Journal articles: 'Traffic relaying'

1

Lorenzo, Beatriz, and Savo Glisic. "Traffic adaptive relaying topology control." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 8, no. 11 (November 2009): 5612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2009.081613.

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Chen, Jian, Lu Lv, Wenjin Geng, and Yonghong Kuo. "Energy-Aware Hybrid Cooperative Relaying with Asymmetric Traffic." ETRI Journal 37, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 717–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.15.0114.0522.

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WECHTAISONG, Chitapong, and Hiroaki MORINO. "Delay Insertion Based P2PTV Traffic Localization Considering Peer's Relaying Capability." IEICE Transactions on Communications E100.B, no. 10 (2017): 1798–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2016ebp3367.

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Nordio, Alessandro, Carla-Fabiana Chiasserini, and Tamer ElBatt. "Fair Traffic Relaying for Two-Source-One-Destination Wireless Networks." IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 1, no. 1 (February 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcl.2012.102811.110021.

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Abdou, AbdelRahman, Ashraf Matrawy, and Paul C. van Oorschot. "Taxing the Queue: Hindering Middleboxes From Unauthorized Large-Scale Traffic Relaying." IEEE Communications Letters 19, no. 1 (January 2015): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2014.2349973.

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Tian, Feng, Xu Yuan, Y. Thomas Hou, Wenjing Lou, and Zhen Yang. "Cost Minimization for Cooperative Traffic Relaying Between Primary and Secondary Networks." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 17, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 2014–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2018.2795607.

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Zhang, ChenSi, JianHua Ge, Jing Li, Bin Zhu, and XiaoYe Shi. "Traffic-knowledge-based relay selection for asymmetric two-way AF relaying networks." Science China Information Sciences 56, no. 4 (February 19, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11432-012-4755-8.

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Nordio, Alessandro, Vahid Forutan, and Carla-Fabiana Chiasserini. "Upper Bounds to the Performance of Cooperative Traffic Relaying in Wireless Linear Networks." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 12, no. 3 (March 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2013.012513.121016.

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Shi, JingJing, JianHua Ge, Jing Li, and Yang Gao. "Traffic-information-utilized low-complexity relay selection for two-way AF relaying networks." Science China Information Sciences 56, no. 9 (September 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11432-013-4978-3.

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He, Shi, Bing Gao, and Zhang Jun Fan. "Outage Performance of Multiuser AF Two-Way Relaying with Asymmetric Traffic Requirements over Nakagami-m Fading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 4530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.4530.

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In this paper, we investigate the outage performance of a multiuser two-way relaying system over Nakagami-m fading channels. In particular, we consider the amplify-and-forward (AF) relay system with beamforming at the base station. Furthermore, the base station and mobile users have asymmetric traffic requirements. We fist derive a tight lower bound for the outage probability (OP). Moreover, the asymptotic outage probability expression is derived to shed light on the system's diversity order. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the analytical results.

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Rezwan, Sifat, and Wooyeol Choi. "A Survey on Applications of Reinforcement Learning in Flying Ad-Hoc Networks." Electronics 10, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10040449.

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Flying ad-hoc networks (FANET) are one of the most important branches of wireless ad-hoc networks, consisting of multiple unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) performing assigned tasks and communicating with each other. Nowadays FANETs are being used for commercial and civilian applications such as handling traffic congestion, remote data collection, remote sensing, network relaying, and delivering products. However, there are some major challenges, such as adaptive routing protocols, flight trajectory selection, energy limitations, charging, and autonomous deployment that need to be addressed in FANETs. Several researchers have been working for the last few years to resolve these problems. The main obstacles are the high mobility and unpredictable changes in the topology of FANETs. Hence, many researchers have introduced reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms in FANETs to overcome these shortcomings. In this study, we comprehensively surveyed and qualitatively compared the applications of RL in different scenarios of FANETs such as routing protocol, flight trajectory selection, relaying, and charging. We also discuss open research issues that can provide researchers with clear and direct insights for further research.

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Galán-Jiménez, Jaime, Javier Berrocal, Jose Garcia-Alonso, and Manuel Jesús Azabal. "A Novel Routing Scheme for Creating Opportunistic Context-Virtual Networks in IoT Scenarios." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 19, 2019): 1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081875.

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The massive amount of traffic required by the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm can be supported by the imminent arrival of 5G next-generation networks. However, the limited capacity of resources in IoT nodes, e.g., battery lifetime or buffer space, opens a challenge to be taken into account when proposing new routing solutions on IoT scenarios with intermittent connectivity. In this paper, we propose the concept of Opportunistic Context-Virtual Networks (OCVNs). The novelty of this approach is to create virtual groups of nodes that share interests in common for routing purposes. Therefore, only the nodes that are interested in the content of the messages that are flowing throughout the network are used as relaying nodes, providing their own resources for the sake of the communication. By leveraging the use of store-carry-and-forward mechanisms, a novel routing algorithm is proposed and evaluated over two realistic scenarios. Experimental results reveal that our solution outperforms other well-known opportunistic routing algorithms in terms of delivery probability and overhead ratio, while resource usage of relaying nodes is significantly reduced.

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Khandakar, Amith, and Amr Mahmoud Salem Mohamed. "Understanding Probabilistic Cognitive Relaying Communication with Experimental Implementation and Performance Analysis." Sensors 19, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010179.

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Efficiently use of the limited wireless spectrum can be achieved by cooperative cognitive relaying, where secondary users (SUs), who do not pay for the licensed spectrum and have better channel condition to the primary users (PUs) destination, can help the PU by relaying their traffic. A systematic approach of implementing a Cooperative Cognitive Relaying framework using USRP2 is proposed in this paper, which could be used for practical experiments on cognitive radio applications. Two probabilities are introduced in the experiment in the paper and their effect on the PU and SU performance are studied and analyzed. The two probabilities are: (1) Probability of Admission, which controls the PU data that would be allowed by SU in their PU data queue (which could be relayed by SU later) and (2) Probability of Scheduling, which controls the selection of queue at the SU (PU relay data queue or the SU data queue) and the data of the selected queue would be relayed by SU during an idle time slot. Finally, the practical results from the varying of the introduced probabilities on the performance of PU and SU are verified with the simulation results. A very interesting result is found from the practical experiment where it is seen that increasing probability of scheduling of the PU packets at the SU is always in favor of the SU as opposed to the PU in terms of both throughput and delay.

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Bhattacharya, D., M. Painho, S. Mishra, and A. Gupta. "MOBILE TRAFFIC ALERT AND TOURIST ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEM DESIGN USING GEOSPATIAL DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W3 (September 25, 2017): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w3-11-2017.

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The present study describes an integrated system for traffic data collection and alert warning. Geographical information based decision making related to traffic destinations and routes is proposed through the design. The system includes a geospatial database having profile relating to a user of a mobile device. The processing and understanding of scanned maps, other digital data input leads to route guidance. The system includes a server configured to receive traffic information relating to a route and location information relating to the mobile device. Server is configured to send a traffic alert to the mobile device when the traffic information and the location information indicate that the mobile device is traveling toward traffic congestion. Proposed system has geospatial and mobile data sets pertaining to Bangalore city in India. It is envisaged to be helpful for touristic purposes as a route guidance and alert relaying information system to tourists for proximity to sites worth seeing in a city they have entered into. The system is modular in architecture and the novelty lies in integration of different modules carrying different technologies for a complete traffic information system. Generic information processing and delivery system has been tested to be functional and speedy under test geospatial domains. In a restricted prototype model with geo-referenced route data required information has been delivered correctly over sustained trials to designated cell numbers, with average time frame of 27.5 seconds, maximum 50 and minimum 5 seconds. Traffic geo-data set trials testing is underway.

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Nam, Youngju, Jaejeong Bang, Hyunseok Choi, Yongje Shin, and Euisin Lee. "Cooperative Content Precaching Scheme Based on the Mobility Information of Vehicles in Intermittently Connected Vehicular Networks." Electronics 11, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 3663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223663.

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Intermittently connected vehicular networks (ICVNs) consist of vehicles moving on roads and stationary roadside units (RSUs) deployed along roads. In ICVNs, the long distances between RSUs and the large volume of vehicular content lead to long download delays to vehicles and high traffic overhead on backhaul links. Fortunately, the improved content storage size and the enhanced vehicular mobility prediction afford opportunities to ameliorate these problems by proactively caching (i.e., precaching) content. However, existing precaching schemes exploits RSUs and vehicles individually for content precaching, even though the cooperative precaching between them can reduce download delays and backhaul link traffic. Thus, this paper proposes a cooperative content precaching scheme that exploits the precaching ability of both vehicles and RSUs to enhance the performance of content downloads in ICVNs. Based on the trajectory and velocity information of vehicles, we first select the optimal relaying vehicle and the next RSUs to cache the requested content proactively and provide it to the requester vehicle optimally. Next, we calculate the optimal content precaching amount for each of the relaying vehicle and the downloading RSUs by using a mathematical model that exploits both the dwell time in an RSU and the contact time between vehicles. To compensate for the error of the mobility prediction in determining both the dwell time and the contact time, our scheme adds a guardband to the optimal content precaching amount by considering the expected reduced delay. Finally, we evaluate the proposed scheme in various simulation environments to prove the achievement of efficient content download performance by comparing with the existing schemes.

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Ji, Xiaodong, Wei-Ping Zhu, and Daniel Massicotte. "Transmit Power Minimization for Two-Way Amplify-and-Forward Relaying With Asymmetric Traffic Requirements." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 65, no. 12 (December 2016): 9687–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2016.2525763.

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Li, Jing, Jianhua Ge, Chensi Zhang, Jingjing Shi, Yun Rui, and Mohsen Guizani. "Impact of Channel Estimation Error on Bidirectional MABC-AF Relaying With Asymmetric Traffic Requirements." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 62, no. 4 (May 2013): 1755–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2012.2235868.

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18

Ahmed, Nabil, Sifat Rabbi, Tazmilur Rahman, Rubel Mia, and Masudur Rahman. "Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition Model Using Support Vector Machine and Histogram of Oriented Gradient." International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science 13, no. 3 (June 8, 2021): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijitcs.2021.03.05.

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Traffic signs are symbols erected on the sides of roads that convey the road instructions to its users. These signs are essential in conveying the instructions related to the movement of traffic in the streets. Automation of driving is essential for efficient navigation free of human errors, which could otherwise lead to accidents and disorganized movement of vehicles in the streets. Traffic sign detection systems provide an important contribution to automation of driving, by helping in efficient navigation through relaying traffic sign instructions to the system users. However, most of the existing techniques have proposed approaches that are mostly capable of detection through static images only. Moreover, to the best of the author’s knowledge, there exists no approach that uses video frames. Therefore, this article proposes a unique automated approach for detection and recognition of Bangladeshi traffic signs from the video frames using Support Vector Machine and Histogram of Oriented Gradient. This system would be immensely useful in the implementation of automated driving systems in Bangladeshi streets. By detecting and recognizing the traffic signs in the streets, the automated driving systems in Bangladesh will be able to effectively navigate the streets. This approach classifies the Bangladeshi traffic signs using Support Vector Machine classifier on the basis of Histogram of Oriented Gradient property. Through image processing techniques such as binarization, contour detection and identifying similarity to circle etc., this article also proposes the actual detection mechanism of traffic signs from the video frames. The proposed approach detects and recognizes traffic signs with 100% precision, 95.83% recall and 96.15% accuracy after running it on 78 Bangladeshi traffic sign videos, which comprise 6 different kinds of Bangladeshi traffic signs. In addition, a public dataset for Bangladeshi traffic signs has been created that can be used for other research purposes.

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Deinhardt, Katrin, and Giampietro Schiavo. "Endocytosis and retrograde axonal traffic in motor neurons." Biochemical Society Symposia 72 (January 1, 2005): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bss0720139.

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Spinal cord motor neurons control voluntary movement by relaying messages that arrive from upper brain centres to the innervated muscles. Despite the importance of motor neurons in human health and disease, the precise control of their membrane dynamics and its effect on motor neuron homoeostasis and survival are poorly understood. In particular, the molecular basis of the co-ordination of specific endocytic events with the axonal retrograde transport pathway is largely unknown. To study these important vesicular trafficking events, we pioneered the use of atoxic fragments of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins to follow endocytosis and retrograde axonal transport in motor neurons. These neurotoxins bind specifically to pre-synaptic nerve terminals, where they are internalized. Whereas botulinum neurotoxins remain at the neuromuscular junction, tetanus toxin is retrogradely transported along the axon to the cell body, where it is released into the intersynaptic space and is internalized by adjacent inhibitory interneurons. The high neurospecificity and the differential intracellular sorting make tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins ideal tools to study neuronal physiology. In the present review, we discuss recent developments in our understanding of the internalization and trafficking of these molecules in spinal cord motor neurons. Furthermore, we describe the development of a reliable transfection method for motor neurons based on microinjection, which will be extremely useful for dissecting further the molecular basis of membrane dynamics and axonal transport in these cells.

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Mo, Lusha, Gaofeng Lv, Baosheng Wang, and Xiangrui Yang. "Stratosphere: A Fast Virtual Circuit Switch Layer for Data Center Network." Electronics 11, no. 15 (August 4, 2022): 2429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11152429.

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The hierarchical structure of the data center network is more and more unsuitable for increasing east-west traffic from virtual machines. Reconfigurable circuit switching is utilized to reduce regional hotspots, which causes the problem of routing oscillation. We propose a stratospheric network of the data center, which combines virtual circuit switching and Tor switches. It acts as a supplement to tropospheric transmission across the hierarchical structure to alleviate global hotspots. The link of VCS (Virtual Circuit Switching) is divided into virtual channels by time division, and packets are sliced into cells to be transmitted at a specific time slot. Via the direct connection and the relaying of VCS modules, the stratospheric network could support not only the sharing of uplinks between Tor switches but also dynamical forwarding. Experiments of parameter servers demonstrate that it accelerates the transmission of data, which could provide a direct and fast path, especially for east-west traffic.

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Markowska, Renata, and Zofia Wróbel. "Selected Issues of Safe Operation of the Railway Traffic Control System in the Event of Exposition to Damage Caused by Lightning Discharges." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185808.

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Lightning discharge becomes a serious source of interference and damage for electronic and electrical power systems. Safe and reliable operation of railway traffic control systems requires proper protection against the effects of lightning. However, the current standards on lightning protection, PN-EN/EN/IEC 62305, do not cover railway objects. Moreover, there are no other standards or recommendations dedicated to the railway. The paper is an attempt to apply the procedure of lightning risk management according to PN-EN 62305-2 to select the proper protection measures in railway objects. A case study for the signal box with installed relaying and digital stations of the railway traffic control system is analyzed. The analysis comprises calculations based on the current standard PN-EN 62305-2:2012 but including the issues specific to railway traffic control. The risks of lightning losses have been calculated for two cases: without lightning protection measures and with protection measures proposed to decrease the risks below the tolerable values. The results show that a practically effective solution to reduce the risks is applying surge protective devices with proper characteristics. Another way is replacing unshielded incoming lines with shielded ones of given shield bonding way, and supplementing it with surge protective devices when necessary.

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SAEKI, Takaaki, Koji YAMAMOTO, Hidekazu MURATA, and Susumu YOSHIDA. "Impact and Use of the Asymmetric Property in Bi-directional Cooperative Relaying under Asymmetric Traffic Conditions." IEICE Transactions on Communications E93-B, no. 8 (2010): 2126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e93.b.2126.

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Ni, Zhengwei, Xin Zhang, and Dacheng Yang. "Outage Performance of Two-Way Fixed Gain Amplify-and-Forward Relaying Systems with Asymmetric Traffic Requirements." IEEE Communications Letters 18, no. 1 (January 2014): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2013.112513.132232.

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Agbulu, G. Pius, G. Joselin Retna Kumar, and A. Vimala Juliet. "A lifetime-enhancing cooperative data gathering and relaying algorithm for cluster-based wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 2 (February 2020): 155014771990011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719900111.

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Despite unique energy-saving dispositions of cluster-based routing protocols, clustered wireless sensor networks with static sinks typically have problems of unbalanced energy consumptions, as the cluster head nodes around the sink are typically loaded with traffic from upper levels of clusters. This results in reduced lifetimes of the nodes and deterioration of other crucial performances. Meanwhile, it has been inferred from current literature that dedicated relay cooperation in cluster-based wireless sensor networks guarantees longer lifetime of the nodes and more improved performance. Therefore, to attain further enhanced performance among the current schemes, a lifetime-enhancing cooperative data gathering and relaying algorithm for cluster-based wireless sensor networks is proposed in this article. The proposed lifetime-enhancing cooperative data gathering and relaying algorithm shares the nodes into clusters using a hybrid K-means clustering algorithm that combines K-means clustering and Huffman coding algorithms. It makes full use of dedicated relay cooperative multi-hop communication with network coding mechanisms to achieve reduced data propagation cost from the various cluster sections to the central base station. The relay node selection is framed as a NP-hard problem, with regard to communication distances and residual energy metrics. Furthermore, to resolve the problem, a gradient descent algorithm is proposed. Simulation results endorse the proposed scheme to outperform related schemes in terms of latency, lifetime, and energy consumption and delivery rates.

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Min, Soon-Woong, Sang-Hwa Chung, Hee-Jun Lee, and Yu-Vin Ha. "Downward traffic retransmission mechanism for improving reliability in RPL environment supporting mobility." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 1 (January 2020): 155014772090360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720903605.

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With the diversification of industrial Internet of Things applications, there is a growing demand for mobility support in industrial wireless networking environments. However, the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is designed based on a static environment and is vulnerable in a mobility environment. Routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is an Internet engineering task force standard in the low-power and lossy network environments used mainly in industrial environments. In addition, although routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is based on collection tree protocol and is suitable for data collection and upward traffic transmission, it struggles with downward traffic transmission in terms of control, actuation, and end-to-end transmission. In this article, the problems caused by mobile nodes in routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks are discussed, and a retransmission scheme named IM-RPL is proposed. This retransmission scheme can improve the performance of downward traffic for the mobile nodes by retransmitting the packets to the neighbor nodes, the mobile node’s new parent sets, and relaying them to the mobile node. Its performance is evaluated through an experiment. The results demonstrate that using OpenMote in OpenWSN’s time slotted channel hopping induces a packet reception ratio improvement and a lower transmission delay as compared to standard routing protocol for low power and lossy.

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LIN, I.-Te, and Iwao SASASE. "Primary Traffic Based Cooperative Multihop Relaying with Preliminary Farthest Relay Selection in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks." IEICE Transactions on Communications E95.B, no. 8 (2012): 2586–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e95.b.2586.

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Yadav, Suneel. "Three-phase two-way relaying with imperfect channel estimation and asymmetric traffic requirements: performance analysis and optimization." Wireless Networks 25, no. 6 (March 12, 2018): 3133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-018-1707-2.

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Mokari, N., and K. Navaie. "Radio resource allocation in OFDM-based cooperative relaying networks for a mixture of elastic and streaming traffic." IET Communications 5, no. 8 (May 20, 2011): 1083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2010.0319.

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Roig, Pedro Juan, Salvador Alcaraz, Katja Gilly, Cristina Bernad, and Carlos Juiz. "Modeling an Edge Computing Arithmetic Framework for IoT Environments." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031084.

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IoT environments are forecasted to grow exponentially in the coming years thanks to the recent advances in both edge computing and artificial intelligence. In this paper, a model of remote computing scheme is presented, where three layers of computing nodes are put in place in order to optimize the computing and forwarding tasks. In this sense, a generic layout has been designed so as to easily achieve communications among the diverse layers by means of simple arithmetic operations, which may result in saving resources in all nodes involved. Traffic forwarding is undertaken by means of forwarding tables within network devices, which need to be searched upon in order to find the proper destination, and that process may be resource-consuming as the number of entries in such tables grow. However, the arithmetic framework proposed may speed up the traffic forwarding decisions as relaying on integer divisions and modular arithmetic, which may result more straightforward. Furthermore, two diverse approaches have been proposed to formally describe such a design by means of coding with Spin/Promela, or otherwise, by using an algebraic approach with Algebra of Communicating Processes (ACP), resulting in a explosion state for the former and a specified and verified model in the latter.

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Zhao, Zhengyi, Emil Khisamutdinov, Chad Schwartz, and Peixuan Guo. "Mechanism of One-Way Traffic of Hexameric Phi29 DNA Packaging Motor with Four Electropositive Relaying Layers Facilitating Antiparallel Revolution." ACS Nano 7, no. 5 (March 26, 2013): 4082–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn4002775.

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Skorokhodov, Yaroslav. "Simulation of Space and Ground-Based Aviation Surveillance Systems Functioning." SPIIRAS Proceedings 6, no. 61 (December 1, 2018): 29–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/sp.61.2.

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At present, the orbital constellations of satellites with the possibility of receiving, processing and relaying the ADS-B («Automatic Dependent Surveillance — Broadcast») system signals that ensure globality and continuity of the air traffic monitoring are being created and gradually enhanced. In accordance with the concept of ADS-B technology usage , each air traffic participant broadcasts its identity, location, and status parameters in broadcast mode. Due to the fact that the system was not designed to receive signals onboard the satellite, there are certain problems related to their energy availability, the presence of collisions of messages from different sources, the effect of Doppler effect and other factors. Developed simulation model of aviation surveillance systems based on the reception of signals containing identification and navigation information and transmitted over the air in the broadcasting mode. Software-implemented simulation algorithms allow to set various constraints and assumptions (radiation sources distribution, aviation communication systems signals receiving points, information transmitting channel, signals frequency and duration distribution models) and obtain the target indicators estimates of the space and ground-based aviation surveillance systems functioning, taking into account various spatial and energy factors and conditions for the radio signals propagation, and controlled objects actual placement and their movement dynamics in the world airspace. Simulation model use methods and examples for calculating the space and ground aviation surveillance systems functioning target indicators are presented.

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Nawaz Jadoon, Rab, WuYang Zhou, Iftikhar Ahmed Khan, Muhammad Amir Khan, and Waqas Jadoon. "EEHRT: Energy Efficient Technique for Handling Redundant Traffic in Zone-Based Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (May 6, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7502140.

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This paper presents an energy-efficient technique to handle redundant traffic (EEHRT) in the zone-based routing for wireless sensor networks. In this technique, multihop routing is performed based on the remaining energy of the nodes. Afterwards, it performs position-based routing without the need for the nodes to know their respective position. The main objective of this paper is to handle the redundant packets generated in zone-based routing using short beacon messages. Nodes of lower zones route the data of the higher zone to base station (BS) with a minimum number of hops and utilize only those nodes on the path which are energy efficient and located closer to BS. Moreover, the source node is acknowledged by the relaying node using a wireless broadcast advantage (WBA) without sending any special ACK packet to the sender, which reduces the control overhead in the routing process. The EEHRT technique improves the routing against RARZ by ensuring only one copy of the packet is propagated at each hop along the routing path to BS. Simulation results show that EEHRT achieved 28% improvement in energy efficiency, 10% and 25% improvements in data throughput against total and distinct packet reception at BS respectively, 35% increase in overall network lifetime, and 100% reduction in redundant packets generation and propagation in the network against RARZ routing.

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N. Sirhan, Najem, and Manel Martinez-Ramon. "Radio Resource Management for Eicic, Comp, Relaying and Back-hauls Techniques in LTE-advanced Networks: Concepts and a Literature Survey." International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks 14, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2022.14404.

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Frequency reuse in cells is one of the strategies that LTE (Long Term Evolution) uses to maximize the spectrum efficiency. However, it leads to an interference among the cells, especially at the cell edges where the probability for a cell-edge user to be scheduled on a resource block that is being transmitted by the neighbouring cell is high; consequently, the interference is high. In-order to mitigate Inter-Cell Interference (ICI), Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) was proposed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for the LTE network, and later on, the enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC) was proposed for the LTE-Advanced network. ICIC reduces cell-edge interference on traffic channels from neighbouring cells by the use of three interference reduction schemes that works in the power and frequency domain, and they are based on lowering the power of some channels to limit their reception to the users that are close to the base station, and by reducing the chance of frequency overlap. eICIC was proposed to handle ICI in Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) deployments. It reduces the interference on both the traffic and control channels. It uses power, frequency and also time domain to mitigate intra-frequency interference in HetNets. Another technique that was proposed by the 3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can reduce the ICI and improve the cell average and cell-edge user throughput is the Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission/reception technique. CoMP can increase the cell average and cell edge user throughput in both the uplink and downlink transmission by joint scheduling and data processing in multiple cells/eNBs. Another technique that was proposed by the 3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can improve the LTE network coverage in difficult conditions is to deploy Relay Nodes (RNs). In this paper, we survey Radio Resource Management (RRM) for some of the techniques that are used with LTE-A. The included techniques in this paper are; the ICIC, eICIC, CoMP, Relaying and Back-hauls. We start by explaining the concepts of these techniques. Then, by summarizing the radio resource management approaches that were proposed in the literature for these techniques. And finally, we provide some concluding remarks in the last section.

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Wróbel, Zofia. "The use of the PN-EN 62305-2 standard to the risk assessment of losses in the equipped object in station- devices of the railway traffic controlling." MATEC Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818005006.

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The valuation of the risk of losses makes easy the correct estimation of resulted threats as a result of atmospheric discharges and harms connected to them. Qualifying the need of lightning protection use for the object, we ought to take into account the risk R for the object and for the public services devices. In every case of examining risks we ought to fulfill: the identification of components RX forming the risk, counting the identified components of the risk RX, the entire risk R, identify the tolerated risk RT and compare the risk R with the tolerated value RT. As a result of such analysis we can come to a decision about the use of protection resources. In the report was realized the risk analysis of devices damages for a chosen object - the signal box with installed station - relaying devices of the railway traffic controlling with a computer adjustable control panel. From the realized analysis results that DEHN Risk Tool is a useful tool for the risk analysis of lightning losses in buildings, making possible the improvement of the calculations process, especially in the range of the choice of proper protection resources.

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Matera, Andrea, Rahif Kassab, Osvaldo Simeone, and Umberto Spagnolini. "Non-Orthogonal eMBB-URLLC Radio Access for Cloud Radio Access Networks with Analog Fronthauling." Entropy 20, no. 9 (September 2, 2018): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20090661.

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This paper considers the coexistence of Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) and enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB) services in the uplink of Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) architecture based on the relaying of radio signals over analog fronthaul links. While Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) to the radio resources enables the isolation and the separate design of different 5G services, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) can enhance the system performance by sharing wireless and fronthaul resources. This paper provides an information-theoretic perspective in the performance of URLLC and eMBB traffic under both OMA and NOMA. The analysis focuses on standard cellular models with additive Gaussian noise links and a finite inter-cell interference span, and it accounts for different decoding strategies such as puncturing, Treating Interference as Noise (TIN) and Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC). Numerical results demonstrate that, for the considered analog fronthauling C-RAN architecture, NOMA achieves higher eMBB rates with respect to OMA, while guaranteeing reliable low-rate URLLC communication with minimal access latency. Moreover, NOMA under SIC is seen to achieve the best performance, while, unlike the case with digital capacity-constrained fronthaul links, TIN always outperforms puncturing.

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Basnayake, Vishaka, Hakim Mabed, Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody, Phillippe Canalda, and Marko Beko. "Adaptive Emergency Call Service for Disaster Management." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 11, no. 4 (November 29, 2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan11040083.

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Reliable and efficient transmission of emergency calls during a massive network failure is both an indispensable and challenging task. In this paper, we propose a novel fully 3GPP and 5G compatible emergency call protocol named 5G StandalOne Service (5G-SOS). A 5G-SOS-enabled emergency service provides potential out-of-coverage victims’ devices with a way to contact the 4G/5G core network through D2D multi-hop relaying protocol. The objective of 5G-SOS is to maintain this connection even when a large fraction of the network infrastructure is destroyed. 5G-SOS is a fully distributed protocol designed to generate zero additional control traffic and to adapt its parameters based on the local emergency call congestion. Therefore, devices behave as an ad-hoc network with the common purpose to ensure the best chances for emergency call transfer within a reasonable delay. A densely populated Traverse city of Michigan, USA, with a 15,000 population, is used to evaluate 5G-SOS under extreme emergency scenarios. The performance of 5G-SOS is shown to be significant when compared with existing protocols, namely, M-HELP and FINDER, in terms of transmission success rate, end-to-end latency, network traffic control, and energy management. 5G-SOS provides satisfactory performance (success rate of 50%) even when the number of simultaneous emergency calls is very high (5000 calls over 10 min). On average, 5G-SOS performs 24.9% better than M-HELP and 73.9% than FINDER in terms of success rate. Additionally, 5G-SOS reduces the average end-end latency of the emergency calls transfer by 20.8% compared to M-HELP and 61.7% compared to FINDER.

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Bouassida, Sana, Najett Neji, Lydie Nouvelière, and Jamel Neji. "Evaluating the Impact of Drone Signaling in Crosswalk Scenario." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010157.

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The characteristic pillars of a city are its economy, its mobility, its environment, its inhabitants, its way of life, and its organization. Since 1980, the concept of smart city generally consists of optimizing costs, organization, and the well-being of inhabitants. The idea is to develop means and solutions capable of meeting the needs of the population, while preserving resources and the environment. Owing to their little size, their flexibility, and their low cost, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are today used in a huge number of daily life applications. UAV use cases can be classified into three categories: data covering (like surveillance and event covering), data relaying (like delivery and emergency services), and data dissemination (like cartography and precise agriculture). In addition, the interest to Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) has risen in these recent years, especially in the context of smart cities. In such systems, both drivers and traffic managers share the information and cooperate to coordinate their actions to ensure safety, traffic efficiency, and environment preservation. In this work, we aimed at introducing a UAV in a use case that is likely to happen in C-ITS. A conflict is considered involving a car and a pedestrian. A UAV observes from the top of the scene and will play the role of the situation controller, the information collector, and the assignment of the instructions to the car driver in case of a harmful situation to avoid car-pedestrian collision. To this end, we highlight interactions between the UAV and the car vehicle (U2V communication), as well as between the UAV and infrastructure (U2I communication). Hence, the benefit of using UAV is emphasized to reduce accident gravity rate, braking distance, energy consumption, and occasional visibility reduction.

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Nomikos, Nikolaos, Prodromos Makris, Dimitrios N. Skoutas, Demosthenes Vouyioukas, and Charalambos Skianis. "Wireless Femto-Relays." International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 4, no. 1 (January 2015): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2015010104.

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The continuous increase in mobile data traffic creates the need for radical innovations in the mobile broadband system design. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) deployment paradigm is an emerging research trend considered as the most significant aspect for meeting the mobile data challenge, mainly by proposing spectral efficiency enhancements and cell capacity gains from an overall system perspective. Two are the main challenges that dense small cell networks are facing: a) various types of interference mainly caused by unplanned deployments, and b) limited and Quality of Service (QoS)-unreliable wired backhaul links. In this paper, the authors propose a model where femtocells' and relays' complementary characteristics are effectively exploited into femto-relays. More specifically, the authors describe four main functionalities of this model: a) interference protection, b) two-fold backhaul alternatives (i.e. wired and wireless backhaul), c) opportunistic femto-relay selection, and d) full-duplex in-band relaying. To evaluate the anticipated technical impact of the proposed model, targeted simulation results are presented for a campus topology where femto-relays are compared with classic femtocells. Finally, related open issues, such as signaling overheads management, context-aware resource management, and business logic aspects are presented, with emphasis on the femto-relay's real market penetration opportunities in the mid and long-term future.

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Faheem, Butt, Raza, Alquhayz, Ashraf, Shah, Ngadi, and Gungor. "QoSRP: A Cross-layer QoS Channel-Aware Routing Protocol for the Internet of Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 21 (November 2, 2019): 4762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214762.

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Quality of service (QoS)-aware data gathering in static-channel based underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is severely limited due to location and time-dependent acoustic channel communication characteristics. This paper proposes a novel cross-layer QoS-aware multichannel routing protocol called QoSRP for the internet of UWSNs-based time-critical marine monitoring applications. The proposed QoSRP scheme considers the unique characteristics of the acoustic communication in highly dynamic network topology during gathering and relaying events data towards the sink. The proposed QoSRP scheme during the time-critical events data-gathering process employs three basic mechanisms, namely underwater channel detection (UWCD), underwater channel assignment (UWCA) and underwater packets forwarding (UWPF). The UWCD mechanism finds the vacant channels with a high probability of detection and low probability of missed detection and false alarms. The UWCA scheme assigns high data rates channels to acoustic sensor nodes (ASNs) with longer idle probability in a robust manner. Lastly, the UWPF mechanism during conveying information avoids congestion, data path loops and balances the data traffic load in UWSNs. The QoSRP scheme is validated through extensive simulations conducted by NS2 and AquaSim 2.0 in underwater environments (UWEs). The simulation results reveal that the QoSRP protocol performs better compared to existing routing schemes in UWSNs.

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Hamouda, Soumaya, and Tarek Bejaoui. "Enhanced Relay Selection and Scheduling for Better Load Balancing in Multi-Hop Networks." International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking 8, no. 4 (October 2012): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jbdcn.2012100102.

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Relaying technology is likely to bring real progress to the next generation cellular networks due to its capability of boosting the system capacity and coverage. However, despite recent advances in relay deployment, some challenging problems still remain such as radio resource allocation and relay selection. The authors investigate both relay selection and scheduling strategy in order to improve the system radio capacity as well as the network load balancing. They propose a new path selection scheme based on the radio channel quality and the relay station load criteria. Performance analysis showed that the authors approach outperforms the existing path selection algorithms in terms of outage probability and global throughput in the system, especially in high traffic conditions. It is revealed that most of the cell edge users which would be rejected when applying common selection scheme, can now have access to a selected relay station and achieve a high end-to-end throughput. A new scheduling strategy is proposed in the second part of this paper, on the basis of a dynamic subframe partitioning. Simulation results show that the outage probability is reduced and more balanced resource allocation is provided. Simulation results showed that some relay stations which were not able to offer any service with the fixed subframe partitioning, can achieve a high data rate with the authors proposed dynamic scheduling strategy.

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Haseeb, Khalid, Fahad A. Alzahrani, Mohammad Siraj, Zahid Ullah, and Jaime Lloret. "Energy-Aware Next-Generation Mobile Routing Chains with Fog Computing for Emerging Applications." Electronics 12, no. 3 (January 23, 2023): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030574.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) provides robust services to connected sensors in a distributed manner, and maintains real-time communication using wireless standards. The smart network has offered many autonomous smart systems to collect information from remote nodes, and share it by exploring the network layer. Researchers have recently offered a variety of ways to increase the effectiveness of emerging applications using trustworthy relaying systems. However, there are still many issues with route reformulation due to frequent disconnections of mobile devices and resource limitations. Furthermore, most of the existing methods for IoT systems are unable to utilize network resources, which lowers the performance of green networks. Thus, providing a foolproof solution for the autonomous system with energy efficiency is a challenging task. Therefore, this paper presents an algorithm for the mobile network using fog computing to reduce network disconnectivity. Furthermore, using security services, the proposed algorithm efficiently explores the characteristics of the device, and avoids malicious traffic to drain the additional energy consumption of the network. The main aspects of the proposed algorithm are as follows: (i) using the adjustable transmission power, the proposed algorithm offers a fault-tolerant solution to transmit the aggregated data over the unpredictable wireless system; (ii) with the support of fog nodes, the data load is reduced among devices with the offering of a secured authentication scheme. Using simulations, the proposed algorithm is tested, and its significance is demonstrated against other related studies.

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Ji, Xiaodong, Baoyu Zheng, and Li Zou. "Outage performance of amplify-and-forward two-way relaying with asymmetric traffics." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 65, no. 11 (November 2011): 978–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2011.03.006.

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Hu, Zheng, and Gengyu Li. "On energy-efficient TCP traffic over wireless cooperative relaying networks." EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2012, no. 1 (March 2, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1687-1499-2012-78.

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Ji, Xiaodong. "On the Study of Cognitive Bidirectional Relaying with Asymmetric Traffic Demands." Frequenz 69, no. 5-6 (January 25, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2014-0141.

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AbstractIn this paper, we consider a cognitive radio network scenario, where two primary users want to exchange information with each other and meanwhile, one secondary node wishes to send messages to a cognitive base station. To meet the target quality of service (QoS) of the primary users and raise the communication opportunity of the secondary nodes, a cognitive bidirectional relaying (BDR) scheme is examined. First, system outage probabilities of conventional direct transmission and BDR schemes are presented. Next, a new system parameter called operating region is defined and calculated, which indicates in which position a secondary node can be a cognitive relay to assist the primary users. Then, a cognitive BDR scheme is proposed, giving a transmission protocol along with a time-slot splitting algorithm between the primary and secondary transmissions. Information-theoretic metric of ergodic capacity is studied for the cognitive BDR scheme to evaluate its performance. Simulation results show that with the proposed scheme, the target QoS of the primary users can be guaranteed, while increasing the communication opportunity for the secondary nodes.

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Budhiraja, Rohit, and Bhaskar Ramamurthi. "Multiuser Two-Way Non-Regenerative MIMO Relaying With Non-Concurrent Traffic." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2014, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2348574.

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Jadhav, Krushna. "AB PLC Based Intelligent Traffic-Congestion Control System Using Sensor." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 06, no. 05 (May 15, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem12921.

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PLC or Programmable logic controller is used to control a mechatronics system using specific functions. Basic PLC functions such as timing, sequencing, controlling and relaying are to be implemented. The basic programming logic and ladder programming is to be studied and implemented. The intelligent or “Smart Traffic Control” is one which would be able to calculate the vehicle density in a lane at a 4-way crossing and then decide the priority automatically using a program. In practical situations sensors are used to detect presence of vehicles in a lane and calculate the density and sends an interrupt signal to the control unit. In PLC the status of the sensors are checked and certain logical operations are performed to decide which lane is to be serviced first. Under low density condition it would operate sequentially. Ladder diagram is to be developed for the implementation of the same in PLC. Key Words: Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), NO (Normally Open), NC (Normally Closed), R (Red), Y (Yellow), G (Green),

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Choi, Woo-Yong. "Extending Service Area of IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc Networks." Frequenz 66, no. 7-8 (January 30, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2012-0041.

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AbstractAccording to the current IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standards, IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks have the limitation that all STAs (Stations) are in the one-hop transmission range of each other. In this paper, to alleviate the limitation of IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks we propose the efficient method for selecting the most appropriate pseudo AP (Access Point) from among the set of ad hoc STAs and extending the service area of IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks by the pseudo AP’s relaying the internal traffic of IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks. Numerical examples show that the proposed method significantly extends the service area of IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks.

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"An Energy-efficiency Approach for Bidirectional Amplified-and-forward Relaying with Asymmetric Traffic in OFDM Systems." KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems 8, no. 11 (November 30, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.3837/tiis.2014.11.024.

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Fadoul, Moubachir Madani, and Chee Yen Leow. "RELAY BEAMFORMING TO MITIGATE INTER-RELAY INTERFERENCE IN MULTI-CELL SCENARIO." Jurnal Teknologi 78, no. 6-2 (June 5, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.8890.

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In relay assisted Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) network, enhanced Node B (eNB) autonomously selects different backhaul sub-frame configurations to adopt traffic variations, which might cause inter-relay interference (IRI) between relay nodes (RNs) in adjacent cells. IRI can happen due to asynchronous transmission between adjacent cells, which results in IRI from the access link to the backhaul link of adjacent relay in the downlink direction and vice versa. This causes severe loss in system capacity and introduces high outage probability. In this article, we consider the IRI problem in a multi-cell relaying system. Previous studies consider the beamforming design for cooperative relay network as a single-cell problem, without taking into account the occurrence of IRI. However, the performance of the RN assisted network is limited by the IRI from adjacent RN. A hybrid zero-forcing and singular value decomposition (ZF-SVD) beamforming technique is proposed to eliminate the IRI. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme out-performs the comparable scheme in both the ergodic capacity and outage probability.

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Shankar, Ravi, Patteti Krishna, and Naraiah R. "Examination of the multiple-input multiple-output space-time block-code selective decode and forward relaying protocol over non-homogeneous fading channel conditions." Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology, September 18, 2021, 154851292110475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15485129211047598.

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With the tremendous increase in wireless user traffic, investigation on the end-to-end reliability of wireless networks in practical conditions such as non-homogeneous fading channel conditions is becoming increasingly widespread. Because they fit well to the experimental data, generalized channel fading distributions like κ–μ are well suited for modeling diverse fading channels. This paper analyzes the symbol error rate (SER) and outage probability (OP) performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) space-time block-code (STBC) selective decode and forward (S-DF) network over κ–μ fading channel conditions considering the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). First, the closed-form (CF) analytical expressions for the probability density function (PDF) and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as well as its moment generating function (MGF) are derived. Second, the OP performance is then investigated for various values of the channel fading parameter and SNR regimes. The simulation findings show an increase in SER performance with an improved line-of-sight (LOS) component. Furthermore, the results show that the S-DF relaying systems can function properly even when there is no fading or LOS component. The OP has been increasing with the increase in the value of μ and κ. In medium and high SNR regimes, simulation results exactly match with analytical results.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Traffic relaying'

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