Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trafic de vésicules membranaires'
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Huang, Xiao Hang. "Etude du trafic membranaire chez les algues marines : les vesicules mantelees de laminaria digitata et ulva lactuca." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05S006.
Full textAl-Qatabi, Noha. "Caractérisation de protéines atypiques à domaine BAR codées par Toxoplasma gondii." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ6006.
Full textToxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, infects and replicates within host cells through its ability to secrete factors stored in unique secretory organelles (rhoptries, micronemes, dense granules). These factors allow the parasite to modulate the host's immune system and capture certain elements. The formation of these unique organelles and the secretion and capture processes depend on trafficking events whose molecular bases remain poorly understood. Notably, there is virtually no characterization of BAR domain proteins, expressed in T. gondii and other apicomplexans, despite their known role in vesicular trafficking in other eukaryotes. Here, by combining structural analyses with in vitro tests and cellular observations, I characterized TgREMIND (REgulators of Membrane INter-acting Do-mains), a protein involved in the generation of rhoptries and dense granules, as well as TgBAR2, located at the periphery of the parasite. I established that TgREMIND has an F-BAR domain to preferentially target neutral membranes and potentially disrupt them. Additionally, I show that the protein has a new type of structural domain called REMIND, which appears capable of inhibiting TgREMIND activity. In parallel, I show that TgBAR2 contains a BAR domain with the most basic membrane-binding interface described for this type of domain, capable of powerfully deforming anionic membranes to form micellar tubules. This suggests that this domain represents a new type of BAR domain. My data indicate that T. gondii encodes two atypical BAR domain proteins with highly contrasting membrane binding properties to target distinct regions of its vesicular trafficking system
Borghi, Nicolas. "Nanotubes membranaires : extrusion hydrodynamique." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066556.
Full textKremer, Sébastien. "Extrusion de nanotubes membranaires : de la vésicule à la cellule vivante." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066066.
Full textLevy, Aurore. "Palmitoylation et trafic des protéines neuronales apparentées à la stathmine." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066300.
Full textGaudin, Marie. "Etude des vésicules membranaires produites par les Archées hyperthermophiles marines de l'ordre des Thermococcales." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716699.
Full textGaudin, Marie. "Etude des vésicules membranaires produites par les Archées hyperthermophiles marines de l’ordre des Thermococcales." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112093/document.
Full textSecretion of membrane vesicles (MVs) is an important physiological process that has been extensively studied in Bacteria and Eukarya. The recent discovery that Archaea produce MVs shows that this process is universal and suggests that the Last Universal Common Ancestor, LUCA, certainly produced MVs. As these archaeal MVs have been only studied in some Crenarchaeota (ex: G/ Sulfolobus), we started characterizing MVs produced by Thermococcales, a group of hyperthermophilic anaerobic Euryarchaeota.In the first part of this study we examined the mechanism of production as well as the protein and lipid composition of MVs produced by three strains of Thermococcales: Thermococcus kodakaraensis, Thermococcus gammatolerans and Thermocococus sp. 5-4. We observed that MVs are released by a budding process from the cell envelope that is similar to ectosome formation in eukaryotic cells. Moreover, clusters of MVs often form filamentous structures and protuberances on cell surfaces, resembling recently described bacterial nanopods. Differences in structure are observable between MVs of the three species, as well as in their protein composition. However, MVs and cell membranes from the same species have a quite similar protein and lipid composition, confirming that MVs are produced from cell membranes. A major protein present in cell membranes and MVs from the three strains is the oligopeptide-binding proteins (OppA), which has homologues in MVs from Sulfolobus species. Thermococcales MVs harbor DNA and protect this DNA against thermodegradation. Here, we show that T. kodakaraensis cells transformed with the shuttle plasmid pLC70 release MVs harboring this plasmid. Interestingly, these MVs can be used to transfer pLC70 into plasmid-free cells, suggesting that MVs could be involved in DNA transfer between cells at high temperature. In the second part of this study, we were specially interested in the strain Thermococcus nautilus, a Thermococcale that produces MVs selectively enriched in two plasmids from the cell. Notably, one of them corresponds to the genome of a defective virus from PRD1-adenovirus lineage. This indicates that MVs can be used as vehicles for the transport of viral genomes and suggests that production of MVs by ancestral cells could have played a role in the origin of viruses.In addition to be involved in transport of plasmids/viruses, MVs from T. nautilus display a toxic effect on some strains of Thermococcales, maybe due to the delivery of toxins. Even if these “thermococcins” remain to be characterized, this is the first time that a toxic activity associated with MVs has been shown in Thermococcales
Payet, Laurie-Anne. "Effets des acides gras saturés sur la voie de sécrétion. Relation avec la mucoviscidose." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT2299/document.
Full textSaturated fatty acids (SFA) have been reported to alter organelle integrity in many cell types. This process, also known as lipotoxicity, has been proposed to be responsible for several human pathologies such as type 2 diabetes.At the cellular level, SFA accumulation is associated with an increase of the saturation rate of membrane phospholipids (PL), the major components of organelle membranes, and an increase of ceramides levels, implicated in apoptosis induction.In the first part of this work, we took advantage of a simple yeast-based model to study the relative contributions of saturated PL and ceramides to SFA cytotoxicity. We demonstrated that ceramides act early in the secretory pathway, while saturated PL impact the later steps, and particularly the formation of secretory vesicles.In parallel, we observed that SFA amounts were significantly increased in the membrane PL of cystic fibrosis (CF) patient cells. The most common mutation responsible for this genetic disease results in the retention of the corresponding protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. Pharmacological agents, which correct the mistrafficking of the protein, have been isolated in vitro, but they did not show significant improvements in clinical trials. We propose in the present manuscript, that SFA-related lipointoxication could be an important bottleneck for the use of these pharmacological agents in clinical trials
Cailler, Françoise. "Étude du trafic intracellulaire de protéines membranaires de la famille de la néprilysine." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ47601.pdf.
Full textCAILLER, FRANCOISE. "Etude du trafic intracellulaire de proteines membranaires de la famille de la neprilysine." Toulouse, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAT0028.
Full textGortat, Anna. "Etude des propriétés moléculaires du domaine BAR et de leur implication sur la fonction des endophilines dans la dynamique des comportements intracellulaires." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066074.
Full textDilda, Pierre. "Caractérisation de CFTR dans des vésicules membranaires purifiées a partir d'épithélium de trachée bovine : approche pharmacologique." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05CD08.
Full textDa, Costa Grégory. "RMN des petites vésicules unilamellaires lipidiques (SUV) : une approche adaptée à l'étude des interactions périphériques membranaires." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1B106.
Full textSUV (Small Unilamellar Vesicles) are constituted of one lipidic bilayer. They have beeb so far only poorly used as model membrane for proton NMR studeis. Based on this work, on porphyrins, free of metallated, diamagnetic of paramgnetic, we show that the kinetic dissociation rate constant is able to cancel the anisotropic interactions, thus allowing the recording of sharp signal even for the molecule bound to the SUV. Using various sterol derivatives, we demonstrated the intinsic mobility of incorporated molecules is able to induce a good averaging of anisotropic interaction. Overall, these results have permit to rationalize the required conditions for recording NMR spectra of drugs, peptides in interaction with SUV
Martin, Solenne. "La P-glycoprotéine : analyse des différents sites de liaison de ses substrats et de sa fonction de transport." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112106.
Full textCoste, Virginie. "Formation de domaines de type "rafts" dans des vésicules unilamellaires et mécanismes physico-chimiques de l'extraction de domaines membranaires." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00116250.
Full textCoste, Virginie. "Formation de domaines de types "rafts" dans des vésicules unilamellaires et mécanismes physico-chimiques de l'extraction de domaines membranaires." Paris 6, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00116250.
Full textIn this work, we have been interesting in the study of the liquid-ordered/liquid-disordered (lo/ld) phase coexistence within LUV (Large Unilamellar Vesicle) membranes model. First, we have attempted to develop a methodology both allowing the detection of lo phase formation and the quantitative estimation of membrane fraction Φo occupied by lo phase in LUV of ternary composition: PC/SM/Chol (phosphatidylcholine /sphingomyeline /cholesterol). For this purpose, the properties of fluorescence self-quenching and selective partitioning between lipid phases of a unique fluorescent probe (C12NBD-PC) were used. The second part of our work has been dedicated to the study of the solubilization of LUVs showing lo/ld phase coexistence by Triton X-100 detergent. Our aim was to demonstrate the possibility to extract strictly lo phase membrane fraction, by the study of structural transitions induced by Triton X-100 interactions with LUVs at 4°C
Boeuf, Julien. "Caractérisation des GASP, une nouvelle famille de protéines impliquées dans le trafic intracellulaire des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/BOEUF_Julien_2008.pdf.
Full textG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), one of the most important family of proteins, are distributed at the plasma membrane and are implicated in cell communication. They represent major targets for pharmaceutical drugs and their function is tightly regulated. Recently, we identified a novel family of proteins interacting with GPCRs. This family, called GASP, could have an important function in the proteolysis of the GPCRs, which is considered as a key feature of the regulation of GPCR activity. My PhD work focused on the domains of GASPs and GPCRs that are critical for the interaction between these two kinds of proteins, identifying a novel protein-protein interaction motif and designing and developing a small peptide capable of preventing this interaction. I also focused on the interaction between GASP-1 and -2 and the acetylcholine muscarinic M1 receptor, and the consequences of this interaction on the proteolysis of this receptor, showing for the first time the implication of GASPs in the intracellular trafficking of fast recycling GPCR. Finally, I studied the physiological role of GASP-1 using transgenic animals deficient in this protein. These mice showed notably alteration in behavioral and biochemical adaptive mechanisms related to acute and prolonged administration of cocaine. The regulation of the circadian rhythms was also assessed. Despite the lack of difference in terms of sleep-activity rhythm between wild-type and mutant mice, an interaction between the GASPs and the PER clock proteins, that leads to the modification of their subcellular distribution, was observed
Boeuf, Julien Simonin Frédéric. "Caractérisation des GASP, une nouvelle famille de protéines impliquées dans le trafic intracellulaire des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/989/01/BOEUF_Julien_2008.pdf.
Full textPerbet, Romain. "Rôle des vésicules extracellulaires dans la propagation de la protéine Tau." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S023.
Full textIntra-neuronal accumulation of tau protein aggregates is one of the common feature of a group of heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases called tauopathies. In some of them, the pathology will first affect a region before spreading to other regions.This staging could be linked to the prion-like propagation of pathological seed-competent tau species. These seeds, identified in transgenic mice interstitial fluid (ISF) and in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are uptaken by cells and induce subsequent intracellular tau aggregation (Takeda et al., 2016). The pathological species of tau which are spreading are not yet well characterized but several mechanisms mediating their transfer (secretion and capture) have been highlighted. Among them, we demonstrated that tau is secreted in extracellular vesicles (EV´s) (Dujardin et al., 2014). We also know that neurons are implicated in this transfer but the role of glial cells is unknown.In this context, we wanted to: 1 / demonstrate that pathological Tau protein is present in EVs extracted from brain of patients suffering from different Tauopathy and that those EVS induce pathology in animals. 2 / detect pathological Tau species in EVs extracted from plasma and CSF, potential biomarkers of Tauopathies. 3 / demonstrate that Tau protein can be transferred from neuron to astrocyte and, if so, to determine the transfer pathway.To test the seeding potential of EV’s containing in ISF derived from human brain of patient presenting tauopathies, and Tau 30 mouse brain we have used a sensitive and specific tau biosensor assay. Our results demonstrate that EVs isolated from ISF of AD patient, PSP patient and Tau 30 mouse contain seed prion-like properties. The ability of these seeds to recruit tau seems to be correlated to the severity of tau pathology (prefrontal>occipital>cerebellum) for AD. This might reflect the slight presence of neurofibrillary degeneration as well as extracellular tau in this pathology in comparison to AD. Finally, the presence of seeds-containing EV’s in the extracellular space supports the idea that these shuttles might be implied in the prion-like propagation of tau pathology in Humans. Additionally, tau pathology spreading is driven by EV’s rather than by free-floating tau species.We also demonstrated that tau can be transferred from neuron to astrocyte; this transfer is more efficient with EV’s than with free floating tau.These data open new avenues for therapeutic interventions that might targets the toxic and propagative species
Gerbeaud, Claire. "Effet de l'insertion de protéines et de peptides membranaires sur les propriétés mécaniques et les changements morphologiques de vésicules géantes." Bordeaux 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR10649.
Full textDe, rezende rodovalho Vinicius. "Caractérisation du contenu protéomique et des propriétés immunomodulatrices des vésicules extracellulaires secrétées par la bactérie probiotique Propionibacterium freudenreichii CIRM-BIA129." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NSARI082.
Full textExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are spherical nanoparticles involved in the intercellular exchange of molecules, such as proteins. Several organisms produce EVs, including probiotic bacteria. Propionibacterium freudenreichii is a Gram-positive bacterium that emerged as a probiotic due to notable beneficial properties, including immunomodulation. Some of these properties have been attributed to factors exposed on the surface or secreted by the bacterium. Therefore, we investigated wether P. freudenreichii produced EVs that could mediate its beneficial properties. The bacteria were cultured in milk ultrafiltrate or yeast extract-lactate medium,and the concentrated culture supernatants were then purified by size exclusion chromatography or density gradient ultracentrifugation. Spherical nanoparticles were obtained, confirming the production of EVs by the bacterium. Analysis of the EVs protein content and interactomics indicated potential immunomodulatory roles, which was confirmed by cell culture assays measuring IL-8 release and NF-KB activity. Additionally, the properties and activity of EVs varied depending on the culture medium and the purification method. Overall, these results contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of the probiotic effect in P. freudenreichii and show the potential for the development of novel nanotechnological delivery systems, with a potentially significant impact on human health
Jemaiel, Aymen. "Etude du trafic membranaire vésiculaire et non-vésiculaire chez la levure." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112348/document.
Full textEukaryotic cells are characterized by their internal membrane compartmentalization, with the various specialized organelles of the cell bounded by lipid membranes. Communication between different cellular compartments occurs via two transport pathways: vesicular transport and non-vesicular transport. Vesicular transport carries both proteins and lipids from one compartment to another in cells, whereas non-vesicular transport carries only lipids. An emerging idea is the important role that lipids play in cellular organization. Lipid binding amphipathic helices such as the ALPS (amphipathic lipid packing sensor) motif are targeted to membranes of a specific lipid composition, and hence act to transfer information encoded in membrane lipids to the vesicle trafficking machinery. The lipid composition of the membranes of different organelles is therefore of great importance. One mechanism that cells use to maintain the distinct lipid compositions of organelles is lipid transport, which occurs preferentially at membrane contact sites (MCS). MCS are regions of close appositions, on the order of 10 to 30 nm, between two membranes, generally between the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and another organelle. In my thesis, I addressed two aspects of how lipids and their transport function in intracellular trafficking, using yeast as a model system. First, I studied amphipathic motifs that mediate targeting of proteins to specific compartments in cells. Lipid binding amphipathic helices were shown in a previous study in the laboratory to mediate specific targeting to distinct lipid environments via direct protein-lipid interactions, both in vitro and in cells. One of these, the ALPS motif, targets vesicles of the early secretory pathway. The other, alpha-synuclein, targets vesicles travelling between the late Golgi, the plasma membrane and endosomes. I studied new potential alpha-synuclein-like motifs in yeast proteins, and their roles in cells. In a second project, in collaboration with the laboratory of Dr. Thierry Galli, I studied new compenents involved in lipid metabolism at contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane. Maja Petkovic in the laboratory of Thierry Galli made the important discovery that the ER-localized SNARE protein Sec22 interacts with a plasma membrane syntaxin in neurons, thus providing a novel mechanism for mediating close contact between these two membranes. I addressed the question of whether this mechanism is conserved in yeast. The results I obtained confirmed that yeast Sec22 is able to interact with a SNARE protein localized to the plasma membrane, Sso1. I found by co-immunoprecitation that Sec22 and Sso1 both interact with lipid transfer proteins localized to ER-plasma membrane contact sites. Using a specific probe for phosphatidylinositol-4 phosphate (PI4P), we showed that Sec22 was involved in regulating the level of PI4P at the plasma membrane. These results extend to yeast those obtained by Maja Petkovic, Thierry Galli and colleauges showing that Sec22 has a novel role at ER-plasma membrane contact sites, and suggest that this SNARE complex might be implicated in lipid transfer at these sites in yeast
Lenoir, Sophie. "Trafic neuronal de l’activateur tissulaire du plasminogène (tPA)." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC409/document.
Full textTissue-type Plasminogen Activator (tPA) is a serine protease, firstly discovered for its fibrinolytic role in the vascular compartment. Interestingly, tPA is also present in the brain parenchyma, being notably expressed by neurons. tPA displays important roles in synaptic plasticity(Danny Baranes et al., 1998; Melchor and Strickland, 2006), learning, memory processes(R Madani et al., 1999; R Pawlak et al., 2002), neuronal survival and death. tPA is able to promote N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors (NMDAR)-induced calcium influx, promoting synaptic plasticity or excitotoxic neuronal death. tPA is also able to activate Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors (EGFR), a mechanism mediating its anti-apoptotic effect. To better understand the different functions of tPA on neurons, we studied the pattern of distribution and trafficking of neuronal tPA. For that, we designed a new tool to image tPA in living neurons: a plasmid encoding for a tPA-HaloTag® fusion protein. We first found that tPA is present in both axons and dendrites of mature cultured cortical neurons and preferentially at the post-synaptic part. Our results also showed that tPA is stored and released by VAMP2 exocytotic vesicles, and can be endocytosed by Rab5 vesicles, recycled by Rab11 vesicles and degraded by Rab7 vesicles. Furthermore, tPA is localized and sorted in the same vesicles than Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), one of the most important neurotrophins, Interestingly, BDNF maturation is dependent of tPA proteolytic activity. This work provides a better understanding of the role and distribution of tPA in living neurons and opens new avenues into the involvement of tPA and BDNF in neuronal survival
Habib, Lamice. "Étude des propriétés membranaires des vésicules lipidiques incorporant des triterpènes oxygénés bioactifs d'origine végétale : application à la cucurbitacine E et à l'érythrodiol." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10022/document.
Full textCucurbitacin E and erythrodiol are natural oxygenated triterpenes having respectively, a tetra and pentacyclic skeleton. They are known for their numerous biological properties. In this thesis, we studied their interaction with the membranes of lipid vesicles to better understand their pharmacodynamics. We have prepared liposomes in the absence and presence of cucurbitacin E and erythrodiol using the reverse phase evaporation technique followed by extrusion, the hydration of lipid film and the ethanol injection techniques. The physicochemical characteristics of lipid vesicles incorporating or not the triterpenic molecules were investigated by appropriate techniques. The determination of cucurbitacin E and erythrodiol in the vesicles by high performance liquid chromatography showed high incorporation efficiencies of both triterpenes. Size measurements obtained by dynamic light scattering showed that liposomes incorporating triterpenes were smaller than empty liposomes. The images obtained by transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of spherical vesicles. Measurements of vesicles dimensions by atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated that liposomes incorporating cucurbitacin E were higher and more resistant to the force exerted by the AFM tip than the blank liposomes. Liposomes incorporating erythrodiol were more fragile and tend to break up into lipid bilayers on the mica surface. Results obtained by differential scanning calorimetry suggested that cucurbitacin E is localized at the polar-apolar interface of the liposomal membrane while erythrodiol is inserted between the acyl chains of the phospholipids leading to the formation of heterogeneous lipid domains. The release kinetics of the sulforhodamin B encapsulated into the aqueous phase and measured by fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the liposomal membrane becomes in the presence of cucurbitacin E, more permeable to this probe. The overall results suggest that cucurbitacin E and erythrodiol affect differently
Morvan, Joëlle. "Rôle de l' ubiquitine et des lipides dans le tri des protéines membranaires au cours de leur trafic intracellulaire chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066338.
Full textYoussefian, Tayebeh. "Trafic intracellulaire dans la lignée mégacaryocyto-plaquettaire : biogenèse des granules denses et interaction avec le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA11T041.
Full textPerrot, Nahuel. "Production dans Escherichia coli de vésicules enrichies en cavéoline-1(32-178) canine ou son fragment (76-178)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS067.
Full textCaveolin-1, a 21 kDa membrane protein, is the principal membrane protein ofcytoplasmic membrane domains named caveolae. Specifically enriched incholesterol and sphingolipids those domains are important in many aspect of the cell's life and make up a proteins and lipids interaction platform. In the past years, despite a large number of publications stating the implication of caveolin-1 or caveolae in many cell processes and pathologies, very few is known about theway this protein is organized at the cell membrane. Hence, the main purpose of thiswork is to contribute to the acquisition of structural data on this protein. At the base of this work is the heterologous expression within a bacterial host, and as a fusion protein, of the canin beta isoform of cavéolin-1 or one of its fragment. These expressions lead to the formation of cytoplasmic vesicles composed mainly ofthe expressed protein. Thence, the first part of this work focus on developping a method to purify those vesicles that does not rely on using any kind of detergent which could enable structural studies in a native environnment. The second part present a potentiel application of those vesicles and inparticular the use of those vesicles to characterize a membrane enzyme, namelythe murin microsomal glutathion-Stransferase. The last part will be a contribution to data analysis within the context of molecular dynamics simulationof membraneous systems
Ruffiot, Pauline. "Développement de systèmes membranaires modèles pour la vacuole parasitophore de Toxoplasma gondii : intéractions des protéines de granules denses (protéines GRA) avec des vésicules unilamellaires." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10104.
Full textGRA proteins are secreted by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii into the parasitophorous vacuole, where most of them interact with two systems of tubular membranes: the Host Organelle Sequestering Tubules (HaSTs) and the Membrane Nanotubules Network (RNM). Although most of the GRA proteins contain potential transmembrane domains, they are secreted as soluble forms and become membrane-associated only when they reach their target membranes. This unusual property led to consider them as attractive models of protein-membrane interactions. 1 developed two experimental approaches to study the interactions of GRA proteins, extracted trom the parasite or trom the vacuole, with model membranes. Firstly, biochemical approaches using Small Unilamellar Vesic1es (SUVs) led to characterize the solubilisation forms of GRA proteins and their association with SUVs membranes. Secondly, 1 developed a Giant Unilamellar Vesic1es (GUVs) model to study the interactions of GRA proteins with membranes by fluorescence spectroscopy methods. The results provide elements 1) which help to decipher the traffic of GRA proteins within the parasite and the PV, and 2) which open the way to set up an in vitro minimal system to study the building up of the parasitophorous vacuole and of its associated tubular membranes
Fagla-Amoussou, Akouavi Balbine. "Etude des interactions polluants aromatiques polycycliques (HAP)-récepteurs adrénergiques-phospholipides membranaires dans le tissu adipeux." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL080N/document.
Full textObesity is a disease defined by an accumulation of fat in adipose tissue with adverse consequences for health. The causes of obesity are many.In recent work, there was demonstrated the role of environmental pollution in weight gain.In this work, the assumptions that the adrenergic receptors on the surface of fat cells would home to the accumulation of polycyclic aromatic pollutants have been verified by measurement of several agonists and antagonists specific and non-specific in the presence or absence of benzo[a]pyrene receptors on human cells and Chinese hamster (CHO). The amounts of cAMP obtained showed that PAHs are not deposited on β-receptors, β1, β2, β3 adrenergic receptors.This accumulation occurs at the cytoplasmic membrane phospholipids of the cells. What cau-ses stiffness of the membranes. This observation tends to reinforce the hypothesis that benzo [a]pyrene induce an inhibition of lipolysis by the accumulation in the phospholipid bilayer and conformational changes of the bilayer phospholipids in the vicinity of receptors seven transmembrane domains which are β-adrenergic receptors
Marconi, Séverine. "Dosage de l'activité endoprotéolytique de neurotoxines clostridiales." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20690.
Full textNeurotransmitter-filled synaptic vesicles fuse in a calcium-dependent manner with the plasma membrane to release their content into the synaptic cleft. VAMP2, a synaptic vesicle membrane protein, interacts with SNAP-25 and syntaxin1 localized on the plasma membrane. These proteins, called SNAREs, assemble into a heterotrimeric complex that brings the vesicle and the plasma membranes into close apposition. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the most toxic biological substances known, inhibit synaptic neurotransmission by cleaving SNAREs. There are seven BoNT serotypes named A to G of which BoNT/ B and F cleave VAMP2 and BoNT/A and E cleave SNAP-25. The increasing use of BoNTs as therapeutic and cosmetic agents, but also the threat they constitute as potential bioweapons, highlight the need for development of in vitro assays to detect their endoproteolytic activity. These alternative methods should replace the mouse bioassay which is the current reference method. An in vitro assay for the detection of the catalytic activity of BoNT/B and F has been developed by Ferracci et al. In 2005. It is based on the direct quantification of synaptic vesicle proteins, in particular VAMP2, by their immuno-capture on specific antibodies immobilized on the sensor chip surface. For BoNT/B, this test was shown to be 200 times more sensitive and up to 25 times faster than the reference in vivo toxicity test in mice. Using synaptic vesicles as a substrate, a comparison of the EC50s for BoNT/B obtained by SPR, ELISA or flow cytometry indicated similar sensitivity although SPR assays were more rapid and economical. We also showed that synaptic vesicles are a robust substrate, that can be lyophilized, allowing the detection of BoNT/B activity in complex media. With an immunoisolation step of BoNT/B from serum, the assay was shown to be 30 times more sensitive than the mouse bioassay. We developed an SPR-based method allowing the quantification of plasma membrane proteins and the detection of BoNT/A activity. Sonication of brain or neuronal cultures generated plasma membrane fragments with accessible intra-cellular epitopes adapted to analysis by SPR. SPR responses were proportional to antigen concentration permitting detection of as little as 4 pM SNAP-25 in crude lysates. BoNT/A activity was assayed using monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize a SNAP-25 epitope generated by the proteolytic action of the toxin. The SPR biosensor method was sensitive enough to monitor BoNT/A and B activity in cells cultured in a 96-well format and could favourably replace time-consuming techniques for the measurement of toxin activity
Castro, Cruz Monica del Carmen. "The impact of the syndecan-PDZ interactome on endosomal trafficking and extracellular vesicle composition." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0302.
Full textSyndecans form a family of four transmembrane proteins that are substituted with heparan sulfate. By virtue of these extracellular carbohydrate chains, syndecans control the signaling of a plethora of growth factors and adhesion molecules. Another remarkable feature of syndecans is the conservation of their intracellular domain through evolution. This domain contains a C-terminal motif that can mediate interaction with PDZ proteins. PDZ interactions are promiscuous and PDZ proteins control various aspects of cell signaling and cell-cell communication. Four syndecan-PDZ interactions have been described so far and all these interactions have broad effects on cell behavior. In particular, it was documented that syndecan-syntenin interaction has impact on the intracellular trafficking of heparan sulfate cargo. Moreover syndecan-syntenin controls the biogenesis of exosomes, extracellular organelles emerging as important mediators of cell-cell communication in health and diseases. The human proteome contains 150 PDZ proteins and 266 PDZ domains. Here we started addressing the complexity of the syndecan-PDZ interactome and tested for its impact on membrane trafficking and on the composition of extracellular vesicles. Our work paves the way for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and networks controlling cell-cell communication in health and disease
Gaspard, Cindy Jeanty. "Particularités immunobiochimiques et trafic intracellulaire de la protéine HLA-B27, molécule du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe I impliquée dans les spondylarthrites." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T001.
Full textAnkylosing spondylitis (AS), the most common form of spondyloarthritis (SpA), is strongly associated with the MHC class I HLA-B27 molecule. Although this association has been largely studied, mechanisms of pathology remain unclear. Development of a spontaneous inflammatory disease resembling human SpA in HLA-B27 transgenic rats confirmed the direct involvement of HLA-B27 and allowed to associate disease development with high expression levels of this molecule. Moreover, the HLA-B27 protein has an enhanced propensity to misfold and form aberrant disulfide linked heavy chain oligomers in the endoplasmic reticulum and at the cell surface. The goal of my thesis work was to determine if the HLA-B27 traffic and/or its ability to form oligomers are involved in this requirement of overexpression. For that, our team has developed fusion proteins ((HLA-BYFP and HLA-BRLuc) and the BRET technique to study, in vitro, the HLA-B/HLA-B interactions. Using this experimental system, we have shown the formation of intracellular vesicles, in which misfolded/unfolded HLA-B proteins accumulated when they were highly expressed, for both AS-associated alleles (HLA-B*2702, -05, et -07) or not (HLA-B*2706, et -09, HLA-B*0702). This phenomenon is strongly pronounced for AS-associated subtypes. For high-level expression, we also observed that the AS-associated subtypes form oligomers that behave differently from those formed by the HLA-B7 control protein. This phenomenon doesn’t appear to be due to unfolded protein response (UPR) triggering and is not abrogated by proteasome inhibition
Neyraud, Vincent. "L'ubiquitination des GTPases Ral : Un nouveau mécanisme de régulation diu trafic intracellulaire de Ral et des micro-domaines menmbranaires lipidiques." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T085.
Full textCouesnon, Aurélie. "Passage de la neurotoxine botulique à travers la barrière intestinale." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003461.
Full textSalim, Cláudio. "Expression de la protéine géante AHNAK après lésion de la moelle épinière et dans le système nerveux périphérique : études fonctionnelles sur les cellules de Schwann in vitro." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066507.
Full textAhnak gene in rat has been first identified by a differential screening that aimed in identifying proteins overexpressed in a spinal cord injury. After a spinal injury in rat, AHNAK is expressed by different types of cells invading the lesion epicenter as soon as 48h after injury. Those cells constitute the fibrotic component of the glial scar, and produce ahank at least until 6 months after injury. AHNAK expressing cells delineate the inner border of cystic cavities in the lesion epicenter, suggesting that AHNAK may participate in the formation of a tissue-protective barrier. In the peripheral nervous system, AHNAK is constitutively expressed by sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia, satellite cells, and Schwann cells from the nerve. During myelination in rat, AHNAK is redistributed from a strictly perimyelinic compartment of the external cytoplasm, to a more diffuse distribution associated with the outer surface of vesicles, and with the abaxonal plasma membrane. In non confluent Schwann cells in vitro, AHNAK and the laminin-receptor dystroglycan are associated with filopodia-like cell extensions. Ahnak interference in Schwann cells induces retraction of cell processes and detachment from laminin coated surfaces, associated with a reduction of the Schwann cell content in beta-dystroglycan and a nuclear translocation of Schwann cell specific dystrophin Dp116 which normally binds beta dystroglycan with the actin cytoskeleton. . We suggest AHNAK to be implicated in targeting and/or scaffolding of the dystroglycan-associated complex to the abaxonal membrane. Thus, similarly to periaxin with which it shares certain features, AHNAK may contribute to SC-basal lamina interaction, and myelin formation and/or maintenance
Saint-Jean, Bruno. "Etude de la voie de transport assurée par le récepteur d’adressage vacuolaire BP80." Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUES037.
Full textBP80 is a vacuolar receptor responsible for sorting proaleurain from the trans-Golgi network. The complex receptor-ligand is packed into shuttle vesicles that are directed and fused to a prevacuolar compartment where the lower pH induces the dissociation between the receptor and the proaleurain. This latter matured and released in the lytic vacuole. Beside the fact that BP80 uses clathrin coated vesicles for its traffic, we have no other indication on the signals in the cytoplasmic tail used by BP80 traffic. In an attempt to identify trafficking signals, we fused the GFP to the transmembrane and the cytosolic domains of BP80 and called the resulting fusion protein GFP-PS1. Like the native vacuolar receptor, GFP-PS1 accumulates and cycles in the same cell compartment. We then introduced single or two mutation(s) in the cytosolic portion of GFP-PS1. Using this approach, we identify two important sorting signals, which participates to recycling and endocytic events of BP80
Claudinon, Julie. "Identification de mécanismes de régulation des fonctions des interférons: Rôle de la palmitoylation du récepteur de l'interféron de type I." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00354695.
Full textBreton, Victor. "Elucider le rôle de VAMP7 dans les remodelages membranaires au cours des phénomènes d'apprentissages et de la mémoire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7048.
Full textTo transmit information from one neuron to another, neuronal cells use specialized communicating junctions called synapses. In the hippocampus, a large proportion of excitatory synapses are located in tiny membrane protrusions called dendritic spines. The dynamics and morphology of the spines change over time, depending on the activity to which the synapse is subjected. The pre- and post-synaptic zones are subject to a dense and active intracellular traffic. Among the proteins that regulate this traffic, we can find SNAREs (Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor Attachment protein REceptor) which are mediating membrane fusion. This process allows vesicles to fuse with targeted membrane and enable the release of: neurotransmitters (pre-synaptic) or synaptic receptors (post-synaptic). SNARE proteins are classified into two main categories: v-SNAREs, found on the vesicle membrane, and t-SNAREs, found on targeted membrane. v- and t-SNAREs interact with each other to bring the two membranes together and trigger membrane fusion. The aim of my thesis was to determinate the role of intracellular trafficking in the membrane remodeling during learning and memory. My work focused on the v-SNARE VAMP7, which is expressed in neurons from developmental to mature stages, although little is known about its role in dendrites. Previously in the laboratory, it has been shown that VAMP7 KO mice show improved memory performance in behavioral tests involving learning and memory. First, I showed that VAMP7 is localized preferentially in dendrites. Then, I quantified on electron microscopy that VAMP7 KO mice show an increase in mature dendritic spines, confirming a role for VAMP7 in learning and memory processes. Using microscopy, I showed that VAMP7 is localized in close proximity to synapses and that VAMP7 is found in a large majority of dendritic spines, particularly in the head of these. To determinate its function, I assessed the distribution of VAMP7 and classical intracellular compartments (early and recycling endosomes, endolysosomes, etc.) in dendrites. My results indicate that VAMP7 is not predominantly localized in these compartments, suggesting the existence of an uncharacterized dendritic compartment. Using live imaging and super-resolution imaging, STED and STORM, I show that VAMP7 is localized in dendritic golgi extensions (Golgi sattelite). Finally, my results show that VAMP7 and some type of NMDA receptors are in the same compartments in both dendritic shaft and spines. In addition to studying the role of VAMP7 in membrane remodeling processes, I have, in collaboration with chemists specializing in the synthesis of fluorescent probes, discovered and developed the use of photoconvertible organic probes in conventional and super-resolution microscopy. More specifically, we discovered the physico-chemical properties of photoconvertible fluorescent probes, which I used to reconstruct the plasma membrane in STORM imaging on living cells. In the future, this will make it possible to follow the dynamics of spines during synaptic plasticity in STORM imaging. My results suggest the existence of an uncharacterized VAMP7-positive dendritic compartments, whose function would be to act as a storage station for synaptic proteins and receptors. It would be interesting to investigate whether the activity and trafficking of synaptic receptors would then be under the control of VAMP7 which could also be dependent on the level of synaptic activity. In this way, we could study VAMP7 exocytosis and how its activity is modulated during synaptic plasticity (LTP - LTD)
Gubar, Olga. "Rôle de l'intersectin-1 au cours du trafic membranaire : identification de nouveaux partenaires moléculaires." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ010/document.
Full textThe cellular homeostasis is tightly linked to the membrane trafficking, a dynamic process which allows lipid and protein exchange between the cellular compartments as well as the cell and the environment. Intersectin1 (ITSN1) is a multifunctional scaffold protein implicated in the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis, different signaling pathways and cell survival. In present study I have identified two new partners of ITSN1, RhoU and OPHN1, and demonstrated their implication in membrane trafficking. Surprisingly, I have also found that the alternative splicing of ITSN1-L can lead to the change of the specificity of its interaction with binding partners. In addition, I have shown that different ITSN1 isoforms are capable to form complexes with each other. All together these data add new knowledge to ITSN1 interactome
Allain, Jean-Marc. "Instabilités des membranes lipidiques inhomogènes : implications biologiques." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011333.
Full textpetite taille, appelées 'rafts', existeraient dans les membranes cellulaires. Différentes expériences sur des vésicules multiphasiques montrent que cette inhomogénéïté latérale favorise des instabilités de forme. Nous avons modélisé trois instabilités différentes, observées expérimentalement, pour mieux comprendre comment les propriétés mécaniques des vésicules sont affectées par l'existence d'un domaine. Deux instabilités concernent des déformations hors du plan de la bicouche : la rupture d'un tube de membrane, provoquée par les contraintes mécaniques internes, et l'éjection d'un domaine d'une vésicule tendue, soit par l'absorption de molécules soit par un changement de pression osmotique. Enfin, nous avons modélisé une instabilité illustrant le comportement hydrodynamique de la bicouche, qui justifie le concept de viscosité associé à celle-ci tout en soulignant son caractère bidimensionnel.
Dornier, Emmanuel. "Régulation de la métalloprotéase ADAM10/Kuzbanian par les tétraspanines à 8 cystéines et conséquences sur l'activation de la voie Notch chez les mammifères et la Drosophile." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00788362.
Full textÉlias, Salah. "Contribution à la caractérisation des mécanismes moléculaires impliquant la chromogranine A dans l'établissement de la voie de sécrétion régulée dans les cellules neuroendocrines." Rouen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ROUES004.
Full textThe nature of the sorting signals for entry of proteins into the dense-core secretory granules (SG) and the molecular machinery required to generate SG remain unclear. Recent studies revealed that chromogranin A (CgA) deficiency is associated with hormone storage impairment, suggesting that CgA plays a major role in the formation of SG in neuroendocrine cells. The cloning of frog CgA revealed high conservation though evolution of the global acidity and of the terminal regions of the protein, suggesting that these features are essential for the biological activity of CgA. Expression of CgA in the non-endocrine COS-7 cells induced the formation of dense-core vesicles containing CgA. As SG in neuroendocrine cells, trafficking and exocytosis of CgA-containing granules required interactions with microtubules and actin filaments. These SG-like organelles were able to store hormones that could be released in a calcium-dependent manner. Deletion of the terminal regions of CgA resulted in a reorientation of the proteins from the regulated to the constitutive secretory pathway, indicating that these domains were essential for the formation of functional SG-like structures in COS-7 cells. Expression of CgA in the corticotrope AtT20 cells increased POMC levels in SG, whereas the expression of terminal deletion-mutants provoked retention of the hormone in the Golgi area. Thus, CgA, but not its truncated forms, promoted POMC sorting to the regulated secretory pathway. Our results demonstrate that CgA, through its conserved terminal domains, directs the formation of SG and the sorting and release of hormones
Lauwers, Elsa. "Role of sphingolipids and polyubiquitin chains in intracellular trafficking of the yeast GAP1 permease." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210648.
Full textOne of the membrane proteins of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae whose intracellular trafficking has been extensively studied is the general amino acid permease Gap1. Yet some aspects of the function of ubiquitin in the nitrogen-dependent control of this protein remain controversial. Moreover, the potential role of lipid rafts in regulating the functional properties and traffic of the Gap1 permease had not been investigated before this thesis work.
The first part of our work readdresses the role of Gap1 ubiquitylation, and more precisely of the modification of the permease with polyubiquitin chains linked through the lysine 63 of ubiquitin, in controlling the fate of this protein in the secretory pathway. Our observations indicate that nitrogen-induced ubiquitylation of newly synthesised Gap1 occurs in the trans-Golgi complex. However, contrary to the generally accepted view, this modification is not necessary for the permease to exit this compartment en route to the endosome but only for its subsequent targeting to the vacuolar lumen via the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway. Our results also provide evidence that K63-linked polyubiquitylation is important mostly at the late endosomal level, for proper sorting of Gap1 into the MVB pathway, whether the permease comes from the cell surface by endocytosis or directly from the secretory pathway.
In the second part of this work, we present a set of data providing novel insights into the controversial question of the exact nature of lipid rafts in yeast. We first showed that the Gap1 permease is associated with detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) - the proposed biochemical equivalent of lipid rafts - when it is located at the cell surface. Our data further suggest that this may be true for most if not all yeast plasma membrane proteins. Moreover, we found that Gap1 production must be coupled to de novo synthesis of sphingolipids (SLs), major constituents of rafts, in order for the newly synthesised permease to be correctly folded, active, associated with DRMs, and stable at the cell surface. We propose a model where Gap1 would associate with newly synthesised SLs during its biogenesis and/or secretion, this association shaping the permease into its native conformation and ensuring its incorporation and stabilisation in specific lipid domains at the plasma membrane. Failure of Gap1 to acquire this lipidic microenvironment in turns leads to its ubiquitin-dependent degradation by a quality-control mechanism. This model might be valid for many other plasma membrane proteins and might account for their lateral distribution between distinct membrane domains.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Del, Río Iñiguez Iratxe. "Intracellular vesicle traffic, immunological synapse and T cell activation. Modulation by Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 Rac1-Rab11-FIP3 regulatory hub coordinates vesicle traffic with actin remodeling and T cell activation Rab11-FIP3 regulation of Lck endosomal traffic controls TCR signal transduction." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS561.
Full textThe immunological synapse is the result of a T cell polarization process that depends on the orchestrated action of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and of intracellular vesicle traffic. The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and various components of its proximal signaling machinery are associated with the plasma membrane and vesicular endosomal compartments, continuously trafficking between the two locations. I show in this thesis that the subcellular localization and function of the tyrosine kinase Lck and the actin cytoskeleton regulator Rac1, depend on the Rab11 recycling endosomal compartment, and more in particular, on the Rab11 effector FIP3. Importantly, FIP3-dependent Lck and Rac1 localization controls early TCR signaling, intracellular calcium concentration, IL-2 gene expression and morphological events, like T cell spreading and synapse symmetry. Moreover, I investigated how the HIV-1 accessory protein Nef, which is crucial for virus replication in vivo and AIDS pathogenesis, specifically hijacks several active signaling molecules, concentrating them in the Rab11 endosomal compartment, and concomitantly inducing the upregulation of some early and late T cell activation genes. Interestingly, dispersion of this concentration by depleting Rab11-FIP3, counteracted Nef-induced gene expression upregulation. Therefore, by modifying their endosomal traffic, Nef hijacks signaling and actin cytoskeleton regulators to dually modulate their functional outputs. In conclusion, our data shed new light into the molecular mechanisms orchestrating endosomal traffic with T cell activation and cytoskeletal rearrangements, and their subversion during HIV-1 infection
Martinez, Denis. "Rôles des phosphoinositides dans l'intéraction membranaire de la protéine Rgd1 et la croissance polarisée des levures : étude structurale et interaction par RMN et cristallographie." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0369/document.
Full textPhosphoinositides act as regulatory and signalling molecules at the membrane-cytosol interface in signal transduction, membrane traffic and cytoskeleton organization. These lipids recruit several proteins to specific compartments, but also regulate their activity. In the yeast Saccharomycescerevisiae, they directly bind the Rgd1-RhoGAP domain, that stimulates the GTPase activity of bothRho3p and Rho4p. The GTPase activity of these two Rho proteins, respectively involved in the polarized growth and cytokinesis of the yeast, is enhanced with the presence of Rgd1p and PIPs. The main objective of this thesis is to understand the PIP-RhoGAP interaction at the molecular level. In order to do that, we coupled X-ray structure determination to solution NMR spectroscopy on the isolated RhoGAP domain. Our results show that the domain contains the conserved elements that would usually confer the catalytic GTPase activation. We us e liquid-state NMR spectroscopy to follow the interaction with PI(4)P and PI(4,5)P2, respectively found in secretion vesicles and the plasma membrane. Our study reveals a common binding site for both PIPs in a non-conserved region in the RhoGAP domain family. We measured sub-millimolar binding affinity for PIPs. Such moderate binding affinities are consistent with the biological requirement for reversible complex formation. The selectivity of the interaction could be made in a spatio temporal way, on the secretion vesicles during polarized growth and at the plasma membrane during cytokinesis
Liu, Yi. "Calcium-related fungal genes implicated in arbuscular mycorrhiza." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00985826.
Full textBeillevaire, Déborah. "Rôle de l’autophagie dans la biogenèse des vésicules membranaires apoptotiques." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23509.
Full textIschemia/reperfusion (I/R) occurring in all solid organ transplantation, constitute a proautophagic / pro-apoptotic stimulus on endothelial cells. We recently demonstrated that apoptotic endothelial cells (CEapo) secrete apoptotic exosome-like vesicles (ApoExo) that induce autoimmune response and accelerate vascular rejection in a mouse aortic transplant model. These ApoExo, that differ from classical apoptotic bodies in structure and protein content, contain the C-terminal fragment of perlecan, LG3. LG3, an autoantigen of importance in transplantation, promotes vascular remodeling and is increased in circulation in renal transplant patients undergoing vascular rejection. In addition, the presence of anti-LG3 antibodies prior to transplantation is associated with a higher risk of developing vascular rejection in kidney transplant patients and long-term graft loss. It is known that the generation of LG3 fragment involves the proteolysis of perlecan by cathepsin-L, a lysosomal protease, but the mechanism of export of this fragment within ApoExo is still unknown. We hypothesized that lysosomal activity and autophagy play an important role in the maturation and the secretion of LG3 in ApoExo vesicles secreted by CEapo. Longitudinal electron microscopy study after 1h, 2h and 3h in serum starved endothelial human cells revealed the presence of perlecan / LG3 fragment within autophagic compartments (autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes) at different stages of the autophagic process. After 3 hours of serum starvation, we identified LG3 fragment in membrane vesicles located within large vacuolar networks reminiscent of autophagolysosomes. Inhibition of cathepsin-L, of lysosomal acidification and of autophagy decrease the presence of LG3 fragment in ApoExo vesicles without affecting vesicle secretion thus demonstrating the role of autophagy in the secretion of LG3 fragment within ApoExo. However, Injection of ApoExo LG3- vesicles from bafilomycin-treated aortic murine cells into a murine aortic transplant model induces autoimmune anti-LG3 response and vascular remodeling at levels similar to the ApoExo vehicle mice control group. Proteomic analysis of ApoExo from bafilomycin-treated aortic murine cells has demonstrated that bafilomycin modifies ApoExo protein content by inducing an increase of the presence of lysosomal proteins and the extracellular matrix, including perlecan. This suggests that the presence of LG3 motif in uncleaved native perlecan in ApoExo LG3- could be responsible for the establishment of the anti-LG3 response as well as the vascular remodeling observed in mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that autophagy in endothelial cells producing ApoExo does not regulate the immuogenicity of ApoExo. However, it regulates within apoptotic endothelial cells the processing and cleavage of perlecan who is immunogenic. Indeed, autophagy modulates the different forms of native and cleaved perlecan secreted in ApoExo. Grafted mice study thus allowed us to consider neither the involvement of the LG3 fragment but the implication of the LG3 motif present in the uncleaved native perlecan and its intermediate forms in the anti-LG3 autoimmune response and vascular rejection. Modulating perlecan and LG3 secretion in ApoExo vesicles is a potential therapeutic target to reduce the autoimmune response that can increase vascular damage after transplantation.
Schmidt, Maxime. "Développement d’une méthode de production de vésicules membranaires permettant l’étude du mode d’action des toxines insecticides de Bacillus thuringiensis." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19119.
Full textMost Bacillus thuringiensis toxins permeabilize the intestinal membrane of susceptible insects by forming pores that abolish transmembrane electrical potentials and ionic gradients. Several toxins have been studied using brush border membrane vesicles purified from the insect midgut. Unfortunately, the intestinal membrane from many insects does not form vesicles that are tight enough to be used in permeabilisation experiments. A new technique using giant liposomes and a membrane permeability probe was developed to evaluate the pore-forming ability of two particularly promising toxins for the biocontrol of a major corn pest, the Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte), Cry6Aa1 and the binary toxin DS10/DS11. Both toxins permeabilized the liposomes efficiently. However, analysis of the permeabilisation rates under different experimental conditions indicates that these toxins differ in their biophysical properties. The binary toxin forms pores which are slightly selective for cations, like most B. thuringiensis toxins. On the other hand, although the results suggest that Cry6Aa1 could form anion-selective pores, they could also indicate that, in contrast with other toxins produced by this bacterium, it could form pores only under high ionic strength conditions. Pore formation by both toxins appears to be sensitive to membrane curvature since it is much more efficient in giant liposomes than in liposomes with identical composition, but smaller in size. This study sets the bases for the development of a technique that would allow the toxins to be studied in giant liposomes enriched with proteins and lipids from the intestinal membrane of target insects.
Bouvier, David. "Distribution intracellulaire et trafic des récepteurs à tyrosine kinase EphA4 et EphB2 à la synapse mature dans le système nerveux central murin." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6703.
Full textRuffiot, Pauline. "Développement de systèmes membranaires modèles pour la vacuole parasitophore de Toxoplasma gondii :Interactions des protéines de granules denses (protéines GRA) avec des vésicules unilamellaires." Phd thesis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00177965.
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