in combination with the use of assorted biochemical and cell imaging assays. The results uncover a role of K8/K18 IFs in the interplay taking place between the phosphoinositide-dependent signaling (PIPs) initiated at the plasma membrane, which reflects itself into the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in response to the insulin stimulation of IR, and its endosomal trafficking via Rab5/EEA1/PI3P, in hepatocytes. In comparative terms, the results using hepatoma cells show an intervention of K8/K18 IFs in the modulation of the IR signaling and vesicular trafficking, which differs greatly from the one observed in hepatocytes. Overall, the results demonstrate an indisputable contribution of K8/K18 IFs in the regulation of the insulin signaling pathway in hepatic cells.
Liu, Yuanhui. "Rôles de la clathrine et de SMAP1 dans la signalisation et le trafic intracellulaire des récepteurs de la famille ErbB dans les carcinomes hépatocellulaires." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066426.
Full textHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of death by cancer in the world. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling axis plays a key role in HCC. Intracellular trafficking has been shown to regulate receptor signalling, and to be altered in HCC. Our aim was to investigate whether endocytosis may modulate signalling of the ErbB receptor family in response to various ligands. The experiments have been performed in three HCC cell lines, which express variable levels of ErbB receptors. We investigated the role of clathrin, dynamin, and SMAP1 (Small ArfGAP1). Our results show that the effects of down-regulating clathrin by siRNA varied among HCC cell lines, depending on the ligand. Upon clathrin down-regulation by RNA interference, EGFR phosphorylation decreased in Hep3B and in PLC/PRF/5 cells stimulated with AR, EGF or HB-EGF, as well as in HRG-stimulated PLC/PRF/5 cells. Clathrin inhibition decreased ErbB2 phosphorylation in HepG2 cells stimulated with EGF, HB-EGF or HRG, and in HRG-stimulated PLC/PRF/5 cells. Phosphorylation of ErbB3 significantly decreased in all cell lines upon stimulation with EGF, HB-EGF or HRG. STAT3 phosphorylation significantly increased in all cell lines. Dynamin inhibition by dynasore led to a significant increase in the phosphorylation levels of EGFR, ErbB3 and AKT, in the Hep3B cell line. SMAP1 played no role in the early signalling of ErbB receptors upon stimulation with whatever ligand. Altogether, our observations underline that ErbB signalling in HCC is a complex process that may depend on the expression of the various ErbB family members and on the availability of their ligands in the tumour environment
Vlad, Amalia. "Microenvironnement ganglionnaire et leucémie lymphoïde chronique : impact de la stimulation antigénique sur l'expression membranaire d'effecteurs du trafic intra-ganglionnaire des lymphocytes B." Paris 13, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA132003.
Full textProgressive cases of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) are frequently associated with lymphadenopathy, indicating a major role of the microenvironment in the accumulation of leukemic B cells associated with disease progression. Our hypothesis was that the antigenic stimulation, which is considered as a key factor in the physiopathology of CLL, may alter lymphocyte trafficking within the lymph nodes and thus may contribute to leukemia progression. We studied the impact of the B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation on the membrane expression of effectors involved in lymphocyte trafficking within lymph nodes. We have shown that BCR ligation induced, in some patient’s cells, a down-regulation of CXCR4 and CD62L membrane expression associated with a reduction in chemotaxis and CLL cell adhesion to the lymphatic endothelium. Down-regulation of CXCR4 and CD62L occurs simultaneously in the same cells and these processes require PKD and PI3K kinases. The ability of CLL cells to down-regulate CXCR4 and CD62L was variable among patients and was heterogeneous within a given patient, reflecting the existence of CLL sub-clones with differential capability to respond to the antigenic stimulation. Moreover, CLL cell responsiveness to BCR ligation was correlated with unfavorable prognostic markers and was associated with progressive disease. In conclusion, our results suggest that the antigenic stimulation could alter the lymphocyte trafficking and exit from lymph nodes in progressive cases only. CLL cells then remain in close contact with the microenvironment and antigenic stimulation and are prone to proliferate, resulting into enlarged lymph nodes
Pourcher, Mikael. "Fonctions des Sorting nexin (SNX) dans le développement d'Arabidopsis." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENSL0469.
Full textIn yeast and mammals, SNX proteins associate with VPS26, VPS29 and VPS35 to form the retromer complex. In Arabidopsis, we showed that the three SNXs (SNX1, SNX2a and SNX2b) have VPS-independent functions in lipid storage breakdown, which is crucial for seedling growth an development. We also demonstrated that SNXs must localize to endosomal membranes to perform their functions. This endosomal recruitment is based on interactions between their PHOX domain and phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P). Moreover, we established tha SNX1 is responsible for the recruitment of SNX2a abd SNX2b at the endosomal membrane, demonstrating the non-redundancy between SNX1 and SNX2 proteins. Finally, we identified a retromer-dependent function of SNXs in stomatal patterning and cell signalling, downstream of TMM (Too Many Mouths) and Erecta receptor kinases. Altogether, ou data show that SNXs function in various cell signalling and developmental processes in Arabidopsis
Claudinon, Julie. "Identification de mécanismes de régulation des fonctions des interférons: Rôle de la palmitoylation du récepteur de l'interféron de type I." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00354695.
Full textBertin, Eléonore. "Étude de l'augmentation du trafic en surface des récepteurs P2X4 de l’ATP à l’aide de nouveaux modèles murins transgéniques : implications dans les processus mnésiques et la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0341.
Full textATP signaling and surface P2X4 ATP-gated receptor channels are upregulated in various neurological disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal motoneuron (MN) disease characterized by protein misfolding and aggregation leading to cellular degeneration. P2X4 displays a widespread distribution in the central nervous system (CNS) neurons and glial cells as well as in multiple peripheral cell types throughout the body. A key question regarding the role of purinergic signaling in health and disease is the function of this upregulated surface P2X4 state observed in specific cell types.To elucidate the cell-specific functions of P2X4 in a pathological context, a conditional transgenic knock-in P2X4 mouse line (floxed P2X4mCherryIN) was created allowing the Cre activity-dependent genetic swapping of the internalization motif of P2X4 by the fluorescent protein mCherry to prevent constitutive endocytosis of P2X4. We describe and characterize two distinct knock-in mouse lines expressing non-internalized P2X4mCherryIN either in excitatory forebrain neurons (CamK2) or in all cells natively expressing P2X4 (CMV). The genetic substitution of wild-type P2X4 by non-internalized P2X4mCherryIN in both knock-in mouse models does not alter the sparse distribution and subcellular localization of P2X4 but leads to a cell-specific increased surface P2X4 expression mimicking the pathological upregulated P2X4 state. We provide evidence that the increase in P2X4 at the surface of excitatory neurons decreases anxiety and impairs memory processing due to alteration of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 region.To unravel the implication of P2X4 in ALS pathogenesis, we generate innovating double transgenic mice called SOD1:P2X4KI and SOD1:P2X4KO using the new knock-in CMV mice model expressing the upregulated P2X4 receptor in all cells that expressed natively the P2X4 receptor (P2X4KI) or a trangenic mice lacking the P2X4 gene (P2X4KO) with most commonly used ALS model carrying the human SOD1-G93A mutation (SOD1). Interestingly, the ablation of the P2X4 gene as well as the expression of non-internalized P2X4 in SOD1 mice have a significant and positive impact on motor performances and animal survival revealing that P2X4 are active and complex players in ALS progression. In SOD1 mice spinal cord, the expression of P2X4 is initially restricted to MN and increased in microglia during the symptomatic phase of ALS, and P2X4 has a dual role on inflammation markers expression during the progression of the disease. In parallel, P2X4 surface expression significantly increased in peritoneal macrophages of SOD1 mice during ALS progression even from the presymptomatic stages suggesting that P2X4 may represent an early biomarker of ALS. Moreover, we reveal that the mechanism underlying the surface upregulation of P2X4 receptor in ALS models over the time can be explained by a competitive and progressive alteration of P2X4 constitutive internalization by SOD1 misfolded protein leading to MN death and associated neuroinflammation.Overall, we provide an innovative knock-in P2X4 model to study the functional contributions of upregulated P2X4 receptor in specific cells of the nervous system but also in peripheral tissues throughout the body that will be helpful for study many others pathologies besides ALS
Lachance, Véronik. "L’association du récepteur β2-Adrénergique (β2AR) avec les protéines RGGT et HACE1 module son trafic intracellulaire en régulant les mécanismes de maturation et d’activation de la protéine Rab11a." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/160.
Full textCarrel, Damien. "Mécanismes d'adressage des recepteurs 5-HT1A et 5-HT1B de la sérotonine : caractérisation de motifs dans la séquence des récepteurs et identification de protéines partenaires." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066346.
Full textBaratti-Elbaz, Catherine. "Internalisation et recyclage du récepteur de la TSH." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA11T058.
Full textThe TSH receptor is a G protein coupled receptor, with specific characteristics from the two high homologous lutropin (LH) and folliculostimulin (FSH) receptors (i) its large extracellular domain which is cleaved in two subunits (ii) its constitutive activity towards the cAMP transduction pathway and (iii) the existence of stimulating anti-receptor autoantibody implicated in hyperthyroïdism. Seant information is available on the intracellular trafficking of this receptor. Stahly transfected L cells expressing TSH receptor and anti-receptor antibodies were used to study by confocal and electron microscopies its cellular distribution and endocytosis. The TSH receptor was initially localized on the plasmalemma proper and in clathrin-coated pits. Lt was internalized through clathrin-coated vesicles. Constitutive endocytosis represented 10% of cell surface receptor molecules. Endocytosis was increased only 3 fold by the hormone. The majority of internalized receptor recycled to cell surface via smooth vesicles whereas hormone was degraded in lysosomes. This recycling was inhibited by administration of monensin and occurred via a caveolin-1 independent pathway. Microscopic studies repeated in primary cultures of human thyroid cells showed a baso-lateral distribution and a very similar endocytosis pathway. The LH receptor is endocytosed in high proportion and degraded in lysosomes. Colocalization studies with transferrin receptor confirmed that highly homologous LH and TSH receptors exhibit, when expressed in the same cells, very different cellular trafficking properties. The use of LHITSH receptor chimeras showed that transmembrane and intracellular domains contain information orienting the protein toward recycling or degradative pathways. The extracellular domain seems to play a role in the extent of internalization. These observations should now allow the determination of the molecular signals involved in these processes
Sabra, Hiba. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires régulant la voie Hippo via les intégrines ß1." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV026/document.
Full textCell adhesion to the extracellular matrix plays a key role in their proliferation,differentiation or apoptosis. Therefore, this process is critical for normal development andtissue homeostasis. The deregulation of this mechanism often contributes to pathologicalsituations. Thus, the deregulation of many genes involved in cell-cell or cell-extracellularmatrix adhesions are linked to pathologies leading to developmental defects, tumorprogression, or inflammation.Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane receptors that play a major role in cellextracellularmatrix interactions. This role is not limited to a simple mechanical interactionsince integrins also allow the transduction of the signals from the extracellular matrix to thecell in order to permit the latter to adapt to its microenvironment. In order to study the roleof β1 integrins in bone development, the laboratory has implemented a mouse model withconditional inactivation of the Itgb1 gene based on the expression of recombinase Cre at thepre-osteoblastic stage. The mutated mice show a defect in bone development due to a lowproliferation rate of osteoblasts.Contrary to what was generally accepted, this reduced proliferation is independent of theclassical pathway involving the classical pathway of MAP kinases. On the other hand, it iscontrolled by Hippo: this signaling pathway has recently been identified in Drosophila andMammals as a major inhibitory mechanism of cell proliferation. The transcription cofactorYAP, the end effector of this pathway, is a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttle. Its expression isamplified in various cancers including osteosarcoma where this overexpression associatedwith that of Itgb1 is a factor of poor prognosis.My work involves understanding how β1 integrins control the Hippo pathway, and thusproliferation. We confirmed that deletion of β1 integrins activates the phosphorylation ofYAP and its sequestration in the cytoplasm. Using Cell Biology and Biochemistry techniques,we showed that following the deletion of Itgb1, the cells exhibit a defect in vesicular trafficthat reduces the membrane translocation of Rac1. The cytoplasmic sequestration of Rac18decreases the activation of its major effector, the PAK kinase. PAK is responsible for thedissociation of an inactivating membrane complex composed of the adaptor protein NF2,the LATS kinase, and its main effector YAP. The integrins by provoking the loss of thiscomplex induce the dephosphorylation of YAP, its nuclear translocation, and thus stimulatecell proliferation
Varini, Karine. "Trafic intracellulaire de peptide-vecteurs ciblant le récepteur au LDL pour des stratégies de délivrance ciblée d'agents thérapeutiques ou d'imagerie à travers la barrière hémato-encéphalique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5023.
Full textMany drugs are ineffective in treating CNS diseases due in part to unique properties of the BBB, requiring the establishment of delivery strategies such as the use of a physiological process, as the RMT. Peptides targeting the LDLR (expressed in the BBB and involved in these processes) have been developed. The objectives of this thesis were to characterize the intracellular traffic and transport capacity of different shapes of these peptides in various in vitro models including a model of BBB.The results obtained in a cell line overexpressing the LDLR tagged GFP by fluorescence imaging shows that the various forms of these peptides bind plasma membrane LDLR, where they are internalized and sent to lysosomes without interfering with LDL endocytosis. They allow lysosomal targeting of small molecules (fluorochrome) and proteins that are fused to them. These results indicate that it might be used to target therapeutic compounds to cells expressing LDLR lysosomes. In the in vitro BBB model, the peptides are internalized via the LDLR from the apical pole and follow a similar intracellular transport than LDL, being diverted from the lysosomal degradation pathway to be transported to the abluminal compartment as previously described for LDL and transferrin. These data indicate that the LDLR-targeting peptides seems useful vectors candidates to complete/improve the existing peptide/antibodies panel and allow the targeting and the transport of therapeutic molecules through the BBB
Falco, Marta. "Mechanistic insights into the EGFR-STK10 pathway in chronic kidney disease." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2024. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=6583&f=76942.
Full textChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major public health burden, yet the molecular mechanisms driving its progression remain poorly understood. Among the potential pathways, the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling axis plays a critical role in CKD progression. However, prolonged inhibition of EGFR is not a feasible option for CKD patients due to the risk of significant adverse effects. Therefore, a deeper understanding of EGFR signaling is essential for developing more targeted and safer therapeutic strategies. In our previous work, we identified Serine-Threonine Kinase 10 (STK10) as a key partner of EGFR during ligand-mediated activation. The project aims to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying CKD progression, with the goal of identifying new therapeutic targets. Our research focuses on understanding the EGFR-STK10 signaling pathway in kidney cells. To investigate this, we employed an integrated approach combining unbiased phosphoproteomics and proximity-dependent biotinylation (TurboID), followed by mass spectrometry, to explore STK10 activation, its interacting partners, and its signaling pathways, upon EGFR mediated ligand activation. Through phosphoproteomic analysis, we characterized STK10 phosphorylations following EGFR activation by EGF and TGFa. We identified two phosphorylation sites, S191 and T195, in the STK10 activation loop, which are specifically upregulated following EGFR activation by TGFa, but not by EGF. Additionally, we observed that downstream phosphorylation of ERM, a known STK10 target, is significantly increased only upon TGFa treatment. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic knockdown of STK10 using shRNA successfully prevented the upregulation of these phosphosites and the activation of ERM, suggesting a ligand-specific activation of STK10 in kidney epithelial tubular cells. Mechanistically, our analyses identified an enrichment of proteins involved in receptor trafficking, suggesting that STK10 plays a role in regulating EGFR sorting. Notably, we demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition or genetic downregulation of STK10 does not affect early EGFR activation but does impair the long-term trafficking of the receptor following TGFa treatment. In shSTK10 cells, EGFR is significantly more degraded than in control cells, suggesting that STK10 might favor the recycling of the receptor, leading to its sustain activation. Sustained EGFR activation has been implicated in several CKD models, contributing to pathological processes. Importantly, gene ontology analysis revealed that STK10 is involved in different pathological processes associated with CKD progression mediated by constant EGFR activation. Inhibition of STK10 in vitro effectively blocked some of these deleterious processes such as cell migration, growth, and proliferation in kidney epithelial cells. Thus, inhibition of STK10 could block these processes and potentially slow down CKD progression. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the STK10 pathway in the context of EGFR signaling in kidney cells. It highlights a potential novel role for this kinase in regulating receptor trafficking upon TGFa treatment, likely promoting its recycling and sustained activation, leading to pathogenic processes. STK10 inhibition should be further tested to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic strategy for CKD
Gueydan, Marine. "Identification de nouveaux régulateurs de la synaptogénèse GABAergique à la jonction neuromusculaire du nématode Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1202.
Full textTo identify novel genes and mechanisms involved in the formation and regulation of inhibitory synapses, we used the inhibitory GABAergic neuromuscular junction of the nematode C. elegans as a genetically tractable model. After random mutagenesis of a knock-in strain expressing fluorescently tagged GABAA receptors (GABAAR), we screened for mutants with abnormal fluorescence pattern in vivo. We analyzed 36 mutant strains using a novel whole-genome sequencing strategy to simultaneously map and identify causative mutation without any prior time-consuming genetic mapping. We undertook the functional characterization of a non-characterized gene, tentatively named nsp-3, which encodes an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein. nsp-3 deletion using CRISPR technology causes ectopic localization of GABAAR in intracellular compartments of the muscle cell. We found partial colocalization of these ectopic receptors with endosomal markers. Interestingly, we observed a 50 % decrease of GABAAR at synapses while we saw no change in GABA neurotransmission by electrophysiology. These and additional data predict the presence of a subsynaptic pool of GABAARs, which is depleted in the absence of NSP-3. Additional pharmacological data set suggests that this pool of receptors is recruited for GABAergic synaptic plasticity upon acute aldicarb (acetylcholine esterase inhibitor) treatment. A transcriptional reporter of endogenous nsp-3 expression detected expression in most tissues of the worm. Tissue-specific rescue experiments and colocalization data show that NSP-3 functions in muscles at ER-Golgi interface to regulate GABAARs trafficking to cell surface. Our data identified a novel function of the nonaspanins in the traffic of neurotransmitter receptors in the nervous system
Karsenty, Julie. "Les Isoformes intestinales et hépatiques des "fatty acid binding proteins" dans le trafic intracellulaire des acides gras et leur expression dans un modèle animal de syndrome métabolique." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20697.
Full textExcessive consumption of fat has emerged as a major cause of increased prevalence of metabolic diseases. After their hydrolysis in the intestinal lumen, fatty acid (FA) and monoglycerides are absorbed by the enterocytes. Inside these cells FA are bound to small cytosolic proteins, the FABPs, before to be re-esterified into triglycerides then secreted as lipoproteins into the chyle. Enterocytes express I-FABP and L-FABP whose specific role in intracellular FA trafficking is still unknown. To clarify this point we have carried out an in vivo structure-function study by immunocytochemical characterization of transfected Cos-1 cells expressing large amounts of proteins. These proteins target a fluorescent FA to cellular sites of metabolism (mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum / Golgi apparatus). When each protein is expressed within the cell, the fluorescent bound-FA is specifically distributed, suggesting a specific function. Conversely, when both proteins are present they cooperate for the distribution of the FA in similar areas than those targeted by the I-FABP expressed alone suggesting a sensor role for this protein. Another approach has been to show that the regulation of the expression of I-FABP and L-FABP differed in the rat model of metabolic syndrome induced by a fructose-enriched diet. To enlarge our knowledge of this model, the effects of polyunsaturated omega-3 FA intake on the expression of genes involved in energetic homeostasis and infammatory pathways were described. A specific role of PPAR delta in the liver and the heart was evidenced
Tanguy, Emeline. "Implication de l’acide phosphatidique dans le trafic membranaire : rôle et régulation de la phospholipase D au cours de la phagocytose et de l’exocytose régulée." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ112.
Full textThe discovery of the involvement of lipids in membrane trafficking is one of the major recent progress in cell biology. My thesis work focused on phosphatidic acid (PA), the simplest phospholipid. PA synthesis by phospholipase D (PLD) plays a crucial role during phagocytosis and regulated exocytosis, but its precise dynamics, as well as the mode of action of the different PA species, remain unknown. I characterized three PA binding domains allowing a better understanding of the interaction between proteins and PA and leading to the generation of genetic sensors for PA in cells. Thus I could visualize PA synthesis during phagocytosis and identified that the small GTPase Arf6 regulates PLD activity and consequently PA synthesis. My work also reveals that PLD modulates several steps during exocytosis in neuroendocrine cells. Further lipidomics and rescue experiments allowed me to show that mono- and polyunsaturated forms of PA are involved in distinct steps of exocytosis
Ladarré, Delphine. "Neuronal polarization shapes the targeting and signaling of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) : type-1 cannabinoid receptors and 5-HT1B serotonin receptors show highly contrasted trafficking and signaling patterns in axons and dendrites." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T070/document.
Full textPolarized neuronal architecture is achieved and maintained mainly through highly controlled targeting of proteins to axons versus to the somatodendritic compartment. Among these proteins, neuronal G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key therapeutic targets. However, their pharmacology is generally studied in non-polarized cell lines, and results obtained in such systems likely do not fully characterize the physiological effects of brain GPCR activation. Therefore, a main research subject of our group is to understand how neuronal polarity influences GPCR pharmacology, by studying one of the most abundant GPCR in the brain: the type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R). Previous studies of the group suggested that CB1Rs achieve axonal polarization through transcytotic targeting: after their synthesis, these receptors appear on the somatodendritic plasma membrane from where they are removed rapidly by constitutive endocytosis and then targeted to the axonal plasma membrane where they accumulate due to relatively reduced endocytosis rate. At the beginning of my PhD project we directly demonstrated this differential endocytosis and transcytotic transport of CB1Rs by using cultured neurons in microfluidic devices. Moreover, we showed that chronic pharmacological treatments may strongly change neuronal GPCR distribution on the neuronal surface. These results demonstrate that subdomain-dependent steady-state endocytosis, which is pharmacologically controllable, is important for GPCR distribution in neurons. In a second part, we asked if differential traffic of CB1Rs between axons and dendrites is correlated with differential pharmacology. CB1R is predominantly coupled to Gi/o proteins and is known to inhibit cAMP production. Thus, we developed live Föster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) imaging in cultured hippocampal neurons in order to measure basal cAMP/PKA pathway modulation downstream of endogenous CB1Rs in all neuronal compartments: in somata, in dendrites but also in the very thin mature axons. Our results show that CB1R displays differential pharmacology between axon and dendrites. Notably, its activation leads to a stronger decrease of PKA activity in axons compared to dendrites, due to increased number of membrane receptors in this compartment. Moreover, we demonstrate that somatodendritic CB1Rs constitutively inhibit cAMP/PKA pathway, while axonal receptors do not. This difference is due to polarized distribution of DAGLipase, the enzyme that synthesizes the major endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Moreover, blocking DAGL by pharmacological treatment modifies somatodendritic, but not axonal effects of several CB1R agonists, possibly through allosteric action. In a third part, we asked if the above results may be generalized to other GPCRs. Because the axonal targeting and in vitro pharmacology of 5-HT1B serotonin receptors demonstrate strong similarities with CB1Rs, we studied their neuronal pharmacology by using the previously developed FRET technique. We found similar differential responses to pharmacological treatments between axon and dendrites. In a fourth part, we investigated the role of the threonine 210 (T210) residue in the constitutive activity of neuronal CB1R. We showed that the hypoactive mutant T210A-CB1R do not constitutively recruit signaling pathways even in somatodendritic compartment, where 2-AG is present. This result demonstrates that T210 is necessary for constitutive CB1R activation by 2-AG.Finally, previous results of our group demonstrated the involvement of CB1R in neuronal development. Notably, CB1R activation was shown to have an overall inhibitory effect on the development of polarized neuronal morphology. We established a bibliographic review on this subject. The published literature data suggest that not only neuronal polarization influences both CB1R traffic and pharmacology but CB1Rs also contribute to the achievement of neuronal polarization. (...)
Arbogast, Florent. "Autophagie et cellules présentatrices d'antigènes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ033.
Full textMacroautophagy is a catabolic process at the crossroad between homeostasis and metabolism. In the immune system it also possesses specialized roles such as inflammation regulation and antigen presentation. Here we demonstrated in two mice models that macroautophagy is integral to B cell lineage for proper humoral responses. Indeed it insures the survival of secreting cells such as plasma cells and long living cells such as memory B cells. We also report that non-canonical autophagy is also needed for an efficient presentation of particulate antigen recognized by the B cell receptor. In this context it drives B cell cytoskeleton polarization to form an immune synapse necessary for the efficient loading of class two major histocompatibility complexes and the subsequent antigen presentation. Using a third mice model we unveiled a yet uncharacterized function of macroautophagy in Langerhans cells, a subset of epidermal dendritic cells, homeostasis. Macroautophagy inhibition impairs their survival by exposing them to a potentially uncompensated endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Altogether we demonstrated that macroautophagy is a major actor in several types of antigen presenting cells
Margarido, Pinheiro Vera. "L’interactome de Scrib1 et son importance pour la plasticitè synaptique & les troubles de neurodéveloppement." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0318/document.
Full textThe brain is made up of billions of nerve cells, or neurons. Neurons communicate with each other through functionally distinct structures - the axon and the dendrite - which are able to release and receive an electrical or chemical signal from a pre- to a post-synaptic compartment, respectively. We focused our study on hippocampal neurons synapses, which ultimately underlie high-order brain functions, such as learning and memory. In particular, we studied the development and maintenance of dendritic spines, whose changes in morphology are intimately correlated with synaptic plasticity, or the ability to respond to synaptic activity. Dendritic spines originate from motile dendritic filopodia, which mature into spines following axonal contact. The filopodia-to-spine transition involves a plethora of molecular actors, including glutamate receptors, scaffold proteins and the actin cytoskeleton, able to receive, transmit and integrate the pre-synaptic signal. The spatial and temporal coordination of all these molecular components throughout the formation and maturation of a synapse remains, however, unclear. Scribble1 (Scrib1) is planar cell polarity protein (PCP) classically implicated in the homeostasis of epithelial tissues and tumour growth. In the mammalian brain, Scrib1 is a critical scaffold protein in brain development and function. The main goal of this work was, therefore, to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying Scrib1 role in synapse formation and maintenance. In a first part, we depict the importance of Scrib1 PDZ-dependent interactions on glutamate receptors trafficking as well as bidirectional plasticity signalling pathway underying spatial memory. In a second part, we focus on the functional consequences of a recently identified autism spectrum disorder (ASD) mutation of Scrib1 on neuronal morpholgy and function. We demonstrated that Scrib1 regulates dendritic arborization as well as spine formation and functional maintenance via an actin-dependent mechanism, whose disruption might underlie the ASD phenotype. Taken altogether, this thesis highlights the PCP protein Scrib1 as key scaffold protein in brain development and function, playing a plethora of roles from the subcelular to the cognitive level
Leterrier, Christophe. "Activité constitutive et adressage axonal du récepteur cannabinoïque neurotal." Paris 6, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00250338.
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