Journal articles: 'Traffic Load'

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Au, Alexander, Clifford Lam, Akhilesh C. Agarwal, and Bala Tharmabala. "Bridge evaluation by mean load method per the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 32, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l05-015.

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The Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) provides two alternative methods for evaluating the strength of existing bridges. The load and resistance factor method provides a general approach and covers the most extreme load situations that can occur in a general bridge population. The mean load method considers the uncertainties of loads acting on a specific bridge, the method of analysis, and resistance of the structure involved, and thus can provide a more accurate evaluation of individual bridges. Since traffic load represents a major portion of bridge loads, a better evaluation of specific bridges is obtained by using the statistical parameters of traffic loads observed on the structure. However, the overall accuracy depends heavily on capturing the most critical loading conditions during the survey periods. The mean load method is particularly valuable where actual traffic loads are expected to be significantly lower than those used in code calibration and when the potential economic benefits arising from a more realistic evaluation outweigh the extra costs of live load data collection and analysis. This paper demonstrates that the mean load method using site-specific traffic loading information can lead to a significantly higher live load-carrying capacity of a bridge.Key words: highway bridges, bridge evaluation, reliability, mean load method, bridge testing.

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Gao, Lian-sheng, Han-cheng Dan, and Liang Li. "Response Analysis of Asphalt Pavement under Dynamic Loadings: Loading Equivalence." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (July 18, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7020298.

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This paper establishes the equivalent relationships between the half-sinusoidal load, triangular load, vertical stepwise load, and moving traffic load. The governing equation was established for analyzing the dynamic responses of pavement, and half-sinusoidal load, triangular load, and vertical stepwise load functions were transformed into Fourier series expressions. The partial differential governing equations were simplified as ordinary differential equations and the analytical solutions were obtained. Further, the solutions were validated through comparing the theoretical results with numerical simulated results. Calculation results revealed that, for unchanged load periods, increasing the amplitudes of the three loads by 1.06, 1.31, and 1.35 times can better simulate the moving traffic loads. For unchanged load function amplitudes, increasing the function periods by 1.07, 2.23, and 2.1 times (for half-sinusoidal, triangular, and vertical stepwise loads, resp.) can improve the simulation performance. The fatigue life of asphalt pavements under the moving traffic load agrees with that of the three load simulations, indicating that the fatigue life of asphalt pavements is only associated with the load amplitude but not the load patterns.

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Li, Wen-zheng, Qiao Guo, and Wei-min Guo. "Internet load and traffic balancing." Journal of Shanghai University (English Edition) 9, no. 2 (April 2005): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11741-005-0067-1.

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Colbourn, Charles J., Alan C. H. Ling, Gaetano Quattrocchi, and Violet R. Syrotiuk. "Grooming traffic to minimize load." Discrete Mathematics 312, no. 3 (February 2012): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disc.2011.03.016.

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Zhao, Yue, Xuelian Guo, Botong Su, Yamin Sun, and Yiyun Zhu. "Multi-Lane Traffic Load Clustering Model for Long-Span Bridge Based on Parameter Correlation." Mathematics 11, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11020274.

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Traffic loads are the primary external loads on bridges during their service life. However, an accurate analysis of the long-term effect of the operating traffic load is difficult because of the diversity of traffic flow in terms of vehicle type and intensity. This study established a traffic load simulation method for long-span bridges based on high authenticity traffic monitoring data, and an improved k-means clustering algorithm and Correlated variables Sampling based on Sobol sequence and Copula function (CSSC) sampling method. The monitoring traffic data collected through a weigh-in-motion (WIM) system was processed to generate a multi-lane stochastic traffic flow. The dynamic response of a prototype suspension bridge under a traffic load was analyzed. The results show that the traffic load can be divided into clusters with identical distribution characteristics using a clustering algorithm. Combined with CSSC sampling, the generated traffic flow can effectively represent daily traffic and vehicle characteristics, which improves the accuracy of the assessment of the loads long-term effect. The dynamic response of the bridge to different traffic flows varied significantly. The maximum and minimum vertical displacement of the main girder was 0.404 m and 0.27 m, respectively. The maximum and minimum bending stresses of the short suspender were 50.676 MPa and 28.206 MPa, respectively. The maximum equivalent bending stress and axial stress were 16.068 MPa and 10.542 MPa, respectively, whereas the minimum values were 9.429 MPa and 8.679 MPa, respectively. These differences directly influence the short and long-term evaluation of bridge components. For an accurate evaluation of the bridge operation performance, the traffic flow density must be considered.

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Hamarashid, Hozan Khalid, Miran Hama Rahim Saeed, and Soran Saeed. "Designing a Smart Traffic Light Algorithm (HMS) Based on Modified Round Robin Algorithm." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.1.8.

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Nowadays, traffic light system is very important to avoid car crashes and arrange traffic load. In the Sulaimani City / Iraq, there are many traffic problems such as traffic congestion or traffic jam and the amount of time provided manually to the traffic light system. This is the main difficulty that we try to solve. The traffic lights exist but still do not manage traffic congestion due to the fixed time provided for each lane regardless of their different load. Therefore, we are proposing to change the traditional traffic system to smart traffic system (adaptive system). This paper Focuses on the existing system (fixed system), then propose the adaptive one. The main crucial side effects of the existing system are: Emergency cases: congested traffics might block the way of emergencies for instance ambulance, which transports people to the hospital Wasting time of people generally and specially Delays, which lead people to not to be punctual, this means people arrive late to the work Wasting more fuels as staying more in the traffics, which affects the environment by increasing pollution.

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Zhao, Jingnan, Hao Wang, Pan Lu, and Jiaqi Chen. "Mechanistic–Empirical Analysis of Pavement Performance Considering Dynamic Axle Load Spectra Due to Longitudinal Unevenness." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 2600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052600.

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Pavement distresses are induced by mechanistic responses in pavement structure subjected to dynamic loads of moving vehicles. Pavement surface evenness deteriorates as pavement distresses propagate, which results in dynamic axle loads and faster pavement deterioration. It is vital to consider the dynamic axle load spectra to predict pavement deterioration using traffic-monitoring data. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dynamic loads and overweight traffic on asphalt pavement overlay performance using mechanistic–empirical (M–E) pavement analysis. The relationship between dynamic load coefficients (DLCs), axle loads, and international roughness index (IRI) was obtained for accurate quantification of dynamic axle loads. Then the dynamic axle load spectra were derived by shifting the static axle load spectra in weigh-in-motion (WIM) data, given the DLC value. AASHTOWare Pavement ME software was used to analyze pavement performance with static and dynamic axle load spectra, and the impact of overweight traffic on asphalt pavement overlay performance. The impact of dynamic loads on reflective fatigue cracking was distinguished at an early stage of the service period and eliminated after the 10-year analysis period, when the propagation of reflective cracking reached a specific level. On the other hand, the consideration of dynamic axle loads increased the impact of overweight truck traffic on pavement distresses, and pavement structures of major highways tend to be more sensitive to overweight traffic because of greater DLC excitement at higher operational speeds.

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Kennedy, D. J. Laurie, Darrel P. Gagnon, David E. Allen, and James G. MacGregor. "Canadian highway bridge evaluation: load and resistance factors." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 992–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-119.

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Consistent load and resistance factors are developed for a range of target values of the reliability index, β, following first-order second-moment analysis techniques for use in the evaluation of highway bridges. Dead load factors are established for steel girders, concrete girders, concrete bridge decks, and wearing surfaces, taking into account the statistical variations of weights and the range of load fractions as determined from field measurements. Live load factors are established for four categories of live loads: NP — non-permit traffic that are permitted by legislation; PM — permit, multiple trip, bulk haul, divisible loads; PS — permit, single trip, unsupervised, mixed with non-permit traffic; and PC — permit, controlled, supervised extremely heavy loads with escort. These live load factors are based on field surveys of truck weights, in Alberta and elsewhere. The event curves for NP, PS, and PM traffic have been used to determine the maximum annual truck, as the period of evaluation was chosen as 1 year based on a life-safety criterion-related to the consequences of failure. Because PC traffic is so rare, it was dealt with on an event basis. Impact data of others were analyzed to determine the appropriate bias coefficients and coefficients of variation. Uncertainties in the transverse distribution of both dead and live loads were also considered.Resistance factors are based on statistical data reported in the literature and take into account the variation in material properties, member size, and the resistance formulations. Key words: dead and live load factors, resistance factors, impact, maximum annual, traffic categories, transverse distribution, weight fractions.

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LYAPIN, S. A., Y. N. RIZAEVA, D. A. KADASEV, and N. V. VORONIN. "INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF TRAFFIC FLOW CONTROL ON THE LOADS OF THE MAIN LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS AND THE CAPACITY OF BRIDGES." World of transport and technological machines 77, no. 2 (2022): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7432-2022-77-2-27-35.

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The article shows the influence of such methods of traffic flow management as limiting the speed of vehicles on the loads of the main load-bearing elements and the capacity of bridge structures on the example of the Oktyabrsky Bridge in Lipetsk. To determine the density of traffic flow and the load on the bridge structure, to collect information about the parameters of traffic flows, road traf-fic simulation is used. The vertical moving load on the bridge is calculated.

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Lu, Zebin, Junru Lei, Yihao He, Zhengfa Li, Shuhua Deng, and Xieping Gao. "Energy Optimization for Software-Defined Data Center Networks Based on Flow Allocation Strategies." Electronics 8, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8091014.

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Nowadays, energy consumption has become an important issue in data center networks. The most promising energy-saving schemes are those that shut down unnecessary network devices and links while meeting the demand of traffic loads. Existing research mainly focuses on the strategies of energy savings in software-defined data center networks (SD-DCN). Few studies have considered both energy savings and the quality of service (QoS) of the traffic load. In this paper, we investigate the energy savings guaranteed by traffic load satisfaction ratio. To ensure the minimum-power consumption in data centers, we formulate the SD-DCN energy consumption optimization problem as an Integer Linear Programming model. To achieve a high success rate for traffic transmission, we propose three flow scheduling strategies. On this foundation, we propose a strategy-based Minimum Energy Consumption (MEC) heuristic algorithm to ensure the QoS satisfaction ratio in the process of energy optimization. The results show that our algorithm can save energy efficiently under the conditions of low traffic load and medium traffic load. Under high traffic load, our algorithm can achieve better network performance than existing solutions in terms of quality of service satisfaction ratio of flow allocation.

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11

Hoxha, E., M. Scherz, and A. Passer. "Influence of traffic load on the environmental impacts of roads: A1 and A2 highways in Austria." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1078, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1078/1/012118.

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Abstract Professionals should aim to significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by implementing the best road construction technologies to develop low-carbon projects. Although the traffic loads vary over the road length, the environmental impacts are assessed based on the average values of the traffic loads. Consequently, there is a gap between reality and the impacts calculated with fixed traffic load. This paper aims to assess the gap in terms of the environmental impacts of two roads by considering both a constant and a variable traffic load. With the help of a life cycle assessment (LCA), the environmental impacts of the A1 and A2 highways in Austria are calculated. We have calculated the impacts in the first scenario by considering an average traffic load. In the second scenario, based on real measurements, the environmental impacts of both highways are calculated for a variable traffic load. In the end, the results show a gap in the range of 25 %. This difference was because some parts of the roads required frequent repair. Besides, we figured out the optimal thickness of the wearing course, which improves the impact calculation and makes it less likely that the results will be different along the length of the road.

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Paeglitis, Ainars, and Andris Freimanis. "Comparision of constant-span and influence line methods for long-span bridge load calculations." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11, no. 1 (March 25, 2016): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2016.10.

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Traffic load models available in building standards are most often developed for short or medium span bridges, however, it is necessary to develop traffic load models just for long span bridges, because the most unfavourable traffic situations are different. Weigh-in-Motion system data from highway A1 and A3 were used in this study. Measurement errors from data were cleaned using two groups of filters. The first group was based on vehicle validity codes recorded by both systems, if any circumstances might have influenced the measurements, the second group cleaned data using general filters for all vehicles and specific filters for trucks and cars. Additionally, vehicles were adjusted for influence of temperature. Data cleaning increased the average gross vehicle, so it could be considered as a conservative choice. Six traffic scenarios, each with different percentage of cars in the traffic, were made to assess the difference in loads from different traffic compositions. Traffic loads for long-span bridges were calculated using two approaches: the first assuming constant span length, the second, using influence lines from a bridge currently in design stage. Gumbel distribution were fitted to the calculate loads and they were extrapolated to probability of exceedance of 5% in 50 year period. Results show that influence line approach yield larger loads than those from constant-span. Both approaches result in loads larger than ones in Eurocode 1 Load Model 1, however, increase might have been caused by an increase in vehicle weight.

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Su, Ruoyu, Meinan Zhang, Fei Ding, Guilong Hu, and Qi Qi. "Scenario-Based Configuration Refinement for High-Load Cellular Networks: An Operator View." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031483.

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With the rapid growth of users and sustained network demands powered by different industries, the quality of service (QoS) of the cellular network is affected by network traffic and computing loads. The current solutions of QoS improvement in academia focus on the fundamental algorithms within the physical and medium access control (MAC) layer. However, traffic features of various scenarios extracted from field data are rarely addressed for practical network configuration refinement. In this paper, we identify significant indicators of high traffic load cells according to the field data provided by telecommunication operators. Then, we propose the analysis flow of high traffic load cells with basic principles of network configuration refinement for QoS improvement. To demonstrate the proposed analysis flow and the refinement principles, we consider three typical scenarios of high traffic load cells, including high population density, emergency, and high-speed mobility. For each scenario, we discuss traffic features with field data. The corresponding performance evaluation demonstrates that the proposed principle can significantly enhance the network performance and user experience in terms of access success rate, downlink data rate, and number of high traffic load cells.

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Böning, Sebastian, and Ursula Freundt. "Simulation of heavy load traffic based on actual traffic measurements." IABSE Symposium Report 94, no. 8 (January 1, 2008): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137808796106378.

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Raad, Lutfi, Eric Johnson, Dave Bush, and Stephan Saboundjian. "Parks Highway Load Restriction Field Data Analysis: Case Study." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1615, no. 1 (January 1998): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1615-05.

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The loss of pavement strength during spring thaw could result in excessive road damage under applied traffic loads. Damage assessment associated with the critical thaw period is essential to evaluate current load restriction policies. The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities proposed a plan that will provide an engineering analysis of field conditions with 100-percent loads on the Parks Highway for 1996. Extensive data were collected and analyzed in an effort to monitor pavement damage during the spring of 1996 and to determine loss of pavement strength. Field data included truck traffic data from scalehouse and weigh-in-motion (WIM) stations, pavement temperature data, profilometer data for roughness and rutting, and falling weight deflectometer data. Analyses were performed to compare WIM and scalehouse traffic data and to determine the fraction of overweight axle-loads and corresponding pavement damage during spring thaw. Northbound and southbound truck traffic and its effect on pavement damage were considered. Ground temperature measurements were analyzed to determine when thaw initiates and how long seasonal load restrictions are required. In addition, comparisons of remaining life with and without load restrictions using mechanistic methods were conducted.

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P J, Jopxon, and Arun Soman. "Network Traffic Load Balancing In Gateways." IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering 16, no. 3 (2014): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0661-16338487.

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Leahy, Cathal, Eugene OBrien, and Alan O’Connor. "Traffic Load Effect Forecasting for Bridges." IABSE Symposium Report 105, no. 28 (September 23, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137815818358231.

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Cremona, Christian. "Optimal extrapolation of traffic load effects." Structural Safety 23, no. 1 (January 2001): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4730(00)00024-2.

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Qi, Hui, Xuesen Zhang, Jian Liu, Tiantao Zhang, Gaohang Lv, Lizhuang Cui, and Quanyi Xie. "Study on Deformation Characteristics of Low-Highway Subgrade under Traffic Load." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (March 27, 2022): 3406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073406.

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Highway subgrade bears millions of traffic loads over the years, and its strength, stiffness, and long-term stability gradually decline. In this paper, dynamic triaxial tests were carried out to study the time evolution and spatial distribution of strain and pore pressure of highway-subgrade soil under the action of traffic load. The influence of traffic load on subgrade deformation was analyzed. Furthermore, a numerical-calculation model of the subgrade was established. The deformation characteristics of subgrade under driving load were analyzed. The main conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) With the increase in loading times, the cumulative strain and pore pressure can be roughly divided into three stages: rapid-growth stage, slow-growth stage, and equilibrium stage. (2) The influence of traffic load on the cumulative strain and pore-water pressure of subgrade soil decreases rapidly with the increase in depth. (3) The amplitude of traffic load has a tremendous influence on the strain and pore pressure of subgrade soil, especially for shallow subgrade. (4) As the distance from the subgrade surface increases, the maximum deformation appears at the edge of the subgrade.

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Vozniuk, Andrii, Oleg Zagornyak, Vitalii Raikovskyi, and Volodymyr Kaskiv. "STUDY OF WEIGH IN MOTION DATA FOR TRAFFIC VOLUME COEFFICIENTS UPDATING." Dorogi i mosti 2022, no. 26 (October 3, 2022): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36100/dorogimosti2022.26.228.

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Introduction. The implementation of the Weighing in Motion System (WIM) in Ukraine has been started in compliance with the State Targeted Economic Program for the Development of Public Highways of State Importance in 2018-2022 and was aimed at preserving the road surface from damaging and reducing expenses for road maintenance. In order to ensure transparency in the field of state planning for the road construction, reconstruction and repair, Ukravtodor ensures the publication of up-to-date WIM information via interactive map http://bit.ly/wiminbrief and annual statistical reports. The paper describes an analysis of traffic volume coefficients based on WIM data. Problems. The need for improving the method of calculating of road pavement structures (non-rigid and rigid) reliability under existing traffic loads, taking into account the WIM data on traffic volume and traffic condition. Purpose. Clarification of traffic conditions and traffic loads on road pavement. Materials and method. Mathematical modelling using survey data. Results. Up-to-date traffic volume coefficients. Conclusions. The implementation of WIM System and WIM sites network expansion is a progressive way for traffic volume and traffic load monitoring and reducing destructive impact of overloaded vehicles on road pavement. WIM data is suitable for traffic load modelling loads and road pavement designing.

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Tadić, Bosiljka. "Cyclical Trends of Network Load Fluctuations in Traffic Jamming." Dynamics 2, no. 4 (December 7, 2022): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dynamics2040026.

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The transport of information packets in complex networks is a prototype system for the study of traffic jamming, a nonlinear dynamic phenomenon that arises with increased traffic load and limited network capacity. The underlying mathematical framework helps to reveal how the macroscopic jams build-up from microscopic dynamics, depending on the posting rate, navigation rules, and network structure. We investigate the time series of traffic loads before congestion occurs on two networks with structures that support efficient transport at low traffic or higher traffic density, respectively. Each node has a fixed finite queue length and uses next-nearest-neighbour search to navigate the packets toward their destination nodes and the LIFO queueing rule. We find that when approaching the respective congestion thresholds in these networks, the traffic load fluctuations show a similar temporal pattern; it is described by dominant cyclical trends with multifractal features and the broadening of the singularity spectrum regarding small-scale fluctuations. The long-range correlations captured by the power spectra show a power-law decay with network-dependent exponents. Meanwhile, the short-range correlations dominate at the onset of congestion. These findings reveal inherent characteristics of traffic jams inferred from traffic load time series as warning signs of congestion, complementing statistical indicators such as increased travel time and prolonged queuing in different transportation networks.

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Gocal, J., J. Odrobinak, and J. Vican. "On the load-carrying capacity produced by different load models for road bridges." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1252/1/012030.

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Abstract The evaluation of existing bridges is an important process and source of information within the bridge management system. Except for the load-carrying capacity represents the basic evaluation parameter, it moreover expresses a relevant and decisive parameter for the transition of actual road traffic. The paper presents the continuation of an already published analytical study aimed at comparing the effects of traffic load produced by different load models on road bridges. There are presented calculated load-carrying capacities for model cases of bridges with an upper deck with eight alternative spans and six different cross-sectional arrangements. On each of them, multiple load models simulating the effects of traffic were considered, while a certain predefined part of the considered load represented the required weight of the vehicle defining the load-carrying capacity of the respective bridge. The discussion is mainly focused on the pitfalls and possibilities of correctly defining the dependence of the weight of the vehicle representing the load-carrying capacity from the traffic load consideration schemes themselves, which are mostly defined by design codes.

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Mao, He, and Xiu Hua Xu. "Research on Second Ring Expressway Traffic Congestion in Beijing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 1339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.1339.

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According to the urban expressway traffic congestion of Beijing, from the perspective of traffic flow, the study makes a calculation and analysis on road network congestion rate, load of road network and traffic operation index. Training the traffic congestion and load of road network by using the BP neutral network in MATLAB, and put forward some countermeasures to solve the problem of traffic congestion. Through analyzing the load of different section and congestion rate, we can obtain the spatial distribution of the traffic flow and grasp the overall traffic on the Ring Road running load, develop appropriate management control programs for traffic managers, provide service and travel mode for travelers at the same time, so that balance the overall network load tends.

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Li, Yan, Da Gang Lv, and Hong Fei Sheng. "Fatigue Reliability Analysis of the Stay Cables of Cable-Stayed Bridge under Combined Loads of Stochastic Traffic and Wind." Key Engineering Materials 456 (December 2010): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.456.23.

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The existent studies on cable stays fatigue for the serviced cable-stayed bridge generally only considered traffic or wind load action respectively. The long span cable-stayed bridges are very sensitive to wind load, so the fatigue estimation of cable stays considering traffic and wind load simultaneously is very important for the bridge safety. In the present research, taking an actual bridge as an example, based on linear cumulative damage theory, fatigue reliability of cable stays is analyzed under combined load of vehicles and wind. Firstly, based on the long-term traffic survey and wind speed data, traffic and wind load probability distribution models for the bridge are built respectively. Secondly, an intensive computational work is performed to obtain stress time history of the stay cables in the typical time block by running self-compiled Bridge-Vehicle-Wind interaction dynamic response analysis program. Thirdly, the stress result is updated in accordance with traffic growth and extreme wind speed changing in service period. The stress amplitude and frequency are attained by rain-flow cycle counting method. Finally, the fatigue damage limit state function of cable stays is proposed based on linear cumulative damage theory, and solved by Monte-Carlo method. The analysis result shows that the effect of buffeting wind load on the fatigue reliability of cable stays is significant, the influence degree increases generally in accordance with the order from short cable to long cable. The fatigue life of cable under designed safety probability reduces by the range from 2% to 63%, average 50% compared to only considering traffic load. So fatigue assessment of stay cables should take traffic and wind loads together into account. The proposed analysis framework offers a referenced fatigue assessment approach for conventional long span bridges.

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Mir, G. M., N. A. Lala, and A. A. Balkhi. "Flexible Channel Allocation for Better Traffic Management in Microcellular Mobile Communication System using Fuzzy logic." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 11, no. 1 (February 16, 2018): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst11.01.06.

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Various channels have high traffic density during peak hours the problems are further exacerbated by the traffic overloading in downtown areas at peak hours. The reliable and efficient communication demands unnoticed handoff to the user without deteriorating the signal strength. Current cellular system exhibits a varying traffic conditions depending upon the corresponding variations in population which is low in rural areas and high in downtown areas. The traffic density becomes even higher at peak hours and low at night hours. The acceptable service quality demands optimum use of frequency spectrum for obtaining maximum traffic throughput. The efficient allocation of channels on need basis can be one of the solutions for efficient traffic management during peak hours. In Flexible Channel Allocation scheme (FlCA), the available channels are divided in fixed and flexible set channels. Fixed set channels are normally assigned to all the cells and the number of channels is decided by the approximate calculated load of particular cell that typically suffices the traffic load of cell. The flexible channels are assigned to those cells whose channels are inadequate under increased traffic load conditions. These channels are assigned in accordance with demand of increased traffic loads. Fuzzy logic approach being flexible is explored for assigning these flexible channels for enhanced QoS.

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Du, Hao-Ming, Zi-You Gao, Zhi-Hong Zhu, and Jian-Feng Zheng. "Impact of traffic demands on load distribution in congested scale-free networks." International Journal of Modern Physics C 25, no. 10 (September 11, 2014): 1450055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183114500557.

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Traffic demand is one of the most important factors to affect the traffic flow pattern or load distribution in congested networks. In this paper, we investigate the load distributions and relations between the load and degree of the node for different traffic demands in scale-free networks. Different kinds of load distributions are obtained under different traffic demands. Furthermore, the impact of link capacity on load distribution in congested scale-free networks is also discussed.

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Avant, Lloyd L., Alice A. Thieman, and Michael W. O'Boyle. "The Effect of Related and Unrelated Memory Loads on the Prerecognition Visual Processing of Traffic Signs." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 14 (October 1994): 916–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801426.

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Prerecognition visual processing of traffic signs was evaluated while subjects maintained one of four different types of memory load: low imageability nouns, traffic sign words, random shapes, or traffic sign shapes. Recall was uniformly high (mean=92%) and did not differ among groups. There was a highly significant interaction among groups (different memory loads), sign messages (Stop, Right, Left, Slow), and sign formats (symbol vs. word). Holding random shapes in memory eliminated prerecognition processing differences among sign messages for symbol format signs. However, for all other memory loads, differences among sign messages were significant. Tests across the memory load conditions for each format of each sign message showed that, for the Stop symbol, the Right symbol, and the Right word signs, the various memory load conditions produced no significant differences. For all other sign messages in both symbol and word format, there were significant differences among memory loads. In summary, these data show that the action message presented in traffic signs is being unconsciously processed within the first few milliseconds of visual processing, and that these operations involve unconscious activation of memory processes that store the meanings of various signs.

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Zhan, Xue Fang, and Yu Hui Zhang. "Influence of Traffic Load on the Crack Widths of Full Jointless Bridges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 847 (July 2016): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.847.401.

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Traffic load not only increases the original crack widths of the reinforced approach pavement of full jointless bridges, but also generates the development of new small cracks. Using lab experiments, this paper mainly studies the influence of traffic load on the crack width of the approach pavement of full jointless bridges. The results show that the load of traffic not only increases the crack width, but also increases the vertical settlement. In order to control the crack width we need to consider the influence of the traffic load. And the traffic load influence factor here we choose to be equal to 1.45.

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LONG, Dongfang, Feng SHI, and Yingzi WANG. "One-Way Traffic Organization Based on Traffic Load and Road Equity." Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology 10, no. 6 (December 2010): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1570-6672(09)60079-9.

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Liu, Chien-Ping, and Ho-Ting Wu. "A Loading-Aware TDMA Sleep Scheme to Improve Power Consumption Performance on Medium to High Traffic for NG-EPON Networks." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 10238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610238.

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The inter-cycle sleep design previously proposed as a power-saving scheme for next-generation Ethernet passive optical networks (NG-EPONs) is able to effectively decrease the power consumption of heavy-load traffic. However, with a medium to high traffic load, these networks may still suffer from a high level of power consumption if no enhanced mechanisms are used. It was noted that the optical line terminal (OLT) often fully opens all communication channels at a medium to heavy load. Moreover, the number of opened channels was changed cyclically according to the traffic loading status. Accordingly, optical network units (ONUs) may be frequently allocated to different channels with changing loads. This may lead to inefficient operation and result in significant channel tuning delays. We thus propose a loading-aware time-division multiple access (TDMA) mechanism that allows the OLT to reserve a maximum bandwidth for each ONU when the network experiences heavy-load traffic. The performance results of our simulations reveal that the proposed scheme is able to reduce power consumption for targeted medium to high loads since ONUs under such loads can extend their sleep time because the cycle length is maximized. Moreover, the total delay is maintained at a relatively low level after applying the proposed scheme since the tuning delay is reduced significantly; however, the transmission delay is slightly increased due to the increased cycle length.

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Wysokowski, Adam. "Impact of Traffic Load Randomness on Fatigue of Steel Bridges." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 15, no. 5 (December 23, 2020): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2020-15.505.

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The article considers the influence of the randomness of traffic load on the fatigue of elements of steel bridge structures. The phenomenon occurs specifically in the case of bridges characterized by significant width, with many traffic lanes and a high vehicle velocity, especially in the case of heavy goods vehicles. It has been shown that underestimation of operational durability, including fatigue durability, can be up to 23%. Operational loads increase due to the overlapping of traffic loads, which leads to the increased fatigue of elements of steel bridge structures. In an effort to assess this influence and its value, elements of the problem of the randomness of road traffic loads were compiled and described, and a simulative analysis of the operational strength of various lengths (spans) of the main girders of bridges was carried out. The analyses showed that for the structures with spans length of up to 10.0 m, the influence of passing vehicles could be skipped in calculations, especially in the case of weak traffic.

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Zu, Fajin, Chao Du, Chunpeng Han, Lanyu Xu, and Qiuying Peng. "Applicable Conditions of Room-and-Pillar Mining Goaf Treatment Methods under a Traffic Load." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (February 3, 2023): 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13032024.

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The disturbance depth of traffic load has a direct impact on the stability of a room-and-pillar mining goaf. To quantitatively calculate the relationship between the traffic load disturbance depth and influencing factors, 49 groups of horizontal combinations of different influencing parameters are designed in this study, based on the orthogonal experimental design method. Midas GTS is used to simulate and obtain the corresponding traffic load disturbance depth data. A multivariate linear regression analysis of the traffic load disturbance depth is conducted, and a regression formula for calculating the traffic load disturbance depth is established. According to the traffic load disturbance depth, goaf depth, and the stability of the roof, coal pillar, and base plate under traffic load conditions, a judgment flow of the room-and-pillar mining goaf treatment method under traffic load conditions is established, and it is applied to the reconstruction and expansion project of the Jixi section of the Dan-A national highway. The results show that a geogrid can be used for treatment purposes when the traffic load disturbance depth is 1.5 times lower than the depth of the room-and-pillar mining goaf, or when the traffic load disturbance depth is 1.5 times greater than the depth of the room-and-pillar mining goaf but the roof, coal pillar, and base plate are stable. Additionally, grouting is needed for treatment in other cases. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the selection of treatment methods for room-and-pillar mining goafs underlying highways in the future. The results are of great significance in the field of engineering for the safety measures concerning highway room-and-pillar mining goafs.

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Xu, Ting Xia, Yan Li, and Zhi Wen Wu. "Vehicle Load Spectrum Simulation of Long-Span Bridges." Key Engineering Materials 648 (June 2015): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.648.35.

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Based on the requirement for fatigue damage evaluation of long-span bridges, and existing research literatures, the vehicle type, vehicle weight and time duration are taken as characteristic parameters of random vehicle load. Taking the Second Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge as an example, the characteristics of traffic load are obtained by traffic investigation and the data from existing research results. In the paper the method and process for vehicle load spectrum simulation which includes data acquisition of random traffic load, statistical analysis and Monte Carlo simulation is proposed. The simulation program of random traffic flow is verified using the measured data. The proposed method can provide a reference for random traffic load simulation.

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Ostermayer, Gerald, Christian Backfrieder, and Manuel Lindorfer. "Dynamic Vehicular Traffic Load: Definition and Quantification." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v7n2.191.

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In this paper, we introduce a method that quantifies the amount of traffic over time by the help of a cloud calculation service and vehicular communication. Furthermore, the approach is applicable also in vehicular traffic simulations, which are widely used in research to demonstrate the effects of proposed solutions to traffic problems. As unused road segments strongly influence the overall traffic load (i.e. used vs full road capacity), we propose a methodology that dynamically calculates the load over time and considers whether specific parts of the road network are used. We introduce two possibilities to filter out distortion of the created statistics due to variation in usage over time. Our novel approach is both simple but widely configurable to fit individual needs. The approach is proven by simulations and application of the load calculation in combination with an intelligent route optimization approach by comparing the optimization gain with the calculated traffic load.

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Kale, Utku, József Rohács, and Dániel Rohács. "Operators’ Load Monitoring and Management." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 4665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174665.

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Due to the introduction of highly automated vehicles and systems, the tasks of operators (drivers, pilots, air traffic controllers, production process managers) are in transition from “active control” to “passive monitoring” and “supervising”. As a result of this transition, the roles of task load and workload are decreasing while the role of the mental load is increasing, thereby the new type of loads might be defined as information load and communication load. This paper deals with operators’ load monitoring and management in highly automated systems. This research (i) introduces the changes in the role of operators and requirements in load management, (ii) defines the operators’ models, (iii) describes the possible application of sensors and their integration into the working environment of operators, and (iv) develops the load observation and management concept. There are some examples of analyses of measurements and the concept of validation is discussed. This paper mainly deals with operators, particularly pilots and air traffic controllers (ATCOs).

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Kukiełka, Jerzy. "Traffic forecasting on national roads." Budownictwo i Architektura 10, no. 1 (June 11, 2012): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2236.

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The purpose of this paper is the analysis of traffic load on road pavement and it forecasting, in aspect of designing the reconstruction of roads and pavement strengthening. At present modeling method is a method that offers highest level of traffic load forecasting. Preparation of the digital model of road network and traffic load, which take place on it, allows to eliminate many drawbacks of existing methods of forecasting. For accurate predictions of heavy vehicles by model it is necessary to build the best possible knowledge base of traffic load which is present on the existing road network in particularly based on the largest number of measure spots to both classification and pre-selection of weight classes such as WIM-P.

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Mikola, Andri, and Azriel Christian Nurcahyo. "Analisis Load Balancing Berbasis Mikrotik Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Server di Institut Shanti Bhuana." Journal of Information Technology 2, no. 2 (September 28, 2022): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46229/jifotech.v2i2.481.

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Intisari— Semakin berkembangnya teknologi semakin bertambahnya pengguna-pengguna baru dalam bidang teknologi. Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi, kemampuan dalam jaringan internet juga semakin meningkat sehingga menyebabkan sebuah trafIfic pada jaringan semakin buruk. Load blancing dapat membuat kinerja pada jaringan internet lebih optimal dan melakukan proses Traffic jaringan menjadi lebih stabil. Konfigurasi Load Blancing dapat di lakukan Pada Mikrotik server melalui media aplikasi Winbox. Proses konfigurasi sehingga menjadi stanbil dapat dilakukan dengan 2 ISP agar jaringan terbagi merata. Dengan Load Balancing bukan hanya sekedar membagikan pemerataan pada jaringan tetapi juga sebagai pengendalian dan penyeimbangan pada web server. Proses pengujian traffic pada jaringan yang kami mendapatkan kecepatan jaringan 17.6 Mbps, dan dapat di simpulkan bahwa jaringan internet di Institut Shanti Bhuana tergolong “Baik”.

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Lu, Ma, and Liu. "Evaluating Probabilistic Traffic Load Effects on Large Bridges Using Long-Term Traffic Monitoring Data." Sensors 19, no. 22 (November 19, 2019): 5056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19225056.

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With the steadily growing of global transportation market, the traffic load has increased dramatically over the past decades, which may develop into a risk source for existing bridges. The simultaneous presence of heavy trucks that are random in nature governs the serviceability limit for large bridges. This study investigated probabilistic traffic load effects on large bridges under actual heavy traffic load. Initially, critical stochastic traffic loading scenarios were simulated based on millions of traffic monitoring data in a highway bridge in China. A methodology of extrapolating maximum traffic load effects was presented based on the level-crossing theory. The effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated by probabilistic deflection investigation of a suspension bridge. Influence of traffic density variation and overloading control on the maximum deflection was investigated as recommendations for designers and managers. The numerical results show that the congested traffic mostly governs the critical traffic load effects on large bridges. Traffic growth results in higher maximum deformations and probabilities of failure of the bridge in its lifetime. Since the critical loading scenario contains multi-types of overloaded trucks, an effective overloading control measure has a remarkable influence on the lifetime maximum deflection. The stochastic traffic model and corresponding computational framework is expected to be developed to more types of bridges.

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Fang, Hongyuan, Peiling Tan, Xueming Du, Bin Li, Kangjian Yang, and Yunhui Zhang. "Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Traffic Load on the Mechanical Characteristics of HDPE Double-Wall Corrugated Pipe." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020627.

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The high-density polyethylene (HDPE) double-wall corrugated pipe, which is a kind of flexible pipe, is widely used in municipal drainage networks. The characteristics of the surrounding soil and pipe bed, pipe cover depth, backfill compaction, type of pavement and pavement design, and traffic loads are some of the major factors that affect the stress and deformation of pipes. In this study, the ABAQUS 3D finite element model was used to analyze the influence of backfill compactness, traffic loads, diameter, and hoop stiffness on the mechanical characteristic of an HDPE pipe under traffic loads. A series of full-scale tests were carried out to verify the validity of the simulation results. For the conditions tested, the results showed the following: (1) the Von-Mises stress of the pipe was mainly determined by the earth pressure at the crown, and the stress caused by backfill compaction increased significantly but had a short duration and limited impact on the pipe; (2) traffic load alone had little influence on the mechanical behavior of the pipe: while under the action of the loose backfill in contact with the pipe, the pipes were more sensitive to the traffic load response; (3) the fluctuations in the Von-Mises stress of the pipe mainly depended on the magnitude and speed of the traffic load; (4) for pipes with a small diameter, non-compacted backfill easily caused stress concentration in the pipe, while the degree of backfill compaction had almost the same effect on the distribution of stress for pipes with different hoop stiffness.

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Fancy, C., and M. Pushpalatha. "Traffic-aware adaptive server load balancing for software defined networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 2211. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2211-2218.

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Servers in data center networks handle heterogenous bulk loads. Load balancing, therefore, plays an important role in optimizing network bandwidth and minimizing response time. A complete knowledge of the current network status is needed to provide a stable load in the network. The process of network status catalog in a traditional network needs additional processing which increases complexity, whereas, in software defined networking, the control plane monitors the overall working of the network continuously. Hence it is decided to propose an efficient load balancing algorithm that adapts SDN. This paper proposes an efficient algorithm TA-ASLB-traffic-aware adaptive server load balancing to balance the flows to the servers in a data center network. It works based on two parameters, residual bandwidth, and server capacity. It detects the elephant flows and forwards them towards the optimal server where it can be processed quickly. It has been tested with the Mininet simulator and gave considerably better results compared to the existing server load balancing algorithms in the floodlight controller. After experimentation and analysis, it is understood that the method provides comparatively better results than the existing load balancing algorithms.

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Masud, Farhan, Abdul Hanan Abdullah, Gaddafi Abdul-Salaam, and Fasee Ullah. "Traffic Adaptive MAC Protocols in Wireless Body Area Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8267162.

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In Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs), every healthcare application that is based on physical sensors is responsible for monitoring the vital signs data of patient. WBANs applications consist of heterogeneous and dynamic traffic loads. Routine patient’s observation is described as low-load traffic while an alarming situation that is unpredictable by nature is referred to as high-load traffic. This paper offers a thematic review of traffic adaptive Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols in WBANs. First, we have categorized them based on their goals, methods, and metrics of evaluation. The Zigbee standard IEEE 802.15.4 and the baseline MAC IEEE 802.15.6 are also reviewed in terms of traffic adaptive approaches. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the protocols is made and their performances are analyzed in terms of delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and energy consumption. The literature shows that no review work has been done on traffic adaptive MAC protocols in WBANs. This review work, therefore, could add enhancement to traffic adaptive MAC protocols and will stimulate a better way of solving the traffic adaptivity problem.

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Mu, He-Qing, Qin Hu, Hou-Zuo Guo, Tian-Yu Zhang, and Cheng Su. "Uncertainty Quantification of Load Effects under Stochastic Traffic Flows." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 19, no. 01 (December 20, 2018): 1940009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455419400091.

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Load effect characterization under traffic flow has received tremendous attention in bridge engineering, and uncertainty quantification (UQ) of load effect is critical in the inference process. Bayesian probabilistic approach is developed to overcome the unreliable issue caused by negligence of uncertainty of parametric and modeling aspects. Stochastic traffic load simulation is conducted by embedding the random inflow component into the Nagel–Schreckenberg (NS) model, and load effects are calculated by stochastic traffic load samples and influence lines. Two levels of UQ are performed for traffic load effect characterization: at parametric level of UQ, not only the optimal parameter values but also the associated uncertainties are identified; at model level of UQ, rather than using a single prescribed probability model for load effects, a set of probability distribution model candidates is proposed, and model probability of each candidate is evaluated for selecting the most suitable/plausible probability distribution model. Analytic work was done to give closed-form solutions for the expression involved in both parametric and model UQ. In the simulated examples, the efficiency and robustness of the proposed approach are firstly validated, and UQ are performed to different load effect data achieved by varying the structural span length under the changing total traffic volume. It turns out that the uncertainties of load effects are traffic-specific and response-specific, so it is important to conduct UQ of load effects under different traffic scenarios by using the developed approach.

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Meitei, Khaidem Bikramjit, and Thounaojam Rupachandra Singh. "Certain Investigations on Traffic Load Balanced Bandwidth Aggregation Techniques in Smart Devices." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 11, no. 12-SPECIAL ISSUE (December 31, 2019): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v11sp12/20193240.

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Nurmiati, Nurmiati, La Surimi, and Subardin Subardin. "Analisis Kinerja Load Balancing Terhadap Jaringan Internet Menggunakan Metode Equal Cost Multi Path (ECMP)." Digital Transformation Technology 2, no. 2 (November 2, 2022): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/digitech.v2i2.1779.

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Load balancing on Mikrotik is a technique for distributing loads network traffic on two or more connection lines in a balanced way, so that network traffic can run optimally, maximize transfer speed, reduce response time and avoid excessive capacity usage on one connection line. There are various methods that can be used in load balancing, one of which is the ECMP method. ECMP is a load balancing method that is used to divide the traffic of two or more internet connections with the same load on each line. The application of load balancing on the internet network using the ECMP method has good performance as evidenced by the distribution of a balanced number of connection loads on each gateway, and if one source of the internet connection dies or a fileover occurs, the backup will automatically run itself by taking connections from active internet resources. The QoS measurement results in this study produce good quality because the value meets the THIPON (Telecomunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Network) standard where the average throughput value is more than 2 Mbps, the average delay value is less than 150 ms, the average packet loss value is less than 3% while the mean value of jitter is less than 125 ms. Keywords: Load Balancing, ECMP, Internet Network, QoS,

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Rao, N. Thirupathi. "Traffic Supervision System Using Hyg12 Load Sensors." International Journal of Science and Engineering for Smart Vehicles 3, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21742/ijsesv.2019.3.1.03.

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HOYOS, CARL G. "Mental load and risk in traffic behaviour." Ergonomics 31, no. 4 (April 1988): 571–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140138808966700.

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Csorba, Kristóf, Lilla Barancsuk, and László Blázovics. "Visual Traffic Load Sensor for Emission Estimation." Procedia Engineering 168 (2016): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.139.

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OBrien, Eugene J., Paraic Rattigan, Arturo González, Jason Dowling, and Aleš Žnidarič. "Characteristic dynamic traffic load effects in bridges." Engineering Structures 31, no. 7 (July 2009): 1607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.02.013.

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Bez, Rolf, and Manfred A. Hirt. "Probability-Based Load Models of Highway Traffic." Structural Engineering International 1, no. 2 (May 1991): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686691780617797.

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Manikantan Shila, Devu, and Tricha Anjali. "Load aware traffic engineering for mesh networks." Computer Communications 31, no. 7 (May 2008): 1460–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2008.01.014.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Traffic Load'

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